(defprofile lagénorhynque
:id @lagenorhynque
:reading "/laʒenɔʁɛ̃k/"
:aliases ["カマイルカ" "🐬"]
:languages [Java Clojure Haskell Python
日本語 English français русский]
:interests [programming language/linguistics
law/politics mathematics]
:job-roles [engineering-manager software-architect]
:motto "楽しく楽にクールにスマートに"
- What is 'phonetics'?
- Why phonetics matters?
- Basics of phonetics
- English pronunciation quiz
音声学(phonetics): /fəˈnɛtɪks/
- φωνή (phone; /pʰɔː.nɛ᷄ː/) =「音声」(sound/voice)に関する学問
- 言語学(linguistics)の一分野
- 物理的実在である言語音声そのものが研究対象
- 調音音声学(articulatory phonetics)
- 音響音声学(acoustic phonetics)
- 聴覚音声学(auditory phonetics)
cf. 音韻論(phonology): /fəˈnɒlədʒi/, /fəˈnɑlədʒi/
- 個別言語ごとの言語音の機能的構造(体系)や音韻規則などが研究対象
ちなみに
フォニックス(phonics): /ˈfɒnɪks/, /ˈfɑnɪks/
- 英語の発音と綴りの規則を習得するための学習/教育法
- 音声学や音韻論の知見を基礎としている
- 歴史的経緯により、英語は正書法(orthography)がかなり不規則
- → 英語圏で読み書きを学び始める際に取り組むことのひとつ
cf. Phonics - Oxford Owl for Home
- 自然言語を使う際に発音や文法を気にしすぎる必要はないが……
- 音声学の知識があると
- どのように言語音を作るのかが分かる
- 母語や外国語の発音を矯正できる
- 発音できるものは聴き取れる → listening/speakingが効率化
- 語彙/文法を覚えやすくなる → reading/writingが効率化
- ⇒ 語学学習の効率が高まる
- 調音(articulation): 音声器官を使って言語音を作り出すこと
- 単音(phone)
- IPA (国際音声記号; International Phonetic Alphabet)
- 発声(phonation)
- 調音位置/調音部位(place of articulation)
- 調音方法(manner of articulation)
- 無声音(voiceless): [ p ], [ s ], etc.
- 有声音(voiced): [ b ], [ z ], etc.
- 両唇音(bilabial): [ p ], [ m ], [ ɸ ], etc.
- 唇歯音(labiodental): [ f ], etc.
- 歯音(dental): [ θ ], etc.
- 歯茎音(alveolar): [ t ], [ n ], [ r ], [ ɾ ], [ s ], [ ɹ ], [ l ], etc.
- 後部歯茎音(postalveolar): [ ʃ ], etc.
- そり舌音(retroflex): [ ɻ ], etc.
- 硬口蓋音(palatal): [ ɲ ], [ ç ], [ j ], [ ʎ ], etc.
- 軟口蓋音(velar): [ k ], [ ŋ ], [ x ], etc.
- 口蓋垂音(uvular): [ ʀ ], [ χ ], etc.
- 咽頭音(pharyngeal): [ ħ ], etc.
- 声門音(glottal): [ h ], etc.
- 破裂音/閉鎖音(plosive/stop): [ p ], [ t ], [ k ], etc.
- 鼻音(nasal): [ m ], [ n ], [ ɲ ], [ ŋ ], etc.
- ふるえ音(trill): [ r ], [ ʀ ], etc.
- はじき音(tap/flap): [ ɾ ], etc.
- 摩擦音(fricative): [ ɸ ], [ f ], [ θ ], [ s ], [ ʃ ], [ ç ], [ x ], [ χ ], [ h ], etc.
- 側面摩擦音(lateral fricative): [ ɬ ], etc.
- 接近音(approximant): [ ɹ ], [ ɻ ], [ j ], etc.
- 側面接近音(lateral approximant): [ l ], [ ʎ ], etc.
- 円唇性(roundedness)
- 前後(backness)
- 広さ(height)
- 非円唇母音(unrounded vowel): [ i ], [ ɑ ], etc.
- 円唇母音(rounded vowel): [ y ], [ ɒ ] etc.
- 前舌母音(front vowel): [ i ], [ y ], [ e ], [ ø ], [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ æ ], [ a ], etc.
- 中舌母音(central vowel): [ ɨ ], [ ə ], etc.
