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This document contains a complete and comprehensive summary of every English-TL material in first semester that our beloved teacher has given to us! All sources are included at the very bottom of the document.
Keep in mind that everything here will be English. If you're struggling to understand this document, get your translator app prepared! Translating word by word will help you to understand English better, and perhaps add some new knowledge about new word you just discovered! So don't be discouraged by using a translator while learning!
- Regular and Irregular Verbs
- Nominal and Verbal sentence
- Tenses, in grammar
- Direct and Indirect Speech
- Narrative Text
Kata kerja beraturan dan tidak beraturan.
Let's talk about these two things before we go deeper, as this is an essential material to learn:
Regular verbs are verbs that can change according to tense form and change regularly.
You only need to add -ed at the end of the verb, or -d when the verb ends with the letter e.
save -> savedlove -> lovedcheck -> checked
... or in a nutshell:
- verb + (-ed or -d)
Simple, right? There are a lot of regular verbs out there, but when you were asked about which one is regular verb, check the word pattern from the formula above!
Verbs ending with a consonant (not vowels) must be doubled first, then add -ed or -d accordingly, like this:
stop -> stoppedgrab -> grabbedswap -> swapped
There are a lot of examples on Google if you want to know more.
Verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant, you need to change y to i, then add -ed.
hurry -> hurriedtry -> tried
There are some exceptions, so not all of verbs that ends with y should be written as mentioned before. e.g. play -> played.
Irregular verbs are verbs whose verb-2 and verb-3 change from the base form (verb-1), or even not changing at all. Sounds confusing, isn't it?
Let's have some example:
become (verb-1),became (verb-2),become (verb-3).
become's verb-2 became a completely different word (no pun intended), whereasbecome's verb-3 not changing at all!
Another example:
give (verb-1),gave (verb-2),given (verb-3).
give's verb-2 and verb-3 form are very different from the verb-1 form.
I'm not going to analyze all the English words, it wil be 300 pages long if I do so... Now, let's move on!
There are two types of sentences: nominal and verbal. To sum it up:
Nominal sentence is the sentence that do not contain verb. It's only used to explain identities, adjective, and prepositions. Therefore, nominal sentence is using to-be (is, am, are) and there's no verbs in the sentence since, you know... It's nominal sentence afterall!
Examples:
She is sick,I am a senior high school student,You are handsome
While nominal sentence do not contain verbs, verbal sentence (as the name says) contains verbs in the sentence. Verbs are used to explain what the subject is doing. Verbal sentence utilizes all kinds of verbs (verb-1, verb-2, verb-3), based on then tenses used.
Examples:
He goes to school everyday(present)He ate a lot of foods today(past)He will date her tomorrow(future)
Speaking about tenses, let's talk about those. Those are really interesting to discuss. Get your snacks and drinks ready, since this will be a long read...
Tense is a change in the form of a verb to express an action that is influenced by time1. It allows us to understand whether something happened in the past, or is happening in the present, or will happen in the future.
There are three primary tenses: past, present, and future. Each tense can be further categorized into different forms.
This tense is the most commonly used tense in our everyday life. Simple Present Tense is used to state an event in the present.
Formula: Subject + do (optional) + Verb 1 (present form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
They speak English very well. - Negative:
They don't speak English. - Question:
Do they speak English?
This tense is used to state an event that is currently happening in the present.
Formula: Subject + is/am/are + Verb -ing (continuous form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
She is working on her homework now. - Negative:
She is not working on her homework now. - Question:
Is she working on her homework now?
This tense is used to state an ongoing event or the event that have just completed.
Formula: Subject + has/have + Verb 3 (past participle form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
They have seen the Barbie movie. - Negative:
They have not seen the Barbie movie. - Question:
Have they seen the Barbie movie?
Such a long name for a tense, eh? Anyway, this tense is used to state certain event that has happened in the past and it is still happening in the present.
Formula: Subject + has/have + been + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Examples:
- Positive:
I have been thinking about it. - Negative:
I have not been thinking about it. - Question:
Have you been thinking about it?
As you may have guessed, this tense is used to state events that happened in the past.
Formula: Subject + did (optional) + Verb 2 (past form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
They called their friends yesterday. - Negative:
They did not call their friends yesterday. - Question:
Did they call their friends yesterday?
This tense is used to state an event that was happening in the past. Not only one event, this tense can be used to tell 2 events happening in the past, so that there is one activity along with other activity. You can look at the examples below.
