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| @prefix cc: <http://web.resource.org/cc/> | |
| @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> | |
| @prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> | |
| @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> | |
| @prefix frbr: <http://purl.org/spar/frbr/> | |
| @prefix sap: <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/sapont#> | |
| @prefix sapcorpus: <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/sapcorpus#> | |
| @prefix sapmemes: <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/sapmemes#> | |
| @prefix pav: <http://purl.org/pav/> | |
| @prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> | |
| @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> | |
| @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> | |
| sap:heading | |
| a prov:entity ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares the text of a newspaper article's heading or headline" . | |
| sap:body | |
| a prov:entity ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares the text of a newspaper article's body or main text" . | |
| sap:transcribedFrom | |
| rdfs:subPropertyOf pav:importedFrom ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares that a new text transcription has been created from an imported image" . | |
| sap:transcribedBy | |
| rdfs:subPropertyOf pav:importedBy ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares who created a new text transcription from an imported image" . | |
| sap:transcribedOn | |
| rdfs:subPropertyOf pav:importedOn ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares when a new text transcription has been created from an imported image" . | |
| sap:categorisedBy | |
| rdfs:subPropertyOf pav:contributedBy ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares who assigned subject headings or coverage criteria to a transcription" . | |
| sap:categorisedOn | |
| rdfs:subPropertyOf pav:contributedOn ; | |
| rdfs:comment "declares when subject headings or coverage criteria have been added to a transcription" . | |
| sap:mhbeals a foaf:person . | |
| sap:mtemplar a foaf:person . | |
| sapmemes:381 a fabio:NewsReport . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sg a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_mc a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lt a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ls a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lc a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lj a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_fp a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_er a fabio:Newspaper ; | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1816-12-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1816-12-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1817-01-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1818-01-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-01-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-01-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-01-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-04-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-04-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-05-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-05-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-06-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-06-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-07-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-07-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-07-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-07-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-08-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-08-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-09-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-09-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-10-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-10-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-10-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-10-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1819-11-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-11-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1820-07-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-07-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1820-07-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-07-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1820-08-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-08-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-01-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-01-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-01-31 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-01-31"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-03-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-03-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-06-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-06-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-08-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-08-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-10-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-10-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_aj_1821-11-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-11-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_aj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2657832> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1802-07-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1802-07-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1810-06-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1810-06-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1811-08-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1811-08-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1812-08-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1812-08-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1812-10-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1812-10-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1812-11-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1812-11-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1813-10-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1813-10-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1813-10-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1813-10-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1813-12-30 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1813-12-30"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1814-03-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1814-03-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1814-05-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1814-05-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1814-09-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1814-09-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1814-10-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1814-10-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1814-12-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1814-12-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1816-01-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1816-01-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1816-07-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1816-07-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1816-11-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1816-11-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1817-01-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1817-07-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-07-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-01-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-01-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-01-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-01-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-02-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-02-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-07-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-07-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-07-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-07-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-09-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-09-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1818-12-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-12-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-01-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-01-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-01-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-01-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-02-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-02-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-03-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-03-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-05-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-05-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-05-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-05-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-06-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-06-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-07-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-07-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-08-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-08-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1819-10-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-10-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1820-01-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-01-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1820-01-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-01-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1820-04-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-04-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1820-06-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-06-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1820-07-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-07-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1821-05-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-05-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1821-06-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-06-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1821-07-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-07-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_er_1810-01-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1810-01-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_er . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_fp_1810-01-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1810-01-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_fp . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2649808> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-01-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-01-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-01-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-01-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-07-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-07-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-07-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-07-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-07-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-07-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-08-31 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-08-31"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-09-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-09-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-10-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-10-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-10-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-10-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-11-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-11-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-11-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-11-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-11-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-11-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-11-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-11-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-12-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1789-12-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-01-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-01-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-01-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-01-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-02-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-02-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-02-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-02-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-04-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-04-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-05-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-05-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-05-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-05-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-06-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-06-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-06-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-06-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-07-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-07-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-07-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-07-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-08-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-08-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-09-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-09-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-09-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-09-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-10-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-10-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-11-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-11-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1790-12-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1790-12-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-01-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-01-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-01-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-01-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-01-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-01-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-01-31 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-01-31"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-02-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-02-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-02-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-02-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-03-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-03-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-05-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-05-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-05-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-05-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-05-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-05-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-05-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-05-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-06-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-06-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-06-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-06-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-07-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-07-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-07-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-07-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1791-11-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1791-11-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-04-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-04-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-04-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-04-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-04-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-04-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-04-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-04-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-06-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-06-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-08-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-08-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-08-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-08-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-08-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-08-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-09-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-09-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-10-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-10-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1792-12-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1792-12-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-01-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-01-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-01-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-01-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-01-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-01-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-07-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-07-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-07-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-07-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-08-30 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-08-30"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-10-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-10-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1793-12-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1793-12-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-01-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-01-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-01-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-01-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-01-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-01-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-02-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-02-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-02-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-02-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-02-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-02-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-07-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-07-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-07-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-07-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-07-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-07-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-07-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-07-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-09-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-09-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1794-11-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1794-11-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh_1820-04-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-04-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_gh . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh_1820-05-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-05-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_gh . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh_1821-02-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-02-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_gh . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh_1821-03-30 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-03-30"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_gh . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_gh_1822-01-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1822-01-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_gh . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lc_1817-01-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_lc . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lj_1817-01-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_lj . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_ls_1817-01-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ls . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_lt_1817-01-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_lt . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_mc_1810-01-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1810-01-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_mc . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_mc_1817-01-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1817-01-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_mc . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2643743> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/6269131> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sg_1815-11-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1815-11-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sg . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2147714> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2155400> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2077456> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1818-02-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1818-02-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1819-05-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1819-05-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1820-01-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-01-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1820-01-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-01-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1820-05-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1820-05-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1821-01-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-01-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1821-06-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1821-06-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1822-10-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1822-10-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1823-06-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1823-06-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1823-09-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1823-09-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1823-09-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1823-09-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-01-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-01-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-01-31 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-01-31"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-02-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-02-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-02-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-02-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-03-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-03-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-03-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-03-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-04-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-04-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-05-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-05-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-05-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-05-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-06-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-06-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1824-08-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1824-08-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1825-10-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1825-10-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1827-03-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1827-03-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1828-04-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1828-04-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1828-05-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1828-05-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1828-06-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1828-06-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1828-08-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1828-08-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1828-12-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1828-12-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1829-05-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1829-05-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1829-06-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1829-06-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1829-07-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1829-07-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1829-08-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1829-08-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1829-11-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1829-11-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1830-04-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1830-04-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1830-10-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1830-10-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1830-11-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1830-11-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1831-02-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1831-02-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1831-06-04 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1831-06-04"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1831-06-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1831-06-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1831-07-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1831-07-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1831-12-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1831-12-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1832-03-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1832-03-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1832-04-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1832-04-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1832-10-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1832-10-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-02-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-02-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-05-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-05-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-06-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-06-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-07-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-07-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-08-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-08-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-08-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-08-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-09-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-09-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-10-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-10-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1833-12-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1833-12-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-04-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-04-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-06-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-06-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-06-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-06-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-07-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-07-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-07-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-07-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-07-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-07-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-08-02 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-08-02"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-09-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-09-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-11-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-11-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1834-11-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1834-11-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1835-05-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1835-05-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1835-07-08 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1835-07-08"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1835-08-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1835-08-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1835-09-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1835-09-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1835-11-21 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1835-11-21"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-03-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-03-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-03-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-03-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-04-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-04-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-04-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-04-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-05-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-05-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-07-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-07-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-07-16 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-07-16"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-08-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-08-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-10-26 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-10-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1836-12-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1836-12-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1837-05-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1837-05-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1837-06-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1837-06-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1837-07-01 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1837-07-01"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1837-07-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1837-07-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1837-11-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1837-11-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1838-06-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1838-06-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1838-09-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1838-09-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1838-11-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1838-11-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-04-03 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-04-03"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-04-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-04-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-05-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-05-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-06-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-06-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-07-06 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-07-06"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-07-10 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-07-10"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-07-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-07-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-07-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-07-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-07-27 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-07-27"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-08-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-08-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-09-11 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-09-11"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-09-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-09-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-11-23 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-11-23"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1839-11-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1839-11-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-04-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-04-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-05-13 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-05-13"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-07-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-07-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-08-12 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-08-12"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-08-15 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-08-15"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-10-28 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-10-28"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1840-12-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1840-12-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-02-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-02-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-03-20 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-03-20"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-03-31 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-03-31"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-04-07 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-04-07"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-04-14 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-04-14"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-09-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-09-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-10-09 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-10-09"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-11-17 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-11-17"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-11-24 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-11-24"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-12-22 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-12-22"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-12-25 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-12-25"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1841-12-29 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1841-12-29"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1842-02-05 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1842-02-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1842-03-19 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1842-03-19"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:newspaper_sm_1842-05-18 ; | |
| a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; | |
| dc:date "1842-05-18"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_sm . | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2650225> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2638360> ; | |
| pav:createdAt <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> . | |
| sapcorpus:article_1 | |
| a fabio:NewspaperArticle ; | |
| dc:date "1811-08-26"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_cm_1811-08-26 ; | |
| prism:startingPage "4" ; | |
| frbr:embodiment <http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/18110826/013/0004> . | |
| <http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/18110826/013/0004> frbr:embodimentOf sap:article_1. | |
| sapcorpus:image_1 | |
| a foaf:Document ; | |
| pav:retrievedFrom <http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/18110826/013/0004> ; | |
| pav:retrievedBy sap:mhbeals ; | |
| pav:retrievedOn "2011-05-01"^^xsd:date. ]. | |
| frbr:exemplarOf <http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/18110826/013/0004> ; | |
| fabio:isRepresentationOf sap:article_1 ; | |
| fabio:isStoredOn fabio:HD ; | |
| <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/sapcorpus/1.xml> | |
| a foaf:Document ; | |
| sap:transcribedFrom sapimages:1 | |
| sap:transcribedBy sap:mtemplar ; | |