- 後舌母音(back vowel): [ u ], [ o ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
- 狭母音(close vowel): [ i ], [ y ], [ ɨ ], [ u ], etc.
- 半狭母音(close-mid vowel): [ e ], [ ø ], [ o ], etc.
- 半広母音(open-mid vowel): [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], etc.
- 広母音(open vowel): [ a ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
- [ p ]の後に余分な母音がないか?
- up [ ʌp ], ship [ ʃɪp ], cap [ kæp ]
- cat [ kæt ], hat [ hæt ], coat [ kəʊt ]/[ koʊt ]
- steak [ steɪk ], cook [ kʊk ], back [ bæk ]
- dice [ daɪs ], house [ haʊs ], mouse [ maʊs ]
- bush [ bʊʃ ], dash [ dæʃ ], push [ pʊʃ ]
- catch [ kæt͡ʃ ], much [ mʌt͡ʃ ], touch [ tʌt͡ʃ ]
- time [ taɪm ], come [ kʌm ], steam [ stiːm ]
- web [ wɛb ], snob [ snɒb ]/[ snɑb ], cab [ kæb ]
- sad [ sæd ], mad [ mæd ], mud [ mʌd ]
- bag [ bæɡ ], bug [ bʌɡ ], hug [ hʌɡ ]
ssを[ s ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɕ ], [ ʃ ])
- C/sea/see [ siː ]/[ si ], sip [ sɪp ], seat [ siːt ]
- she [ ʃiː ]/[ ʃi ], ship [ ʃɪp ], sheet [ ʃiːt ]
- sick [ sɪk ], sin [ sɪn ], sit [ sɪt ]
- chic [ ʃiːk ], shin [ ʃɪn ], shit [ ʃɪt ]
- Z [ zɛd ]/[ ziː ], zip [ zɪp ]
- gee [ d͡ʒiː ], gyp [ d͡ʒɪp ]
arを[ ɔː ]/[ ɔɹ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɑː ]/[ ɑɹ ])
- award [ əˈwɔːd ]/[ əˈwɔɹd ], quark [ kwɔːk ]/[ kwɔɹk ]
- quarter [ ˈkwɔːtə ]/[ ˈkwɔɹ.tɚ ], war [ wɔː ]/[ wɔɹ ]
- ward [ wɔːd ]/[ wɔɹd ], wardrobe [ ˈwɔːdɹəʊb ]/[ ˈwɔɹdɹoʊb ]
- warm [ wɔːm ]/[ wɔɹm ], warn [ wɔːn ]/[ wɔɹn ]
iの[ ɪ ]が発音できているか? (日本語では脱落しがち)
- participate [ pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ]/[ pɑɹˈtɪsɪpeɪt ], institute [ ˈɪnstɪt(j)uːt ]
- chicane [ ʃɪˈkeɪn ], hospital [ ˈhɒspɪtəl ]/[ ˈhɑspɪtl̩ ]
- beautiful [ ˈbjuːtɪfəɫ ], architect [ ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ]/[ ˈɑɹkɪtɛkt ]
- occupation [ ɒkjuːpeɪʃən ]/[ ɑkjuːpeɪʃən ], reputation [ ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən ]
ngを[ ŋ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ŋg ])
nを[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɴ ])
- Tom [ tɒm ]/[ tɑm ], dumb [ dʌm ], some [ sʌm ]
- ton [ tʌn ], done [ dʌn ], son/sun [ sʌn ]
- tong [ tɒŋ ]/[ tɑŋ ], dung [ dʌŋ ], sung [ sʌŋ ]
hを[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ç ])
- he [ hiː ]/[ hi ], hit [ hɪt ]
nを[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɲ ], [ nʲ ])
- neat [ niːt ], knee [ niː ]/[ ni ], knit [ nɪt ], new [ njuː ]/[ n(j)u ]
whを[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɸ ])
- who'll [ huːl ], heal/heel/he'll [ hiːl ], who'd [ huːd ], heed/he'd [ hiːd ]
- fool [ fuːl ], feel [ fiːl ], food [ fuːd ], feed [ fiːd ]
- 2番目の
bを[ b ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ β ])
- 音声学の基礎と実践的な日本語/英語(+α)の発音練習
- IPAについて
- 英語の音声について
- フォニックス(phonics)について
- 発音(pronunciation)や語源(etymology)を調べるなら
