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AI_Timeline.md

A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence

Selections from Milestones in the Development of Artificial Intelligence by Mark Kantrowitz, 1994

  • 1917: Karel Capek coins the term robot' (in Czech robot' means `worker', but the English translation retained the original word).

  • 1928: John von Neumann's minimax theorem (later used in game playing programs).

  • 1943: McCulloch and Pitt propose neural-network architectures for intelligence.

  • 1950: Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot"

  • 1950: Shannon proposes chess program

  • 1950: Turing Test proposed (Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence")

  • 1954: Isaac Asimov, "The Caves of Steel" (Robot Science Fiction)

  • 1955: Newell, Shaw, and Simon develop "IPL-11", first AI language

  • 1956: Newell, Shaw, and Simon create "The Logic Theorist", a program that solves math problems.

  • 1956: AI named at Dartmouth computer conference, first meeting of McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon.

  • 1956: CIA funds GAT machine-translation project.

  • 1956: Ulam develops "MANIAC I", the first chess program to beat a human being.

  • 1957: Chomsky writes "Syntactic Structures"

  • 1957: Newell, Shaw, & Simon create General Problem Solver (GPS) means-ends analysis

  • 1958: McCarthy introduces "LISP" at MIT

  • 1959: Minsky and McCarthy establish MIT AI lab

  • 1959: Rosenblatt introduces Perceptron.

  • 1959: Samuel's checkers program wins games against best human players.