| cc:legalcode <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode> | |
| cc:attributionName "Max Templer" | |
| cc:attributionURL <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net> | |
| frbr:exemplarOf <http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/18110826/013/0004> ; | |
| fabio:isRepresentationOf sap:article_1 ; | |
| fabio:isStoredOn fabio:internet ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh87004890.html> | |
| dc:coverage <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85005414.html> | |
| dc:coverage <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85019291.html> ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://www.geonames.org/6325494> ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://www.geonames.org/2635167> ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://www.geonames.org/6252001> ; | |
| sap:heading "Commerce of Canada." ; | |
| sap:body "Extract of a letter. The population of Canada, in 1760, was reckoned at 62,000 souls, whilst her exports had never exceeded two millions of livres tournois (about 90,000l) The imports must have greatly exceeded the exports ; but not even a conjecture of the differences can be formed. The present population of the Canadas may be rated at 320,000 souls ; but great as this augmentation may appear, commerce will be found to have greatly surpassed the proportional ratio of the population. From 1763 to 1793, the exports may have varied from 120,000l. to 300,000l. chiefly of wheat, furs, and peltry. But, during the last 18 years, they have increased to the surprising sum of 1,220,963l. 10s. Sterling, as we shall presently perceive by the following estimate, which cannot be much over or under the truth :- Furs and skims ... 105,000 0 Wheat, all other grain, flour, and biscuit 136,500 0 Lumber of all descriptions ... 536,500 0 Pot and pearl ashes ... 223,000 0 Beets and pork 30,000 0 Sundries (too tedious to particularise) ... 16,000 10 The hulls, masts, and yards, of 28 ves sels built in the province ... 84,000 0 Total of domestic produce 1,131,000 0 Sundry goods imported and exported 4,780 0 1,125,780 0 Commissions and additional charges at 7 1/2 per cent. Sterling ... 65,183 0 t. 1,220,963 The amounts of imports of dutiable articles at Quebec is about 380,000l. Sterling. It is impossible to ascertain the value of goods not dutiable ; but we may safely conlude, that they will make the total of import as one million Sterling, leaving a balance in favour of these provinces, which, but a few years ago, would have appeared incredible. This property is carried by 661 vessels, whose tonnage is 143,893, navigated by 6758 seamen. The freight and primage on these vessels are nine guineas per ton, being 1,359,788l. 17s. Sterling, which, without taking into consideration the charges in Britain, will make the gross amount of our cargoes landed, exceed 3,000,000l. Sterling, being about a tenth of the imports of the United Kingdom. Our commerce has become considerable with the United States. A few years ago, our imports from thence greatly exceeded our exports. But since respectable and intelligent American merchants have begun to settle amongst us, I believe the scale turned in our favour ; and thus British industry is commencing to run in a channel never before much thought of. " . | |
| sapcorpus:article_2 | |
| a fabio:NewspaperArticle ; | |
| dc:date "1789-01-05"^^xsd:date ; | |
| fabio:partOf sapcorpus:newspaper_ga_1789-01-05 ; | |
| frbr:embodiment <https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vJZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2621%2C577735> . | |
| <https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vJZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2621%2C577735> frbr:embodimentOf sap:article_2. | |
| sapcorpus:image_2 | |
| a foaf:Document ; | |
| pav:retrievedFrom <https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vJZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2621%2C577735> ; | |
| pav:retrievedBy sap:mhbeals ; | |
| pav:retrievedOn ""^^xsd:date. ]. | |
| frbr:exemplarOf <https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vJZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2621%2C577735> ; | |
| fabio:isRepresentationOf sap:article_2 ; | |
| fabio:isStoredOn fabio:HD ; | |
| <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/sapcorpus/2.xml> | |
| a foaf:Document ; | |
| sap:transcribedFrom sapimages:2 | |
| sap:transcribedBy sap:mtemplar ; | |
| cc:legalcode <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode> | |
| cc:attributionName "Max Templer" | |
| cc:attributionURL <http://www.scissorsandpaste.net> | |
| frbr:exemplarOf <https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vJZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2621%2C577735> ; | |
| fabio:isRepresentationOf sap:article_2 ; | |
| fabio:isStoredOn fabio:internet ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh87004890.html> | |
| dc:coverage <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85132493.html> ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://www.geonames.org/2648579> ; | |
| dc:coverage <http://www.geonames.org/3488465> ; | |
| sap:heading "From the Jamaica Royal Gazette. Kingston, Sept. 27" ; | |
| sap:body "The ship Nestor, belonging to Glasgow, seized several months ago by the officers of his Majesty's customs at this port, for not being provided with a register according to Act of Parliament, was condemned at a Court of Vice Admiralty held in Spanish Town on Friday, last week. She was sold for 1500L." " . | |
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| sap:body "This morning, some dispatches were received from Boston, which were brought over in the Sally, Capt. Walker from Liverpool. They are dated the 16th November, and contain an account of the arrival of several ships from Newfoundland, and some from Halifax; that provisions of all kinds were very plentiful and reasonable. " . | |
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| sap:body "Our latest accounts from the West Indies say, that no supply from the islands, either of wheat or flour, can possibly be obtained from the American states in consequence of the great bounties given by his Most Christian Majesty on these articles. Our charity, therefore, if we have any of these articles to spare, must be first extended to our own Colonies ; and we cannot be surprised, particularly when we consider the present price of bread at home, that no assistance can be given at present, either to the French or Dutch. The crops in the island of Jamaica promise a most plentiful harvest, except to the eastward, which ahs generally been considered as the most productive part. By the Westmoreland, just arrived from Jamaica, we learn that the slaves have become mutinous to an alarming degree, ever since they were made acquainted with the intended abolition of the Slave Trade. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Quebec, June 6. "We are dreadfully alarmed at present on account of the great scarcity of flour throughout the province. Common flour sold this morning in the market at six dollars, per cwt. bran from 7s. 6d. to 6s. oats 3s. per bushel, and pease 20d. per bushel. There has been an account taken of the quantity of flour and wheat in this city, and liberties, by order of the Governor and Council, and we find there is not more than will serve as ten days. They ar much worse off in the district of Montreal than we are here: We have sent them frequent supplies. "Wheat which was found too bad to be shipped last year at three livres, now sells at two dollars. One Merchant will make upwards of fifteen hundred pounds by this job. "Government, for the relief of the poor, have caused to be issued, by the contractor here, rise at 3 d. per lb. no one to get more than a dollar's worth at a time. The day before yesterday there was delivered above a hundred pounds worth in this way. "In consequence of letters by last Thursday's post from Montreal, two thousand bushels of damaged wheat were shipped yesterday for that market. We have not had a grain of flour from England or the States, though we hear of a cargo from New York, for Montreal. The vessel was to call at New Brunswick ; and it is more than probably, that people there, being in great want themselves, have detained her. The Government have done now what they should have done five or six months ago, and then we should not be in this starving condition ; that is, we are to have a proclamation to permit the importation of grain and flour from the States. "My servant is just come home from the baker's, where I had sent him for half a dollar's worth of bread. After watching for two hours, till the bread came out of the overn, he could get but eighteen-pennyworth ; three small loaves, indeed, weighing only two pounds each. Thirty-five shillings have been paid for ship biscuit. The Lord knows what will become of us–except Government will distribute some of the flour that is come for the troops, in the Queen. "Mr. Davidson, one of the Council, assured us on Thursday last, there was not wheat and flour in the country for five weeks. He has taken a great deal of pains to be well informed on the subjuct; and to him are we indebted for the proclamation to allow the importation from the States. He stood forth alone, and offered, at his own expence, to get an account taken of the quantities of wheat and flour in the town and liberties of Quebec, and insisted on its being taken into consideration." " . | |
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| sap:body "Cent is the only coinage the Americans have of their won. No less than 300 ton of them were contracted for by Congress in the year 1787, to be coined at the rate of 50 ton per annum ; the contracters were also bound down to make them all of the famous Jersey copper. They are a little larger than the British halfpence. No British copper no passes in the United States;–silver and gold coins of all nations, however, pass cur rent. The congress have not yet ordered a silver coinage. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Bermuda to his friend in Norfolk, Virginia, dated April 2. "By Captain Gilbert, the bearer of this you will learn our distress for want of provi - sions: There has not been in the whole island one bushel of corn for sale for 16 days past. Capt. George, from Baltimore, brought in ???days ago two bushels of corn, which sold immeddiately at 6s. 8d. per bushel; he also brought in 360 barrels of flour, common and superfine, which sold at eight and nine dollars per barrel. No vessel has arrived here with provisions since Capt. George; and no vessel belonging to the island is expected to relieve us. A great number of poor people have been for ten days past obliged to live on the greens of the field. Governor Hamilton, by advice of his counsel, has opened the port of Bermuda to all foreign vessels whatever, for thirty days, to be computed from the 30th day of March, laden with bread, corn; or flour. He also allows, for three months, the importation of salted provisions from any foreign port whatever, in vessels belonging to these islands. IT is said, what if any foreign vessel should come here after the time permited by proclamation, they will be allowed to dispose of their cargo, if they can prove they set out with an intent to come here. If any vessels be ready to sail from Norfolk, with provisions, advise them to call at Bermuda." " . | |
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| sap:body "THE following extract from a late publication, entitled, " A State of the present Government of the Province of Quebec," will give the public some idea of the Canada Bill, which has been so much talked of an procrastinated so long, and at present pending in Parliament. The work we understand to be the production of Adam Lymburner, Esq; set over by the province to negotiate this afair. It is remarkable,withhis former publication, for its strong nervous elocution and perspicuity of reasoning. "Liberty is congenial to the feelings of all mankind. The security which flows from a free constitution, to both political and civil liberty, contributes greatly towards bringing forth the powers of the human mind, and the encouragement of the industry of people ; but no constitution can be called free where the people are not allowed to participate of the legislative authority by their representatives : This is the great criterion of freedom; and it is extremely natural for all British subjects, as they know the value of it, to struggle for such a valuable right. Great Britain has constantly acknoledged this prin ciple in the constitution she has granted to all her Colonies; and by that means has rendered them more flourishing and prosperous than those of o ther nations. Although the inhabitants of the province of Quebec have, from the general tendency of the British government to a mild administration, enjoyed a certain degree of civil liberty; yet they have been, from the peculiar nature of the system of their government, entirely deprived of all political liberty. A more full enjoyment of these essential privileges has been the prayer of their petitions, and of those now be fore the House of commons. The objects prayed for may be reduced to the following heads:– "1. An elective house of assembly or representatives of the people. 2. That the members of the legislative council receive no salaries as counsellors. 3. That the habeas corpus act, and the other laws of England relating to personal liberty,be made a part of the constitution. 4. That trial by jury in civil causes be likewise made part of the constitution, and that nine out of twelve may return a verdict. 5. That the ancient laws and customs of Canada, relative to landed property, marriage settlements, inheritance, and dowers, be continued in force in the districts or " . | |
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| sap:body "Curious Anecdote.–A few days ago a stranger waited on Mr. Sibbly, Treasurer of the East India Company, and desired to speak to him in private ; when the were retired, the stranger said to Mr. Sibbly, " I am lately returned from India, I have smuggled goods to the amount of about 120l. What duty have I to pay upon them?" Mr. Sibbly smiled, and told him, "That he could receive no such money without the Chairman's permission." Pray then (said the stranger) speak to him of it as soon as possible. I am resolved to pay whatever the duty is. The Company pays for the exclusive privilege of bringing India goods to Europe; the man that deprives them of any part of the advantages they hope to reap from it, cannot, in my opinion, look upon himself as a strictly honest man." Since the stranger waited on Mr. Sibbly, the Chairman had not had time to give him an answer ; the stranger notwithstanding, gave him a letter, including a Bank note of 30l. The sum Mr. Sibbly told him he should pay, if he paid any thing. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from India, by the Dublin East Indiaman, to Mr. William Jones We left Patia Dec. 15, 1789, and went to Decca, and arrived there after a passage of 16 days. Just as we arrived there was a famine, and it was really a shocking sight to behold; you could not move out of your house but the corpses lay in your way, and the wild dogs and jackalls were eating them at noon-day. The Hindoos never bury their dead, but burn them to ashes, if they can afford it; if not, throw them into the river. I have lately seen a man brought to the river side, and laid down at lowwater mark before he was dead ; and when the the tide flowed, it carried him off. If a man, woman, or child, dies at night, the corpse is eaten by the morning. This I have been an eye witness of ; for as I always rode out on horseback every morning, I had an opportunity of seeing more than those that did not. In the course of six months I became so much used to it, that I took no notice of it. "I was there when a dreadful conflagration took place, and burnt upwards of seven miles without intermission, and many souls perished. Now consider, first, an inundation; second, a famine; and third, a conflagration. How much the place must be distressed, I leave you to think. I left Decca the 1st of December last, and arrived at Calcutta, after a passage through the Sunderburns (in 17 days), hearty and well, thank God." " . | |
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| sap:body "The old system of sending men of rank to govern Jamaica, seems to be revived, and laudably too. This island is the most important possession we hold in the West Indies, and is well entitled to any mark of distinction which the parent country can bestow upon it. The salary and emoluments annexed to the government of Jamaica, render it the most valuable of any in the King's gift, except that of Ireland. Soon after the Restoration, O'Brian, third Earl of Inchiquin, was appointed Governor of Jamaica, and died in his Government. Henry Bentinck, first Duke of Portland, was made Governor of this island in the reign of George I. His Grace died at Spanish Town, July 4th, 1736, in the 45th year of his age. The death of these two Noblemen in their government, gave so bad an impression of the climate of Jamaica, and the insalubrity of its air, that few persons of rank and fortune have been ambitious of becoming governors of it, notwith standing the brilliancy of the appointments an nexd to the situation. " . | |
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| sap:body "A letter from the Bay of Honduras, dated May 26, says, "The Spaniards, who pay an annual visit to this settlement, to prevent en croachments, are destroying all the cultivated spots on shore, alleging that the settlers are prohibited by the convention from cultivation of any kind. This will prove a temporary misfortune to the woodcutters, by depriving them of the principal means of subsisting their negroes, and might be productive of mischief, were it not that the British Superintendant, Colonel Despar, with the assistance of the Calypso sloop of war, keeps the woodcutters in order. This may rise the price of mahogany at home, and certainly will raise provisions here. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter form Philadelphia, dated 25th May, 1789. "I have travelled through several of the States and see no appearance of the poverty which you hear so much boast of in Britain–every where I meet rather with extravagance. Indeed they procure too easily to be frugal in their out-givings. All the manufactured goods imported from Europe are from Britain, and they cannot have goods equal in quality and price from any other place. "I think I never say so many children as are in this country, every town, village, and farm-house, are full of them.–The people of this country increase like rabbits: It is supposed they double their numbers every fifteen years; but I should think they do it in a shorter period.–What a grand prospect for the sale of British goods, for when so many hundreds of millions of acres of land lye idle to be granted or purchased at a small price, the people of this country never will manufacture ; At present wages are high, and 1000 acres of land in the back settlements may be purchased for as many pence?." " . | |
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| sap:body "Government are now engaging 1800 tons of transports, on contract, to carry over the felons under sentence of transportation to Botany Bay. The victualling the convicts on the voyage is included in the contract. " . | |
| sapcorpus:article_15 | |
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| sap:body "From Quebec, June 10, we are informed, Canada is at present greatly distressed; provisions extremely dear ; beef, if good for any thing, 5per pound ; mutton, 7–d. butter, 15d. The parishes in the upper country, about Niagara and Montreal, have been without bread for four months. There are orders now in town for as many goods for Quebec as will load ten ships; the trade being so exceedingly brisk, and the people giving the preference to European goods. " . | |
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| sap:body "Lord M'Donald, to his great honour, adopted a most liberal plan of establishing, at his own expence, not only one, but a number of free-villages, on his extensive domains. By this plan, proposed to his Lordship by Mr. Fraser, the settlers are to have perpetual feus of the lands, subject to a very moderate quit rent. His Lordship will by this means prevent the threatened emigrations to America, and deserve the highest praises of his country. " . | |
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| sap:body "Yesterday some dispatches were received from St. Kitt's, which were brought over in the Matthew, Capt. Slegg, arrived in the Downs, which are dated the 10th of June : they contain an account of all the merchant ships which were then at that island ; that they were nearly full, and were fixed to sail from thence the 26th of July and the first of August ; and that the weather continued exceedingly fine. " . | |
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| sap:body "A short DESCRIPTION of, and REMARKS upon a new State called THE WESTERN TERRITORY, being one of four settled by the Americans since 1774. T HAT no nation can serve the Americans with goods equal in quality and price to Britain, is wha the whole world knows, and from experience the most obstinate rebel American dare not deny: It is with pleasure, therefore, we inform our readers, that the United States are paying more attention to agriculture than to manufactures–They have already laid out four new States since the beginning of their rebellion, viz. Vermont, Kentucky, Indiana, and The Western Territory. About seventeen years ago Vermont was a wilderness; they only began to settle it about the year 1774. Kentucky, ten years ago lay in forest wild; it was settled in 1780. Yet so rapid has been the population, that there are not less than one hundred thousand inhabitants, already, in each of these states. The State of Indiana was only laid off this present year in 1789, and contains but two or three hundred inhabitants. From a description of these four States, published in America in May last, we give our readers a short abridged description of the last of them, called The Western Territory ; and it must rerejoice the heart of every Briton to read it, and think, that the settling of these countries, though the Americans double their numbers every 15 or 20 years, will long keep them from manufacturing, and is every day opening a field for new customers to Great Britain; for who will work as a tradesman, even though wages are very high, when he can, for twenty pounds, purchase a thousand acres of land, that being the present price fixed by Congress for lots of land in The Western Territory.–Hence the demand of our manufactures will continually increase with the increasing population of America.–Desponding politicians may derive comfort from the prospect, that new channels of commerce will be opened, and the inland parts of the Continent will require an increasing supply.–British manufactures will for ages ascend the great rivers of that Continent, and by means of a most extraordinary inland navigation, will be diffused through a country more fertile, more extensive, than all the Thirteen United States. The Western Territory Is the name given to this new State by Congress. It is bounded on the west by the Mississippi river –north by the Lakes–east by Pennsylvania? south and south-east by the Ohio river; contains, according to Mr. Hutchins, Geographer General to the Congress, 411,000 square miles, equal to two hundred and sixty-three millions of acres, from which he deducts forth-three millions of acres for water; there will then remain two hundred and twenty millions of acres belonging to the fed–ral government, which is to be sold for the discharge of the debt owing to the United States. But a very small proportion of these lands is yet purchased of the native Indians and disposed of by Congress*. On the lands which have been purchased by Congress from the Indians two settlements are already commenced–one at Marietta, the other at Miami. This State was only laid out by Congress in the end of the year 1787, and already contains above 8000 inhabitants. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Ohio, Muskingham, Hockhocking, Sioto, Miami, Wobash,&c–Coal and iron mines, and salt pits, abound in this State; the soil is excellent?as rich as can be imagined, and may be reduced to yield plentiful crops with little or no labour. It is exceedingly healthy, pleasant, and commodious–the most fertile spot of earth known to the Europeans or Americans–exceeding the soil of any of the United States. The timber is tall, and in great variety?Streams for mills abound here. Wheat, indigo, hemp, and cotton, thrive well. Many years will probably not escape before a good part of the country will be brought to that degree of cultivation that will exhibit all its latent beauties, and fulfill the description of travellers, who call it the garden of the world. It is here probably also that the center of a great empire will be fixed in some future period. It is the most centrical place for Congress to accommodate themselves at. No country is better stocked with wild game of every kind; herds of deers, elks, bears, &c fill the extensive meadows of thie country?turkies, geese, swans, and partridges, &c. are innumerable. The rivers are excellently stored with fish, and almost all navigable for small sloops. In the ordinance published by Congress for the government of this territory, they are to be allowed an Assembly when their number amounts to 30,000 persons; and when they acquire a certain degree of population they are to have representatives in Congress; and when fifty millions of acres are settled they are to be divided into States. Rejoice, O Britons! that they must all be supplied with manufactures by you, and you only! * No more than about twelve millions of acres have yet been purchased of the poor natives, for which Congress gave them only eight thousand dollars value in goods and rum. " . | |
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| sap:body "There are no less than 130 women going out in the transports to Botany Bay; among the female convicts destined for this settlement, there was one so beautiful, that it was thought a pity to send her abroad, and she is therefore preferred for home cultivation. " . | |
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| sap:heading "AMERICAN NEWS" ; | |
| sap:body "[ Continued from our last.] Carlisle, July 29. O N Saturday last between three and four o'clock, P. M. happened the most violent hurricane pest, or thunder storm (for we are at a lost to determine its proper name) that was ever known in this borough or its vicinity. We can conceive of nothing but an earthquake, that could be attended with more alarming circumstances. The cloud from the west, or rather a number of clouds of a lowering aspect, furiously agitated, broken, and seemingly ready to fall– attracted the attention, and prepared the mind in some measure for what was to follow. The lightening appeared to those who were at a distance, remarkably red, and seemed to flash from the cloud to the earth and back again, in quick succession or some time, as to appear one sheet of flame. This might have had a great effect on the air, at some miles distance from town, to set it in rapid motion, especially when pressed down by a heavy cloud suddenly falling towards the earth. A very considerable quantity of hail fell; and the rain was so abundant that it seemed as thrown from buckets, and being carried along and dashed against every opposing object by a most impetuous wind, darkened the air in such a manner, that all surrounding objects seemed lost in night. The storm threatened to lay the whole town in ruins, with such irresistible force did the column of air move on: happily however, the damages were much less than apprehended. The The new brick house belonging to the Rev. Dr. Davidson, being an an elevated spot near the west end of the town, and lying directly in the line of march of this powerful column, was the first sufferer; all the parts of the building above the square were suddenly borne off, and a great part of the roof was carried over Mr. Paton's house, which stood at a small distance on the east, striking it forcibly, and injuring it greatly in its ways, and fell on the adjoining lot. Mr. Paton's house is left in much the same condition as the Doctor's. After injruing some smaller buildings in its course to the eastward, the next elevated object to which it pointed its fury, was the presbyterian church in the certain of town–a building of uncommon solidity, calculated, it was thought, to stand for ages, admist all the war of the elements. About a fourth part, however of the roof of the north side was carried off, with the weighty cornice, and thrown to the ground at some hundred yards distance on the east side of the open square which is in the centre of this borough. After leaving the town it beat its course to the public buildings, and greatly injured that range nearest the town. Many fences in the neighbourhood, which were in the line of its direction, were also thrown down; but how far it extended, or what damages the farmers may have sustained we have not yet learned. Let it, however, not be forgotten, that dreadful as the scene was, through the good providence of God, not a single life was lost or any personal injury, worth mentioning, received, and the buildings, it is hoped, will soon be restored to as good a state as they were in before. " . | |
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| sap:body "Boston, July 31. The building of an Indiaman goes on with rapidity, and, it is said, will be launched about the 20th of October, and is pronounced by judges to be an excellent piece of workshmanship. " . | |
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| sap:body "Philadelphia, Aug. 5. We are happy in informing our readers, that in the memory of the oldest man among us a more plentiful year has not been known than the present. Neither mildew nor fly has affected the wheat; the grain is heavy, and full, and in large quantities. The other grains are likewise plentiful, and of an excellent quality. Such distinguished favours call for the gratitude of the inhabitants of the United Sates, to the great Author of Nature; especially when these blessings of nature are connected in the same year with deliverance from anarchy, and with the establishment of a wise, free, and just government. " . | |
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| sap:body "Albany, Aug. 10. By a gentleman who arrived in this city on Friday last from the county of Ontario in the Genesee county (the territory lately ceded by this state to the commonwealth of Massachusetts) we are informed, that four days before he left that county, Colonel Brant from Niagara, at the head of between 16 and 1800 of the principal Sachems, and other Indians of the Six Nations, had arrived at Conadoque, the seat of Oliver Phelps, Esq; on a visit of friendship, and at the same time to receive the money due them for the lands sold to the company of Messrs. Gorham and Phelps–That they were met by Mr. Phelps and the principal inhabitants of Conadoque, four miles from that place, and conducted into town –That they were highly gratified with the treatment they received, and with the manner in which they had disposed of their lands.–The gentleman further informs, that there is now about 3000 inhabitants in the above county, and that the land is of a good quality. " . | |
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| sap:body "New York, Aug. 20. The weather last week, in this city, and suburbs, continued to be extremely hot until Sunday midnight, after a thunder squall. The change which then took place was very sudden and unhealthy. Upwards of twenty persons fell unhappy [?]ic tions to the heat last week; and it is said, that as many of them died by over labouring as by drinking cold water, Raw rum has been found exceedingly pernicious in this extreme heat; –man who was seen intoxicated but a few momments before, suddenly fell on one of those days –and the cry was–" Poor fellow! he has certainly drank too much cold water!" Cold water has however been instantaneously fatal in se - veral instances. [ To be concluded in our next.] " . | |
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| sap:body "We have been favoured by a friend with the following extract of a letter from Grenada, by the last West India Packet. "A Mr. C– has just arrive here from Martinico, where he left the white inhabitants in arms. The negroes there had conceived an idea, that the Parliament of England had set the English negroes free ; where upon those on several of the most considerable estates assembled together to the amount of 4000, and retired to the mountains, declaring, they would no longer be slaves ; saying, that they had as good a right to be free, as the negroes in the English islands. What has been the event is unknown ; but some reports say that they had arms, and had resisted the military and the militia ; and that 400 had been taken and condemned to die. It is a little singular that such an alarming spirit of discontent should first make its appearance among the French negroes, if they are (as has been assented by several writers) so much more civilized, so much better treated, than those of the English islands. God knows what bloodshed may soon follow, from the mistaken humanity of some well meaning, but ill informed leaders among you." " . | |
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| sap:body "Trade is reviving in America to a very great degree –and such is the appearance of things that in a very few years, we may expect to see as firm an union of mercantile interests, betwixt this country and the United States, as ever subsisted. It is in vain to instil prejudices against Great Britain, in the mind of an American merchant ; he knows this to be the ready-money market, and he will come to it accordingly. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Danville, (Kentucky) to his friend in Baltimore "It is with great concern I communicate to you the following truly melancholy intelligence: –About three weeks ago, Mr. Richard Chenoweth, had six or eight men allowed him, by the officer of the garrison at the Falls, to guard his exposed plantation, in Bear Crab Settlement, below the Falls. In the evening of their arrival, before they had taken their station as a guard, a number of Indians rushed into Mr. Chenoweth's house, killed two of the soldiers, and three of Mr. Chenoweth's children, and tomahawked and scalped his wife, leaving her on the floor for dead– Mr. Chenoweth, (who had his arm broke by the savages) with the rest of the men, made their escape.–There was one of Mr. Chenoweth's children sick, in a chamber, and, it is reported, she never heard any thing of the dreadful massacre; but, next morning, crawling down stairs, she was inexpressibly shocked at the sight of a beloved parent almost breathless–Mr. Chenoweth returned next day to his house, and carried his wife to a neighbouring plantation, where they are both likely to recover, and, what is remarkable, she wants to return to her own house.–The savages have been very troublesome in this neighbourhood. –A small company are gone to White River, to extirpate 80 or 90 Indians, who, as spies have informed, have upwards of 300 horses, &c. at that place." " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Pittsburgh, to his friend in Philadelphia, dated Sept. 2. "The Indians have killed six soldiers at the mouth of Little Sandy Creek below the Great Kanawa, where the New Englanders were forming a settlement." " . | |
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| sap:body ""What mighty contests rise from trivial things;" That the present Revolution in France is a consequence of the Revolution in America, cannot admit of a doubt. The American Revolution originated in Adams, a very insignificant Bostonian. Not that this Adams had the least expectation of American independence, when he fomented the opposition to the stamp-act; indeed no human wisdom could possibly have foreseen the subsequent folly and imprudence of the British administration and its obsequious Parliament. An Administration so totally destitute of common sense, so totally ignorant of every princple of sound policy, no nation ever beheld. Adams had the sagacity to avail himself of such despicable policies.–Fortunately for the American cause, the Generals that were sent from England were of congenial abilities with the Minister, and the Americans themselves were surprised at the facility with which they acquired their independence. –Yet all the blunders of the British administration, and the miserable conduct of the British Generals, would hardly have been sufficient to emancipate America, notwithstanding her extreme weakeness, without the assistance of France; and this assistance depended entirely on Dr. Franklin being driven to Paris by the fatal-philippic of a certain great lawyer. Such, therefore, is the chain of concurrent circumstances that hath overturned the French monarch. If the British minister had possessed common sagacity–if he could have distinguished a general from a corporal; if Franklin had been treated with common civility, America would have remained a British colony, and France an absolute monarch, for ages yet to come. " . | |
