lua_newstate vs lua_newthread

gistfile1.txt

$ gcc -o test test.c -llua -lm -ldl

$ time ./test state

real	0m21.470s
user	0m20.472s
sys	0m0.980s

$ time ./test

real	0m14.933s
user	0m14.036s
sys	0m0.872s

test.c

#include <lua.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  int i = 0;
  const int max = 100000;
  if (argc > 1) {
    for (i = 0; i < max; i++) {
      lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
      luaL_openlibs(L);
      luaL_loadfile(L, "test.lua");
      lua_resume(L, NULL, 0);
      assert(lua_tointeger(L, 1) == 49995000);
      lua_close(L);
    }
  }
  else {
    lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
    luaL_openlibs(L);
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "gtm");
    lua_pushglobaltable(L);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    for (i = 0; i < max; i++) {
      lua_State* co = lua_newthread(L);
      luaL_loadfile(co, "test.lua");
      lua_newtable(co);
      luaL_setmetatable(co, "gtm");
      lua_setupvalue(co, 1, 1);
      lua_resume(co, NULL, 0);
      assert(lua_tointeger(co, 1) == 49995000);
      lua_settop(L, 0);
      lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
    }
    lua_close(L);
  }
  return 0;
}

test.lua

local total = 0
for i=0,10000-1 do
  total = total + i
end
return total