lesstif/my.cnf

## my.cnf
# === Optimized my.cnf configuration for MySQL/MariaSQL (on Ubuntu, CentOS etc. servers) ===
#
# by Fotis Evangelou, developer of Engintron (engintron.com)
#
# ~ Updated February 2021 ~
#
#
# The settings provided below are a starting point for a 8-16 GB RAM server with 4-8 CPU cores.
# If you have different resources available you should adjust accordingly to save CPU, RAM & disk I/O usage.
#
# The settings marked with a specific comment or the word "UPD" (after the value)
# should be adjusted for your system by using database diagnostics tools like:
#
# https://github.com/major/MySQLTuner-perl
# or
# https://github.com/RootService/tuning-primer (supports MySQL up to v5.7)
#
# Run either of these scripts before optimizing your database, at least 1 hr after the optimization & finally
# at least once a day for 3 days (without restarting the database) to see how your server performs and if you need
# to re-adjust anything. The more MySQL/MariaDB runs without restarting, the more usage data it gathers, so these
# diagnostics scripts will report in mode detail how MySQL/MariaDB performs.
#
#
# IMPORTANT NOTE: If there is NO comment after a setting value, then 99,9% of the times you won't need to adjust it.
#
#
# --- THINGS TO DO AFTER YOU UPDATE MY.CNF - TROUBLESHOOTING ---
#
# If any terminal commands are mentioned, make sure you execute them as "root" user.
#
# If MySQL or MariaDB cannot start (or restart), then perform the following actions.
#
# 1. If the server had the stock database configuration and you added or updated any
#    "innodb_log_*" settings (as suggested below), then execute these commands ONLY
#    the first time you apply this configuration:
#
#    $ rm -rvf /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile*
#    $ chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
#    $ service mysql restart
#
#    or use the shorthand command:
#    $ rm -rvf /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile*; chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql; service mysql restart
#
# 2. If the setting "bind-address" is not commented out, then make sure the file /etc/hosts is
#    properly configured. A good example of a "clean" /etc/hosts file is something like this:
#
#    127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
#    ::1       localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
#    1.2.3.4   hostname.domain.tld hostname # <-- Replace accordingly!
#
#    Finally restart the database service:
#
#    $ service mysql restart
#
# 3. If the database service cannot restart even after the first 2 steps, make sure the database data folder
#    (common for either MySQL or MariaDB) "/var/lib/mysql" is owned by the "mysql" user AND group.
#    Additionally, the folder itself can have 0751 or 0755 file permissions. To fix it, simply do this:
#    $ chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
#    $ chmod 0755 /var/lib/mysql
#
#    Finally restart the database service:
#
#    $ service mysql restart
#
#
# ~ FIN ~


[mysql]
port                            = 3306

[mysqld]
character_set_server = utf8mb4
skip_character_set_client_handshake

#default_time_zone='+9:00'
# Log bin
log_bin                        = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_bin
expire_logs_days               = 14
max_binlog_size                = 256M
# binlog_format = mixed

# === Required Settings ===
basedir                         = /usr
bind_address                    = 127.0.0.1 # Change to 0.0.0.0 to allow remote connections
datadir                         = /var/lib/mysql
max_allowed_packet              = 512M
max_connect_errors              = 1000000
pid_file                        = /run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
port                            = 3306
skip_external_locking
skip_name_resolve
socket                           = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
tmpdir                          = /tmp
user                            = mysql

# === SQL Compatibility Mode ===
# Enable for b/c with databases created in older MySQL/MariaDB versions
# (e.g. when using null dates)
#sql_mode                       = ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES

# === InnoDB Settings ===
default_storage_engine          = InnoDB
innodb_buffer_pool_instances    = 4     # Use 1 instance per 1GB of InnoDB pool size
innodb_buffer_pool_size         = 4G    # Use up to 70-80% of RAM
innodb_file_per_table           = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit  = 0
innodb_flush_method             = O_DIRECT
innodb_log_buffer_size          = 16M
innodb_log_file_size            = 1G
innodb_stats_on_metadata        = 0

#innodb_temp_data_file_path     = ibtmp1:64M:autoextend:max:20G # Control the maximum size for the ibtmp1 file
#innodb_thread_concurrency      = 4     # Optional: Set to the number of CPUs on your system (minus 1 or 2) to better
                                        # contain CPU usage. E.g. if your system has 8 CPUs, try 6 or 7 and check
                                        # the overall load produced by MySQL/MariaDB.
innodb_read_io_threads          = 64
innodb_write_io_threads         = 64
#innodb_io_capacity             = 1000  # Max is 2000