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| sap:body "Mr. Ephraim Daniel, of Baker's-row, Mileend, received the following letter from a friend in Holland last week: "Sir, your friend L–y, who is just come here from the East Indies, desires me to inform you, that your unfortunate relation who left you with the transports for Botany Bay, was well in February last. He has settled at Port Jackson, and has leave to teach the children of some of your nation to read and write in your own way. The place is much improved since you ahve had any letters form it, as there was no person without a habitation, and being in some order, when he left it. Except wearing apparel, very little is wanting but business ; but you may thank the Dutch at Batavia for it, as they have brought several useful things there. The last crops of corn, and the garden grounds, were in very good condition : and what makes the settlement more convenient, one of the people who came in the first fleet makes all forts of earthn ware for use and ornament, as the clay is equally good as that of Delft or elsewhere. He was surprised to see so many people without hats or shoes, and houses without windows, and full of wicker and rush furniture, which is used in the place of almost every thing else. If the smiths had a plentiful supply of coal and iron, hardly any utensils would be wanting. Your nephew has two children, and says all that are born there are very healthy, and more born than are buried or executed of grown people. The Christians Church was quite finished before he came away ; and he thinks if there were enough of your people, they might have a place to themselves. The farthest of the lines was seldom visited by the savages ; and it was reported when he came away, that as soon as more troops and a new Governor comes over, they would go farther than ever up the country, when some valuable discovers are expected to be made ; they have a gum which may be used for gum arabic, which is veyr useful. He expects several of your people will go from Batavia to settle there very soon ; and wonders a way for sending old clothes is not yet found out. Norfolk Island is os thinly inhabited, that it is not worth a stranger's while to land there ; and as little is said about it there, as if it was as far off as Europe, &c. &c. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from a gentleman in America to his friend in Greenock . "No doubt, Sir, you have been expecting this some time a remittance in money for your goods; but as part of them is still on hand, I could not properly answer you in cash or bills ; however, if you will accept of wheat in return, it shall be immediately sent you ; for our wheat crop has been so plentiful that we can supply you with many thousand bolls of an eceeding fine quality ; and to my knowledge there are several ships loading for your market at present." " . | |
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| sap:body " The American Congress having declared it to be the interest of the United States to encourage agriculture, by the cultivation of large plantations, and to purchase their merchandize from Europe, have in consequence considerably lowered the duties on such merchandize. They have also resolved to sell four or five millions of acres of land, instead of two millions which they sold annually in the States; the produce of which will son suffice to prevent the necessity of circulating paper money any longer. " . | |
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| sap:body "The MERCHANTS trading to North America, Prior to the year 1776, ARE desired to meet in the Merchants Hall, on Friday the 18th December, at 12 o'clock noon, on business of importance. Glasgow, 12 Dec. 1789. " . | |
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| sap:body " Orders are sent to Plymouth for the Echo sloop of war, Capt. Drew, lately arrived from Newfoundland, and now lying in the Sound, to get ready for sea, and proceed with all possible dispatch to New York–to acquaint the American Merchants, that the British ports are open for the importation of American wheat :–It is to be hoped this salutary measure will reduce the present high price of wheat and flour. " . | |
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| sap:body " The West India merchants, who were in the utmost anxiety for the arrival of the packet from the West Indies, have been most agreebly relieed from their apprehensions. The account of the insurrections in Martinique, which we received through France, and which has been since confirmed in the National Assembly, naturally alarmed them for the British islands. We are happy to inform our readers, that the packet brings no intelligence whatever of tumult of insurrections. We have not heard even that the letters bring any account of the conspiracy in Martinique ; a circumstance which can only be accounted for by the little communication which exists between the islands at this season of the year." " . | |
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| sap:body " This day arrived a mail from New-York, brought to Falmouth, by the Sandwich packet, in thirty-three days. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Dominica, Sept. | |
| 6. "This day week the most diabolical design that that ever was formed, was discovered in Martinico : It was an insurrection of the negroes, who were that night to have set fire to the large and beautiful town of St. Pierre ; while the white people were all in confusion, and striving to escape the flames, they were to be butchered indiscriminately, man woman, and child.–The combustibles were laid in upwards of 100 houses, consisting of hemp dipped in turpentine. The plot was not discovered till five o'clock in the evening, when a negro belonging to an old lady, stung with remorse on thinking that he must murder the woman who brought him up form a child, disclosed it to her. The Troops being thereupon assembled, 40 of the negroes were taken, armed with a hanger and a long knife, the insturments which were in a few hours to have put a period to the existence of upwards of 5000 people. All the inhabitants have been under arms ever since, as they are afraid the negroes will attemp to release the 40 who are in gaol." " . | |
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| sap:body "" Living out of the World" To the PRINTER. Sir, ABOUT two month ago I went to the country to pay a visit to a friend in a remote county; and though I am much of what may be called "a newspaper man," I never thought of ordering my papers to be sent down to me. To my utter astonishment, my rustic landlord did not take in own newspaper; so there was I, stuck down, with my friend in the country–knowing no more of what passed in town than if I had been in Lapland. Intending every day should be my last, I went on without ordering your, or any other paper, till two months had passed away, at which period I returned to town. And there, Sir, I was quite a new man, and just as if I had dropped down from the clouds. Every day I heard people talking of occurrences of which I knew nothing : Revolutions in France by Fishwomen ; and battles in Flanders, against the Emperor, who I thought was fighting against the Turks. But even this was not the most distressing–for one day meeting a friend, I inquired very cordially after his wife, who I found a few days afterwards, had eloped just before with another gentleman ; and meeting with a lady, I inquired kindly for her sister, who I found had departed to the other world a fortnight before. On this account I never will stir again "out of the world" unless your paper goes along with me. I hold a newspaper to be a kind of viaticum with which every man should be provided, and which become the more necessary the further we remove from town It. is the only way to keep pace with what is going on every day in the fashionable or literary world–and to prevent talking about dead friends, or wives that have absconded. In short, Sir, a newspaper is my creed –and never will I again travel without my faith along with me : having fully experienced the unpleasantness of being sent back into the world as ignorant as if I had been born again– I hereby give notice – "That if an hottentot friend of mine invites me, who does not take in your paper or some other– I will not visit him." DICK DESPERATE. " . | |
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| sap:body "Account of a singular Sect called Shaking Quak | |
| ERS in America. I N the United States of America there are some Jews, and various denomications of Christians, –as Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers, Dunkers, Moravians, Deists, Methodists, Newlights, Sandimanians, Universalists, and Shaking Quakers; all of whom are allowed to perform religious worship accoridng to the dictates of their consciences. The Shaking Quakers are a new sects, that sprang up about the year 1769 : an old woman called the Elect Lady, with twelve disciples, all of which were said to be Europeans, were the founders of this new mode of worship ; they drew thousands of people after them, who pretended they were visited with power from on high to work miracles, heal the sick, raise the dead, cast out devils, and speak in unknown languages. This Lady risided in the north-westerly part of the State of New York, where she began to instil her tenets into some of the people there:– afterwards she rambled from place to place, promulgating her religion, and gaining proselytes in New England, and elsewhere:–she engrossed the kingdom of heaven to herself and followers, to the seculsion of all others. She pretended her mission was immediately from heaven;–that she travelled in pain for her elect, –could speak in seventry-two unknown languages, in which she conversed with those that had departed this life,–that there had not been a true church upon earth since the days of the Apostles, until her's was erected,–that both the living and the dead must be saved, in, by, and through her –must confess their sins unto her, and procure her parson, or they could not be saved;–that that she gathered her church from both earth and hell, as every person that had died since the time of the Apostles, until her church was set up, was damned, and that they were ocntinually making intercession to her for salvation, which was the occasion of her talking to them in those unknown tongues. Those that entered into her church were obliged to confess their sins, and deliver up their jewels, rings, necklaces, buckles, watches, &c. to be disposed of as she thought fit. It has been reported that some of these confessions proved very beneficial; for some of her church members owned they had stolen things that had been laid to innocent persons. When these people carry on their worship, they pretend to praise the Lord by singing, dancing, jumping, turning round, falling down, tumbling, &c. and in the mean time some will be trembling, groaning, sighing, and sobbing: whilst others are preaching, praying, exhorting, &c. others will be clapping their hands, shouting, hallowing, screaming, and making such a hideous noise, that it may be heard at a great distance, and will often affrighten the spectators. They often dance three hours without intermission, and when any of them are tired of praising the Lord that way, they are whipped by others, to make the worship go on briskly. They dance till they are much emaciated ; the young women grow pale, appear like ghosts or apparitions, or like deserters from a church-yard, –if I may use the sailor's phrase. They make no use of the Eucharist, or of water baptism in their churchs; are averse to wars, fighting, and swearing ; they use the plain language, and cry– yea, and nay, instead of yes and no : but the other Quakers do not approve of all their tenets. At particular times they labour very hard at their respective occupations, and are very careful that no time is spent in idleness. They pretend they hold a correspondence with the saints and angels, and that they frequently see and converse with the spirits of their departed friends. Many of them refuse to be with their wives, because they suppose they are part of the hundred and forty and four thousand mentioned in the Revelations that were redeemed from the earth, and were not defiled with women. They hold, that they have already been made partakers of the first resurrection, and that on them the second death will have no power. They do not allows the instrumental music in their churches, because they suppose it was ceremonial, and is abolished;–but pretend that they carry on their worship by the immediate power and influence of the Holy Ghost, and that they have scripture warrents for their practice, a[?]– Sing unto God,–Praise the Lord in the dance; –O clap your hands, all ye people;–Shout on to God;–Make a joyful noise;–Fall down before the Lords,&c. " . | |
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| sap:body "This morning arrives a mail from Jamaica, which was brought over in his Majesty's packet the Roebuck, after a passage of 54 days. " . | |
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| sap:body "Advices from Baltimore, in Maryland, say that all the wheat and flour that could be purchased was actually contracted for throughout that fertile province, on the 10th of October last, for the French market, and it was thought the same man–uvre had taken place at New York, Philadelphia, and Rhode Island. " . | |
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| sap:body "Martinique, Oct. 6. The disturbances in this island are so far from having abated, that they seem daily to gain additional force. The French General, after the and endeavoured to bring over a part of the military to his side, against the people : He began with subalterns, several of whom took a certain oath of attachment which he administered to them ; but when he came to the Major, that officer declined, saying he had already engaged himself on the side of the people. Incensed at this reply, he reviled him in very opprobrious terms, and at last laid his cane upon him ! Frustrated in his attempts upon the infantry, he made his next application to the regiment of artillery, but with as little success. They informed him, that themselves and Culverins were stationed there for the protection of the people, and for them only should be used. Driven to the last shift, his distress suggested the sorry expedient of having recourse to the people of colour, who here form a considerable corps. By a small dose of flattery these people, so readily to be caught by a little seeming attention, promised to stand by him ; and did so, as long as they usually stand firm to any thing–that is, till their fears for their own persons became an object of more weighty concern–they then abandoned him. The humiliating familiarities to which he descended to this motley rabble, were truly disgusting. He embraced them; called them his enfans and cher amis, and practised all the dirty condescensions, which those only who are conversant in the praise-worthy art of cajoling, can form any conception of. The effect of this conduct was, as might be expected, insolence–one of this banditti presumed to strike a grenadier–this incensed both the military and the peopl–the consequence was, their doughty leader was laid hold of, when his trusty defenders left him to his fate. He wa sput into confinement, and had the pleasure of beholding from the windows of his prison, him whom he had inspired with the insolent temerity to strike White, suspended on a gibbet. The inhabitants of St. Pierre then assembled to confer on the measures to be taken on this occasion, when ten deputies were chosen to bring the deposed Commander to that part of the island for trial, and twelve Judges were chosen to preside at that very important tribunal. Thus stood matters on Thursday last, at which time a rumour prevailed that the Marquis de Bouillee had suffered death by the extraordinary and ingenious method of being put between two planks and severed in pieces by a cross-cut saw. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Philadelphia, Aug. 23. "Congress is still sitting at New York, and from the multiplicity of business before them, there is no likelihood of the session's soon closing. We are curious to know what foreigners will say of our new commercial arrangements. Among ourselves there is but one opinion, and that is faavourable. o our own vessels, a preference is undoubtedly due; and among foreign vessels and merchandise, there is no discrimination in our import and tonnage acts, every nation being on the same footing. With respect to the duties themselves, they could not be laid lower, considering the demand of supplies, which the Committee appointed to give in an estimate state at upwards of eight millions of dollars. "Accustomed to disappointment in hopes of improvement in politics and commerce, we feel a reluctance to entertaining very sanguine wishes. Yet appearances encourage the expecttion of the f–deral government's acting with the energy and effect that will give it respectability. The prejudices and animosities created by the late contest are gradually dying away ; and to the idleness and dissipation flowing from the same source, industry has in a great degree succeeded. A progress has also been made in manufactures of various kinds that was not expected ; and the persevering in them affords a strong presumption of those concerned deriving advantage. "Throughout the union, the public opinion on matters of government has of late experienced rapid changes. Vice President Adams, in his highly esteemed work, has fully demonstrated the absurdity of democracy, and the superior excellence of a mix form, such as that of Britain. His deductions from premises admitted as just, have abated much of the popular aversion to monarchy ; and as every thing matures quickly in our transatlantic soil, it would not surprise many, were United America to have a sovereign earin the next century. "In no one instance has our new admnistration given general satisfaction, more than in their conduct towards the Indians. The interests of those unfortunate people will be studiously attended to ; and they will be effectually protected against the lawless violence of the individuals or States, who wished to wrest their lands from them. This determination is dictated by policy as well humanity ; for it is now become the interest of the States to check, by every means short of violence, the erratic disposition of their citizens, who, when removed to the wilds beyond the mountains, cannot be regarded as of any value, in a political view. " . | |
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| sap:body "Governor Philips describes Port Jackson, which is only about nine miles to the Northward of Botany Bay in South Wales, on the Coast of Holland, as one of the finest harbours in the world, in which 1000 sail of the line might ride in perfect security. Sydney cove, named so in honour of Lord Sydney, the Governor chose in preference, which is about hal a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile across at the entrance. Here was the finest spring water, and ships can anchor so close in short, that at a very small expence quays may be constructed, at which the largest vessels may constantly unload. His meeting with the natives here was friendly and uninterrupted. The appearance of the place was picturesque and pleasing, and it afforded an ample harvest for botanical acquisitions. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Minister is now said to be employed in drawing up two plans, which will give rise to very warm debates in Parliament : one is for settling a commercial arrangement between Great Britain and Ireland ; the other for giving a constitution to Canada. In feeling the former, the Minister will have to contend with strong commercial prejudices; in the latter, he will have to encounter religious principles. The British settlers in Canada are comparatively few in number. The great bulk of the Canadians are the descendants of French, and are Roman Catholics. The former are Protestants. Fleaury in france, and Walpole in England, were not fonder of peace than Mr. Pitt. Conquests may be made by war, but consequence and wealth can only be obtained by a pacific system, if the first commercial nation in the world. Besides these considerations, the grand secret has been discovered since the present Minister came into power, that the best riddance England ever had, was of her American Colonies ; because by this means, she becomes thoroughly collected at home, to oppose every foreign power, without the expence and blood of supporting the Americans, at the same time that they cannot do without BRitish manufactures in one line or another. Thus, they are under the necessity of protecting themselves, at the same time, that, like the rest of Europe, they are obliged to resort to our superior mercantile market. Application has been lately made to the Lords of the Treasury for an order on the Bank to issue some of the new silver coin, in aid of the present want of silver for circulation, the scarcity of which is much felt by retail traders in particular. " . | |
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| sap:body "Letters from Jamaica say, that by vessels arrived there from Hispaniola, there are advices that the French inhabitants of that island feel, with unabating energy, the glorious cause in which their patriotic countrymen in Old France are embarked. Men of every class and description wear the national cockade of blue and white. Their accounts from France, similar in date and substance to ours, have filled them with the most lively hopes, and animated them with a spirit of resistance to the measures of their Government, as forcible as it was unexpected by those entrusted with the executive power. At Port au Prince both the Governor and Intendant have rendered themselves completely odious, by vain attempts to counteract an impulse that is irresistible. The effigy of Mons. Marbois, the latter, has been hung and burnt; the people loudly insist that both shall immediately quit the colony, and their departure is hourly expected. The press, hitherto under the severest restraint, triumphs in its freedom; and their weekly publications give an account of the proceedings of the States General without the smallest reserve. " . | |
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| sap:body "The following philosophical facts lead us to presume that the winter now setting in, will prove a mild one : It has been constantly remarked, that when this season commences early, and with severity, in Newfoundland, and the more northern part of North America, it becomes extremely rigorous, and of a proportionate continuance there. When, in the above climate, the winters have been severe, they have invariably been mild with us, and vice versa. Now, the ships which sailed from Newfoundland the beginning of October last, saw the hills already covered with snow. There is still another argument in favour of a mild winter with us. Previously to the setting in of a severe one, nature, in her bounty, has been always observed to have provided an uncommon store of wild briar fruits, as a nourishment to the smaller birds, who would otherwise perish, a vast carpet of snow spreading itself over the ground, so as to prevent their coming at the worms, &c. on which they are accustomed to feed. The present season, the store of these wild fruits is extremely moderate. " . | |
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| sap:body "By letters from America, dated the 5th ult. we learn, that wheat is so great a crop all over the Provinces, that it has fallen at Virginia to [?] a bushel. At Philadelphia it is 7s. 6d. paper currency, about 3s. 8d. Sterling per bushel;–which has reduced the price in France in from 48s. to 42s. 2d. and it is 20s. per quarter lower in Holland than it was four months ago. Two ships, laden with American wheat, have already arrived at Bristol, where the cargoes were immediately purchased by the dealers. Large orders are sent to America for wheat, of which there has been a prodigious crop. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Americans have refused every kind of supply of grain to the French, without the ready money. M. de Mirabeau's scheme of receiving the debt of the United States due to France, proves an abortion. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Carricou,Grenada,Sept. 5. "By a vessel which arrived here yesterday from Martinique, we are informed, that there is an insurrection of the slaves in that island ; at one periot it was supposed that there was not less than ten thousand of them assembled in one body, and there are now above four thousand encamped in the neighbourhood of St. Pierre's. The business, it is said, has originated from an idea they have got, that all the slaves in the British colonies are to be liberated, and they are resolved to be upon the same footing." " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Portsmouth, Nov. 23. "The convicts already arrived at this port from Newfoundland, are near fourscore in number; a few others are expected. These unhappy wretches are almost destitute of every sort of covering, and some of them are labouring under sickness and infirmity. Their story is accurateas follows: About the middle of last June, this miserable class of beings, to the amount of 102 men and boys, and twelve women, all of whom were convicts, were embarked at Dublin, on board the Duke of Leinster transport, the owners of which, who are Dublin merchants, contracted with the Government of Ireland for carrying the convicts to the North American States. "After the ship had been at sea five weeks, part of which was foul weather, the provision is said to have fallen short ; the master of the transport, Capt. Harrison, accordingly stood in for Newfoundland and lay-to till night; when he disembarked at Bull's Bay, and a little distance from it, with as much secrecy as possible, his desperate freight. "To prevent this proceeding being too early early known, he landed with them provision for the immediate supply of their wants, and bore away with a press of sail. The hungry victims lived for three days in a state of warfare, quarrelling about their food ; the strongest beat the weak, and over a cask of rank butter or beef, there was for a time as severe fighting as if a kingdom had been at stake. "They reached the town of St. John's on the 20th of July ; and exhibited the most appaling procession ever seen in that country : the inhabitants had immediate councils; and the military and navy co-operating, a place of security was fixed upon at a distance from the town, and they were lodged ; here under a guard. "Here the Irish howl was nightly sung in full chorus, and the centinels were frequently frighted with the noise while on their posts. A battle or two every half hour kept them festive all day; and when the provision supplied to them by the inhabitants was lessening, they broke away, and laid hold of every thing that was eatable, without enquiring whether it had an owner. "Some of these poor wretches were anxious to be received into the service of the inhabitants and probably might have reformed, if so fostered. But all of them have a claim to the charity of this country for that supply of raiment which is necessary to guard them against the inclement weather." " . | |
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| sap:body "In consequence of the order of the Privy council, the merchants of Bristol, have sent large orders to America for wheat, where the crop has been the greatest ever known. " . | |
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| sap:body "This morning some dispatches were received at the Secretary of State's Office from Halifax, which were brought over in the Friendship, Capt. Taylor, arrived at Liverpool. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from a Gentleman at CharlesTown, South Carolina, September 2, 1789, to a friend in Bristol. "My inclination has taken such a stubborn longing after your side of the water, that I cannot enjoy tranquility here. So very wretched have I been at times, that I can hardly support the regret I feel, that I ever changed the bright and alluring varieties of cultivation England, for the dreary the desolate scenes of America. "Happy are those who have quitted this land of misery ; and I belive a situation here is not found enviable by the greatest patriots in the State. They are all in the secret, sighing for the comforts of Old England. A bare pittance there, would be preferable to the largest possessions here." " . | |
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| sap:body "An American paper, printed in March last, contains an eulogism of the highest strain on a gentleman who had, from pure motives of religion and humanity, restored 75 blacks, his property, to that natural freedom which is the right of all mankind. " . | |
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| sap:body "of the scarcity of money and general distress at Calcutta. The multitude are out of employ, and who cannot get into any situations by which they might support themselves, is truly deplorable. If a place falls vacant, a croud of necessitous candidates immediately urge their distresses, and it is certainly a fact, that, for one appointment, there are thirty Englishmen who would be happy to obtain it, so many have gone out lately to India, for whom there is no employment. " . | |
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| M. H. Beals | |
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| sap:body "Boston, October 26. Saturday, between the hours of two and three, arrived in town from New-York, the PRESIDENT of the United States. The inhabitants of this metropolis have now the happiness to felicitate themselves on having among them the virtuous General, who delivered their capital from the oppression of a British foe; and in the same person the magnanimous President of the United States of America.–The President left New-York on Thursday the 15th instant, to visit the Eastern States, attended ouly by his two private secretaries and servants– Actuated by the principles of a true republican Patriot, and considing in the ardent affections of the citizens in the States through which he had to pass, he had it in vic??? travel without the temporary parade which his dignified station might justly clam but wherever he came his merits were already known, and the people, with heartfelt joy, and high approbation of his virtues, saluted him the Defender of their Freedom and Independence. –The worthy Governor of this Commonwealth haivng an exalted estimation of the virtuous President, and although much indisposed as to his health, was determined to shew the President the honours of the government in a stile suitable to his dignity; accordingly he ordered the troops of Middlesex horse to escort him through that county, and permitted General brooks to exhibit to the President on Cambridge Common, as he passed, a fine body of the militia of the 3d division, consisting of about 1000 men, all in complete uniform and equipment. The President was honoured with a salute as he passed them. The Governor requested the Lieutenant Governor and the Council, to meet the President at Cambridge (and would have accompanied them himself hand his health permitted) whither they were escorted by col. Tyler's corps of the horse. The Lieutenant governor and Council met him there, and preceded the President under the escort of horse, and introduced him to the capital of the commonwealth. From the best accounts we are able to collect, we present the following as the Order of Procession. The Independent company of Light Infantry commanded by Major Otis. The Independent Fusiliers, commanded by Cap- tain-lieutenant Laughton. The Independent Cadets, under the command of Major Scollay. Company of Artillery, commanded by Captain Johnson. /[Altogether commaned by Colonel Bradford.] Music. Constables of the town. Deputy-Sheriffs. The Select-Men. Town-Clerk. Committee of Arrangements. The High Sheriff. the Council of the Commonwealth. The Lieutenant-Governor Marshal of Massachusetts District. The PRESIDENT on horseback; with his Suite. Overseers of the Poor. Town-Treasurer. Magistrates. Consul of Holland. The Reverend Clergy. Physicians, &c. Lawyers. Merchants, shopkeepers, and Traders. Then followed the Artizans, Tradesmen, nufacturers, &c. of the town, in order, with flags, &c. On the President's arrival at the State-house, he ascended a temporary balcony, adjoining the gallery, where were a select choir of singers, who, upon the President's appearance, sang the following ODE to Columbia's Favourite SON. 1. Great Washington, The Hero's come, Each heart exulting hearts the sound, Thousands to their Deliverer throng, And shout him welcome all around! Now its full chorus join the songs, And shout aloud great Washington. 2. There view columbia's favourie Son, Her Father, Saviour, Friend, and Guide! There see th' immortal Washington ! His Country Glory, Boast, and Pride Now in full chorus, &c. 3. When the impending storm of War, Think clouds and darkness hid our way, Great Washington, our Polar Star, Arose; and all was light as day. Now in full chorus, &c. 4. 'Twas on your plains they valour rose, And ran like fire from man to man; 'Twas here thou humbled Paria's foes, And chac'd whole legions to the main! Now in full corus, &c. 5. Thro' countless dangers, toils and??? Our Hero led us safely on– With matchless skill directs the wars, 'Till Vict'ry cried–The day's his own! Now in full chorus,&c. 5. His country sav'd, the contest o'er, Sweet peace restor'd his toils to crown, The Warrior to his native shore Returns, and this his fertile ground. Now in full chorus, &c. 7. But soon Columbia call'd him forth Again to save her sinking fame, To take the helm, and by his worth To make her an immortal name! Now in full chorus, &c. 8. Nor yet alone thro' Paria's shores Her fame, her might trumpt blown; E'en Europe, Afric, Asia, hears, And emulate the deed he's done! Now in full chorus, &c. After which, the procession passed by the President, under the gallery, and then dispersed, highly satisfied with the occasion of their assembling, and fully participating in the joy of the day. The Independent Companies then escorted the President to his residence in Court-street–fired three vollies, and then dismissed. In the evening the several public houses in State-street were illuminated, the Coffee House, Bunch of Grapes, Eastern Coffee House, &c. together, which mad a beautiful appearance. Fire works were also displayed in the said street. Rockets were likewise thrown from the French ships in the harbour, and from Castle William. Two French frigates, L'Active and Le Sensible, were delightfully illuminated, the former with several hundred lamps, judiciously arraign ed. It is supposed the number assembled upon the above occasion, amounted to 24,000 persons. No unfavourable accident happened during the whole scene–that we have heard of. The regularity and good order in the procession afforded to the marhals the highest satisfaction, as well as to the numerous spectators. " . | |
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| sap:body "Boston, October 9. Yesterday were executed William Donnoffee, William Smith, and Rachel Wall, pursuant to their sentence for highway robbery. " . | |
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| sap:body "October 31. We are informed by very respectable authority, that Mr. M'Gillvry has written to the President of the United States, a full and sensible account of the rise and progress of the disputes subsisting between the Georgians; from which statement he expected to prove, to a demonstration, that he has not acted the inconsistent part which some have alleged, neither has there been such cruelties committed by the Indians. From Mr. M'Gillevry's abilities, and considering he was educated in Europe, being the son of a Scotchman and Indian women, we have no reason to expect any savage cruelties from an of his people; but, on the contrary, it is rather to be presumed that his proposals, which are contained in his letter to the President, are of a rational nature, and many probably bring about a final and an advantageous treaty with the United States. " . | |
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| sap:body "November 12. On Thursday last the Viscount de Ponteves gave a surperb entertainment and ball to a number of respectable ladies of gentleman of this town on board l'Illustre, of seventy-four guns. The boats of the fleet, the state yacht and barge, received the company at Foster's wharf, before 12 o'clock–and on the appearance of the first boat having ladies on board, a signal gun was fired from l'Illustre, and in an instant the squadron was beautifully arrayed with the flags of all nations. On arriving at the ship, the company were very politely received by the Viscount, and conducted to the state room–the marines saluting as the company passed them. At one o'clock the whole sat down to a table liberally spread with a profusion of luxuries and delicacies, in a hall erected for the occasion, which was very fancifully decorated. At the head of the table was a castle of pastry, having thirteen metal guns, by which from tubes that communicated through the table, and the company were saluted with a f–deral dis charge. On the top of the castle waved a small white ensign–the device, two hearts –the motto, " The United hearts of America and France." The head of the hall was ornamented with a heart pieced with arrows–and in the motton, " Homage to the fair daughters of America," a fine compliment made by the noble Viscount to his female guests. After dinner, the ball began, and closed before nine o'clock, and on departure, his Excellency was saluted with thirteen rockets let off from a boat moored at some distance from the ship. Rhode Island and North Carolina yet remain averse to the new government; they refuse allegiance to all acts of the States, and, of course, do not participate in any privilee; they are treated in respect to port entries, &c. as foreign States. " . | |
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| sap:body "No fewer than nine young ladies are going to the Market of Love in India, on board the William Pitt ! What a disgrace to our young men at home ! " . | |
