General: Ant (Java, XML), Gulp (JS), GYP†, Rake (Ruby), SCons (Python), Shake (Haskell), waf† (Python)
C & C++ primarily: Autotools¹, CMake†², GNU Make, Meson†
JavaScript: Broccoli.js, Brunch, Grunt, parcel, webpack
OCaml: Dune
There is also ninja, which is intended to be a fast middleman with recipes generated by other systems.
Notes:
† This is a meta-build system.
¹ See also the Autotools Myhtbuster.
² See also An Introduction to Modern CMake