  • 1960: Bar-Hillel publishes a paper describing difficulty of machine translation.
  • 1962: McCarthy moves to Stanford, founding Stanford AI Lab in 1963.
  • 1962: First commercial industrial robots.
  • 1963: ARPA gives $2 million grant to MIT AI Lab.
  • 1963: Sutherland's SKETCHPAD: drawing tool (CAD), constraint solver, WYSIWYG
  • 1963: M. Ross Quillian (semantic networks as a knowledge representation)
  • 1963: Susumo Kuno's parser tested on "Time flies like an arrow"
  • 1963: Minsky's "Steps towards Artificial Intelligence"
  • 1964: Bobrow's STUDENT (solves high-school algebra word problems)
  • 1964: Development of BBNLisp begins at BBN
  • 1965: Buchanan, Feigenbaum & Lederberg begin DENDRAL expert system project.
  • 1965: Iva Sutherland demonstrates first head-mounted display (virtual reality)
  • 1965: Simon predicts, "by 1985 machines will be capable of doing any work a man can do"
  • 1965: Dreyfus argues against the possibility of AI.
  • 1966: Donald Michie founds Edinburgh AI lab.
  • 1966: Weizanbaum's ELIZA
  • 1967: Greenblatt's MacHack defeats Hubert Deyfus at chess.
  • 1967: "HAL" stars in Clarke and Kubrick's "2001"
  • 1968: Minsky's "Semantic Information Processing"
  • 1968: Chomsky and Halle's "The Sound Pattern of English"
  • 1969: Minsky & Papert's "Perceptions" (limits of single- layer neural networks)
  • 1969: Hearn & Griss define Standard Lisp to port the REDUCE symbolic algebra system.
  • 1970: PROLOG (Colmerauer)
  • 1970: Pople and Myers begin INTERNIST (aid in diagnosis of human diseases)
  • 1970: Terry Winograd's SHRDLU (Natural Language Processing, Blocks World)
  • 1970: Winston's ARCH
  • 1971: Colby's PARRY
  • 1972: Dreyfus publishes "What Computer's Can't Do"
  • 1972: Smalltalk developed at Xerox PARC (Kay)
  • 1973: Lighthill report kills AI funding in UK.
  • 1973: Schank and Alberson develop scripts.
  • 1974: Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN.
  • 1974: First computer-controlled robot.
  • 1974: Minsky's "A Framework for Representing Knowledge".
  • 1974: SUMEX-AIM network established (applications of AI to medicine)
  • 1975: Cooper & Erlbaum found Nestor to develop neural net technology.
  • 1975: DARPA launches image understanding funding program.
  • 1975: Larry Harris founds Artificial Intelligence Corp. (NLP)
  • 1976: Adventure (Crowther and Woods) - first adventure game.
  • 1976: Greenblatt creates first LISP machine, "CONS"
  • 1976: Kurzweil introduces reading machine.
  • 1976: Lenat's AM (Automated Mathematician)
  • 1976: Marr's primal sketch as a visual presentation.
  • 1977: C3PO and R2D2 star in "Star Wars".
  • 1978: Marr and Nishihara propose 2-1/2 dimensional sketch
  • 1978: Xerox LISP machines
  • 1979: Raj Reddy founds Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.
  • 1979: MYCIN as good as medical experts (Journal of American Medical Assoc.)
  • 1979: Publication of Weinreb and Moon's MIT AI Lab memo on Flavors, an OOP offering advanced capabilities still not generally unavailable outside the LISP language family.
  • 1980: Expert systems up to a thousand rules.
  • 1980: First AAAI conference at Stanford.
  • 1980: Greenblatt & Jacobson found LMI; Noftsker starts Symbolics.
  • 1980: Hofstader writes "G"odel, Escher, Bach", wins Pulitzer.
  • 1980: McDermott's XCON for configuring VAX systems (DEC and CMU)
  • 1980: First biannual ACM LISP and Functional Programming Conference.
  • 1981: Kazuhiro Fuchi announces Japanese Fifth Generation project.
  • 1981: MITI wants intelligent computers by 1990.
  • 1981: Teknowledge founded by Feigenbaum.
  • 1981: PSL (Portable Standard Lisp) runs on a variety of platforms.
  • 1981: Lisp machines from Xerox, LMI, and Symbolics available commercially, making dynamic OOP technology available on a widespread basis.
  • 1981: Grass roots definition of Common Lisp as the common aspects of the family of languages- Lisp Machine Lisp, MacLisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, Scheme.
  • 1982: Publication of British government's "Alvey Report" on advanced information technology, leading to boost in Ai (Expert Systems) being used in industry.
  • 1982: Japan's ICOT formed.
  • 1982: John Hopfield resuscitates neural nets.
  • 1982: SRI's PROSPECTOR finds major deposit of molybdenum.
  • 1983: Asimov writes "Robot's of Dawn".
  • 1983: Feigenbaum & McCorduck publish "The Fifth Generation".
  • 1983: DARPA announced Strategic Computing Initiative.
  • 1983: IntelliGenetics markets KEE.
  • 1983: MCC consortium formed under Bobby Ray Inman.
  • 1984: Publication of Steele's "Common Lisp the Language"
  • 1984: Chamberlain's RACTER `writes' book
  • 1984: Doug Lenat begins CYC project at MCC.
  • 1984: European Community starts ESPRIT program.
  • 1984: GM puts $4 million into Teknowledge.
  • 1984: Gold Hill creates Golden Common LISP.
  • 1984: TI wins MIT contract for Lisp machines away from Symbolics.
  • 1984: "Wabot-2" reads sheet music and plays organ.
  • 1985: GM and Campbell's Soup don't use Lisp for expert systems.
  • 1985: Kawasaki robot kills Japanese mechanic during malfunction.
  • 1985: MIT Media Lab founded.
  • 1985: Minsky publishes "The Society of Mind"
  • 1985: Palladian sells Financial Adviser.
  • 1985: Teknowledge abandons LISP and PROLOG for C.
  • 1985: Xerox wins $20 million contract for LISP machines, later cancelled.
  • 1986: X3J13 forms to produce a draft for an ANSI Common Lisp standard.
  • 1986: AI industry revenue now $1,000,000,000
  • 1986: Anderson's robotic Ping-Pong player wins against human.
  • 1986: Borland offers Turbo PROLOG for $99.
  • 1986: CMU's HiTech chess machine competes at senior master level.
  • 1986: Dallas Police use robot to break into an apartment.
  • 1986: First OOPSLA conference on object-oriented programming, at which CLOS is first publicized outside the Lisp/AI community.
  • 1986: IBM enters AI fray at AAAI, with a LISP, a PROLOG, and an ES shell.
  • 1986: Max Headroom
  • 1986: McClelland & Rumelhart's "Parallel Distributed Processing" (Neural Nets)
  • 1986: Neural net startup companies appear.
  • 1986: OCR now $100 million industry.
  • 1986: PICON ES group leaves LMI and starts Gensym.
  • 1986: Paperback Software offers VP Expert for $99.
  • 1986: Teknowledge goes public, amid wild optimism.
  • 1986: Thinking Machines introduces Connection Machine.
  • 1987: Symbolics pioneers the OODB market with Statice, a Flavors-based system.
  • 1987: Lisp Pointers commences publication.
  • 1987: 1,900 computers are working Expert systems.
  • 1987: AI revenue $1.4 billion, excluding robotics.
  • 1987: NLP revenue approximately $80 million.
  • 1987: Robotic-vision revenue $300 million.
  • 1987: DEC's "XCON" configures computers doing work of 300 people using 10,000 rules.
  • 1987: Japan's AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identifacation System)
  • 1987: LMI files for bankruptcy, other bankruptcies and layoffs follow.
  • 1987: "Ai Winter"; Lisp-machine market saturated.
  • 1988: Common Lisp development environments on general- purpose platforms begin to rival those available on Lisp Machines (e.g., native CLOS, pre-emptive multitasking, full suites of integrated tools, etc.)
  • 1988: 386 chip brings PC speeds into competition with LISP machines.
  • 1988: Expert systems revenue over $400 million.
  • 1988: Hillis's "Connection Machine", capable of 65,536 parallel computations.
  • 1988: Minsky and Papert publish revised edition of "Perceptrons"
  • 1988: Object-oriented languages are "in".
  • 1988: TI announces MicroExplorer (Macintosh with a LISP machine)
  • 1988: Teknowledge merges with American Cimflex.
  • 1989: Coral sold to Apple, re-marketed as Macintosh Allegro Common Lisp.
  • 1989: Palladian ceases production.
  • 1990: Steele publishes second edition of "Common Lisp the Language"
  • 1990: AICorp goes public.
  • 1990: Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) votes to expand its charter into an Association of Lisp Users, and to expand the scope of its annual conference correspondingly.
  • 1991: KnowlegeWare cancels offer to buy IntelliCorp.
  • 1992: Apple Computer introduces Dylan, a language in the Lisp family as its vision for the future of programming.
  • 1992: X3J13 creates a draft proposed American National Standard for Common Lisp.
  • 1993: Kurweil AI goes public.
  • 1993: Symbolics files for bankruptcy.
  • 1994: Franz Inc. announces the AllegroStore OODB.
  • 1994: Harlequin's real-time CLOS is used in an announced AT&T switching system.
  • 1994: Thinking Machines files for bankruptcy.
  • 1994: (Projected) ANSI Common Lisp becomes the first ANSI- standard OOPL.
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