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| sap:body " By the last letters from India, we understand they were going on in the plodding way, with nothing new or important.–The markets are overstocked with British goods, so as to enable our countrymen to supply themselves with most articles at a cheaper rate than if they were at home ; the credit of the revenue rather upon the increase ; Lord Cornwallis is as strict as ever, who is expected to remain another year among them, to the no small regret of those who left England for the sake of Oriental wealth. Our female adventurers have also found it a bad market ; British beauty never fails of finding its admirers ; but the late restriction in the East have rendered wives forbidden fruit, of which neither civil nor military dare to think of tasting. " . | |
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| sap:body "Character of the Female Sex. By Mr. Ledyard, a celebrated traveller. I have always remarked that women, in all countries, are civil, obliging, tender, and humane; that they are ever inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest : and that they do not hesitate, like men, to perform a generous action. Not haughty, not arrogant, not supercilious, they are full of courtesy, and fond of society ; more liable in general to err than man, but in general also more virtuous, and performing more good actions than he. To a woman, whether civilized or savage, I never addressed myself in the language of decency and friendship, without receiving a decent and friendly answer. With men it has been otherwise. In wandering over the barren plains of inhos- pitable Denmark, through honest Sweden and fro- zen Lapland, rude, and churlish Finland, unprin- cipled Russia, and the widespread regions of the wandering Tartar ; if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or sick, the women have ever been friendly to me, and uniformly so ; and to add to this virtue (so worthy the appellation of benevolence) these actions have been performed in so free and so kind a manner, that if I was dry I drank the sweetest draught, and if hungry I eat the coarse morsel with a double relish. " . | |
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| sap:body " We have this day received Quebec newspapers down to the 24th May, from which the following is extracted:– Quebec, May 20. We hear late accounts from Niagara mention, that the Indians in that quarter are much alarmed in consequence of a message said to be received by them from the States, that they had now raised an army to take their own for Niagara, and that two thousand men of that army were now on their way from New York–desiring the Indians to lye still and look on, and that they would punish those that should interfere. It was also said, that the people of New York were determined of themselves to lay open the post of Oswego, and that emissaries had been employed to persuade the Indians they would be greatly benefited by that event. We are rather inclined to believe the Indians are too sensible of the great benefits already conferred upon them by our neighbours in buying their lands from them, to think of accepting any more from that quarter, and we would recommend it to the new-born Sovereignty on this side the Atlantic, before they testify their impatience, that national treaties, like private agreements, are not to be infringed by one and performed by the other party–Pay and you shall receive. [As to the Americans making an attempt upon Niagara, they have long had it in contemplation to get possession of our posts upon the lakes in Canada.] May 24. The concerned in the ship Columbia and sloop Washington, have received letters from the Captain Kendrick, dated at Nootka in July last; he informs them, that he passed the winter preceding on the north-west coast of America; that he was then bound on a voyage further northward, and from thence intended to proceed to Canton.– The letters were forwarded to Mexico by a Spanish fleet that had been at Nootka, and from thence to the Spanish Charge des Affaires at New York. They were covered to the President of the United States of America. [From what appeared in our paper of Friday last, (see Glasgow Intelligence, p. 424 ) and what is mentioned above, it seems very probable that the affair of Nootka Sound had been a preconcerted scheme between the Americans and Spaniards, as Capt. Kendrick addresses his dispatches for the President of the States without making the least mention (from what is made public) of any British ships being then at Nootka Sound.] " . | |
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| sap:body "By recent letters from America we learn, that the Congress of the nited States, after warm debates in both Houses, particularly in that of the Representatives, passed an act for the purpose of fixing permanently their seat of Government at German Town in Pennsylvania. The two new provinces in North America, Kentucky and Vermont, whose population already is so very considerable, were formed by the vast numbers of inhabitants who fled from the destruction and ravages of the unhappy contest between Great Britain and her colonies, and though the greatest part of them were then deemed loyalists, yet they have now jooined the American confederation. Seated on the banks of the great river Mississippi, far to the westward of all the other states, they can either navigate northerly to the lakes, or southerly to the Spanish settlements on the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, and carry on a lucrative trade with the Indians. They are possessed of as fertile a tract of country as any in the world, the position of which they??? also s???d by navigable rivers to Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and from thence, as their views???tend, to every country in Europe. Thus, from the most distressed situation, to rise to opulence and independence ina few years, must excite admiration. Agriculture, at present, seems to be the peculiar province of American industry, from whence wealth will flow into every part of that vast country, as it abounds in large tracts of rich land, level grounds, with a deep soil, and extended savannahs; while to the northward the fisheries and shipbuilding amply compensate for the want of an equal fertility; and though not so abundant in coin, yet the provinces produce the finest meadows, form whence a provision trade will be every year increasing. The southern countries of Europe, not affording sufficient crops of grain for the support of their inhabitants, on account of the remarkable encrease of population, and which is still augmenting, as arts and manufacturers are every where extended: America may, therefore, be deemed, in future, the granary of this quarter of the globe. " . | |
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| sap:body "A humorous Adventure of a Marriage negotiated by a Bill of Exchange, in one of the English West India Islands. A Merchant, originally from London, having acquired a great fortune in this island, concluded with himself he could not be happy in the enjoyment of it, unless[?] he shared[?] it with a woman of merit ; and knowing none to his fancy he resolved to write to a worthy correspondent of his in London. He know no other [?] than that he used in his trade ; therefore treating affairs of love as he did his business, after giving his friend in a letter several comissions, and reserving this for the last, he went on thus : Item[?], seeing that I have taken a resolution to marry, and that I do not find a suitable match for me here, do not fail to send me by next ship bound hither, a young woman of the qualifications and form following: As for a portion I demand none ; let her be of an honest family ; between 20 and 25 years of age ; of a middle stature, and well proportioned ; her face agreeable, her temper mild, her character blameless, her heatlh good, and her constitution strong enough to bear the change of the climate, that there may be no occasion to look out for a second through lack of the [?] soon after she comes to hand ; which must be provided against as much as possible, considering the great distance and dangers of the sea. If she arrives, and conditioned as abovesaid, with the present letter endorsed by you, or, at least, an attested copy thereof, that there may be no mistake or imposition, I hereby oblige and engage myself satisfy the said letter, by marrying the [?] at 15 days [?]. In witness [?] [?] I [?] [?], [?]." The London correspondent read over and over the odd article, which put the future [?] on the same footing with the bales of good he was to send to his friend ; and after adressing[?] the prudent exactness of the naturalized Creole, and his laconic stile, in enumerating the qualifications he insisted on, he endeavoured to serve him to his mind ; and after many enquiries, he judged he had found a lady fit for his purpose, in a young person of a reputable family, but no fortune ; of good humour, and of a polite education ; well shaped, and more than tolerably handsome. He made the proposal to her as his friend has directed, and the young gentlewoman, who had no subsistence but from a cross old aunt, who gave her a great deal of uneasiness, accepted it. A ship bound for the West Indies was then fitting out at Bristol ; the gentlewoman went on board the same, together with the bales of goods, being well provided with all necessaries, and particularly with a certificate in due form, and indorsed by the correspondent. She was also included in the invoice, the last article of which ran thus : "Item, a maid of 21 years of age, of the quality, shape and conditioned as per order ; as appears by the affadavits and certificates she has to produce." Writings, which were thought necessary to so exact a man as the future husband, were an extract from the parish register ; a certificate of her character, signified by the curate ; an attestation of her neighbours, setting forth that she had for the space of three years lived with an old aunt who was intolerably peevish, and that she had not, during all that time, given her said aunt, the least occasion of complaint. And li[?]y, the goodness of her consitution was certified after [?] by [?] [?]. [?] [?] departure the London correspondent sent several letters of advice by other ships to his friend, whereby he informed him that per such a [?] he sent him a young woman of such an age, character, and condition &c. in a word, such [?] desired to marry. The letters of advice, the bales, and the gentlewoman came safe to the port ; and our Creole, who happened to be one[?] of the foremost on the pier and the lady's landing was charmed to see a handsome person, who having heard him called by his name, told him, "Sir, I have a bill of exchange upon you, and you know that it is not usually for people to carry a great deal of money about them in such a long voyage as I have made ; I beg the favour you will pleased to pay it." At the same time she gave him his correspondent's letter, on the back of which was wrote, " The bearer of this is the spouse you ordered me to send you." Ha, [?][?] ! said the Creole, I never yet suffered my bills to be protested, and I swear this shall not be the first : I shall reckon myself the most fortunate of all men, if you allow me to discharge it." Yes, Sir, replied she, and the more willingly, since I am apprized of your character. We have several persons of honour on board, who knew you very well, and who, during my passage have answered all the questions I asked them concerning you, in so advantageous a manner, that it has raised in me [?] for you." This first interview was in a few days after followed by the nuptials, which were very magnificent. The new married couple are satisfied with their happy union made by [?] of exchange, which was the most fortunate that had happened in that island for many years. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from New York, Aug. 3. "Our harvest is over westward and through the southern counties of this State. This week will finish it in the northern, and I am confident we have not had so fine a crop since 1774, and all gathered without a drop of rain, which will render wheat fit for exportation in OCtober. The Summer grains are also abundant, and those on the ground, especially Indian corn, equally promising. Should Europe require wheat at even two thirds of the prices given last year, we shall draw a very large balance from them in specie. The public debt of this country having in course of a few days been funded, brought many foreigners into deep speculations, which reduced bills of exchange to par. " . | |
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| sap:body "A Transfer of Conjugal Love. On Monday last was married at Stockport, an inhabitant of Macclesfield, to a female on whom he had fixed his affections. It is to be observed, that he did not toil through the tedious forms of courtship, but at once got a wife, as others sometimes get good places, by purchase –and, as we are informed, the lady was valued at eight guineas and thirty yards of Irish cloth, at 2s. 6d. per yard–which property he deposited in exchange for earthly treasure. –Whether a wife may be cheap or dear at that price, time will shew. Her former husband, having seen military service, was not to be discomposed at trifles, and his philosophy probably being strengthened on the occasion, he attended the happy pair to church, and saw the marriage ceremony ; after which they spent the evening at the bridegroom's house, where all was gaity. The first husband parted with an helpmate had borne his sorrows twelve years ; and the second husband received a partner of his joys, after having buried a former one just a week. " . | |
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| sap:body "Court of Chancery. The King, at the relation of the Bishop of Lon | |
| don , versus Anderson and Gipps. On the 18th of June, 1692, the Hon. Mr. Boyle left by will the sum of 5400l. to be laid out in lands in Yorkshire, out of the rents of which the sum of 90l. was to be paid annually to the College of William and Mary, in New England, to be applied for the purpose of propagating the Christian religion amongst the Indians in the back settlements in North America ; and likewise a further sum of 45l. to be paid to the same College, for the support of two missionaries to preach the gospel. The city of London were left trustees, and the management under the trust was, by the will, committed to the care of the Bishop of London. The present Bishop instituted this suit, in which the city, and a great number of other persons, were parties, for the single, and indeed novel purpose of knowing, whether (as the teststor had originally devised the several sums for the use of British subjects, and the Americans having ceased to be in that situations since their independence), the annuity ought not to revert to this kingdom, or to some other of his Majesty's colonies, to be applied to similar purposes. This being the first determination of that nature since the American Revolution, the Lord Chancellor decided it with that superior dignity of sentiment that always attends his decrees. Two phrases are sufficient– "all charitable devices are to be held sacred– we cannot rake up the ashes of the dead, in search of latent intentions. The annuities and arrears must be paid, and Messrs. Anderson and Gipps, and likewise the city of London, must be paid their costs." " . | |
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| sap:body "Curious Advertisement From the Pittsburgh Gazette Pittsburgh, Dec. 23, 1789. JULY the twenty-seventh day My wife Betsey ran away From bed and board,–and this did say, "She would no longer with me stay." Since she has left me without cause I'll give her time enough to pause. That she may see her grievous error, When I live happy with a fairer. So I forewarn both great and small To trust her any thing at all, For of her contracts from this day One farthing's worth I will not pay. Dennis O'Bryan " . | |
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| sap:body "On Tuesday afternoon the six Cherokee Chiefs visited the Cathedral of St. Paul's, which they explain with an equal degree of curiosity and amazement. They were asked whether they would not attend the evening service, which they readily complied, and seemed particularly delighted with the organ. The Cherokee Chiefs having made us an offer of 20,000 men, gratitude obliges us to make them some acknowledgement, whether we accept their offer or not.–We can very well spare them the members of the Halter Club,–all our housebreakers, highwaymen, pick pockets, swindlers, Faro and E O Table keepers,–and all their accomplices to an amazing number. Such a collection would be a truly valuable present.–Among them are found dispersedly all the qualities of able Generals,–skilful Financiers, –able Negotiators, active Citizens,–and men highly expert at a Coup de Main. Were we to add the Pugilistic tribe,–the Cherokee Chiefs might on their return to their own country enter into a boxing war against their enemies–with a certainty of the most brilliant success. Trading Justices and Lawyers they would perhaps be glad to have ; and it is the opinion of most people, that a few thousands of the latter description of men might be spared. " . | |
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| sap:body "By letters from the New York Packet, dated October 6, from Philadelphia, we learn that there has been a very fine harvest in the Southern States, and that the wheat has been wonderfully productive. A very large quantity had been bought up for the Spanish markets. The quality of European goods, imported the last season was immense, goods selling for considerable loss ; and such will always be the case when the Merchants in England anticipate a ray of fruitfulness of the American Soil.–The appearance of a Spanish war had given them great prospects of commercial advantages, and a seven years war is what the Americans were all earnestly wishing for. " . | |
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| sap:body "When the Cherokee Chiefs first visited Coventgarden Theatre, one of them appeared much delighted with the splendid appearance of an Indian cap worn by one of the pantomime actors; this being observed, the performer was directed the performance; the Chief, amazed at the offer of the magnificent present, said, through his interpreter, " that even in his won country he should be unable to repay it ; however, at present he would do the utmost in his power ;" on this he ordered the actor to approach him, and then lighting his Cherokee pipe stuffed with a variety of nauseous combustibles, he too three whiffs himself, and presenting the tube, desired the actor to take three whiffs also–the greatest favour a Cherokee could confer ; the actor, aastonished at the singularity of this unexpected honour, reluctantly complied with the request,to the great entertainment of the Dramatic circle. " . | |
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| sap:body "DOMINICA. St. Pierre, Martinico, Sept. 11 This Colony is in a perfect state of anarchy ; is so much that we have had thoughts of quitting the island, and going to Trinidad, taking the negroes with us. Unless some speedy and effectual succours arrive, the colony is utterly ruined. The greater part of the colonists, this day, assembled at Gros-morne.–The grenadiers, who were in the fort of Trinity, with twenty three officers of the regiment, were glad to make their escape.– There are 1500 men in the FOrt Bourbon, many of whom are from Dominica, Guadaloupe, and other colonies, an supposed to have been sent by Martinico refugees.–The firing of cannon is heard incessantly ; at this rate the magazine of powder will soon be consumed. The Municipality of Fort Royal, have been obliged to promise and sign whatever the insurgents have been please to dictate.–The soldiers run about the streets and oblige the inhabitants to give them money.–Imagine, in short, a scene of confusion and terror, and you will then have some idea of the persent [?] of Fort Bourbon and Fort Royal. The town of St. Pierre swarms with strangers, who come here from all parts. M. Chabrol, Colonel of the regiment which has been sent here, together with a company of Chaffeurs, has been appointed comandant o the NAtional troops. The women, confident that it is in his power to re-establish tranquility, prostrate themselves before him, strew the ground on which he walks with flowers, and affectionately embrace him.– He seems willing to comply with their wishes. The Colonial Assembly sits at Gros-morne guarded by an army of 4000 men, under the command of M. Dumoise, appointed by the General. We are assured, that the insurgents are arming four privateers with which they mean to attack Trinity. Some soldiers attempted to penetrate among them, but were repulsed by the Mulattoes. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Dublin, Nov. 23. "The drafts at Cork yesterday received the agreeable orders to return to their respective regiments immediately. "The officers appointed to raise independent companies in Ireland, have received orders to repair forthwith to England, with whatever complement of men already entered, but not to proceed with the completion of their number : in conference to this order, they are preparing for their immediate departure. "Last Tuesday two eminent merchants of this city received orders, by way of a vessel arrived at Cork, from Mess de Fouseca Olivarez and Co. at Seville, for the immediate exportation of cotton, white linen, and mixed goods, to a very large amount. "Monday evening the Elizabeth and Mary, Mark Purcell, master, arrived at Waterford from Annapolis, in Maryland, after a long and dangerous passage, of 52 days, in which they had nearly exhausted the whole of their provisions, having been a very short allowance of half a naggin of rum, diluted with one pint of bad water, for twenty-four hours. She is heavy laden, having on board six hundread hogsheads of tobacco, a large quantity of pipe staves, barrel hoops, &c. and has been expected more than two months. Eight per cent was offered as insurance on ship and cargo, but refused, on account of the then probability of a war." " . | |
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| sap:body " The Indian ships lately returned from Madras and Bengal, gives unfavourable accounts of all the branches of commerce, except that of matrimony, which has succeeded wonderfully in the last female exportations. Out of eleven ladies, who embarked on a marriage venture on board the Chesterfield, Captain Burgess, nine were connubially linked to weakly husbands within three months after their arrival and the other two were left in a way to complete this fortunate band of hymeneal adventu- rers. " . | |
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| M. H. Beals | |
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| sap:body "THE INDIANS. IT is our wish, in imitation of other newswritters, to give now and then an account of such new publications as deserve the attention of the public; but in a paper, published only twice a week, where so much naturally occurs under the article of temporary news, it is but seldom we can find room for this purpose:–when, however, any ting remarkable appears in the literary world, we never fail to notice it, although it may not be in our power to give an extensive and critical account of its excellencies. We take up the pen with real pleasure at present to announce the publication of a tragedy, intitled THE INDIANS, the reputed offspring of a learned Professor in this University. The great applause with which this play was received, when performed at Richmond Theatre, has raised the expectations of those who were not present at the performance to the highest pitch; and we think we may take upon ourselves to assert, that upon perusing it, even their highest expetations will not be disappointed.– The plot of the piece is taken from a well known story published at the end of a volum of poems, written by the same gentleman. In the choice of a plot, where so many dramatic writers of respectable talents have erred, our author is peculiarly happy. He ha strictly observed the advice of Horace: Denique sit quid vis, simplex dumtaxat et unum. It is simple, and yet it does not disgust by an appearance of nakedness.–It is one, for the complaints of Maraino, and the return of Oniyo, form a beginning; the machinations of Yerdal and Neidan to prevent their meeting a middle; and defeat of those arts, an end, which combined wake up a compleat and connected whole. In the delineation of character the author has, on al every occasion, attended to the " quid quemque decent "–there are hoever some few parts, which the critic halts to consider, but which amidst so many beauties, he blushes to censure–Some lines, for instance in the character of Ononthio, do not strike us at first as strictly natural. Is so much humanity found inthe breast of an Inan Sachem, as to prompt him to spare a victim, about to be destroyed accoridng to the custom of the country; that victim a captive of war, and not only so, but a Briton, who has been fighting against his countrymen, amongst whom was his only son, whom he bleived slain? Would he exert himself so much in favour of a stranger and a foe, at the risk of displeasing the village, and consequently of losing his power? Or is it likely that he would have greater influence with the superstitious crowd, than he, who was deemed of skill to bend to his purpose the demons that sway the fortune of mankind?–Another question concenring Ononthio, and we leave him. Is it consistent with the philosophic firmness of the Sachem, so to despair on receiving news of his son's death, as to declare that he should know no comfort, but to die? or is it consistent with his humanity to leave Maraino at such a period of distress, when she most stood in need of his kind offices?–The first, and best supported character in the piece is that of Maraino. Her mind seems intended as the seat of every amiable virtue. Her grateful reverence of Ononthio, her unaffected piety, and her humanity, in interfering to save an unknown captive from death, are pleasing | |
| ??? which give??? an insight into her nature. In the breast of Mariano every thing is subordinate to her love for Onaiyo: this leading feature in her caracter is properly kept in view during the course of the piece. But even in this master-piece the author, has, perhaps, once deviated a little from nature. The sentiments Maraino utters during the conversation with Sydney, in the fifth act, are rather those of a Phiosopher and Divine, than a young creature, the chorus of whole heart are tuned to the sweetest strains of tenderness and love. Can she, who had lately discovered a long lost brother, talk so coldly in his presence; Can she, who had so lately heard of the safety of an adored-husband, so entirely banish his image from her mind, as to converse on matters so indifferent? Can the gentle Maraino become the cold moralist?–With this one exception, the part of which we are speaking is finely drawn and highly interesting.–The language of the piece is every where elegant, and in many places, where the sentiment requires it, sublime. The author has frequently dignified his verse by the introduction of obsolete words; this in general produces a good effect–but there is a danger of using them too often, and of chusing them too ancient. it is a dangerous and difficult talk where all is so excellent, to refer to any particular passage of scene as deserving most notice: it requires no small degree of taste and judgement. If there is any preference to be given, it is perhaps to that scene in the 2d act, where Onaiyo gives an account of the battle at Quebec; and the scene in the 4th act, where Maraino is prompted by Neidan to slay her brother,–who proves his innocence by the production of her husband's belt, the sight of which draws an elegant speech from the enraptured fair. This scene, however, would be improved did it conclude with something more apt to the joyful moment, than the solemn sounds of Ononthio: a speech excellent in itself, and containing a very fine sentiment, Sed nunc non erat his locus.– Upon the whole, the tragedy, upon which we have, guided by impartiality, spoken so freely, is in our opinion far superior to most of those plays which have appeared of late years:–it is devoid of bombast:–it is nature–and she must inevitably please. " . | |
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| sap:body "Advice from Charlestown, South Carolina, says that the Indians in Washington county commit the most horrid depredations and cruelties. They have set fire to several houses; and a woman, who had a sick husband, telling them from a window, of her calamity, they shot her dead on the spot, and then set fire to the spot. The sick man was consequently burnt. A Colonel Harling has greatly exerted and distinguished himself in opposing the Indians on a part of the American frontiers. This gentleman, with two hundred men, even went into the very heart of an Indian settlement, and defeated the savages. He then penetrated the country, destroying all before him, and returned without the loss of a man. Every possible acknowledgement was made of his services and bravery, and a liberal subscription made for his gallant little army. " . | |
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| sap:body "QUEBEC, December 2, 1790 Yesterday's post from Montreal, conveyed letters to several gentlemen in town, all corroboratiing the following extract. " SIR, "I have to inform you by several letters received here on Saturday from Detroit, "we are informed the Americans, under General Sinclair, had been twice defeated, about the 19th ult. with the loss of from 500 to 600 men, by the Indians The Indians first attacked a body of 300 horse which they had drawn into a snare, and cut the whole of them off. In a second engagement, they were likewise victorious, having nearly killed as many. On account of which, Sinclair thought proper to retreat; and the last accounts state the Indians having divided themselves into small parties, had so harrassed him, that he was obliged to leave the wounded in the field–Sinclair lost his artillery, a cohorn, and grass-hopper. It is said the Indians are very much elated at their success, and that numbers were daily joining them, at their head quarters, about the Maimis towns– One Indian, it is said, killed 30 with his own hand. "The Indians were extremely civil to the traders from Detriot, having assisted them, when they knew of the approach of the Americans, to remove their property to safety, except ammunition and arms. These are facts so well ascertained, that there does not remain the least doubt of them: They may be attended with very serious and important consequences to the province, as I dare say, all will be imputed to the British for supplying these Indians with arms and ammunition.– In short, I would not be surprized to hear of an American army raising, to attack this country. * The loss is here specified, but other letters differing in number, we shall only say, the estimate in general does not appear considerable. " . | |
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| sap:body "Longevity. –At Taconey, a small village about seven miles from Philadelphia, there is now living a shoemaker of the name of Robert Glen, who in December last attained the great age of one hun - dred and fourteen years. Scotland was the place of his nativity; he remembers having seen King William III. and was present at the two succeeding coronations. Neither his memory nor his sight, are in the least impaired; and such is his strength, that after working all the week at his profession, he regularly walks on Sunday to Philadelphia, and back. His third wife is now living, and is not more than thirty years old. " . | |
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| sap:body " CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. The following account of the inhabitants of this settlement is given by a late traveller. The education of youth has hitherto been very much neglected: the government never hit upon any successful plan for the establishment of public schools; and the individual had no other ambition but that of qualifying his sons, by writing and accounts, to become servants of the Company. This body of merchants had a number of persons in their employ, who were very ill paid. Their salaries, indeed, were sufficient to afford them a bare subsistence ; but it ta citly allowed them to negotiate for themselves: the consequence of such a conduct was, that each became a kind of petty dealer. Each had his little private shop in some corner of his house. The most paltry articles were in the list of their commodities for sale ; and those who ranked high in government, and assumed a string of full-founding epithets to their names, felt no sore of indignity in retailing the produce of their gardens ; not indeed, avowedly, but through the medium of their slaves. In fact, the minds of every class, the Governor, the Clergy, the F[?]l, and the Secretary of the Court of Justice excepted, were wholly bent on trade. Knopman, or merchant, was a title that conferred rank at the Cape, to which the military even aspired. On this subject the ideas of the Dutch differ widely from those of the Chinese, who have degraded the merchant into the very lowest order of their society. That portion of the day, not employed in the concerns of trade, is usually devoted to the gratification of the sensual appetite. Few have any taste for reading, and none for the cultivation of the fine arts.–They have no kind of public amusements, except occasional balls ; nor is there much social intercourse but by family parties; which usually consist of card playing or dancing. Money-matters and merchandize engross their whole conversation : yet none are opulent, though many in easy circumstances. There are no beggars in the whole colony, and but a few who are objects of public cha rity. The subsistence for these is derived from the interest of a fund established out of the church superfluities, from alms, donations, and collections, made after divine service, and not from any tax laid upon the public. Except, indeed, a few colonial assessments for the repairs of the streets and public works, the inhabitants of the Cape have little drawback on their profits, on the produce of their labour. It has been the remark of most travellers, that the ladies of the Cape are pretty, lively, and good humoured ; possessing little of that phlegmatic temper which is a principal trait in the national character of the Dutch. The difference in the manners and appearance of the young men and the young women, in the same family, is inconceivably great. The former are clumsy in their shape, awkward in in their carriage, and of an unsocial disposition; whilst the latter are generally of a small, delicate form, below the middle size, of easy and unaffected manners, well dressed, and fond of social intercourse; an indulgence in which they are seldom restrained by their parents, and which they as seldom turn to abuse. They are here indeed less dependent on, and less subject to, the caprice of parents than else where. Primogeniture entitles to no advantage; but all the children, male and female, share alike in the family property. No parent can disinherit a child without assigning, on proof, on at least of the fourteen reasons enumerated in the Justinian Code. By the law of the colony, a community of all property, both real and personal, is supposed to take place on the marriage of two person unless the contrary should be particularly provided against by solemn contract made before marriage. Where no such contract exists, the children, on the death of either parent, are entitled to that half of the joint property, which was supposed to belong to the deceased, and which cannot be withheld on application after they are come of age. It is but justice to the young females of the Cape to r emark, that many of them have profited much more than could be expected from the limited means of education that the place affords. In the better families, most of them are taught music, and some have acquired a tolerable degree of execution. Many understand the French language, and some have made great proficiency in the English. They are expert at the needle, and all kinds of lace, knotting, and tambour work, and in general make up their own dresses, following the prevailing fashion of England brought from time to time by the female passengers bound to India, from whom they may be said to "Catch the manners living as they rise" Neither are the other sex, while boys, deficient in vivacity or talent ; but, for want of the means of a proper education, to open their minds, and excite in them a desire of knowledge, they soon degenerate into the common routine of eating, smoaking [sic], and sleeping. Few of the male inhabitants associate with the English, except such as hold employments under the Government. This backwardness may be said to be owing in part to the different habits of the two nations, and partly, perhaps, to the reluctance that a vanquished people must always feel in mixing with their conquerors. " . | |
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| sap:body "One of the recent circumstances that have occupied the attention of the judicial power, at Botany Bay, was the removal of one of the free female convicts from Sidney Cove, for keeping a house of ill-fame. " . | |
