linux-modder/LVM

## LVM
########
For the purpose of this purpose of this tutorial NO RAID / Luks / EFI are in play ( I have separate Gist that address these cases)

For all LVM tutorials I assume a default GPT partition table is laid on the target drive however with a few changes can be done on a MBR / MSDOS install as long as the drive is <2Tb at which point MBR is no longer an option.

Default layout referenced in this write up is a follows ---the following sample output is the starting point i will explain how
to create it as well.

[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ lsblk
NAME                                       MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda                                          8:0    0 596.2G  0 disk
├─sda1                                       8:1    0    10M  0 part
├─sda2                                       8:2    0   5.3G  0 part  /boot
└─sda3                                       8:3    0 590.9G  0 part


sda1 is known as bios-grub (and will be flagged as such later any size from 4M to 10M is sufficient ( for dual-boots the higher end is recommended)

sda2 is known as /boot again it will be mounted as such via the installer later

sda3 is for the LVM itself.

######
In Gparted, once a GPT (or MBR table are laid)   create the partitions as outlined above (my /boot is non standard in size   512M is generally sufficient for most users)

Once you have them created right click on sda1 and select "Managae Flags"  and check "biosgrub" and apply that marks it properly for later and makes using it as such in an installer much easier

In the event you use several LVM partitions (beyond the standard /, /home, swap, and maybe /opt AND/OR /var), I highly recommend labeling sda2 AS /boot for later same goes for the actual LVM partitions at your desire or need.

#######
now for the actual LVM create....

ANYTHING IN ( ) is either optional or not always needed
vgcreate <options> $VGNAME $device   i.e.    vgcreate testLVM /dev/sda3
        I personally use vgcreate -Ay -d $VGNAME $device for Auto backup and debugging

then

lvcreate (-Ay -d) -L50G -n root testLVM
lvcreate " " -L4G -n swap testLVM
lvcreate " " -L20G -n opt testLVM
lvcreate " " -L20G -n var testLVM
lvcreate " " -l100%FREE -n home testLVM


the above creates 5 partitions in your LVM now lsblk should look like:

[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ lsblk
NAME                                       MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda                                          8:0    0 596.2G  0 disk
├─sda1                                       8:1    0    10M  0 part
├─sda2                                       8:2    0   5.3G  0 part  /boot
└─sda3                                       8:3    0 590.9G  0 part
    ├─testLVM-swap                       253:1    0     8G  0 lvm
    ├─testLVM-root                       253:2    0    50G  0 lvm
    ├─testLVM-var                        253:8    0    20G  0 lvm
    ├─testLVM-opt                        253:12   0    20G  0 lvm
    └─testLVM-home                       253:14   0 252.9G  0 lvm

You have now created a LVM from scratch now let's set up the formatting

mkswap /dev/mapper/testLVM-swap
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-root
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-opt
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-var
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-home


now when you run the installer select manual partition option and make the freshly formatted partitions (including /boot --sda2) to their respective points in the installer

Now lets say you Bork grub or need to reset/install a driver or pkgs that you cant do the normal way from your installed system


sudo -s

run these separately in a terminal to mount the above created system ......the mount point is default ubuntu.... RPM distros default to /run/media or /mnt/sysimage


mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-root /mnt
mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-opt /mnt/opt
mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-var /mnt/var
mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-home /mnt/home
mount -t ext4 /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot


now for the forgotten partitions:

mount -t ext4 -o bind /dev /mnt/dev
mount -t ext4 -o bind /proc /mnt/proc
mount -t ext4 -o bind /sys /mnt/sys
cp /etc/resolv.conf  /mnt/etc/resolv.conf


the top 3 lines we just ran should also now show in a "lsblk" readout and for a little info on /dev, /proc, /sys  shall we?
/dev is your device(s) info i.e. all your usb and pci ports eth /wifi etc..
/proc is the same for all your processes  (a process simply put is any action run directly off the kernel or as a immediate byproduct of such i.e your login and graphical desktop are processes (i invite you to type "top" in a terminal sometime and watch it for a few


now a simple chroot is all that's needed to repair grub / allow for a password reset / (un)install drivers or progs.


chroot /mnt


this should give you a listing of the default folders you see when you click on "filesystem" in your file explorer...like such..