Formula: Subject + was/were + Verb -ing (continuous form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
I was washing my clothes when the phone rang. - Negative:
I was not washing my clothes when the phone rang. - Question:
Were you washing your clothes when the phone rang?
This tense is used to state an event that happened before at certain time in the past.
Formula: Subject + had + Verb-3 (past participle form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
The girl had cried before her mother came. - Negative:
The girl had not cried before her mother came. - Question:
Had the girl cried before her mother came?
This tense is used to state events that was happened in the past and has been done at certain point in time in the past.
Formula: Subject + had + been + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Examples:
- Positive:
She had been studying math all day. - Negative:
She had not been studying math all day. - Question:
Had she been studying math all day?
This tense is used to state an event that will happen in the future, hence the name is "Simple Future Tense."
Formula: Subject + will + Verb 1 (present form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
She will come to the cinema tomorrow. - Negative:
She will not come to the cinema tomorrow. - Question:
Will she come to the cinema tomorrow?
This tense is used to state an event that will definitely happen in the near future.
Formula: Subject + will + be + Verb -ing (continuous form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
He will be playing basketball in the playground tomorrow morning. - Negative:
He will not be playing basketball in the playground tomorrow morning. - Question:
Will he be playing basketball in the playground tomorrow morning?
This tense is used to state that there will be an event that will happen and it has to be done at certain time in the future.
Formula: Subject + will have + Verb-3 (past participle form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
I will have finished my homework by tomorrow. - Negative:
I will not have finished my homework by tomorrow. - Question:
Will you have finished your homework by tomorrow?
This tense is used to state some events that will continue until at certain point in time in the future. In this case, the event can happen from the past, present, or in the future and is estimated to be continued.
Formula: Subject + will + have + been + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Examples:
- Positive:
In December, I will have been working at my company for one year. - Negative:
I will not have been working at my company for one year in December. - Question:
In December, will you have been working at your company for one year?
* The phrase In December at the start of the sentence is used to state the time.
This tense is used to state an event about the future from the past perspective. Specifically, past future tense is used to state a prediction, making a promise in the future while in the past.
Formula:
Subject + would + bare infinitive*Subject + was/were + going to + bare infinitive*
* In grammar, the infinitive form of a verb without the word "to": In the sentence "I let him go", the bare infinitive is the word "go".2
Examples:
- Positive:
She would forgive you.Giselle was going to give one beautiful bag to her best friend.
- Negative:
She would not forgive you.Giselle wasn’t going to give one beautiful bag to her best friend.
- Question:
Would she forgive you?Was Giselle going to give one beautiful bag to her best friend?
This tense is used to state an event that will happen in the past, but the event can't be done for some reason or other things that happened in the past.
Formula: Subject + would + be + Verb -ing (continuous form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
I would be studying at your house yesterday, but I didn’t because I got sick. - Negative:
Anna would not be dying if she came to the hospital earlier. - Question:
Would you be letting me see your painting?
This tense is used to state an event that has been done in the past. Similar with past future continuous tense, the event can't be done for some reason or other things that happened in the past.
Formula: Subject + would + have + Verb-3 (past participle form) + ...
Examples:
- Positive:
Mina would have finished her homework if she hadn’t gone shopping. - Negative:
People would not have known about BTS if there were no fans behind them. - Question:
Would you have finished your homework before tomorrow afternoon?
This tense is used to clarify about things that will, currently, and has been done in the past. Usually, there are more than one adverb of time on this tense.
Formula: Subject + would + have + been + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Examples:
- Positive:
I would have been working in leading companies for six years. - Negative:
I would not have been working in leading companies for six years. - Question:
Would you have been working in leading companies for six years?
Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung. Source: EF3
Direct speech (or quoted speech) is a quote directly from someone marked with quotation mark ("). Indirect speech (or reported speech) is similar with direct speech, but the difference is it's not really quoting, but rather decribing the quote with different sentence.