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| sap:body "As the following Speech of Gen. Washington at the opening of the Congress of the United States at New York, Nov. 6 1792, gives an impartial account of the situation of tha country, we are persuaded it will be found not unentertaining to our readers. Fellow Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives, IT is some abatement of the satisfaction, with which I meet you on the present occasion, that in felicitating you on a continuance of the national prosperity, generally, I am not able to add to it information that the Indian hostilities, which have for some time past, distressed our western frontier, have terminated: You will, I am persuaded, learn, with no less concern, than I communicate it, that reiterated endeavours, towards effecting a pacification, have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility on the part of the tribes with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure tranquillity to the frontier–to stop the further effusion of blood–to arrest the progress of expense–to forward the prevalent wish of the nation, for peace, has led to strenuous efforts, through various channels, to accomplish these desirable purposes:–In making which efforts, I consulted less my own anticipations of the event, or the scruples which some considerations were calculated to inspire, than the wish to find the object attainable; to ascertain, unequivocally, that such is the case. A detail of the measures which have been pursued, and of their consequences, which will be laid before you, while it will confirm to you the want of success, thus far, will, I trust, evince that means, as proper and as efficacious, as could have been devised have been employed. The issue of some of them, indeed, is still depending; but a favorable one, though not to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet happened. In the course of the attempts, which have been made some valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction commonly respected, even among savages, has been found, in this instance, insufficient to protect from massacre the emissaries of peace; it will, I presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not call for an exercise of liberality towards the families of the deceased. It must add to your concern, to be informed that besides the continuation of hostile appearances among the tribes north of the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have of late been revived among some of those south of it. A part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamagas, inhabiting five villages on the Tennessee River, have long been in the practice of committing depredations on the neighbouring settlements. It was hoped that the treaty of Holston, made with the Cherokee Nation in July 1791, would have prevented a repetition of such depredations. But the event has not answered this hope. The Chickamagas, aided by some banditti of another tribe in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated wanton and unprovoked hostilities, upon the citizens of the United States in that quarter. The information which has been received on this subject will be laid before you. Hitherto defensive precautions only have been enjoined and observed. It is not understood that any breach of treaty or aggression whatsoever, on the part of the United States or their citizens, is even alleged, as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter. I have reason to believe, that every practicable exertion has been made (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) to be prepared for the alternative of a prosecution of the war, in the event of a failure of pacific overtures. A large proportion of the troops authorized to be raised have been recruited, though the number is still incomplete, and pains have been taken to discipline and put them in condition for the particular kind of service to be performed. A delay of operations (besides being dictated by the measures which were pursuing towards a pacific termination of the war) has been in itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement, from the proper department, with regard to the number of troops raised, and some other points which have been suggested, will afford more precise information as a guide to the legislative consultations and among other things, will enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulus to the recruiting service may not be advisable. In looking forward to the future expense of the operations which may be found inevitable, I derive consolation from the information I receive that the product of the revenues for the present year, is likely to supersede the necessity of additional burthens on the community, for the service of the ensuing year. This however, will be better ascertained in the course of the session; and it is proper to add, that the information alluded to proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of hostilities. I can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs, without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier; and for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians; without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory–To enable by competent rewards, the employment of qualified and trusty persons to reside among them, as agents, would also contribute to the preservation of peace and good neighbourhood. If in addition to these expedients, an eligible plan could be devised for promoting civilization among the friendly tribes, and for carrying on trade with them upon a scale equal to their wants, and under regulations calculated to protect them from imposition and extortion, its influence in cementing their interest with ours could not but be considerable. The prosperous state of our revenue has been intimated–This would be still more the case, were it not for the impediments which in some places continue to embarrass the collection of the duties on spirits, distilled within the United States. These impediments have lessened, and are lessened in local extent; and as applied to the community at large, the contentment with the law appears to be progressive. But symptoms of increased opposition having lately manifested themselves in certain quarters, I judged a special interposition on my part, proper and advisable, and under this impression have issued a proclamation warning against all unlawful combinations and proceedings, having for their object or tending to obstruct the operation of the law in question, and announcing that all lawful ways and means would be strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. Measures have also been taken for the prosecution of offenders. And Congress may be assured that nothing within constitutional and legal limits which may depend upon me, shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust, I shall count entirely upon the full cooperation of the other departments of the Government and upon the zealous support of all good citizens. I can not forbear to bring again into the view of the Legislature the subject of a revision of the judiciary system. A representation from the judges of the supreme court, which will be laid before you, points out some of the inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the execution of the laws considerations rise out of the structure of the system, which in some cases, tend to relax their efficacy. As connected with this subject, provisions to facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the courts of the United States, and a supplementary definition of offenses against the constitution and laws of the union, and of the punishment for such offenses will, it is presumed, be found worthy of particular attention. Observations on the value of peace with other nations are unnecessary. It would be wise, however, by timely provisions to guard against those acts of our own citizens which might tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to give that satisfaction to foreign nations, which we may sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly recommend to your consideration of the means of preventing those aggressions by our citizens on the territory of other nations, and other infractions of the law of nations, which furnishes just subject of complaint, might endanger our peace with them. And, in general, the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed, at the close of the present session. In execution of the authority given by the legislature, measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our mint; others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half dimes, the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them. The regulation of foreign coins in correspondency with the principles of our national coinage, as being essential to their due operation, and to order in our money concerns, will, I doubt not, be resumed and completed. It is represented that some provisions in the law, which establishes the Post-Office, operate, in experiment, against the transmission of newspapers to distant parts of the country.–Should this, upon due enquiry, be found to be the fact, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and infor mation, will, I doubt not, lead to the application of a remedy. The adoption of a constitution for the state of Kentucky, has been notified to me. The legislature will share with me in the satisfaction which arises from an event interesting to the happiness of the part of the nation to which it relates, and conducive to the general order. It is proper likewise to inform you, that since my last communication on the subject, and in further execution of the acts, severally making provision for the public debt, and for the reduction thereof, three new loans have been effected, each for three millions of florins,–one at Antwerp, at the annual interest of four and one-half per cent. with an allowance of four per cent. in lieu of all charges.–The rates of these loans, and the circumstances under which they have been made are confirmations of the high state of our credit abroad. Among the objects to which these funds have been directed to be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign officers, according to the provision made during the last session, has been embraced. Gentlemen of the House of Representatives. I entertain a strong hope, that the state of the national finances is now sufficiently matured to enable you to enter upon a systematic and effec tual arrangement for the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt, according to the right which has been reserved to the government –no measure can be more desirable, whether viewed with an eye to its intrinsic importance, or to the general sentiment and wish of the nation. Provision is likewise requisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has been made of the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the section of the act by which it is incorporated. In fulfilling the public stipulations, in this particular, it is expected a valuable saving will be made. Appropriations for the current service of the ensuing year and for such extraordinaries as may require provision, will demand, and I doubt not will engage, your early attention. Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. I content myself with recalling your attention, generally to such objects, not particularized in my present, as have been suggested in my former communications to you. Various temporary laws will expire during the present session. Among these, that which regulates trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, will merit particular notice. The results of your common deliberations hitherto will, I trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our constituents; such as, by conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen and confirm their attachment, upon which, under Divine Providence, materially depend their union, their safety, and their happiness. Still further to promote and secure these inestimable ends there is nothing which can have a more powerful tendency, than the careful cultivation of harmony, combined with a due regard to stability, in the public councils. " . | |
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| sap:body "Petersburgh, May 10. There now resides in the neighbourhood of Prince Edward Court-house, a person of the name Mr John Hollaway; this man was a soldier at taking Port Mabon, Gibraltor, and Vigo, was 32 years of age at the coronation of Queen Anne, in the year of the Duke of Marlborough and Duke of Ormond. He left England in the year 1714, the day after the coronation of George I. and arrived in Virginia a few weeks after that event. From these circumstances, he is at this time 124 years of age, appears to enjoy good spirits, and sings a song with strength of voice and distinct [??]culation. This man's life also furnishes an extraordinary ???; at the age of 67 he married a person aged [??] by whom he had issue a son now alive, aged [??] and where the father now lives. " . | |
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| sap:body "Philadelphia, June 1. We are informed that in consequence of instructions from the Executive Council of the United States to the Attorney for the District of Penn sylvania, prosecutions have been instituted against John Singleterry and Gideon Henfield, charged with violating their duty as Citizens of the United States, entering on board the armed schooner Genet, in the service of France, and, with others on board the said schooner, capturing several vessels, the property of the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and otherwise annoying the trade and commerce of the said subjects, contrary to the Laws of Nations, and the Treaty of Peace subsisting between the United States and his said Britannic Majesty. The above named persons have been committed to the goal of the County of Philadelphia, to take their trial at the next Circuit Court of the United States. "A letter from Charleston, dated May 10, says "Yesterday evening a gentleman arrived here from Augusta, in Georgia, who informs, that six of the Creek Towns, with a number of Cherokees, had declared war against the United States, and were actually marching under the command of Bowles and Gilpin, at attack the frontiers." " . | |
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| sap:body " A great number of white people and white families have been killed and scalped by the Indians in the back settlements of America. Among the killed and scalped is Mr. Pugh, son of Colonel Pugh. The Indians are determined on war with the Americans. They are headed by Gilpin, the successor of M'Gillivray, and have already commenced hostilities on the back settlements of Carolina. " . | |
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| sap:body "Knoxville, May 11. I T is shocking to describe the bloody scenes that have lately taken place in this district. The Indians have killed and scalped a great number of persons, among whom is Colonel Isaac Bledose, who was massacred within 150 yards of his own house. On the 27th instant a body of Indians attacked Greenfield station: they killed John Jervis, and a negro fellow, belonging to Mrs. Tarker. By the bravery of three young men, viz. William Neely, William Wilson, and William Hall, the station was preserved; they killed two Indians, wounded several others, and put them to flight. It is to be remembered, that Neely and Hall had each lost a father and two brothers, and Wilson a brother, by the savages. Men are now in pursuit of the Indians. June 15. About the 5th instant, a company of seven men were attacked on the trace from Cumberland to Kentucky, near Big Barren, by a party of Indians; three of the company were killed, and two wounded. AUGUSTA, June 15. Advices from our western frontiers mention, that Major General Twiggs crossed the Oconnee with about 900 men, on Saturday last, on their way to the Cakmulgee, where the infantry were to halt and build a fort. The cavalry, amounting to 450, commanded by Brigadier Generals Irwin, Clark, and Blackburn, were immediately to proceed to the lower Creek towns, and procure satisfaction for the numerous unprovoked murders and devastations lately committed by that faithless tribe of savages. Brigadier General Glascock, we are informed, has received orders from the Commander in Chief to march to the frontiers in a few days, with one- third of his brigade, and part of the Augusta artillery. " . | |
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| sap:body " The whole expenditure of the American States on all establishments, civil and military, did not amount, in the last year, to 180,000l. " . | |
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| sap:body "At four o'clock yesterday morning Mess. Muir, Skirving, and Margarot, were taken from their beds, without any previous notice, hand-cuffed, and put into a post-chaise, to be conveyed to Woolwich, where a vessel waits to sail with them immediately for Botany Bay. Mr. Palmer has, we understood, been sent from on board the hulks, in the same manner, to take his passage on board the same vessel. Between 10 and 11 o'clock, about sixty female convicts were put on board a vessel at Blackfriars bridge, destined to the same voyage. These latter behaved in a most turbulent manner and even fought in the hold of the boat. There were among them one or two well dressed women ; and what was more lamentable in the eyes of the spectator, some of had infants with them. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Quakers of America have addressed an humble Representation to the Legislative Body of that country, praying that exhibitions, Preludes, Interludes, yea, all lewds and stage-plays may be discountenanced, pointing out their pernicious tendency in corrupting the morals of the People. " . | |
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| sap:body "New South Wales The following particulars respecting this flourishing colony will not be unacceptable to our readers :– "We are informed by Lieutenant Grant, who is lately arrived from New South Wales, of the flourishing state of that colony ; he left Port Jackson in November last, when the crops were very luxuriant and beginning to be cut down, without having suffered that year from the floods. "Governor King had opened a communication with Otaheite, for the purpose of supplying the colony with pork, in which he had been singularly successful his Majesty's armed ship Porpoise having made one trip, and the Norfolk brig having sailed on the same employ previous to Mr Grant's leaving Sydney. "The most friendly understanding exists between the natives of Otaheite and the settlement of New South Wales. We are happy to hear that the latter country is longer in want of a staple commodity, the article of coals, of an excellent kind, being found in abundance in Hunter's River, together with plenty of wood, well qualified for the masting of shipping. Mr Grant made his passage to the Cape of Good Hope, round Cape Horn, in the brig Anna Josepha, loaded with spars for masts, and coals, which latter sold immediately at the Cape, at 36 rix dollars per ton (nearly 6l. sterling.) "Governor King had formed a small settlement at Hunter's River, for the purpose of working the coal, which is of the same nature with that of Newcastle. "Mr Grant entered this river in the Lady Nelson, in order to obtain the survey of it. He penetrated in his boats nearly seventy miles up the same, accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel Paterson, without being able at that time, to discover its source. A wood resemblingsustic had also been found. "Mr Grant in his passage from England to Port Jackson, in the Lady Nelson, a vessel of only 60 tons burthen, with three sliding keels, and built on Captain Schank's construction, was the first that passed through the straits which separate Van Diemens Land from New Holland, and sailed along a great extent of coast to the westward of any land before seen by those who had visited that country, going into no higher latitude than 39. 30. fourth ; and observes, that the fourth cape of New Holland lies in 39. 2. fourth. He found those he sailed along bold, with very deep water, wherever he attempted to land ; and, in general, he had, with a very moderate offing, from 50 10 45, and 30 fathoms water, fine land, and sometimes shells. "By order of Governor King, he returned into those straits, and obtained the survey of the coast from Wilson's Promontory to Western Port, with the survey of that harbour, which is well sheltered, and capable of containing many sail of shipping. There is abundance of wood easily to be got, and plenty of water ; though the latter is rather difficult to be procured, on account of the distance, and from several shoals lying in the way, which render it necessary to take advantage of tide. Mr Grant gives a very favourable report of that part of the country. " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Extract of a letter from a Gentleman, to his Friend in Glasgow " Quebec, March 23, 1810.–A number of leading characters among the Canadians, who were Members of the House of Assembly (twice dissolved for improper conduct) and the proprietor of a French paper, called La Canadien, have been arrested and thrown into jail, upon a charge of treasonable and seditious practises ; the printing press, types, &c. also taken possession of. This vigorous measure of Sir James Craig, has astonished the Canadians not a little, but the consequences will be no doubt beneficial to the country, as it has crushed a faction which has for some years been gaining strength, and acquiring dangerous influence over the minds of the inhabitants, who are without education, and ignorant, of course, in the extreme ; therefore easily misled by demagogues among their countrymen, who seize every opportunity of stirring up all those prejudices which the people of this country naturally have against the British : for, having been allowed to preserve their language, they are nearly as much Frenchmen now as they were at the conquest." Quebec, March 22.–On Sunday afternoon, the printer of the Canadien, Mr Charles Lafrancois was arrested and committed to jail, under a warrant from the Executive Council, on a charge of treasonable practises. On Monday evening, Dr Blanchet and Mr Bedard, and last evening Mr T. Taschereau, were also arrested, and committed by the same authority on the same charges. The Commander in Chief in Scotland gave an elegant dinner, at head-quarters, on the 4th curt. to celebrate the King's birthday-day–at which several of the Nobility and Gentry, Generals, and Field-Officers of the army, were present. Among the other accidents that occurred on the King's birth-day, from the imprudent use of gunpowder, is the death of girl in Richmond Street.– Her clothes were set fire by a squib, and, although immediately taken to the Infirmary, was so severely burnt, that she died before morning. A very melancholy accident happened at a place called the Pease, Berwickshire. As one of the baggage carts of the Forfarshire militia was stopping there, a fine boy about eight years of age, belonging to Serjeant-Major Nicol, got out of the cart, and was climbing on the wheel, when the horses suddengoing off, threw him on the ground, and the wheel passing over his body, crushed him to death. The unfortunate mother was upon the cart when this unhappy accident happened. On Thursday night, a spirit shop in Gibson-street, Glasgow, was broken into and about five pounds in silver, a seven shilling piece, about eight shillings of copper, a counterfeit half-guinea, and a pocket-book containing some bills and papers carried ; some partial payments are marked on the bills. The villains appear to have entered the shop by forcing up the window shutter with an iron bar, and then breaking a pane of glass, by which they got the iron bolts and the window opened. On Saturday last, a porter was killed in the hold of a vessel in Dundee harbour. He was engaged unloading coals ; and the rope by which the iron pully was supported, giving way, the measure fell down upon him, and killed him instantly. A few days ago, a mason, of the name of Stevenson, was killed by the blowing up of some stones, at Templeton, in the parish of Auchterhouse. The match unfortunately communicated too early to the powder, and the explosion took place before he could get out of the way. He has left a wife and two children to lament his loss. " . | |
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| sap:body "Montreal, July 4 This city has been for a few days past in a state of agitation occasioned by an event which has taken place at Pointe Claire ; and as this matter will be clothed, no doubt, in all the dress of misrepresentatation by our neighbouring enemies, from the information they may receive of it, we consider it a duty, we owe to the community at large in this country, to state the circumstances as they occurred, in a fair, open, and candid manner. By the late militia law, 2000 young men are to be drafted from the general militia of the province for three months to be properly trained, and of course, a certain proportion of this number is to be furnished by each particular district. Some those drafted from the Parish of Pointe Claire refused to march to Lapraire, for the purpose of joining the division stationed there ; in consequence of which, Major, Leprohon, belonging to this particular battalion, was sent on Tuesday last, with 22 attendants, to apprehend these refractory persons as deserters. They apprehended four with some opposition ; and on their way to town with them, they were followed by a considerable number of persons who rescued one prisoner, and threatened that they would next day proceed to the depot at Lapraire, and bring away by force from thence the young men of the parish, who were there on duty. Accordingly, on Wednesday, a large body of these people assembled at La Chine, with the intention of carrying their threats into execution. Thomas M'Cord, Esq. one of the Police Magistrates, about four o'clock in the afternoon, left town, accompanied by the light infantry of the 49th regiment, and a detachment of the royal artillery, with two field-pieces, under the command of Major Plenderleath, and took post on a point opposite to the insurgents (consisting of about 400 persons, 87 of whom appeared to be armed) and at the distance[?] of about two acres. Mr M'Cord, with some other respectable citizens, pointed out the impropriety of their conduct, and the fate that would unfortunately await their perseverance ; urging them, by every persuasion, to disperse and return peaceably to their horses and obey the law. They replied, that they did not consider the militia bill as fully passed–that they were informed it had not received the Royal sanction ; and that although it might have passed the House of Assembly, where it originated, it had not obtained the approbation of the other branches of the Legislate ; that the law, if really enacted, had not been promagated amongst them, and that they were not properly made acquainted with it ; as such, they could not pay obedience to it. Under this false and unfortunate impression, these deluded people persisted ; but at the same time declared, with shouts of Vive le Roi that if the Government wanted their services at any time, they were ready, one and all, to come forward with their lives in the defence of their country, and that they would prove themselves, in the hour of danger, to be faithful subjects to a Government to which they were firmly attached by every principle. Finding, however, that they still persisted in their determination on this particular object, Mr M'Cord, in his Magisterial capacity, read the riot act to them and ordered them to disperse ; which not being complied with, a round shot was fired by the artillery, but elevated above injury, which was returned by the insurgents in a spirited fire with ball, deserving of a better cause. The troops then fired a volley with ball and grape, but still too much elevated to do any harm which was also returned by another discharge from the mob, upon which a few direct shots were fired at them (it being nearly dark) by the military, which made them disperse, and one man was found killed and another wounded, it is feared mortally. " . | |
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| sap:body "Upper Canada York, July, 28. Yesterday, at an early hour, his Honour, Isaac Brock, Esq. administering the Government of Upper Canada, and Major-General, commanding his Majesty's forces therein, arrived at this place from Fort-George, and accompanied by a numerous suite proceeded to the Government Building at four p.m. when he opened the present extra session of the Legislature, and delivered the following speech to both houses :– "Honourable Gentlemen of the Legislature, Council and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, "The urgency of the present crisis is the only consideration which would have induced me to call you together, at a time when public as well as private duties elsewhere demand your care and attention. "But, Gentlemen, when invaded by an enemy whose avowed object is the entire conquest of this province, the voice of loyalty, as well as of interest, calls aloud to every person, in the sphere in which he is placed, to defend his country. "Our militia have heard that voice and have obeyed it ; they have evinced, by the promptitude and loyalty of their conduct, that they are worthy of the King whom they serve and of the constitution which they enjoy ; and it affords me particular satisfaction, that, while I address you as Legislators, I speak to mean who, in the day of danger, will be ready to assist, not only with their counsels, but with their arms. "We look, Gentlemen, to our militia, as well as to the regular forces, for our protection ; but I should be wanting to that important trust committed to my care, if I attempted to conceal (what experience, the great instructor of mankind, especially of legislators, has discovered) that amendment in our militia laws is necessary to render them efficient. It is for you to consider what further improvements they still may require. "Honourable Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, "From the history and experience of our mother country, we learn, that in times of actual invasion or internal commotion the ordinary course of criminal laws has been found in adequate to secure his Majesty's Government from private treachery, as well as from open disaffection ; and that at such times its Legislature has found it expedient to enact laws restraining, for a limited period, the liberty of individuals, in many cases where it would be dangerous to expose the particulars of the charge ; and although the actual invasion of the province might justify me in the exercise of the full power reposed in me on such an emergency, yet it will be more agreeable to me to receive the sanction of the Houses. "A few traitors have already joined the enemy–have been suffered to come into the country with impunity–and have been harboured and concealed in the interior ; yet the general spirit of loyalty which appears to pervade the inhabitants of this province, is such as to authorise a just expectation that their efforts to mislead and deceive will be unavailing– The disaffected, I am convinced, are few–To protect and defend the loyal inhabitants from the machinations, is an object worthy of your most serious deliberations." The speech concludes with a call for supplies. Proclamation The unprovoked declaration of war by the United States of America, against the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its dependencies, has been followed by the actual invasion of this province in a remote frontier of the western districts, by a detachment of the United States. The officer commanding that detachment has thought proper to invite his Majesty's subjects, not merely to a quiet and unresisting submission, but insults them with a call to seek voluntarily the protection of his Government. Without condescending to repeat the illiberal epithets bestowed in this appeal of the American Commander to the people of Upper Canada, on the administration of his Majesty, every inhabitant of the province is desired to seek the confutation of such indecent slander in the review of his own particular cirumstances. Where is the Canadian subject, who can truly affirm to himself that he has been injured by the Government in his person, his property, or his liberty? Where is to be found, in any part of the world, a growth so paid in prosperity and wealth as this colony exhibits? Settled not thirty years by a band of veterans, exiled from their former possessions on account of their loyalty, not a descendant of these brave people it to be found, who, under the fostering liberality of their Sovereign, has not acquired a property and means of enjoyment, superior to what were possessed by their ancestors. This unequalled prosperity would not have been attained by the utmost liberality of the Government, or the persevering industry of the people, had not the maritime power of the mother country secured to its colonists a safe access to every market where the produce of their labour was in request. The unavoidable and immediate consequence of a separation from Great Britain, must be the loss of this inestimable advantage, and what is offered to you in exchange? To become a territory of the United States, and share with them that exclusion from the ocean which the policy of their Government enforces ; you are not even flattered with a participation of their boasted independence ; and it is but too obvious, that once exchanged from the powerful protection of the United Kingdom, you must be re-annexed to the dominion of France, from which the provinces of Canada were wrested by the arms of Great Britain at vast expence of blood and treasure, from no other motive than to relieve her ungrateful children from the oppression of a cruel neighbour ; the restitution of Canada to the empire of France, was the stipulated reward for the aid afforded to the revolted colonies, now the United States ; the debt is still due, and there can be no doubt but the pledge has been renewed as a consideration for commercial advantages, or rather for an expected relaxation in the tyranny of France over the commercial world. Are you prepared, inhabitants of Canada, to become willing subjects, or rather slaves to the despot who rules the nation of Europe with a rod of iron? If not, arise in a body, exert your energies, co-operate cordially with the King's regular forces, to repel the invader, and do not give cause to your children, when groaning under the oppression of a foreign master, to reproach you with having too easily parted with the richest inheritance of this earth–a participation in the name, character, and freedom of Britain. [The proclamation concludes with a declaration, that should the Americans refused quarter in consequence of Indians being found in Canadian ranks, that a severe and rigorous retaliation will take place.] Isaac Brock, Major-Gen. and President Head-quarters, Fort George, July 22, 1812. " . | |