[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ ls -l (or from a running system ls -l / or w/e the chroot is .....(this is very helpful for kernel upgrades and the like as well especially when FDE (full disk encryption) or non local drive /boot is in play (aka using a usb key to boot a otherwise non bootable secured disk.


total 88
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root     7 Jun  7 11:50 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   6 root root  4096 Aug 19 08:11 boot
drwxr-xr-x.  20 root root  3500 Aug 20 05:45 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 152 root root 12288 Aug 20 05:46 etc
drwxr-xr-x.   4 root root  4096 Aug 19 08:11 home
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root     7 Jun  7 11:50 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root     9 Jun  7 11:50 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x.   3 root root  4096 Aug 19 08:05 localapps
drwx------.   2 root root 16384 Aug 17 11:02 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Jun  7 11:50 media
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Jun  7 11:50 mnt
drwxr-xr-x.   4 root root  4096 Aug 19 14:15 opt
dr-xr-xr-x. 292 root root     0 Aug 20 05:42 proc
dr-xr-x---.  17 root root  4096 Aug 19 14:09 root
drwxr-xr-x.  40 root root  1120 Aug 20 06:04 run
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root     8 Jun  7 11:50 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x.   3 root root  4096 Aug 19 08:05 src
drwxr-xr-x.   3 root root  4096 Jun  7 11:50 srv
dr-xr-xr-x.  13 root root     0 Aug 20 05:44 sys
drwxrwxrwt.  27 root root  4096 Aug 20 06:18 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  13 root root  4096 Aug 17 11:04 usr
drwxr-xr-x.  23 root root  4096 Aug 19 09:24 var

########
Sysadmin and advanced techniques etc...


Now if you need to install or repair grub or other programs/apps you can run the commands as if the system was booted normally (assuming you have internet connection or a local pkgdb and the needed dependencies)

as mentioned earlier you can reset your (or any other users') p/w this way ( USE THIS WISELY AND NOT FOR ILLEGAL OR NONFERROUS MEANS)

passwd  <empty> i.e.  root@hostname # passwd
will change the ROOT (admin) password

passwd <$someusername>    i.e.  root@hostname # passwd user1
will change that non root users password

similarly

useradd -/+g admin / sudoers /video /plugdev / audio   <$someusername>
would add or remove group permissions for said username


to exit the chroot you can either:

1) press <cntrl+d> twice

--OR--

2) type exit (or logout) twice


please feel free to contact me or comment here on github with comments, requests for corrections/additions or specific write ups for you or someone else.....  sheldon.corey@gmail.com, +Corey (or google.com/+CoreySheldon), or any of my linked communities...
	########
	For the purpose of this purpose of this tutorial NO RAID / Luks / EFI are in play ( I have separate Gist that address these cases)

	For all LVM tutorials I assume a default GPT partition table is laid on the target drive however with a few changes can be done on a MBR / MSDOS install as long as the drive is <2Tb at which point MBR is no longer an option.

	Default layout referenced in this write up is a follows ---the following sample output is the starting point i will explain how
	to create it as well.

	[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ lsblk
	NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda 8:0 0 596.2G 0 disk
	├─sda1 8:1 0 10M 0 part
	├─sda2 8:2 0 5.3G 0 part /boot
	└─sda3 8:3 0 590.9G 0 part


	sda1 is known as bios-grub (and will be flagged as such later any size from 4M to 10M is sufficient ( for dual-boots the higher end is recommended)

	sda2 is known as /boot again it will be mounted as such via the installer later

	sda3 is for the LVM itself.

	######
	In Gparted, once a GPT (or MBR table are laid) create the partitions as outlined above (my /boot is non standard in size 512M is generally sufficient for most users)

	Once you have them created right click on sda1 and select "Managae Flags" and check "biosgrub" and apply that marks it properly for later and makes using it as such in an installer much easier

	In the event you use several LVM partitions (beyond the standard /, /home, swap, and maybe /opt AND/OR /var), I highly recommend labeling sda2 AS /boot for later same goes for the actual LVM partitions at your desire or need.

	#######
	now for the actual LVM create....

	ANYTHING IN ( ) is either optional or not always needed
	vgcreate <options> $VGNAME $device i.e. vgcreate testLVM /dev/sda3
	I personally use vgcreate -Ay -d $VGNAME $device for Auto backup and debugging

	then

	lvcreate (-Ay -d) -L50G -n root testLVM
	lvcreate " " -L4G -n swap testLVM
	lvcreate " " -L20G -n opt testLVM
	lvcreate " " -L20G -n var testLVM
	lvcreate " " -l100%FREE -n home testLVM


	the above creates 5 partitions in your LVM now lsblk should look like:

	[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ lsblk
	NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
	sda 8:0 0 596.2G 0 disk
	├─sda1 8:1 0 10M 0 part
	├─sda2 8:2 0 5.3G 0 part /boot
	└─sda3 8:3 0 590.9G 0 part
	├─testLVM-swap 253:1 0 8G 0 lvm
	├─testLVM-root 253:2 0 50G 0 lvm
	├─testLVM-var 253:8 0 20G 0 lvm
	├─testLVM-opt 253:12 0 20G 0 lvm
	└─testLVM-home 253:14 0 252.9G 0 lvm

	You have now created a LVM from scratch now let's set up the formatting

	mkswap /dev/mapper/testLVM-swap
	mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-root
	mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-opt
	mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-var
	mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-home


	now when you run the installer select manual partition option and make the freshly formatted partitions (including /boot --sda2) to their respective points in the installer

	Now lets say you Bork grub or need to reset/install a driver or pkgs that you cant do the normal way from your installed system


	sudo -s

	run these separately in a terminal to mount the above created system ......the mount point is default ubuntu.... RPM distros default to /run/media or /mnt/sysimage


	mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-root /mnt
	mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-opt /mnt/opt
	mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-var /mnt/var
	mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/testLVM-home /mnt/home
	mount -t ext4 /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot


	now for the forgotten partitions:

	mount -t ext4 -o bind /dev /mnt/dev
	mount -t ext4 -o bind /proc /mnt/proc
	mount -t ext4 -o bind /sys /mnt/sys
	cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf


	the top 3 lines we just ran should also now show in a "lsblk" readout and for a little info on /dev, /proc, /sys shall we?
	/dev is your device(s) info i.e. all your usb and pci ports eth /wifi etc..
	/proc is the same for all your processes (a process simply put is any action run directly off the kernel or as a immediate byproduct of such i.e your login and graphical desktop are processes (i invite you to type "top" in a terminal sometime and watch it for a few


	now a simple chroot is all that's needed to repair grub / allow for a password reset / (un)install drivers or progs.


	chroot /mnt



	this should give you a listing of the default folders you see when you click on "filesystem" in your file explorer...like such..

	[linuxdev@linuxdevel ~]$ ls -l (or from a running system ls -l / or w/e the chroot is .....(this is very helpful for kernel upgrades and the like as well especially when FDE (full disk encryption) or non local drive /boot is in play (aka using a usb key to boot a otherwise non bootable secured disk.


	total 88
	lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jun 7 11:50 bin -> usr/bin
	dr-xr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:11 boot
	drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root 3500 Aug 20 05:45 dev
	drwxr-xr-x. 152 root root 12288 Aug 20 05:46 etc
	drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:11 home
	lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jun 7 11:50 lib -> usr/lib
	lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 Jun 7 11:50 lib64 -> usr/lib64
	drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:05 localapps
	drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Aug 17 11:02 lost+found
	drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 7 11:50 media
	drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 7 11:50 mnt
	drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 19 14:15 opt
	dr-xr-xr-x. 292 root root 0 Aug 20 05:42 proc
	dr-xr-x---. 17 root root 4096 Aug 19 14:09 root
	drwxr-xr-x. 40 root root 1120 Aug 20 06:04 run
	lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jun 7 11:50 sbin -> usr/sbin
	drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:05 src
	drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 7 11:50 srv
	dr-xr-xr-x. 13 root root 0 Aug 20 05:44 sys
	drwxrwxrwt. 27 root root 4096 Aug 20 06:18 tmp
	drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 Aug 17 11:04 usr
	drwxr-xr-x. 23 root root 4096 Aug 19 09:24 var

	########
	Sysadmin and advanced techniques etc...


	Now if you need to install or repair grub or other programs/apps you can run the commands as if the system was booted normally (assuming you have internet connection or a local pkgdb and the needed dependencies)

	as mentioned earlier you can reset your (or any other users') p/w this way ( USE THIS WISELY AND NOT FOR ILLEGAL OR NONFERROUS MEANS)

	passwd <empty> i.e. root@hostname # passwd
	will change the ROOT (admin) password

	passwd <$someusername> i.e. root@hostname # passwd user1
	will change that non root users password

	similarly

	useradd -/+g admin / sudoers /video /plugdev / audio <$someusername>
	would add or remove group permissions for said username


	to exit the chroot you can either:

	1) press <cntrl+d> twice

	--OR--

	2) type exit (or logout) twice


	please feel free to contact me or comment here on github with comments, requests for corrections/additions or specific write ups for you or someone else..... sheldon.corey@gmail.com, +Corey (or google.com/+CoreySheldon), or any of my linked communities...