# === MyISAM Settings ===
# The following 3 options are ONLY supported by MariaDB & up to MySQL 5.7
# Do NOT un-comment on MySQL 8.x+
#query_cache_limit              = 4M    # UPD
#query_cache_size               = 64M   # UPD
#query_cache_type               = 1     # Enabled by default

key_buffer_size                 = 32M   # UPD

low_priority_updates            = 1
concurrent_insert               = 2

# === Connection Settings ===
max_connections                 = 100   # UPD - Important: high no. of connections = high RAM consumption

back_log                        = 512
thread_cache_size               = 100
thread_stack                    = 192K

interactive_timeout             = 180
wait_timeout                    = 180

# For MySQL 5.7+ only (disabled by default)
#max_execution_time             = 30000 # Set a timeout limit for SELECT statements (value in milliseconds).
                                        # This option may be useful to address aggressive crawling on large sites,
                                        # but it can also cause issues (e.g. with backups). So use with extreme caution and test!
                                        # More info at: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_max_execution_time

# For MariaDB 10.1.1+ only (disabled by default)
#max_statement_time             = 30    # The equivalent of "max_execution_time" in MySQL 5.7+ (set above)
                                        # The variable is of type double, thus you can use subsecond timeout.
                                        # For example you can use value 0.01 for 10 milliseconds timeout.
                                        # More info at: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/aborting-statements/

# === Buffer Settings ===
innodb_sort_buffer_size         = 2M    # UPD
join_buffer_size                = 4M    # UPD
read_buffer_size                = 3M    # UPD
read_rnd_buffer_size            = 4M    # UPD
sort_buffer_size                = 4M    # UPD

# === Table Settings ===
# In systemd managed systems like Ubuntu 16.04+ or CentOS 7+, you need to perform an extra action for table_open_cache & open_files_limit
# to be overriden (also see comment next to open_files_limit).
# E.g. for MySQL 5.7, please check: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/using-systemd.html
# and for MariaDB check: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
table_definition_cache          = 40000 # UPD
table_open_cache                = 40000 # UPD
open_files_limit                = 60000 # UPD - This can be 2x to 3x the table_open_cache value or match the system's
                                        # open files limit usually set in /etc/sysctl.conf or /etc/security/limits.conf
                                        # In systemd managed systems this limit must also be set in:
                                        # /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service.d/override.conf (for MySQL 5.7+) and
                                        # /etc/systemd/system/mariadb.service.d/override.conf (for MariaDB)

max_heap_table_size             = 128M
tmp_table_size                  = 128M

# === Search Settings ===
ft_min_word_len                 = 3     # Minimum length of words to be indexed for search results

# === Logging ===
log_error                       = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_error.log
log_queries_not_using_indexes   = 1
long_query_time                 = 5
slow_query_log                  = 0     # Disabled for production
slow_query_log_file             = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_slow.log

[mysqldump]
# Variable reference
# For MySQL 5.7+:  https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysqldump.html
# For MariaDB:     https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mysqldump/
quick
quote_names
max_allowed_packet              = 512M
	# === Optimized my.cnf configuration for MySQL/MariaSQL (on Ubuntu, CentOS etc. servers) ===
	#
	# by Fotis Evangelou, developer of Engintron (engintron.com)
	#
	# ~ Updated February 2021 ~
	#
	#
	# The settings provided below are a starting point for a 8-16 GB RAM server with 4-8 CPU cores.
	# If you have different resources available you should adjust accordingly to save CPU, RAM & disk I/O usage.
	#
	# The settings marked with a specific comment or the word "UPD" (after the value)
	# should be adjusted for your system by using database diagnostics tools like:
	#
	# https://github.com/major/MySQLTuner-perl
	# or
	# https://github.com/RootService/tuning-primer (supports MySQL up to v5.7)
	#
	# Run either of these scripts before optimizing your database, at least 1 hr after the optimization & finally
	# at least once a day for 3 days (without restarting the database) to see how your server performs and if you need
	# to re-adjust anything. The more MySQL/MariaDB runs without restarting, the more usage data it gathers, so these
	# diagnostics scripts will report in mode detail how MySQL/MariaDB performs.
	#
	#
	# IMPORTANT NOTE: If there is NO comment after a setting value, then 99,9% of the times you won't need to adjust it.
	#
	#
	# --- THINGS TO DO AFTER YOU UPDATE MY.CNF - TROUBLESHOOTING ---
	#
	# If any terminal commands are mentioned, make sure you execute them as "root" user.
	#
	# If MySQL or MariaDB cannot start (or restart), then perform the following actions.
	#
	# 1. If the server had the stock database configuration and you added or updated any
	# "innodb_log_*" settings (as suggested below), then execute these commands ONLY
	# the first time you apply this configuration:
	#
	# $ rm -rvf /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile*
	# $ chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
	# $ service mysql restart
	#
	# or use the shorthand command:
	# $ rm -rvf /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile*; chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql; service mysql restart
	#
	# 2. If the setting "bind-address" is not commented out, then make sure the file /etc/hosts is
	# properly configured. A good example of a "clean" /etc/hosts file is something like this:
	#
	# 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
	# ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
	# 1.2.3.4 hostname.domain.tld hostname # <-- Replace accordingly!
	#
	# Finally restart the database service:
	#
	# $ service mysql restart
	#
	# 3. If the database service cannot restart even after the first 2 steps, make sure the database data folder
	# (common for either MySQL or MariaDB) "/var/lib/mysql" is owned by the "mysql" user AND group.
	# Additionally, the folder itself can have 0751 or 0755 file permissions. To fix it, simply do this:
	# $ chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
	# $ chmod 0755 /var/lib/mysql
	#
	# Finally restart the database service:
	#
	# $ service mysql restart
	#
	#
	# ~ FIN ~


