Creating custom Error classes in Node.js

custom-error.js

'use strict';

module.exports = function CustomError(message, extra) {
  Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
  this.name = this.constructor.name;
  this.message = message;
  this.extra = extra;
};

require('util').inherits(module.exports, Error);

error.md

It's nice to be able to distinguish error types by classes. But it's a bit tricky to correctly create a custom error class in Node.js, so here is an example.

The example also shows how to add an extra parameter called extra that will be stored as a property on the error.

Usage

var CustomError = require('./errors/custom-error');

function doSomethingBad() {
  throw new CustomError('It went bad!', 42);
}

Features

• Name appears once - less editing if you have to create lots of custom error classes
• Easy to subclass - just change the last line to inherit from another custom error class you created
• Correct stack trace - no extra stack frames, no double capturing of the stack trace

Anti-patterns

These are some things that I've seen in other proposed solutions that you should avoid.

• Error.call(this) - creates another error object (wasting a bunch of time) and doesn't touch this at all
• Error.captureStackTrace(this, arguments.callee); - works, but arguments.callee is deprecated, so don't use it
• this.stack = (new Error).stack - this... I don't even...

test-error.js

// Mini test suite for our custom error

var assert = require('assert');
var CustomError = require('./errors/custom-error');

function doSomethingBad() {
  throw new CustomError('It went bad!', 42);
}

try {
  doSomethingBad();
} catch (err) {
  // The name property should be set to the error's name
  assert(err.name = 'CustomError');

  // The error should be an instance of its class
  assert(err instanceof CustomError);

  // The error should be an instance of builtin Error
  assert(err instanceof Error);

  // The error should be recognized by Node.js' util#isError
  assert(require('util').isError(err));

  // The error should have recorded a stack
  assert(err.stack);

  // toString should return the default error message formatting
  assert.strictEqual(err.toString(),
                     'CustomError: It went bad!');

  // The stack should start with the default error message formatting
  assert.strictEqual(err.stack.split('\n')[0],
                     'CustomError: It went bad!');

  // The first stack frame should be the function where the error was thrown.
  assert.strictEqual(err.stack.split('\n')[1].indexOf('doSomethingBad'), 7);

  // The extra property should have been set
  assert.strictEqual(err.extra, 42);
}

// Spoiler: It passes!

Because

var error = new MyCustomError('Something Went Wrong');
error instanceof MyCustomError // false

Which is not expected. You can't check the type of error for example in this case

try { }
catch(err){
  switch(true){
    case err instanceof MyCustomError: break;
    case err instanceof Error: break;
  }
}

https://github.com/joyent/node-verror

These were all showing up in the console as an object, not as the usual Error:

{ CustomError: test
    at ... 
        name: 'CustomError' }

Instead if I use the name getter, I get the usual error-like appearance:

class CustomError { 
    get name () { return this.constructor.name } 
}

CustomError: test
    at ...

How do you match the string representation of CustomError to that of Error object?

Object.prototype.toString.call(new Error); // '[object Error]'
Object.prototype.toString.call(new CustomError); //  '[object Object]'

You need to define the toStringTag for the CustomError:

Object.defineProperty(CustomError.prototype, Symbol.toStringTag, {
	value: 'Error',
	writable: false, configurable: false, enumerable: false
});

This consequently help with libraries like lodash and it's _.isError().

Thanks for the gist, and thanks to all the commenters for the suggestions.