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| sap:body "Quebec Papers Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada Legislative Council –Aug 1. This day at two o'clock, his Excellency the Governor in Chief went in the usual state to the Legislative Council Chamber, and being seated on the Throne, the Gentlemen Usher of the Black Rod was sent to command the presence of the Assembly, which being come up, the Honourable Speaker of the Assembly said– "May it please your Excellency, "His Majesty's faithful subjects, the representatives of the province of Lower Canada, have passed a bill, intituled, "An Act of facilitate the Circulation of Army Bills." Their loyalty, and the happiness of this province in being connected with, and powerfully protected by the British nation, are the basis of their constitution, and the just grounds which gave rise to the formation of the militia, and the firm determination to defend this country against the unexpected and unjust war that the United States have lately declared ; they are, therefore, under the greatest obligation to your Excellency for having communicated to them your wise precautions, on the means to ameliorate and insure for several years, the punctual payment of the army, by circulating bills, the reimbursement of which is guaranteed in England. To give them greater credit, the bill limits the sums necessary, and, moreover, provides for the interest, the advantages accruing therefrom, and even for the payment of the principal in specie in this province, which has become expressly bound for the same at a fixed period, to any person whatever, who, from the state of his private affairs, would prefer such payment. "In full confidence that, under the present and any unforeseen circumstance, your Excellency is invested with all necessary authority, the representatives of the province and their constituents rely on the wisdom already experienced of your administration, and in the name of the Commons of Lower Canada, I have the honour to present this bill to your Excellency, humbly requesting thereto his Majesty's assent." His Excellency was pleased to signify the Royal assent. His Excellency then addressed both Houses, and the Provincial Parliament was prorogued to the 16th of September. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from Montreal Sept. 25 "Our Friend Mr – arrived in town from New York a few days ago. On his way he passed three days at Plattsburgh, the head-quarters of the American army, which, from ocular observation, he states to consist of 8 or 10,000 men, under the command of General Bloomfield, Mooar, and Petit. This force is composed of 3 or 4000 regulars, about the same number of militia, and some volunteers from the southward. The militia is almost all from the state of New York, for the Yankees still refuse to march. with this force no doubt is entertained here but they will make an attack ; and if they mean to make it this season, they must be prompt in their movements, for the weather is getting cold, and they are not well clothed or appointed. Mr –, indeed, states half of them to be without shoes or stockings, which will never do for a winter campaign in this country. To repel the threatened attack, we are making every preparation in our power, and the Canadians seem well disposed to second the Government. Sir George Prevost has established a cordon, the left of which is at Chambly, and extending to Chateaguny ; the main encampment is half way between St John's and La Prairie. Colonel Murray is at St John's with a battalion ; and the Isle-auNoix is strongly fortified, with a boom and a chain secured across the river. This line of defence is composed of four regiments of the line, and 2000 drafted militia, with a corps of about 400 Canadian voltigeurs, raised last spring. The Royals, a very strong battalion, lately arrived from the West Indies, are now marching to join the camp. The citizens, both here and at Quebec, mount guard, and do garrison : indeed there are in this island (Montreal) five battalions of militia, say 3 to 4000 men, pretty well disciplined, and who on an alarm could march to this cordon in half a day.– A new regiment of embodied militia has lately been formed by drafts from the different regiments of inrolled militia in this island, and old Major Murray is appointed Lieutenant-Colonel. The gentlemen of the North-west Company army are forming a corps of their voyageurs, who will be most useful troops to act in advance with the Indians. The number originally proposed was 200, but the men have come forward so handsomely, that they are to consist of 500. Mr M'Gillivray is Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of this corps, Mr Shaw, Major, and the other partners of the Company are Captains and subalterns ; so that the men being commanded by those whom they have accustomed to obey, may be considered as already disciplined, at least in point of subordination. "Sir George confines his operations to mere defence. La Motte, with about 70 Indians, advanced through the woods, about ten days ago, within hearing of this redoubtable army, and set up a war whoop, which so completely terrified them that though they could see no enemy, they lay on their arms for two two successive nights, in no expectation of an attack–to prevent which, they cut down their best bridge, and destroyed all the roads by which I suppose they mean to invade us. Mr –, who was several days at their headquarters, and who was offered the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army, has, it is said, proposed to Sir George to destroy their camp with 500 men ; and Sir George is said to have replied, that his plan was fixed, not to make any attack nor to send a man across the line. "This forebearance, which the Yankees impute to fear or weakness, tends only to increase their insolent swaggering, and their enmity is to inveterate to be allayed by any thing but hard knocks." " . | |
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| sap:body "The Rota frigate arrived on Monday off Plymouth, with a fleet from Halifax under convoy, and passed up the channel with the chief part of the trade. From the Hydra transport, which put into Plymouth, we have received the following official notification of Sir James Yeo's success on Lake Ontario, the American notices of which have already been published. Bulletin. "Head-quarters Kingston, Aug. 14. 1813 "By accounts received from his Excellency the Governor in Chief and Commander of the forces, from Commodore Sir James Yeo, dated off York, half-past one P.M. on the 11th instant, the following particulars have been transmitted of the capture and loss of the enemy's armed schooners:– "On Thursday evening last, the 10th instant, the enemy's squadron, under the Command of Commodore Chauncey, got under weigh from their anchorage, off the mouth of Niagara River, and, with a fine breeze from the east, stood towards our fleet, which were becalmed off the port of Twelve Mile Creek. At sun-set, a breeze coming off the land, gave us the wind of the enemy, when our squadron stood for them, on which immediately bore away from us under as much sail as their schooners could carry to keep up with their larger vessels. The enemy's fleet formed a long. The Pike, Madison, Oneida, and six schooners (two schooners were placed to windward for the purpose of raking the masts of our squadron as it should come up). At eleven the squadron got within gun-shot of the schooners, when they opened a brisk fire, and, from their going so fast, it was more than an hour before the Wolf, our headmost ship, could pass them ; at this time the rest of the squadron was two and three miles astern of the Wolf, and on her coming up with the Madison and Pike, they put before the wind and made sail, firing their stern-chasers.– Sir J. Yeo finding it impossible to get the squadron up with the enemy, as the Wolf was the only ship which could keep up with them, then made sail between them and the two schooners to windward, which he captured, and which are called the Julia and Growler, each carrying one long 32pounder and long 12-pounder, and 40 men.– Two of the enemy's largest schooners, the Scourge, of 10, and Hamilton, of nine guns, upset on the night of the 9th, in carrying sail, and all on board perished (about 100 in number). By this loss and capture, the enemy's squadron are reduced to 10 vessels, and our's increased to eight. It is ascertained that the Pike mounts 28 long 24-pounders, and 420 men, the Madison 22 long 32 pounders, and 340 men. Boat loads of troops were taken on board the enemy's squadron on Monday last, for the purpose, it is supposed, of repelling the boarders.– The Wolf has not received any material injury, and not a person hurt. The prisoners were landed on the 11th instant, and the Growler's damage repaired. She had lost her bowsprit, and was otherwise cut up. "Nothing could exceed the eagerness and enthusiasm of the officers and men in our squadron for a close engagement." " . | |
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| sap:body "(From the Quebec Mercury.) Attack on Fort Schlosser. Head-quarters, Kingston, July 13. By accounts from the army under Major-General De Rottenburg, dated the 9th instant, the following particulars have been received of a bold and successful attempt to surprise the American post at Fort Schlosser. In the night of the 4th instant, a party, consisting of Volunteer Thompson and six privates of the 49th regiment, under Ensign Winder, and thirty-four of the militia, the whole under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Clarke, of the Lincoln militia, crossed over in boats from Chippawa to Fort Schlosser, which they reached a little before day-break, and completely surprised the guard, consisting of two Lieutenants, one serjeant, and eight privates, whom they made prisoners, together with three civilians and three of our own subjects, found in the Fort.– The party remained in the Fort about one hour, loading their boats form the public stores and wharf, and brought with them one brass six-pounder, 57 stand of arms, two and a half kegs of musket ball cartridges, 6 bulwarks of musket proof curtains for boats, one gun-boat, two batteaux, 20 barrels of salt, 17 casks tobacco, eight barrels of pork, and one barrel of whiskey, with a number of spades, oars, and axes ; a small party of the enemy had collected as the last boast pushed off from the shore, and several shots were fired, but the boats returned to Chippawa with their prisoners, and the articles they had captured, without a man being hurt on this service. Further accounts have also been received from the army highly creditable to the Indian warriors serving with it. On the 8th instant, a party of the King's regiment, and a body of Indian warriors were sent to endeavour to recover a considerable quantity of medicines and surgical instruments which had been buried near the Fort George when our troops retired from it. A skirmish ensued in consequence between the Indians and the enemy, in which the latter lost one officer and 20 men killed and 10 taken prisoners–the whole of the medicines and instruments were brought off by the party of the King's; the only loss sustained being three Indians wounded. Captain Norton led the Indian warriors with great spirit ; and much credit is due to Captain Merrit of the Provincial dragoons, for reconnoitering the spot where the medicines were deposited, and conducting the party to it. A few nights ago, the barracks at Gravelly Point burnt by our gun-boats, and more than 100 barrels of pork, flour, and other articles brought away from thence, together with a very fine Durham boat–500 oars colleced and partly loaded in her for Sacket's Harbour, being destroyed. Attack on Black Rock Head-quarters, Kingston, July 15 1813. G. O.–His Excellency the Commander of the forces has received a dispatch from Major General De Rottenburg, reporting a successful attack upon the enemy's post and dockyard at Black Rock at daybreak on the morning of the 11th inst. by detachments of the King's and 41st regiments, together with Liutenant Fitzgibbon's party of the 49th, and about 40 militia, the whole amounting to 240 men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp. The enemy's position was carried by a spirited attack without the loss of a single man. Several large boats, loaded with stores and provisions, and three field pieces, a twelve and two six-pounders, were brought away ; a vessel and all the naval store-houses and barracks have been burnt. Unfortunately before the evacuation of the post was completed, a strong reinforcement of the enemy, aided by Indians, pressed this small detachment, by which Captain Saunders, of the 41st, and 15 men, were killed ; Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp, Lieutenant Montpesson, of the 41st, and 15 rank and file, wound ed. The wounded were brought over. Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp has received three wounds, severe, but not considered dangerous. By his Excellency's command, Edward Baynes, Adjutant-General British Expedition to Plattsburgh The following is an extract of a letter from a respectable citizen at Burlington, dated Aug. 1. 1813 "An express arrived at Burlington on the 30th July, with intelligence that the British had left the Isle au Noix, with a force consisting of the two armed sloops, of 11 guns each, and four gallies, of one gun each, and 100 batteaux full of men, and had progressed within one mile of the town. The camp was instantly alarmed, and the troops under arms, but no enemy appeared. Next day we learnt that about 1000 troops, under the command of Colonel Murray, had landed, and took possession of Plattsburgh without opposition, there being no force to oppose them except the militia of the town and vicinity, who being only 400 in number, retreated as the enemy advanced. The arsenal belonging to the State, Pike's encampment, barracks at Serenac cantonment, and every building belonging to the United States, were immediately burnt. The enemy obtained both provisions and stores. The loss cannot be less than 50,000 dollars. The enemy left Plattsburgh on the 1st, and are understood to be proceeding this way ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? On General Dearborn invading Canada, and taking possession of Fort George, he sent off to Greenbush, as prisoners of war, the following respectable inhabitants : Messrs Edwards, Murehead, Dickson Lyminston, Lawe, two Kerrs, M'Ewan, Parson Addison, Howell, Heron, Green, Baldwin, Clinch Jones, Ball, Decoe, and John Crook. Messrs Lawe, M'Ewen and the two Kerrs were wounded on the 27th June. General Dearborn expected that the inhabitants would have joined the Americans. General Dearborn resigned the command of the Niagara army on the 23th June, on account of indisposition. General Lewis says, in his dispatch to Secretary at War, that he did not think the General would ever again be fit for service ; that the unfortunate events of the war had deranged his understanding ; and that thought sometimes in a state of convalescence, he uniformly relapsed when military topics were alluded to. General Lewis having been nominated to command at Sacket's Harbour, is succeeded at Fort George, Niagara, and on the Canadian frontier, by General Boyd. The Indian chief, Tecumseh, has seized the favourable moment of the diversion by our shipping in Virginia, for surround Fort Meigs with 2000 warriors. He had deprived the garrison of all the possibility of receiving supplies. General Clay, who commanded there, had written urgently to General Harrison for assistance. The latter was collecting his army to march to his relief. Sir James Yeo, after the retreat of the enemy's army at Fort George, swept the American side of Lake Ontario. He landed a body of troops at Great Sodus, and took the whole of the provisions, consisting of several hundred barrels of pork and flour, and burnt the buildings. The British loss was a serjeant and four privates of the Royal killed. At Genessee River, he inflicted the same loss on the enemy, taking 500 barrels of pork and 1700 bushels of corn. The provisions were delivered to General Vincent. Four companies of the Royals were embarked on board the fleet, to serve as mariners There were at Quebec, on the 22d July, 1000 American prisoners of war, captured since the commencement of the campaign. At Beaufort there were 50 officers including three General. In consequence of the conduct of the American Government and of the officers, the latter are no longer permitted to return home on parole. The Melpomene frigate, with De Meuron's regiment, from the Mediterranean, arrived in the river St. Lawrence on the 20th July. James Gready, private in the 8th, or King's regiment, and Terence Hunt, private in the 6th foot, were in the latter end of June, tried by Court Martials, for deserting to the enemy, and being found in arms, and were publicy shot at Kingston, Canada, pursuant to their sentence. It appears from the Quebec papers, and from the general orders issued by the Commander in Chief in Canada that on the late defeat of General Wilkinson on the banks of the Miami river, the American military chest, containing 15,000l. Sterling was among the property captured by the British. Captain Waugh, of the 103d regiment, died at Chamely on the 2d July. General Hampton has arrested Colonel Clark, the late commandant at Burlington, for a defalcation of about 50,000 dollars. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Victory in Canada" ; | |
| sap:body "By the Dunlop, Captain Abrams, arrived on Sunday last, at Greenock, from Quebec, after a passage of 36 days, papers and letters have been received from Canada, to the 19th, which contain an amount of an engagement between a detachment of the British force under Lieut.-Col. Morrison, consisting of the 49th[?] and 89th regiments, with some companies of the Canadian militia, and a body of American troops, amounting to 4000 men, which ended in the defeat of the latter, with great loss. This action was produced by the attempt of the American General to advance to Montreal, from which it appears, however, he has now begun to measure back his steps, having crossed to the American side of the river where the action was fought, and being actively pur sued in his retreat by the British troops. The following information has been received by the Alexander, Captain Henry, which arrived at Liverpool on Tuesday:– "Quebec, Nov. 26. 1813 "The enemy's whole force was about 8000 men, under the command of General Wilkinson. The division commanded by General Boyd, consisting of about 3000 to 4000 infantry, cavalry &c. was alone engaged upon the 11th instant. "The enemy lost in the action, Brigadier Gen. Conington and Colonel Preston, killed–probably 600 men killed, wounded, and taken. "The consequence was a precipitate retreat across the St Lawrence at Cornwall on the 13th, and evacuating the province. General Wilkinson marched his troops into the Straits, the route of Plattsburgh, leaving all his boats, upwards of 300, in the Salmon river, where they were frozen in on the 16th, and 2000 men to protect them." Colonel Plenderleath came home in the Alexander, with dispatches. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Destruction of a Moravian Settlement in Canada " ; | |
| sap:body "The following letter received in town, gives a description of the wanton and barbarous conduct of the American army, in destroying a settlement of the Moravian missionaries, in their late irruption into province:– "Yesterday I received a very afflicting account from North America, by a letter from New York, dated Dec. 27 1813, concerning a report of the total destruction of our settlement, ??? ??? on the 6th of October, by the American army under General Harrison. It was the consequence of the invasion of that province, after the capture of the little fleet on Lake Erie, and the defeat of the s[?]al British force under the [?] of occupying the Chapel and some other houses for our sick British soldiers, and considering the danger the Christian Indians were in from the malice of the Americans, it was his advice, that the Missionaries and the Indian Congregation should retreat farther into the country. When the Americans were successful in the latter, it became necessary to take steps of effect it. The British behaved very kindly to the brethren, and offered to purchase the houses and cottages, but their defeat prevented it. On entering the place, the Americans first pretended to be friendly, and sorry that the Indians had fled, who had gone with Mr and Mrs Denke (one of the Missionaries) up the river. Mr and Mrs Schnall, and the aged Missionary, Michael Young, remained. "During the first night the Americans already changed their tone, or rather showed their real character. They began to abuse the Missionaries with curses, and all manner of insults, plundering the houses ; and General Harrison, to whom we appealed, would grant no redress. They took every thing that was??? away ; and, under a pretence that King's stores and English goods were lodged in the houses, ransacked every place, and every trunk and chest belonging to individuals. Commodore Perry, who had defeated the Mosquito fleet on the lake, was there, and behaved rather better than the rest, advicing the Missionaries to get away as fast as they could. They did so with difficulty, and shortly after the Americans set the place on fire, and burnt down the whole, even every outhouse[?]. The poor Missionaries had a very tedious journey, and reached Silitiz, a settlement of the Brethren in Pennsylvania, December 11. Whither the Christian Indians have fled is not known ; they had proposed to go to the Grand River, about 100 miles off. " . | |
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| sap:heading "New South Wales Intelligence" ; | |
| sap:body "A proclamation, issued by Governor Macquarrie, appears in the Sidney Gazette of 14th May, stating that Peter Mills Acting Deputy Surveyor of Lands at Port Dalrymple, Van Dieman's Land, and George Williams, Acting Deputy Commissary of Stores and provisions at the said settlement, had absconded from their habitations, and fled to the woods ; that their object was to live by rapine and violence ; to effect which they had armed themselves, and taken the command of a gang of 26 desperadoes, with whose aid they had committed numerous robberies–entering the lands of settlers, driving away their cattle, and plundering their houses. The proclamation declares that those who shall return to their houses and occupations before 1st December next, shall be pardoned and saved harmless from all offences, except the crime of wilful murder ; and denounces those who shall disregard this offer, as outlaws. Sydney, New South Wales, Jan. 4. The Argo has arrived with a most extensive supply of tea, viz, 167 chests of souchong, 200 ditto bobea, 200 hyson skin, and young hyson 50 ; in all 617 chests. The consequences has been a reduction in the price of souching from 30s to 5s per lb currency. Shortly prior to the Argo's departure from the Island of Mauritius, the Hope American ship, laden with tea and sundies, valued at L80,000, was captured by his Majesty's sloop Harpy, Captain Allen. In consequences of the oppressive conduct of several masters of colonial and British ships, and of their crews towards the natives of New Zealand, of Otaheite, and of the other islands in the South Pacific Ocean, which have led to the destruction of several vessels, with their crews, by the natives, and disturbed all trade and intercourse with those islands, both by British shipping and that ofthe allied powers–his Excellency has forbidden any vessel to clear out from any place in New South Wales, without a bond given by the master or owner to the naval officer for the time being at the port, for L.1000 sterling, binding him and his crew not to commit any act of hostility, or to be guilty of any trespass, or forment any animosities between the natives, or take any part in any war that may prevail ; nor forcibly carry away any male or female inhabitants of the islands under penalty of forfeiting the sum specified in the bond. A small party, who a short time ago undertook[?] a land passage in a direction towards Broken Bay, for the purpose of ascertaining the nature and fertility of the country, have discovered an excellent grazing track of 8000acres. In consequence of which one gentlemen, Mr Robert Campbell, has already sent thither an extensive herd of cattle, and this example is likely to be followed by others. Thomas West, who came to this colony a convict for life, in the ship Earl Cornwall's[?], in 1801, has received from his Excellency a conditional pardon, in consideration of his general good conduct and character for sobriety and industry, and also in consideration of his having lately erected a water mill for the grinding of grain at Barcorn Glen, within two miles of Sydney, being the first water mill ever erected in the vicinty of this town. Sydney, New South Wales, May 21. The good understanding between the natives and our settlers, which had been maintained for the last six years, has given place to frequent outrages attended with fatal consequences. On Saturday, a body of 60 natives commenced plundering the fields of a settler, when three privates of the veteran battalion fired upon them and killed a boy. The narushed upon them before they could load again, and killed on private, Isaac Eustace, and compelled the other two to fly. They then plundered the ground of Messrs Milehouse and Butcher. Next day a party of 14 soldiers falling in with them, shot a woman and two children–the savages attacked William Baker, a stock-keeper of Mr MacArthur, killed the man and two women, named Sullivan and Herburg. Sydney, New South Wales, Feb. 12. On Monday last arrived the ship General Hewett, Captain Earle, from England, having a detachment of the 46th regiment, commanded by Major Oglivie ; and yesterday arrived the Windham, Captain Bligh, also from England, having on board the head-quarters of the 46th regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Molle, who succeeded Lieutenant-Colonel O'Connell, as Lieutenant-Governor of the territory, and is accompanied by Mrs Molle and family ; also Lieutenant Walters, of the navy, agent for transports– Of the 300 convicts which the General Hewett received on board, 35 died on the passage. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Canada" ; | |
| sap:body "[Extracts of Letters from Quebec and Montreal.] Quebec, July 15. The commercial world is flourishing here, but in political matters, I am sorry to say, we are sadly in the back ground. The old defensive system is still adhered to, and, I fear much, with all our reinforcements, we shall do little good till we have another commander in chief. There is now a great body of regular troops in this country, and a handful of brave fellows have recently been almost sacrificed par la petite guerre at Chippawa, whilst, in the lower province, there are at least 10,000 regulars doing nothing. Some of the officers of the regiments lately arrived from France do not conceal their sentiments– On inspecting one of the regiments the other day, our chief took occasion, as usual, to make some remarks on the cut of the men's clothes, when the Colonel commanding stepped forward and told him plainly, that such systems were now completely exploded–that he had had the honour of serving very lately under a much more celebrated General that it was probable he would ever serve under again–that his men had been accustomed to fight, not to dance ; and if such was the plan he was called on to follow, he should certainly retire from the service. Such language you may suppose was not very pleasing to our Governor ; but I am happy to find that we now have military men amongst us, who are not afraid to speak out ; as it appears the numberless representations of civilians are not much attended to. Montreal, July 14. I consider this country now as perfectly secure against any attempts that the Americans may make, not withstanding the system of our chief does not seem to be changed. He has received a great many more troops this year than he had any idea of, and does not seem pleased at having so large a force unhis command, as the country will now look to him for some offensive operation against the enemy. He has done nothing the whole summer but parade about 6000 men at Chambly, where he makes them march past him twice a-week, bowing and scraping, instead of employing them where they ought to be. You will have heard of an American army of about 6000, under General Jacob Brown, having crossed the river at Fort Erie, when General Rial, with a force of 1500 only, gallantly assailed them but was overpowered by numbers, and sustained considerable loss. I inclose a general order published yesterday about this unfortunate business, whereby you will find that our loss has been great. Upon this frontier the Americans have hardly any force, and it appears very singular indeed, that so great a body of men, as are now on the other side of the river, from Sorel to Isle Aux Noix, at least 10,000 men, should be left for the purpose of parade, when they are so much wanted in the upper province. I sincerely hope that some investigation will take place into this business, as it is really disgraceful to think that such an enemy should be able to make an attack upon us with impunity. " . | |
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| sap:body "Quebec, Sept. 10. The Americans, to the number of 900 men, landed and at tacked Fort Michillimackinac, in Lake Huron, on the 4th August. They were repulsed by the British garrison. The American fort la Prairie du Chiens has been taken by the British. This place was considered as of great importance to the enemy. Major General Conran, of the Royal, has had the misfortune to break his leg, by a fall from his horse. This officer had just arrived to join the army on the Niagara frontier, when he met with this accident. On the 31st August, the British troops broke their encampment at Odell Town, near Lake Champlain, and proceeded immediately to take possession of the position which the American army had just abandoned at the village of Champlain. This army was commanded by General Izard, and are said to have proceeded partly to Plattsburgh, and partly to Sackett's Harbour, on Lake Ontario. The British troops now at Champlain are commanded by Major Gene rals Brisbane, Power, and Robinson, and consist of the 13th, 49, 88th, Meuron's regiment, Canadian chasseurs, &c. &c. The 79th[?] or [?] Glasgow Lowland regiment are now quartered at Cornwall, in Upper Canada. The 4th[?] battalion of the 1st, or Royal Scots, are stationed at Quebec. The 3rd[?], 104th flank[?] companies, 103d, 8th, or King's, 100th, regiment de Watteville, [?] battalion of 1st, or Royal Scots, and 41st flank[?] companies are with the army under Lieutenant General Drummon, on the Niagara frontier, Upper Canada. The 37th and 57th regiments are at Montreal. On the 15th of August, the British troops under Lieutenant General Drummond assaulted Fort Erie. The attack was made in three columns, under Colonel Scott of the 103d regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Drummond 104th regiment, and Lieutenant Colonel Fischer of de Watteville's. The two former were directed to scale the fort, and the latter to get possession of a small hill, named Snake-Hill, which the Americans had fortified, and being situated only about eight hundred yards from Fort Erie, was of consequence to us. This latter column failed in their object ; but the two columns destined for the fort carried the same in a most gallant manner, and obliged the enemy to retire into two stone block-houses inside the fort, when their own guns were turned against them. At this time a most unfortunate explosion took place, which blew up the magazine and battery, and with them a number of our brave soldiers ; and the consternation caused by this was so great, and we were obliged to abandon our conquest, and retreat to our original position, with great loss of both officers and men. The large ship-building by the British at Kingston, on Lake Ontario is to be launched the second week in September– also will carry about 100 guns. The battalion of royal marines, commanded by LieutenantColonel Williams, and which has been stationed lately at Isle au Noix, and parts adjacent, have been broken up and distributed among the fleets on the Lakes. The Staff of the battalion proceed immediately to Halifax from Quebec, in the Ceylong armed-en [?] ship. The Junon frigate, Captain Upton, has arrived from Halifax at Quebec, with money for Government. The crew of this vessel is to be employed on the Lakes. A brig, which sailed from Cork, under convoy of the Antelope, of 50 guns, has arrived at Quebec.–The Antelope, and the ships under convoy, are hourly expected. It is said that there are on board the ships of the latter about 4000 troops, chiefly detachments and reinforcements for the regimentsin Canada. Captain Dowale, of the royal navy, now commands the fleet on Lake Champlain. " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Papers Quebec, Sept. 3. The army from this province has entered the United States by the Champlain frontier. On the 1st inst. the advance was at Chazy. Quebec, Sept. 8. From the north-western frontier of Upper Canada, Messrs M'Gillivray and M'Leod, who arrived here on Thursday last, have brought dispatches from Lieutenant Colonel M'Donal, at Michillimackinac, written since the repulse of the American forces sent there to recapture it. The following are the particulars of that expedition :– "On the forenoon of the 5th of August, the Americans landed 900 men, or thereabouts, at the back of the island (Dowsman's farm). There is a considerable space of ground cleared, and a gentle slope, which enabled their vessels, at anchor close to the beach, to keep clear, by a constant fire of grape, &c. and which by the situation of the ground, passed directly over the men's heads, as they formed and advanced towards the woods. "Lieutenant-Colonel M'Doual[?] formed his small garrison (150 at most) at the extremity of the woods, and the Indians were stationed on each flank, to keep the enemy from outflanking the troops. By a false account of the enemy's intention to land on another part of the island, a certain number of Indians were sent to watch their motions ; but more Indians absenting themselves, exposed one flank of Lieutenant-Colonnel M'Doual's party entirely ; and an apprehension was entertained that the enemy would outflank and cut off the garrison from the forts ; it was therefore deemed expedient to fall back between the two forts, and there await the advance of the enemy. "A party of between 40 and 50 Indians, placed on the left flank, and ignorant of the movements in the centre and right flank, fired on the Americans, and threw them into confusion, which the Indians soon perceived, and encouraging each other by whoops and yells, totally broke the little order still observed by the enemy, who took instant flight, and were all out of reach before Lieutenant-Colonel M'Doual was apprised of their retreat. "Thus was a body of at least from six to nine hundred men defeated and put to instant flight by 40 or 50 Indians, with a loss of 17 men and a Major (Holmes) killed and found on the spot!–The Indians lost but one man." Previous to and combined with this, the measures taken by the enemy were these: "On the [?] of July, a detachment of the expedition sent against Michillimackinac by the enemy, proceeded to St Mary's, where they met with no resistance, there being neither troops nor Indians, and every person occupied about their usual concerns ; such as bay making, fishing &c. Major Holmes commanded the party, who gave up to indiscriminate plunder, and destroyed the whole of the property belonging to the North West Company ; burning their houses, stores, and vessels, killing their cattle, and taking off their engagees prisoners ; tearing down the fences, destroying the gardens, fields, &c. Many wanton acts of cruelty might be detailed. Let two suffice for the present. "Mr Johnstone's property was plundered, even his furniture ; the very clothing of his wife and children was seized upon by these ruthless plunderers, and carried away. Major Holmes sent to the south side of the strait for Mr Johnstone's son George, and, after threatening and reviling him with the most oppobrious language, flourished his sword over his head, and said he had a great mind to cut his head off, now he was his slave, When they were in the act of burning the houses and stores, Mr G. Johnstone was ordered to stand in a certain spot, under pain of being shot ; but had he remained, sufforation[?] must have been his fate, being so near the buildings in flames : he therefore risked being shot, and came off, and thereby effected a timely escape. "Another instance of more than savage cruelty was exercised on a poor horse, which they made us of all day in carting their plunder, and in the evening, whilst still tackled to the cart, tied him to the end of the dwelling-house then in flames, and amused themselves in looking at the poor animal making vain efforts to get loose ; but there he was burnt, and his bones seen there by the writer of this." " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Papers Montreal, Oct. 29 The express from Upper Canada, which arrived yesterday morning, confirmed the highly satisfactory reports of the preceding day, that the enemy had precipitately retreated on the 19th instant, from before Chippawa, after destroying a quantity of provisions and heavy baggage ; and that, on the 21st, they had passed over to Buffaloe a great part of their force, and were blowing up the works at Fort Erie. Further accounts from Kingston have been received this morning to the 26th instant, when the official report of the enemy's retreat from Fort Erie, after the destruction of the works, had not reached that place, but there was no doubt of the fact. Major-Genera de Watteville commanded the corps pressing on the enemy ; the master of a mail which arrived at Kingston on the 25th, in twenty-four hours from Fort George, further confirms the previous intelligence, and reports that several hundred prisoners were taken, before the Americans effected their escape across the river. On the 18th the British came up with his rear guard, and in a sharp action thirty of the Americans were left on the field wihtout a casualty happening on our side. This was at Chippawa Creek.– The enemy then fled with the utmost precipitation to Fort Erie, and began the destruction of his fortifications. A military courier from Kingston arrived this morning, brings no additional news of importance.