	[mysql]
	port = 3306

	[mysqld]
	character_set_server = utf8mb4
	skip_character_set_client_handshake

	#default_time_zone='+9:00'
	# Log bin
	log_bin = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_bin
	expire_logs_days = 14
	max_binlog_size = 256M
	# binlog_format = mixed

	# === Required Settings ===
	basedir = /usr
	bind_address = 127.0.0.1 # Change to 0.0.0.0 to allow remote connections
	datadir = /var/lib/mysql
	max_allowed_packet = 512M
	max_connect_errors = 1000000
	pid_file = /run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
	port = 3306
	skip_external_locking
	skip_name_resolve
	socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
	tmpdir = /tmp
	user = mysql

	# === SQL Compatibility Mode ===
	# Enable for b/c with databases created in older MySQL/MariaDB versions
	# (e.g. when using null dates)
	#sql_mode = ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES

	# === InnoDB Settings ===
	default_storage_engine = InnoDB
	innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 4 # Use 1 instance per 1GB of InnoDB pool size
	innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4G # Use up to 70-80% of RAM
	innodb_file_per_table = 1
	innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 0
	innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
	innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
	innodb_log_file_size = 1G
	innodb_stats_on_metadata = 0

	#innodb_temp_data_file_path = ibtmp1:64M:autoextend:max:20G # Control the maximum size for the ibtmp1 file
	#innodb_thread_concurrency = 4 # Optional: Set to the number of CPUs on your system (minus 1 or 2) to better
	# contain CPU usage. E.g. if your system has 8 CPUs, try 6 or 7 and check
	# the overall load produced by MySQL/MariaDB.
	innodb_read_io_threads = 64
	innodb_write_io_threads = 64
	#innodb_io_capacity = 1000 # Max is 2000

	# === MyISAM Settings ===
	# The following 3 options are ONLY supported by MariaDB & up to MySQL 5.7
	# Do NOT un-comment on MySQL 8.x+
	#query_cache_limit = 4M # UPD
	#query_cache_size = 64M # UPD
	#query_cache_type = 1 # Enabled by default

	key_buffer_size = 32M # UPD

	low_priority_updates = 1
	concurrent_insert = 2

	# === Connection Settings ===
	max_connections = 100 # UPD - Important: high no. of connections = high RAM consumption

	back_log = 512
	thread_cache_size = 100
	thread_stack = 192K

	interactive_timeout = 180
	wait_timeout = 180

	# For MySQL 5.7+ only (disabled by default)
	#max_execution_time = 30000 # Set a timeout limit for SELECT statements (value in milliseconds).
	# This option may be useful to address aggressive crawling on large sites,
	# but it can also cause issues (e.g. with backups). So use with extreme caution and test!
	# More info at: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_max_execution_time

	# For MariaDB 10.1.1+ only (disabled by default)
	#max_statement_time = 30 # The equivalent of "max_execution_time" in MySQL 5.7+ (set above)
	# The variable is of type double, thus you can use subsecond timeout.
	# For example you can use value 0.01 for 10 milliseconds timeout.
	# More info at: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/aborting-statements/

	# === Buffer Settings ===
	innodb_sort_buffer_size = 2M # UPD
	join_buffer_size = 4M # UPD
	read_buffer_size = 3M # UPD
	read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M # UPD
	sort_buffer_size = 4M # UPD

	# === Table Settings ===
	# In systemd managed systems like Ubuntu 16.04+ or CentOS 7+, you need to perform an extra action for table_open_cache & open_files_limit
	# to be overriden (also see comment next to open_files_limit).
	# E.g. for MySQL 5.7, please check: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/using-systemd.html
	# and for MariaDB check: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
	table_definition_cache = 40000 # UPD
	table_open_cache = 40000 # UPD
	open_files_limit = 60000 # UPD - This can be 2x to 3x the table_open_cache value or match the system's
	# open files limit usually set in /etc/sysctl.conf or /etc/security/limits.conf
	# In systemd managed systems this limit must also be set in:
	# /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service.d/override.conf (for MySQL 5.7+) and
	# /etc/systemd/system/mariadb.service.d/override.conf (for MariaDB)

	max_heap_table_size = 128M
	tmp_table_size = 128M

	# === Search Settings ===
	ft_min_word_len = 3 # Minimum length of words to be indexed for search results

	# === Logging ===
	log_error = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_error.log
	log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1
	long_query_time = 5
	slow_query_log = 0 # Disabled for production
	slow_query_log_file = /var/lib/mysql/mysql_slow.log

	[mysqldump]
	# Variable reference
	# For MySQL 5.7+: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysqldump.html
	# For MariaDB: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mysqldump/
	quick
	quote_names
	max_allowed_packet = 512M