In both speeches, there are tense changes that you need to make:
| Direct Speech (from) | Indirect Speech (to) |
|---|---|
| Simple Present Tense | Simple Past Tense |
| Present Continuous Tense | Past Continuous Tense |
| Simple Future Tense | Simple Past Future Tense |
| Present Perfect Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
| --------------- | ----------------- |
| Simple Past Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
| Past Continuous Tense | Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
| Simple Past Future Tense | Past Future Perfect Tense |
| Past Perfect Tense | Past Perfect Tense (no change) |
Examples:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
She says, "She is ill." |
She says that she is ill. |
You say, "I drink a cup of coffee every morning." |
You say that you drink a cup of coffee every morning. |
She said, "I take yoga class once a week." |
She said that she took yoga class once a week. |
Daniel said, "We are watching a movie." |
Daniel said that they were watching a mobie. |
If there's a adverb of time (e.g. now, tomorrow, today, yesterday, etc...) in the direct speech, it should be changed when changing direct speech into indirect speech.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
He said, "I need my phone now." |
He said that he need his phone back then. |
My mom said, "I am going to your school today." |
My mom said that she was going to my school that day. |
She said, "My uncle visited me yesterday." |
She said that her uncle visited her the previous day. |
Mark said, "I am going to Jakarta tomorrow." |
Mark said he was going to jakarta the next day. |
When it comes to imperative sentence, it's written differently from the previous example. Imperative sentene can contain feedback, request, or a message.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
My brother said to my sister, "Close the windows." |
My brother told my sister to close the windows. |
She said to him, "Bring your book, please." |
She requested him to bring his book. |
Lily said to me, "You should find a job." |
Lily advised me to find a job. |
You said to me, "Consult a doctor." |
You suggested me to consult a doctor. |
In both speeches, questions are written differently from statements like you saw on the top. Take a look at these examples:
- Yes and No question:
| Direct Speech | They asked me, "Are you happy today?" |
|---|---|
| Indirect Speech | They asked me whether I was happy that day. |
- 5W+1H question:
| Direct Speech | She asked him, "Why did you come to late yesterday?" |
|---|---|
| Indirect Speech | She asked him why he had come late the day before. |
Teks narasi.
Narrative text is a type of text that tells a chronological story in the past tense.4 Narrative texts are extremely common and can be easiy found with a simple Google search.
There are different types of narrative texts (and all of which is self-explanatory), for instance: legend, fairy tales, fantasy, myth, romance, etc. Narrative texts are generally imaginative and aimed to entertain or amuse the readers.5
Source: Anthony McCormick, IELC Managing Director. Narrative text - definition, characteristics, functions, types, and example
All types of mentioned types of narrative texts follows these 3 (or 4) sections:
Orientation sets the stage for the story. Ideally, the orientation should answer the questions "who," "where," and "when." So, when reading the orientation part, we should be able to identify the character and setting (both time and place) of the story.
Example:
In a dense forest filled with vibrant, mystical creatures, there lived a gentle deer named Luna. Her silver coat shimmered in the moonlight, and her sparkling blue eyes held the wisdom of the ages. Luna was beloved by all, as she had the unique ability to heal the wounds and ailments of others.
Complication contains problems that occur within a story. This section is divided into 3 parts, namely:
- Rising action: where conflict started to emerge,
- Climax: peak of the conflict,
- Anti-climax: the tension of the conflict began decreasing, and the solution started to emerge.
Resolution is the part of the narrative where the conflict or problem introduced earlier in the story is resolved or addressed. This may involve characters finding a solution to their issues, overcoming obstacles, or experiencing personal growth.
This section is an optional component of a narrative text that serves to reflect on the story and its events, reinforcing the moral lesson or theme. This section typically appears at the end of the story, providing a summary or commentary on the characters' experiences and the consequences of their actions.
If you made it here, thanks for reading the whole document! I really appreciate your effort into getting better at English! Hopefully this will not only get your score better on final exam, but also will make you practice some of the materials here to increase your English skills!
Thanks to:
- The Internet for all the references used for this document,
- GitHub Gist for the hosting of this markdown document,
- pandoc for the document converter CLI,
- wkhtmltopdf for rendering HTML to PDF,
- Ms. Icha for reviewing, verifying, and contributing to this document,
- All of you who read this document until the very end!
Again, thanks for reading this document!
this document is written using proper and trustworthy sources as the reference. correct me if you find any mistakes here.
written with <3 by Mas Gading.
Footnotes
-
Intan Aulia Husnunnisa (2022). 16 Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Contohnya. English Academy by Ruangguru. ↩
-
Cambridge Dictionary. Meaning of bare infinitive in English ↩
-
EF Team, 2020. Mengenal Direct dan Indirect Speech ↩
-
Hani Ammariah (2023). Pahami Pengertian Narrative Text, Struktur & Jenisnya | Bahasa Inggris Kelas 8. Ruangguru ↩
-
Rida Afrilyasanti (2021). Bahasa Inggris Tingkat Lanjut untuk SMA Kelas XI. Jakarta: Kementrian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. Page 2 ↩