– Sir James Yeo had returned to Kingston with the sick of the army of Niagara on board. We again sailed for the head of the Lake. A private letter from Niagara of the 10th instant, says that a severe action took place the day before near Chippawa ; our loss is stated at 10 killed and wounded. That of the enemy is supposed to be very considerable ; a field piece made to bear upon one of his columns did great execution. Another letter denies any loss in killed but makes the wounded 25 or 30. Montreal, Nov. 5. From Upper Canada we have received nothing of importance. The report of the whole American armies have crossed the Niagara was a mistake as the last accounts from that quarter mention that General Brown was still in possession of Fort Erie. Quebec, Nov. 3. We are in expectation of some further details of the operations on the Niagara frontier by this day's Montreal post ; but they had no arrived at one o'clock. The evacuation by the enemy of our territory on that frontier is a striking illustration of the importance of the command of the lake. The enemy did cross over to our side till the moment his fleet was ready to assume the superiority. The re-appearance of our fleet effected what could not be done by the expence of so much blood and treasure. (From the Quebec Gazette) The American Government has published the pa pers relating to the late negotations at Ghent. We confess that we have seen these papers with feelings of some satisfaction and much regret ; satisfaction that we can now say that the honour of the British Government is pledged to do something for British interests in North American, and regret that that something is so little. The Indians are to be made independent of both nations. This is perfectly just, and would, under certain cirumstances greatly add to the security of these provinces. The Lakes are to be exclusively British. On these subjects we must be permitted to ask how long they would be permitted to remain so, how long the Indians would retain their independence in the event of another war, if the communication with them should be in the power of the enemy ? The sole communication for military purposes, with the Indians and the Lakes, is by the river St Lawrence, from Montreal to Kingston, and from Niagara to Fort Erie ; and the Americans are to be permitted to remain in possession of one of its banks ! The enemy has hitherto been prevented from interrupting this communication by the thinness of the settlements of their side, the consequent badness of the roads, and difficulty of supplying a large force. The possession of th southern bank of the St Lawrence between Montreal and Kingson, and the power of supplying themselves, and operating on that frontier, by the roads now existing, and from Lake Champlain, has been worth a large force to them, during the whole of the war ; it has caused us to parcel our force to support the line of communication between Lake St Francis and Kingston, and keep a great proportion of it to protect the base of that line in the vicinity of Montreal. The position of Canada, relative to the United States, with its present boundaries, is an extraordinary one ; so much so, that intelligent military men have pronounced it incapable of defence much beyond Quebec. The miserable state of the enemy's preparations, the superiority which we then had on the Lakes, the good disposition of the inhabitants, and the prudent conduct of the commander of the forces, alone saved it. The waste of means in protecting and conveying supplies by a communication of five hundred miles, adjoining the whole way to the enemy's frontie, is conceivable only to those whom experience has made acquainted with the fact, or who are habituated to reflection ; and whenever the communication of the Lakes becomes interrupted, the supply of any force further advanced on the line becomes utterly impracticable. The enemy derives his supplies either by the Lakes, upon which an army can effect nothing, or from a settled country, a long way in his rear, protected by his army, a country covered with woods, and a militia more effective than the best troops in such a country, always ready for the protection of their property and their houses– Under such circumstances, the weakness of an army beyond a certain point is to be counted by its numbers. We scruple not to say, that, whenever that part of the State of New York extending to the St Lawrence, between Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain, shall be fully settled, the whole of Upper Canada must fall to the United States, the Lower Canada will not be defensible but at an expence of means far beyond its value. We had much rather see the Americans confirmed in the possession of Sackett's Harbour, Presqu-ile, Detroit and Michilimackinac, than in the possession of the tract of country just mentioned. Great Britain will always have the means of establishing a superiority on the Lakes, whenever she chuses to exert them, but she never will be able to drive the Americans out of that frontier, when once fully settled, supported as they will be by the immense population of the back parts of the State of New York and adjoining States. From the United States Papers Urbanna, Sept. 25. An express has arrived from Detroit, to General M'Arthur, in six days, in which Governor Cass says–" A state of things has arrived, in which your presence, with the force at your disposal, is essential to the security and preservation of the country. The Indians have recommenced hostilities on every side of us ; they are murdering the people, and breaking up the settlements. There is now a large force of them in the immediate vicinity of this place, most probably within a mile of it, with the avowed purpose of attacking the town. We have no force adequate to the defence of the country, and none of description proper for the pursuit of the Indians– My opinion is, that you should hasten on with the mounted men with all possible expedition." The express came by water, the land communiation being entirely cut off. Albany, Oct. 25. The Legislature of this State adjourned yesterday, after a session of four weeks. The principal laws passed are: An act to authorise the raising of troops for the defence of this State. An act to encourage privateering. An act to authorise the raising of a corps of sea fencibles. An act to provide for the repayment of certain sums of money advanced by the Corporation of the city of New York, for the defence of the State, and for other purposes. An act to prevent the apprehension of British deserters. An act to authorise the raising of two regiments of men of colour. An act authorising additional pay to be made to the volunteers, and for paying the militia called into service by the State authority. An act to aid in the apprehension of deserters from the army and navy of the United States. The first act authorises the Governor to call into actual service 12,000 men, for the term of two years, provided the Government of the United States shall have declared their intention to pay, clothe and subsist them at their expence. The privateer bill authorises associations to incorporate themselves for the purpose of fitting out privateers. The following resolution, introduced by Mr Monell, passed both Houses of our Legislature unanimously on Saturday:– Resolved unanimously–That the House of Assembly of the State of New York view, with mingled emotions of surprise and indignation, the extravagant and disgraceful terms proposed by the British Commissioners at Ghent–that, however ardently they may desire the restoration of peace to their country, they can never consent to receive it at the sacrifice of national honour and dignity–that they therefore strongly recommend to the National Legislature the adoption of the vigorous and efficacious measures in the prosecution of the war, as the best means of the bringing the contest to an honourable termination, and of transmitting unimpaired to their posterity their rights, liberty, and independence. The following is a private letter which was brought by the Liffey : Montreal, Nov. 5. 1814. "Sir George Prevost reached Kingston on the 10th October, where his presence has been of the utmost importance. Chauncey resigned his blockade of that place on the 8th, and retired with his squadron to Sackett's Harbour. Our fleet which was ready for the Lake in a few days after Sir George's arrival, sailed for Niagara on the 16th, with 500 of the 90th, and a supply of provisions and stores for the right division, and arrived off Fort George on the evening of the 18th. Having landed this reinforce ment, Sir James returned to Kingston on the 24th. "The enemy at Fort Erie having been joined by General Izard's army, making a force of 7 or 8000 men, advanced upon General Drummond, and attacked our positions upon the Chippawa on the 15th instant ; but having met with an opposition unexpected by them, and making no impression, retired on the 16th and 17th to Black Creek, from whence they advanced one of Izard's brigades, 1500 men, on the 19th, with a view of our turning our right, and attempted to cross the Chippawa, about six miles from its mouth, where they were met with by a corps of about 1000 troops, under Colonel Meyers, who faced them most manfully ; they skirmished the whole day, in which the Glengarries supported their high character, and, in the evening, Jonathan finding himself foiled, and unable to bring up his artillery from the horrid state of the roads, retired again to the main body at Black Creek. "Our casualties on this occasion were triflin– those of the enemy were said to have been considerable, though he refrained from exposing himself to our fire in the open ground. We had two field-pieces there, and whenever the enemy showed a column out of the wood, a well-directed discharge soon obliged them to return to their shelter. By this time our fleet being announced, gave alarm to the enemy, and they commenced a precipitate retreat to Fort Erie. "They were purused on the 20th and 21st by our advance, under Major-General Watteville, close to Fort Erie, where he found them occupying the high ground, which General Drummond had not left many weeks before, and could push no further. At the date of the last accounts from General Drummond, Jonathan still maintained his post, from which it will require a few columns of fresh troops to dislodge him, but as they are now on their way to join the right dividion, I trust I shall in a short time have the pleasure to acquaint you of the complete expulsion of the enemy from the Niagara frontier. It is said, that for want of sufficient shelter, a part of General Izard's force had crossed to Buffalo, and that they had passed over some heavy artillery and stores, leaving at the fort such a force as they conceived capable of defending it. "Sir James brough down with him the skeleton of the 1st battalion of the King's regiment, and the remains of the two flank companies of the 10th. He sailed again on the 1st inst. taking with him about 1200 men, comprising the 37th, a brigade of artillery, a 9pounder, and detachments from the 6th and 82d regiments, and a large supply of provisions and stores. The five hundred of the 9th regiment who marched to York would be crossed to Niagara in the brigs ; the 9th, 850 strong, were to have been embarked in the fleet, but Sir James could not take them. The Royals, 41st, 89th, and 100th, exhausted corps, return to Kingston by this trip of the fleet, which I fear was scarcely able to make another this season. The St Lawrence has proved a noble ship, and one and all seem delighted with her. The frigate in frame arrived at Kingston, where she has been laid down and lengthened to make her the size of the Prince Regent. The keel of a 74 is also laid down there. The Americans are said to have commenced upon two more ships of the class of the Superior. Letters from Michilimacinack to the 19th October state, that the capture of the two schooners will be attended with the most important benefits in the security of that post, and the territory dependent upon it. Captain Rocheblave, with the detachment of the 81st under Capt. Wardrop, and artillery, arrived there on the 14th October, without any casualty among the troops ; and Mr M'Kenzie, with his brigade, would arrive about the 21st. The two schooners had made a trip to Nottawasage for provisions and supplies, and would attempt another before the navigation closed. A reinforcement had been sent under Capt Bulgar to Praire du Chain. "The arrangements necessary for reinforcing and supplying General Drummond's army being completed, and the attack upon Sackett's Harbour being deemed impracticable this season, Sir George returned last evening to this place ; his journey to Kingston has certainly had the effect of inducing General Brown, with a considerable part of his force, to move to Sackett's Harbour, and has thus left General Izard so much weakened at Fort Erie, that I have little doubt of the result of an attack upon him. "I am sorry to see that the malice of a certain party here has been at work at your side of the water ; it has increased tenfold since the expression of the public sentiment in favour of his Excellency, by the addresses which are now preparing, and which I can assure you is the real and unsolicited voice of the people. I am happy to find that General Kempt is going to England, as he will afford true information upon the state of the country, and be able to exposethe falsehoods which have been circulated respecting recent events." " . | |
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| sap:body "New South Wales A journey into the interior of New South Wales, across the Blue Mountains, performed by his Excellency Colonel Mac quarrie, Governor of the settlement. From the official account, dated Sydney, June 10. 1815. The Governor desires to communicate, for the information of the public, the result of his late tour over the Western or Blue Mountains, undertaken for the purpose of being enabled personally to appreciate the importance of the track of country lying westward of them, which had been explored in the latter end of the year 1813, and beginning of 1814, by Mr George William Evans, Deputy Surveyor of Lands. To those who know how very limited a track of country has been hitherto occupied by the colonists of New South Walves, extending along the eastern coast to the north and south of Port Jackson only 80 miles, and westward about 40 miles, to the foot of that chain of mountains in the interior which forms its western boundary, it must be a subject of astonishment and regret, that amongst so large a population no one appeared, within the first twenty-five years of the establishment of this settlement, possessed of sufficient energy of mind to induce him fully to explore a passage over these mountains ; but when it is considered that for the greater part of that time even this circumscribed portion of country afforded sufficient produce for the wants of the people, whilst on the other hand, the whole surface of the country beyond those limits was a thick, and in many places, nearly an impenetrable forest, the surprise at the want of effort to surmount such difficulties must abate very considerably. The records of the colony only afford two instances of any bold attempt having been made to discover the country to the westward of the Blue Mountains. The first was by Mr Bass, and the other by Mr Caley, and both ended in disappointment; a cirumstance which will not be much wondered at by those who have lately crossed these mountains. To Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, Esqrs. and Liutenant Lawson, of the Royal veteran company, the merit is due of having, with extraordinary patience and much fatigu, effected the first passage over the most rugged and difficult part of the Blue Mountains. The Governor being strongly impressed with the importance of the object, had, early after his arrival in this colony, formed the resolution of encouraging the attempt to find a passage to the western country, and willingly availed himself of the facilities which the discoveries of these three gentlemen afforded him. Accordingly, on the 20th of November 1813, he entrusted the accomplishment of this object to Mr George William Evans, deputy surveyor of lands, the result of whose journey was laid before the public, through the medium of the Sydney Gazette, on the 12th of February, 1814. The favourable account given by Mr Evans of the country he had explored, induced the Governor to cause a road to be constructed for the passage and conveyance of cattle and provisions to the interior ; and men of good character, from amongst a number of convicts who had volunteered their services, were selected to perform this arduous work, on condition of being fed and clothed during the continuance of their labour, and being granted emancipations as their final reward on the completion of the work. The direction and superintendence of this great work was entrusted to William Cox. Esq. the chief magistrate at Windsor ; and to the astonishment of every one who knows what was to be encountered, and sees what has been done, he effected its completion in six months from the time of its commencement, happily without the loss of a man, or any serious accident. The Governor is at a loss to appreciate fully the services rendered by Mr Cox to this colony, in the execution of this arduous work, which promises to be of the greatest public utility, by opening a new source of wealth to the industrious and enterprising. When it is considered that Mr Cox voluntarily relinquished the comforts of his own house, and the society of his numerous family, and exposed himself to much personal fatigue, with only such temporary covering as the bark hut could afford from the inclemency of the season, it is difficult to express the sentiments of approbation to which such privations and services are entitled. Mr Cox having reported the road as completed on the 21st of January, the Governor, accompanied by Mrs Macquarrie, and that gentleman, commenced his tour on the 25th of April last, over the Blue Mountains, and was joined by Sir John Jamieson, at the Nepean, who accompanied him during the entire tour. The following gentlemen composed the Governor's suite: Mr Campbell, Secretary ; Captain Antill, Major of Brigade ; Lieutenant Watts, Aide decamp ; Mr Redfern, Assistant-Surgeon ; Mr Oxley, Surveyor-General ; Mr Mehan, Deputy Surveyor-General ; Mr Lewin, Painter and Naturalist ; and Mr G. Evans, Deputy Surveyor of lands, who had been sent forward for the purpose of making further discoveries, and rejoined the party on the day of arrival at Bathurst Plains. The commencement of the ascent from Emu Plains to the first depot, and thence to a resting place, now called Spring Wood, distant twelve miles from Emu Ford, was through a very handsome open forests of lofty trees, and much more practicable and easy than was expected. The facility of the ascent for this distance excited surprise, and is certainly not well calculated to give the traveller a just idea of the difficulties he has afterwards to encounter. At a further disstance of four miles a sudden change is perceived in the appearance of the timber and the quality of the soil, the former becoming stunted, and the latter barren and rocky. At this place, the fatigues of the journey may be said to commence. Here the country became altogether mountainous, and extremely rugged. Near to the 18th mile (it is to be observed that the measure commences at Emu Ford), a pile of stones attracted attention. It is close to the line of road, on the top of a rugged and abrupt ascent, and is supposed to have been placed there by Mr Caley, as the extreme limit of his tour. Hence the Governor gave that part of the mountain the name as Caley's[?] Repulse. To have penetrated even so far was at that time an effort of no small difficulty. From henceforward to the 26th mile is a succession of steep and rugged hills, some of which are almost so abrupt as to deny a passage altogether ; but at this place a considerable extensive plain is arrived at, which constitutes the summit of the western mountains ; and from thence a most extensive and beautiful prospect presents itself on all sides to the eye. The town of Windsor, the river Hawkesbury, Prospect Hill, and other objects within that part of the colony now inhabited, of equal interest, are distinctly seen from hence. The majestic grandeur of the situation, combined with the various objects to be seen from this place, induced the Governor to give it the appellation of the King's Table Land. On the south-west side of the King's Table Land the mountain terminates in abrupt precipices of immense depth, at the bottom of which is seen a glen, as romantically beautiful as can be imagined, bounded on the further side by mountains of great magnitude, terminating equally abruptly as the others, and the whole thickly covered with wood. The length of this picturesque and remarkable track of country is about 24 miles, to which the Governor gave the name of the Prince Regent's Glen. Proceeding hence to the thirty-third mile, on the top of a hill, an opening presents itself on the south-west side of the Prince Regent's Glen, from whence a view is obtained particularly beautiful and grand–mountains rising beyond mountains, with stupendous masses of rock in the fore ground, here strike the eye with admiration and astonishment. The circular form in which the whole is so wonderfully disposed induced the Governor to give the name of Pitt's Amphitheatre (in honour of the Right Hon. William Pitt) to this offset of branch from the Prince Regent's Glen. The road continues from hence for the space of 17 miles on the ridge of the mountain which forms one side of the Prince Regent's Glen, and there it suddenly terminates in nearly a perpendicular precipice of 676 feet high, as ascertained by measurement. The road constructed by Mr Cox down this rugged and tremendous descent, through all its windings, is no less than three-fourths of a mile in length, and has been executed with such skill and stability as reflects much credit on him. The labour here undergone, and the difficulties surmounted, can only be appreciated by those who view this scene. In order to perpetuate the memory of Mr Cox's services, the Governor deemed it a tribute justly due to him to give his name to this grand and extraordinary pass, and he accordingly called it Cox's Pass. Having descended into a valley at the bottom of this pass, the retrospective view of the overhanging mountain is magnificently grand. Although the present pass is the only practicable point yet discovered for descending by, yet the mountain is much higher than those on either side of it, from whence it is distinguished at a considerable distance, when approaching it from the interior, and in this point of view it has the appearance of a very high distinct hill, although it is in fact only the abrupt termination of a ridge. The Governor gave the name of Mount York to this termination of the ridge, in honour of his Royal Highness the Duke of York. On descending Cox' Pass, the Governor was much gratified by the appearance of good pasture land and soil fit for cultivation, which was the first he had met with since the commencement of his tour. The valley at the base of Mount York he called the Vale of Clwyd, in consequence of the strong resemblance it bore to the vale of that name in North Wales. The grass in this vale is of a good quality, and very [?]dant, and a rivulet of fine water runs along it from the eastward, which unites itself at the western extremity of the vale with another rivulet containing still more water. The junction of these two streams forms a very handsome river, now called by the Governor, Cox's River, which takes its course, as has been since ascertained through the Prince Regent's Glen, and empties itself into the river Nepean ; and it is conjectured, from the nature of the country through which it passes, that it mut be one of the principal causes of the floods which have been occasionally felt on the low banks of the river Hawkesbury, into which the Nepean discharges itself. The Vale of Clwyd, from the base of Mount York, extends six miles in a westerly direction, and has its termination at Cox's River. Westward of this river the country again becomes hilly, but it is generally open forest land, and very good passage. Three miles to the westward of the Vale of Clwyd, Messrs Blaxland, Wentworth, and Lawson, had formerly terminated their excursion ; and when the various difficulties are considered which they had to contend with, especially until they had effected the descent from Mount York, to which place they were obliged to pass through a thick brush-wood, where they were under the necessity of cutting a passage for their baggage horses, the severity of which labour had seriously affected their healths, their patient endurance of such fatigue cannot fail to excite much surprise and admiration. In commemoration of their merits, three beautiful high hills, joining each other at the end of their tour at this place, have receieved their names in the following order, viz. Mount Blaxland, Wentworth's Sugar Loaf, and Lawson's Sugar Load. A range of very lofty hills and narrow vallies alternately form the track of country from Cox's River, for a distance of 16 miles, until the Fish River is arrived at ; and the stage between these rivers is consequently very severe and oppressive on the cattle. To this range the Governor gave the name of Clarence Hilly Range. Proceeding from the Fish River, and at a short distance from it, a very singular and beautiful mountain attracts the attentions, its summit being crowned with a large and very extraordinary looking rock, nearly circular in form, which gives the whole very much the appearance of a hill fort, such as are frequent in India. To this lofty hill Mr Evans, who was the first European discoverer, gave the name of Mount Evans. Passing on from hence the country continues hilly, but affords good pasturage, gradually improving to Sidmouth Valley, which is distant from the pass of the Fish RIver eight miles. The land here is level, and the first met with unencumbered with timber. It is not of very considerable extent, but abounds with a great variety of herbs and plants, such as would probably highly interest and gratify the scientific botanist. The beautiful little valley runs northwest and south-east, between hills of easy ascent, thinly covered with timber. Leaving Sidmouth Valley, the country becomes again hilly, and in other respects resembles very much the country to the eastward of the valley for some miles. Having reached Campbell River, distant 13 miles from Sidmouth Valley, the Governor was highly gratified by the appearance of the country, which there began to exhibity an open and extensive view of gently rising grounds and fertile plains. Judging from the height of the banks, and its general width, the Campbell River must be on some occasions of very considerable magnitude ; but the extraordinary drought which has apparently prevailed on the western side of the mountains, equally as throughout this colony for the last three years, has reduced this river so much, that it may be more properly called a chain of pools than a running stream at the present time. In the reaches or pools of the Campbell River, the very curious animal called the Paradox, or Water Mole, is seen in great numbers. The soil on both banks is uncommonly rich, and the grass is consequently luxuriant. Two miles to the southward of the line of road which crosses the Campbell River, there is a very fine rich track of low lands, which has been named Mitchell Plains. Flax was found here growing in considerable quanities. The Fish River, which forms a junction with the Campbell River a few miles to the northward of the road and bridge over the latter, has also two very fertile plains on its banks, the one called O'Connel Plains, and the other Macquarrie Plains, both of considerable extent, and very capable of yielding all the necessities of life. At the distance of seven miles from the bridge over the Campbell River, Bathurst Plains open to the view, presenting a rich track of champaign country of 11 miles in length, bounded on both sides by gently rising and very beautiful hills, thinly wooded. The Macquarrie River, which is constituted by the junction of the Fish and Campbell River, takes a winding course through the Plains, which can be easily traced from the high lands ajoining, by the particular verdure of the trees on its banks, which are likewise the only trees throughout the extent of the plains. The level and clean surface of these plains gives them at first view very much the appearance of lands in a state of cultivation. It is impossible to behold this grand scene without a feeling of admiration and surprise, whilst the silence and solitude which reign in a space of such extent and beauty as seems designed by Nature for the occupancy and comfort of man created a degree of melancholy in the mind which may be more easily imagined than described. The Governor and suite arrived at these Plains on Thursday the 4th of May, and encamped on the southern or left bank of the Macquarrie River–the situation being selected in consequence of its commanding a beautiful and extensive prospect for many miles in every direction around it. At this place the Governor remained for a week, which time he occupied in making excursions in different directions through the adjoining country, on both sides the river. On Sunday, the 7th of May, the Governor fixed on a site suitable for the erection of a town at some future period, to which he gave the name of Bathurst, in honour of the present Secretary of State for the Colonies. The situation of Bathurst is elevated sufficiently beyond the reach of any floods which may occur, and is at the same time so near to the river on its south bank as to derive all the advantages of its clear and beautiful stream. The mechanics and settlers of whatever description who may be hereafter permitted to form permanent residences to themselves at this place will have the highly important advantages of a rich and fertile soil, with a beautiful river flowing through it, for all the uses of man. The Governor mut however add, that the hopes which were once so sanguinely entertained of this river becoming navigable to the Western Sea have ended in disappointment. During the week that the Governor remained at Bathurst he made daily excursions in various directions ; one of these extended 22 miles in a south-west direction, and on that occasion, as well as on all the others, he found the country chiefly composed of vallies and plains, separated occasionally by ranges of low hills; the soil throughout being generally fertile, and well circumstanced for the purpose of agriculture or grazing. The Governor here feels much pleasure in being enabled to communicate to the public that the favourable reports which he had received of the country to the west of the Blue Mountains have not been by any means exaggerated. The difficulties which present themselves in the journey from hence are certainly great and inevitable, but thsoe persons who may be inclined to become permanent settlers there will probably content themselves withvisiting this part of the colony but rarely, and of course will have them seldom to encounter. Plenty of water, and a sufficiency of grass are to be found in the mountains for the support of such cattle as may be sent over them ; and the tracks of fertile soil and rich pasturage which the new country affords are fully extensive enough for any increase of population and stock which can possibly take place for many years. Within a distance of ten miles from the site of Bathurst there is not less than 50,000 acres of land clear of timber, and fully one half of that may be considered excellent soil, well calculated for cultivation. It is a matter of regrets that in proportion as the soil improves the timber degenerates ; and it is to be remarked, that everywhere to the westward of the mountains it is much inferior both in size and quality to that within the present colony ; there is, however, a sufficiency of timber of tolerable quality within the district around Bathurst for the purposes of house-building and husbandry. The Governor has here to lament that neither coals nor limestone have been yet discovered in the western country ; articles in themselves of so much importance, that the want of them must be severely felt whenever that country shall be settled. Having enumerated the principal and most important features of this new country, the Governor has now to notice some of its live productions. All around Bathurst abounds in a variety of game ; and the two principal rivers contain a great quantity of fish, but all of one denomination, resembling the perch in appearance, and of a delicate and fine flavour, not unlike that of a rock cod. This fish grows to a large size, and is very voracious. Several of them were caught during the Governor's stay at Bathurst, and at the halting place on the Fish River. One of those caught weight 17 lb ; and the people stationed at Bathurst stated that they had caught some weighing 25 lb. The field game are the kangaroos, emus, black swans, wild geese, wild turkies, bustards, ducks of various kinds, quail, bronze, and other pigeons, &c. &c. The water mole, or paradox, also abounds in all the rivers and ponds. The site designed for the towns of Bathurst, by observation taken at the Flag Staff, which was erected on the day of Bathurst receiving that name, is situated in latitude 33. 24. 30. south, being also 27 1/2 miles north of Government House, In Sydney, and 94 1/2 west of it, bearing west 20. 30. north, 83 geographic miles, or 95 1/2 statute miles ; the measured road distance from Sydney to Bathurst being 140 English miles. The road constructed by Mr Cox, and the party under him, commences at Emu Ford, on the left bank of the river Nepean, and is thence carried 101 1/2 miles to the flag staff at Bathurst. This road has been carefully measured, and each mile regularly marked on the trees growing on the left side of the road proceeding towards Bathurst. The Governor in his tour made the following stages, in which he was principally regulated by the consideration of having good pasturage for the cattle, and plenty of water :– 1st stage–Spring Wood, distant from Emu Ford 12 miles 2d stage ditto–Jamieson's Valley, or 2d depot, distant from ditto . . . . . . . . . . 28 3d ditto–Blackheath, distant from ditto . . . 41 4th ditto–Cox's River, distant from ditto . . .56 5th ditto–The Fish River, distant from ditto . 72 6th ditto–Sidmouth Valley, distant from ditto . 80 7th ditto–Campbell River, distant from ditto . 91 8th ditto–Bathurst distant from ditto . . . 101 1/2 At all of which places the traveller may assure himself of good grass, and water in abundance. On Thursday, the 11th of May, the Governor and suite set out from Bathurst on their return, and arrived at Sidney on Friday the 19th Ult. The Governor deems it expedient here to notify to the public, that he does not mean to make any grants of land to the westward of the Blue Mountains, until he shall receive the commands of his Majesty's Ministers on that subject, and in reply to the report he is now about to make them upon it. In the mean time, such gentlemen or other respectable free persons as may wish to visit this new country will be permitted to do so, on making a written application to the Governor to that effect, who will order them to be furnished with written passes. It is at the same time strictly ordered and directed that no person, whether civil or military, shall attempt to travel over the Blue Mountains without having previously applied for and obtained permission, in the above prescribed form. The military guard stationed at the first depot on the mountains will receive full instructions to prevent the progress of any persons who shall not have obtained regular passes. The necessity for the establishing and strictly enforcing this regulation is too obvious to every one who will reflect on it to require any explanation here. The Governor cannot conclude this account of his tour, without offering his best ackowledgements to William Cox, Esq. for the important services he has rendered to the colony in so short a period of time, by opening a passage to the new discovered country, and at the same time assuring him that he shall have great pleasure in recommending his meritorious services on this occasion to the favourable consideration of his Majesty's Ministers. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Population. We lay before our readers the following extracts from the latest official returns of populattion ordered to be printed by the House of Commons, July 12. 1815. Governor Baines, of Dominica, reports, that on the 19th February 1811, there were on the island – Slaves . . . . . . 21,783 Whites . . . . . . 1,325 Free persons of colour . . 2,988 Governor Bentinck, of Demerare, states the population of this island to be – Slaves . . . . . . 71,180 Whites . . . . . . 2,871 Free coloured . . . . 2,980 In the island of New Providence, one of the Bahama islands, the population was, December 13. 1810 – Whites . . . . . . 1,720 Free Blacks . . . . . 565 Free coloured . . . . . 509 Black Slaves . . . . . 3,044 Coloured Slaves . . . . 146 Foreigners . . . . . 700 Grand Total . 6084 St Vincent island contains – Whites . . . . . . . 827 Free coloured . . . . 646 Slaves . . . . . . . 22,020 The Grenadines contain – Whites . . . . . . . 226 Free coloured . . . . . 76 Slaves . . . . . . . 2,000 Berumda contains – Slaves . . . . . . . 4,794 Whites . . . . . . . 4,755 Surinam contains – Whites . . 2,029 Free Coloured and Black 3,075 Slaves . . . 51,957 Curacoa contains – Whites . . 2,781 Free Coloured . . 2,161 Free Blacks . . 1,878 Slaves Coloured . . 690 Slaves Black . . 5,336 Grenada contains – Slaves . . . 29391 Whites . . 771 Free coloured . . 1,120 Martinique contains – Slaves . . 77,977 Whites . . . 9,206 Free Coloured . . 8,630 The births in this island in 1810 were – Whites . . . 71 Slaves . . 1,250 Free Coloured . . 80 Berbice contains – Whites . . . . 550 Coloured . . 240 Blacks . . . 