marius-test

list.sort()

• Type: A method of the list object.
• Behavior: Sorts the list in place.
• Return Value: Returns None.
• Example: my_list.sort()

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marius-test

# decorator example in Python

# decorator function
def decorator(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Runs before")  # do something before
        func()  # call the original function
        print("Runs after")   # do something after
    return wrapper

marius-test

try:
    hour_24 = int(input("Enter hour in 24h format (0–23): "))
    
    if 0 <= hour_24 <= 23:
        hour_12 = hour_24 % 12 or 12
        print(f"The hour in 12h format is: {hour_12}")
    else:
        print("Error: Please enter a valid hour between 0 and 23.")
        
except ValueError:

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class Dog:
    # the __init__ method is a special method called the constructor
    # it initializes the attributes of a new instance
    # 'self' refers to the new Dog object being created
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        self.name = name  # 'self.name' assigns the 'name' argument to the 'name' attribute of *this* dog
        self.breed = breed  # 'self.breed' assigns the 'breed' argument to the 'breed' attribute of *this* dog
        self.is_hungry = True  # every new dog starts hungry. This is an instance attribute

    # this is an instance method, 'self' refers to the specific dog instance

marius-test

# read text file
with open("log.txt", "r") as f:
    content = f.read()

# write (overwrite) text
with open("log.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("New log start\n")

# append to file
with open("log.txt", "a") as f:

marius-test

class Demo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.public_var = "Public"
        self._protected_var = "Protected"
        self.__private_var = "Private"

    def show_vars(self):
        print(self.public_var)
        print(self._protected_var)
        print(self.__private_var)

marius-test

name = "Marius"
text = f"MyNameIs{name}"  # MyNameIsMarius

print(text[0:6])        # 'MyName'   - from start (0) up to 6 (exclusive)
print(text[:6])         # 'MyName'   - same as above, starts by default to 0
print(text[6:])         # 'IsMarius' - from index 6 to end
print(text[::2])        # 'MNmIMru'  - starts with index 0 then every 2nd character
print(text[::-1])       # 'suiraMsIemaNyM' - reversed string
print(text[-7:-1])      # 'sMarius'  - slice from index -7 to -1
print(text[-1:-8:-1])   # 'suiraMs' - slice backward from end (negative step), stops at index -8 (exclusive)

marius-test

import this

# run the .py file
# and have a great coding day!

marius-test

To view all installed packages, you can utilize either of the following commands in the Terminal:

pip list

or

pip freeze

marius-test

To convert a .py file to .exe you can use PyInstaller

1. Open the terminal and type the following command to install the PyInstaller:

pip install pyinstaller

2. While in the terminal, navigate to the {file_name}.py file location using the cd command.