25,169 The slave popultion of Barbadoes exceeds 69,000 ; that of Jamaica, 319,912 ; and of Antigua, in 1810, 30,568. " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Papers. Montreal, Oct. 5. On the afternoon of Saturday last, the specie seized on board the Lake Champlain steam-boat, amounting to upward of 12,000 dollars, arrived at his Majesty's cash-office here, under the escort of the 19th light dragoons from St John's. At length we have authentic accounts relating to the expedition of Lord Selkirk ; they are very important, as many ex parte details have been published - his taking Fort William by storm, making all the partners of the North West Company prisoners, &c. ; but the cause of the expe dition has never been explained. The Canadian Courant puts it in a very clear point of view:– Mr Robert Semple, the Governor-General The Hudson's Bay Company on the Red River, towards the close of the year 1815, took possession of two establishments belonging to the North West Company, which had obtruded themselves on the territory of the Hudson's Bay Company. The North West traders then altered their route, going into the Upper Country by circuitous ways, by which much delay took place ; and in order to try Mr Semple, they sent two cartloads of provisions by the former track in June last, with a guard of fifty men ; the advance, twenty-two of the number, fell in with one of the natives, whom they took forward with them to prevent discovery. The rear-guard passed within four miles of the settlement ; they were perceived by the Governor, and were attacked by a party from the garrison, consisting of about thirty soldiers ; an engagement took place, stated on the 19th of June. Mr Semple and 21 of his men were killed ; the rest of his forces returned defeated to the fort ; it is on this account that the expedition of Lord Selkirk was undertaken. The manner of Lord Selkirk's conducting the expedition we do not justify, nor indeed can we form any opinion on the subject without further authentic details ; it is, however, but justice to say, that the Hudson's Bay Company have rights, and are a chartered Company ; the North West Traders, though we believe a most respectable body, are only an Association of Merchants. " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Lord Selkirk We have been favoured by a Gentleman in this city, with the following interesting and authentic communication, on the subject of the dispute between Lord Selkirk, and the Gentlemen of the North West Company: Extract of a Letter from Montreal, dated 6th October, 1816. "In the newspapers which I sent you, you will see some accounts of the disturbances which have taken place in the North West between the North West Company and Lord Selkirk's colonists. The latter have been obliged to leave the Red River, after having had 22 of their men, including Governor Semple, killed by a party of half-breeds, the spurious offspring of the North West Company. As yet have not had an accurate statement of that melancholy transaction. Lord Selkirk's party state that these half-breed with some of the North West Com pany servants, came to destroy the settlement, and that Mr Semple, with about 25 of the Colonists, went out to meet them, to know what could be their intentions, when those rascals commenced firing on them, and massacred all but three, who were fortunate enough to make their escape. The North West people's account is that these half-breeds with some Indians were bringing down provisions from the upper part of the Red River to the entrance near Lake Winipie, and as the Colonists had the command of a great part of the river, they were obliged to pass in the rear of the settlement, which being observed by Governor Semple, who was on the look-out for them, he settled out of his Fort with 25 men and a [?]-piece to take from the Indians the provisions which were intended for the North West Company ; that the result[?] was an engagement which terminated in the defeat of the Colonists, of whom twenty-two were killed. Lord Selkirk [?] from Montreal for the Red River about the latter end of June, when[?] three or four officers and about 150 men of De Men[?]'s regiment, which had been disbanded, and when he arrived at Fort William on Lake Superior, hearing the fate of his Colonists, he[?] immediately issued a warrant against Mr M'Gillivray for high treason, conspiracy and murder, and subsequently warrants against all the partners of the N. W. Company, who were at F William, [?] formal possession of their establishment there, and sent Mr M'Gillivray, with about ten others, prisoners to Montreal, with all their papers [?] a number of packs of Beaver and other Furs, and several bales[?] of Merchandise, which he found in possession of the North West Company, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. The Police Officers in Montreal were several days examining the papers, and about four or five days after the arrival of Mr M'Gillivray and the others, they were admitted to bail, to appear to take their trial at the next criminal court, or any court of Oyer and Terminer which may be appointed. Stuart (the ci-de vant Solicitor-General, who was dismissed by Sir James Craig, and at whose instance an ineffectual attempt was lately made by some misguided members of our House of Assembly to impeach Chief Justices Sewell and Monk) is one of Lord Selkirk's counsel and spoke at great length, and what his friends and admirers call very eloquently, strongly opposed their being admitted to bail, but all would not do, and they were accordingly bailed ; Mr M'Gillivray in sureties of t1000 and the others in t500, sums inconsiderable enough, advering to the high crimes and misdemeanours with which they were charged. "In the Montreal Herald you will see a very learned, and (as our neighbour Jonathan would say) a lengthy communication, signed Montius[?], setting forth the rights which the Hudson's Bay Company by their charter possess over the Countries which they have granted to Lord Selkirk, and the power vested in him of appointing Governors and other Officers to superintend and regulate the Colony. Being a masterly production, it will no doubt makes its appearance in a pamphlet, and when it does, I shall send you one, in case the papers should miscarry. It is uncertain whether the Earl will remain in the North West during the winter, or come down to Montreal ; if the latter, he must be down[?] soon[?], as the season for water-travelling will shortly close. "Montreal is now divided into two parties, one favouring the Lord, and the other the North West Company ; and with the exception of the friends of the latter, strongly in favour of his Lordship." " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to America. [ Extracted from No.15 of Cobbet's Register, published on Saturday, 12th instant ]. Cobbett's arrival in America,&c. On Wednesday evening, the 27th March, we embarked on board the Importer, D. Ogden, master, bound to New York, where we arrived on the 5th of May, with about 40 steerage passengers, farmers, and tradesmen, who were fleeing from ruin and starvation. In all respects that can be named our passage disagreeable, and upon one occasion very perilous, from lightning, which struck the ship twice, shivered two of the masts, killed a man, struck several people slightly, between two of whom I was sitting, without at all feeling the blow. Some of our fellow-passengers have found great disappointment ; and, it is stated in some of the public papers here, that many hundreds have, during the last year, accepted of the offer of our Consul at New York to go and settle in Canada. You know that I have never advised any body to emigrate. I have always said that it is no place for manufacturers ; no place for men to live without work ; no place for a farmer who does not work himself ; no place in short, for any one who is not able and willing to work at the ordinary sorts of work ; but for such men there is every where a plentiful, happy, and easy life. None should come, however, who have any views of idleness ; and even for the industrious poor, I see no reason why they should expend their last shilling, and undergo all the miseries and dangers of a sea voyage, in order to save those who eat the taxes the expence of their share of poor-rates ; a man and his wife and a child or two cannot come under the expence of 35 guineas, at least. A single man 20 guineas, before he gets into work again ; and, as I always said, I never would, if I were in the place of such a man, expend my earnings on a sea voyage, and endure all its hardships, in order to remove one eye sore out of the way of corruption. Besides, there is the climate, which is not so good as ours, though it is not bad, and people often live to an old age. The country is good, but it will easily be conceived, that new face, an entire new scene, a separation from every friend, work done in a quite different way from it is in England ; it will easily be conceived, that all this makes such a dislocation in a man's mind as to make him very unhappy for a while. Then, he cannot expect to find work the first day. He must ask first, at any rate. Englishmen are sheepish ; and, they are sure to find rascals enough here to foster their disgust, merely for the sake of serving the cause of corruption at home. In short, I advice nobody to emigrate, but I will truly describe the country and the people. As to emigrating with a view of settling and farming in the new countries, it is neither more nor less than downright madness. It is what our English farmers know nothing at all about ; it is what they are not at all fit for ; and the far greater part of all such spe culations end in disappointment, if not in ruin and premature death. I hope that our beloved country will shortly be fit for an honest and industrious man to live in ; but if any farmers come with money in their pockets, my advice is, not to give way either to enthusiastic admiration, or to instant disgust. But, to stop a little ; to look about them ; to see not only after good land, but a good market for its products. The western romance writers tell us, that the land in the Ohio is too good ; but Mr Mellish, in his valuable book, tells us, that beef and pork sell for three halfpence a pound. An excellent country for people who want to do nothing but eat. – Give me Long Island, where the land is not too good ; but where beef and pork sell for about eightpence a pound (I speak of English money); where good hay sells for five pounts a ton ; and where there is a ready market for every species of produce. One thing above all ; if an English farmer (I mean by English, people of the whole of the United Kingdom) comes here, with money in his pocket, let him resolve to keep it there for a year, and then he will be sure to do well. – All that I see around me here is well calculated to attract the attention and to please the sight of one, like myself, brought up in the country, always greatly delighted with, and somewhat skilled in, various pleasing and healthful pursuits. The The people are engaged busily in planting their Indian corn. The cherry trees, of which there are multitudes, planted in long avenues or rows, or round the fields, have dropped their blossom and begin to show their loads of fruit. The apple and pear orchards, in extent from one to twenty acres on each farm, are in full and beautiful bloom. The farms are small in extent ; no appearance of want amongst the labourers, who receive, in the country, about two shillings and threepence (our money) a-day, with board and lodging, and which board consists of plenty of excellent meat and fish of all sorts, the best of bread, butter, cheese, and eggs. That you may form some idea as to prices of living, I will state a few facts, which have already come within my own knowledge. We are at present at an inn, thirteen miles from New York. It is on the road to that city. Scarcely an hour in the day passes without a carriage of some sort offering for going thither, and to go by the regular stage costs three shillings. Mind, I shall always speak in English money, when I do not speak of dollars. We lodge and board in this inn, have each a bed-room and good bed, have a room to sit in ourselves ; we eat by ourselves ; and it really is eating. – We have smoked fish, chops, butter, and eggs, for breakfast, with bread (the very finest I ever sa), crackers, sweet cakes ; and when I say that we have such and such things, I do not mean that we get them for show, or just enough to smell to ; but in loads. Not an egg, but a dish full of eggs. Not a snip of meat or of fish ; but a plateful. Lump sugar for our tea and coffee ; not broke into little bits the size of a hazle nut, but in good thumping pieces. For dinner, we have the finest of fish, bass, mackerel, lobsters ; of meat, lamb, veal, ham &c. ; asparagus in plenty ; apple pieces (through in the middle of May). The supper is like the breakfast, with preserved peaches and other things. And with all this an excellent cyder to drink, with the kindest and most obliging treatment, on the part of the landlord and landlady, and their sons and daughters, we pay no more than 22s. 6d. a week each. In England the same food and drink and lodging at an inn would cost us nearly the same sum every day. But there are two things which no money can purchase any where. The first is, no grumbling on the part of the landlady, except on account of our eating and drinking too little ; and the other is, that Mr Wiggins has no fastening but a bit of chip run in over the latch of the door, to a house which is full of valuable things of all sorts, and about which we leave all our things much more carelessly than we should do in our own house in any part of England. Here, then are we able to live at an inn, one of the most respectable in the whole country, at the rate of fifty pounds a year, while the pay of a common farming man is not much short of that sum. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration The authenticity of the following details of the miseries endured by some German emigrants proceeding from Amsterdam to America is, we are told, guaranteed ; otherwise they are almost too shocking to admit to belief : "Libson, Nov. 4 "We have just been witnesses here of an event which has renewed those gloomy reflexions which the friends of humanity have indulged ever since the commencement of the emigration from Germany and Switzerland to America. We have deplored the error which led so great a number of unhappy persons to expartiate themselves in the hope of finding a happier lot upon the shores of the new world. But it is less to the blindness of the victims of this error, than to the abominable speculations of cupidity that we are to attribute these numerous emigrations. "the misery of the people of Germany and Switzerland, occasioned by a superabundance of population, and by the bad harvests of late years, serves for aliment to the avarice of certain men, who seek to establish criminal projects upon bases almost as obnoxious as those of the former slave trade. Such calculations deserve the attention of Governments, and it is with this view that we think is our duty to make known the fate of an expedition of this kind, fitted out at Amsterdam last August. "But we shall first transcribe, from the original, the article of the charter party relative to the power reserved by the Captain over the persons of the passengers, as inlcuding stipulations which are most characteristic of the nature of that odious traffic :– "We passengers, promise to fulfil faithfully the following conditions:– With respect to the price of the passage above stipulated, for so much as we have not yet paid, we engage to gain by our labour in America, what we owe, and we who owe the whole amount of our passage are bound, if required, and if we are unable to find better conditions, to hire ourselves for four or five years, in order to pay for our passage ; and we who have only paid for a part of our passage, equally promise to let ourselves out to work for the same time for the sum we still owe. "We promise besides, we passengers, men or women, fathers or mothers, children and families here assembled, the children for their parents, the parents for their children, the brother for his brother, and the sister for her sister, when we shall find an opportunity to employ ourselves in America, to engage ourselves in service, and to answer for one for the other one for all the others, whether he be of our family or not, so that the price of the passage be diminished or augmented as much as shall be necessary, until we all and our families have employment, and the captain be no loser by us ; knowing very well that we passengers who have children, a family, brothers, and sisters, ought all to sumbit to our wives or husbands, our children, our brothers, our sisters, being sent separately to whatever place, in order to gain, in private service, profession, or labour, or in any manner that shall be deemed best, the price of our passage ; and in order that we may not in any case refused the engagements proposed to us, or contract others without the permission not knowledge of the capain, it is agreed for those who have not yet paid for their passage, for those who still owe part, and for those who cannot find an engagement, that they must consent to me, the captain, carrying them to such place in America as it shall please me, and wherever I may find it expedient to proceed, or wherever it may suit me to sail." "These horrible conditions were signed by 300 passengers. They had contracted with the Captain of a Dutch ship, which was to proceed first to Baltimore. She in the worst state when she sailed from Amsterdam, and in defiance of the clauses of the contract, by which the Captain had engaged to feed them properly during the voyage, he had not even embarked the necessary quanitity of provisions ; for, after 62 days navigation, the leaks had so gained upon the ship, that she was in danger of sinking, and famine had already made frightful ravages. It was at the end of that time, and in this deplo rable condition, that she was forced into Belem, near Lisbon. "Long before her arrival on our coasts, the passengers had been reduced to the greatest misery, not more by the small quantity than by the bad quality of the provisions. The water was gone, and sea-water was their only drink. So much had they been wasted, that forty had already died of famine. Among the rest there were a great many sick, some of who have died since their arrival in Portugal. "The situation of the vessel had at first given great alarm to our Council of Health, who, apprehensive of contagion, were for an instant fearful that it would be necessary to force her out to sea. That would have been a misery so much the more formidable, because the ship was not in a state to keep the sea, and all must infallibly have perished. Happily this was deemed unnecessary, and a quarantine was ordered. The Regency of Lisbon determined that provisions and other succours should be furnished at the expence of the State. All the Consuls were most active and benevolent in affording assistance. "Such was the result of the expedition. Many others have, no doubt, answered as little the expectations of those who, seduced by deceitful promises have emigrated to America in search of happiness which they could not find, abandoning their country, their parents, and their friends. In July, a Hamburgh ship, with 106 Swiss passengers, was at Lisbon, in nearly the same distress with the Dutch ship. It is said here that there is a company in Holland which has numerous agents to seduce men to emigrate. It heaps them pell mell on board ships, and if they reach their destination, they are soon con vinced of the fallacy of all their hopes. "It would be a desirable thing for papers, in countries where these emigrations are excited, to insert the article relative to the charter party, given above, in order that the simple and credulous may see what they have to undergo." " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from the agent to at the Cape of Good Hope, dated 15th Nov. 1817: – "The following most daring instance of piracy was committed in our harbour on the 11th inst. viz.– The Elizabeth, White, lying at anchor off Robin Island, with about 120 tons of oil on board, was boarded at about one a. m. by a party of armed deserters from his Majesty's 10th regiment, and convicts, about 12 in number, i. e. five soldiers and seven convicts, who, after securing the hatches, &c. obtained possession of the ship, and in the same instant cut the cables, loosed the sails, and favoured by a strong S. E. wind, succeeded in carrying her off, at six a.m. The captain and crew having refused to listen to their invitation to join them in their piratical undertaking, with the exception of the mate, were permitted to leave the ship in the boat, which reached Robin Island in safety about four o'clock the same day. "By a letter received to-day we learn that the Admiral Gambier, Brash, laden with Government stores for Ceylon, was totally lost on the morning of the 20th of June last, having struck on the reef Roan de Nova, in the Mozambique Channel ; crew saved." A letter from Halifax, dated the 27th Nonember, says – " Colonel Bouchette, Surveyor - General of Lower Canada, with Captain Campbell, of the 60th regiment, and Mr Bouchette, jun. arrived here on the 19th inst. The only information I can yet give you is, that the exploring survey has been extended from the source of the St Croix river to the river Restigouche, in line about 100 miles ; in this short distance both parties experienced difficulties and sufferings of the severest nature. The Americans employed on the same line with our English Commissioners are represented as men of great ability, and acting with that spirit of liberality that infuses confidence on each side, rendering their arduous task less severe and gloomy than was to have been expected in thie untrodden wilds of this quarter. Our trade continues dull, and money scarce. Government bills are 3 per cent advance, but expected to be lower, in consequence of the Commissary-General having refused to take the provincial notes." Fire in Sheerness Dock-Yard –On Friday night, about half-past nine o'clock, this place was thrown into the greatest consternation, by the ringing of the alarm bells in the dock-yard, the beating of drums, and the firing of the men of war's guns. It was occasioned by a fire having broken out in the house belonging to the steam engine erected for carrying on the new works situated in the southern part of the dock - yard, near the kilns used for burning cement stone. The most serious apprehensions were entertained for the safety of the arsenal ; and what was more distressing to the feelings of the spectators, was its coniguity to the workhouse, which, from the pressure of the times and want of employment, is crowded with many unfortunate individuals. Providence, however, averted the impending danger, and about twelve o'clock we had the pleasure of seeing the raging flames subdued, with only the loss of the engine-house. No lives, it is understood, have been lost, but one poor man is severely hurt. Captain Walker of the Northumberland, and the officers of that ship, Liutenant Griffin of the Swan cutter, and Captain Brown and the officers of the Ordinary, with the military officers and soldiers of the garrison, assembled on the first alarm. The latter were under arms the whole time, and were of great service in keeping off the spectators. The inhabitants of the twon were at one time under serious apprehensions, as the fire was not far from the Fountain tavern, and the residence of Mr Miller, in High Street. At the former, the landlady of the house had but recently lain in, and was removed on the first alarm being given. Sir Robert Barlow, from Chatham, who superintends during the absence of Commissioner Boyle, was here yesterday to investiage into the cause, which it is suspected arose from carlessness – The damage, however, has not been so great as was at first expected, and which it might have been but for the prompt and effectual assistance that was given – Sheerness, January 11 " . | |
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| sap:body "New York and other American papers have been received to the 20th December: – In the house of Representatives, on the 9th, Mr Johnson brought forward a series of resolutions relative to the military establish, the principal of which is the following: – "That the military peace establishment of the United States shall consist hereafter of eight thousand men, including the corps of invalids. Provided that the corps of engineers, the General Staff and Ordnance Department shall be retained, as at present established. Provided also, that no part of the army shall be disbanded in consequence of said reduction, but the same shall be effected by permitting vacancies, as they occur, to remain – That it is expedient to provide by law for an additional national armoury, to be located on the western waters. That it is expedient to organise by law a corps of invalids, to be composed of one thousand men." The following resolution relative to foreign seamen was also proposed, and adopted without opposition : "Resolved. That the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures be instructed to inquire into the expediency of providing by law for the apprehending and securing foreign seamen deserting from foreign vessels while in the ports of the United States, contrary to their engagements to serve on board such vessels." " . | |
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| sap:body "Irish Emigrants. New York, Nov. 27. Nothing scarcely can be conceived more distressing than the situation of an unfriended stranger arrived here, from across the Atlantic, without the means of helping himself, and without even enough of acquaintance with the men and things about him to enable him to judge what path he should take to secure him the miseries of absolute want. Such, however, is actually the situation of hundres who annually land on our shores. To provide for those forlorn beings, several attempts have been made by associations of humane individuals here, but nothing hitherto has appeared to promising as that of which an account here follows: – At a meeting of Irishmen, and descendents of Irishmen, held at Harmony Hall, on Tuesday the 25th instant, for the purpose of promoting a Settlement of Irish Emigrants; Andrew Morris, Chairman, WM. Sampson, Secretary ; Upon the motion of Thomas Addis Emmett, the circular previously issues on this subject was read by the Secretary : – Circular It is a sentiment long felt, and often expressed, that something should be undertaken on behald of the emigrants who flock to these shores. Without any fixed destination, they remain in the sea port, until beocming victims of bad counsel and bad example, they lose the pure and honest energies with which they left their native land, and suffer worse than shipwreck in their moral qualities. The Government of this great Republic is well aware of the advantage to be derived from so great a mass of laborious industry, when usefully directed and employed–and of adding to the nation's strength, men whose attachment to the institutions of this country is assured by so many ties. But it is in the order of things, that some of the friends, particularly the countrymen of these emigrants, who have been some time established and known, should come forward to attest the necessity, and guarantee the solidity of the enterprise. If his has not been done sooner, it is because every advance in social improvement must come in its season. it is the ripeness of the occasion, and the voice of the times that now speak. It has been remarked that among the lands nows open for sale and settlement, there are some tracks, particularly in the Illionois territory, where the Irish emigrant, with the instruments to which his hands are accustomed, and in a climate congenial to his habits, might procure to himself immediate shelter and subsistence–and, in a few years, be able to repay with gratitude the benefits conferred on him. We, whose names are undersigned, have met to consult upon the means of promoting some establishment that might be a rallying point for the distressed, and give to the wanderer a habitation and a home. We have thought of no better way than to address, by this circular, the friends and well wishers of Ireland, who co-operation might give most weight to the measure, and to submit, whether it might not be advisable to join all our efforts, and petition Congress early in the ensuing session, for a grant of a suitable track, upon a credit of 14 or 15 years, subject to such conditions and modifications as the Government may see most fitting. to the Government we would offer no deceptive, delusive, or precarious motive, rather chusing to make its wisdom, benignity, and patriotism, the anchor of our hope. We request of our, if you approve of our sentiment and of our project, to advance and promote it by your best endeavours ; either by forming organized associations, or by obtaining individual signatures, to a petition to the effect stated. We have not yet been able to digest a plan, and have rather chosen to make this humble beginning, in hopes that we should soon receive additional light upon the subject from cor respondence we solicit. We shall, nevertheless, proceed to investigate the subject, and challenge the co-operation of good and respectable men, and request of you to do the same. You will please address your answers, and any future correspondence, to Mr James Moffit, No. 15. Frankfort Street New York. Thomas Addit Emmet. Denis M'Carthy, William Sampson, John R. Skiddy, James R. Mullaney, John Meyher, William James M'Neven, Cornelius Heeny, Matthew Carroll, Robert Swanton, James Moffit. New York, Nov 18, 1817 Mr Emmet then stated, that he had been requested by the gentlemen who called this meeting, to explain the objects for which it was convenued ; that it could not be necessary to expatiate before those he was now addressin, on the situation of the peasantry and farmers in Ireland ; it was at present one of unqualified misetry, partly occasioned by their local oppressions, and partly by the general calamities of Europe ; it compelled them to fly to these shores in such numbers, and under the pressure of so great poverty, that the most active individual benevolevence could neither provide them with a sufficient present succour, nor procure for them, within a reasonable time, the means of permanent settlement. The consequence was, that many of those unfortunate strangers were totally lost to this county, or forced by want to become noxious and dangerous to its cities, whose original dispositions and qualifications, if rightly directed and employed, would have made them valuable and useful members of the community. Besides, the accounts transmitted back to Ireland of their disappointments and destitute situations, deferred many who were suffering at home the extreme of wretchedness, from endeavouring to better their condition in this more fortunate and favoured land–to the political institutions of which they were also more strongly attached. A very painful reflection on these circumstances had suggested to come gentlemen then present the hope that the general Government might be induced, by a strong and united application, to grant a portion of its unsettled lands on terms liberal and bountiful, so that an asylum might be formed for industrious and enterprising farmers, who would gladly fly from famine and persecution to a spot where the sweat of their brows falling on a fertile soil would yield them a rich harvest, for their own exclusive benefit, and where they might peacefully enjoy all the blessings of that republication liberty they loved. The time for making such an application seemed auspicious ; party asperities had softened fown, and probably few would now be led by political prejudices to give it opposition. Neither was it unprecedented ; a favour nearly similar had been granted to the French emigrants, and to settlers from Switzerland. It is true we could not forth a pretence like the cultivation of the vine or the olive ; and we would not succeed by practising any delusion. We could offer nothing but an immediate accession of industrious and hardy settlers, who in a congenial soil and climate would become enthusiastically attached to the country and the Government from whence they derived all their blessings, and, wherever they were found, would form a barrier against every enemy. Much might undoubtedly be expected from the generous sympathy which the sorrows and sufferings of Ireland had everywhere excited in the United States, and from the acknowledged liberality of its Constituted Authorities ; but very forcible arguments might also be addressed to its policy and interest. Not only those that in the ordinary course of events would arrive here, whose usefulness is lost by the want of proper direction, and who become burdens or scourges to our cities, would be rescued and placed in a situation where all the energies of active and enterprising minds would be serviceable to themselves and the community ; but also the very fact that such an asylum was open and accessible, would infinitely increase the amount of emigration from Ireland, and people our wildernesses with incalculable rapidity. The place upon which we have fixed our eyes is in the Illinois territory–it has been lately purchased, and is not yet even surveyed. In the ordinary course of events, it is not likely to be brought into market (at least to any extent) for many years ; but if Congress listen to our application, and grant to the settlers an extended credit, Government will receive payment for the land probably as soon as if it were suffered to remain unheeded till its regular turn for sale came round. A large body of settlers will be enabled to grow rich during the time that the land would otherwise be waste and unproductive, and the value of all the contiguous property belonging to the United States would be rapidly and immensely increased, to say nothing of the advantages resulting from the strength of such a settled frontier. All these considerations may be strongly urged by men, who can most truly say they are actuated by no views of personal speculation or emolument ; who are willing to enter into all the labour of procuring settlers and organising the establishment, without any prospect of gain, or even compensation, except as to what may be necessary for defraying the expences of the undertaking ; and who are desirous that the actual settlers should enjoy all the advantages which Government may be willing to grant. These are our views–we conceive that they may be realized, if supported by an united and active co-operation of those who think like us in other parts of the Union. We are, therefore, desirous of adopting and pointing out to others what seems to be the best mode of giving system to that co-operation ; namely, the formation of societies totally divested of all party or political feelings, and directing the attention only to this object. There are already a sufficient number of political institutions in every State, in which the zealous partizan (be his opinions what they may) can act on them to their fullest extent. Let these societies be neutral groun, or rather consecrated places, in which, when we meet, we lay aside all our hostilities, and join as brothers in our prayers and offerings at the shrine of our common worship. They are consecrated to every man amongst us, by the purity of their object, by our earliest recollections, by our unbroken affection, and our strongest sympathies– by the unextinguished love of our native land, for which most of us have already renounced all sectarian antipathies and religious animosities ; which we offer as a solemn pledge to the country of our adoption, that our hearts will be always alive, from temperament as well as prin ciple, to the emotions of patriotism ; and that those amongst us who have pledged their faith to her, however they may seem to differ on some minor political subjects, will always be found firmly ranged and united under the same banners, and forming one phalanx whenever her more important interests are concerned. Mr Emmet then moved four resolutions, which being severally put, were carried with some slight amendments as follow :– 1. Resolved–That it is expedient to form a Society of Irishmen and descendents of Irishmen, for the purpose of endeavouring to procure from Congress a track of land in the Illinois territory, to be settled by emigrants from Ireland. 2. Resolved–That every person of the foregoing description, who shall, on or before the second day of December next, pay to the Secretary of this Meeting the sum of five dollars, shall be entitled to become a Member of the said Society, until the number of subscribers shall have amounted to one hundred, after which time the subscribers shall be at liberty to elect their own officers and no person shall afterwards be admitted except by ballot. 3. Resolved–That it be recommended in Irishmen, and the descendents of Irishmen, in the other cities and towns of the Union, to form similar societies for the purpose of corresponding and co-operating with that which is about to be formed in this city. 4. Resolved–That, as the meeting of Congress will shortly take place, and in order to prevent the less of time, a Committee of fifteen be appointed to prepare the outlines of a memorial to that body, to be submitted to the consideration of the Society, when formed and organized ; and also to adopt such measures as they may think expedient for promoting and accelebrating the organization of that Society. Mr John W. Mulligan, in seconding Mr Emmet's motion, expressed, in handsome terms, how much he was gratified by the invitation to attend, had given him the opportunity of claiming his title of descendent of an Irishman. A Committee was then appointed, pursuant to the fourth resolution, the number being, upon motion and discussion, augmented to twentyone. Committee –Andrew Morris, Thomas Addis Emmet, William Sampson, John W. Mulligan, Thomas Kirk, James Moffit, Robert Swanton, Matthew Carroll, William James M'Neven, Captain Skiddy, Dennic M'Carthy, John Meyher, James M'Bride, Cornelius Heeney, William Paterson, Colonel Mulaney, David Bryson, Captain O'Sullivan, James J. M'Donnell, Dennis H. Doyle, James Hayes. A subscription paper being then opened, a number of those present subscribed their names and paid five dollars as their initiation fee, and became members of the association. Those persons who wish to become original members may do so by signing their names and paying their subscription to the Secretary before 2d December, pursuant to the second resolution. After the meeting was adjourned, the Committee organized itself, and appointed Sub-Committees, to report a draft of a constitution and a memorial to Congress, and for the discharge of other requisite duties. " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Extract of a letter from a Mercantile House in Nova Scotia, to their Correspondents in this quarter. "We sincerely hope that the Duties Government had in contemplation (last year) to impose upon Timber imported into Great Britain and Ireland, from the British North American Provinces, equal to the additional duty imposed on Foreign Timber in 1813 will be further suspended. "Our[?] commercial system chiefly depends upon the encouragement of the Timber branch ; ships that carry away that article[?] bring us [?] at a low freight, whereby we are enabled to furnish the British West India Islands with an abundant supply of Fish[?], and that on very moderate terms ; but, in the event of Government persisting in imposing the Duty on Timber from hence, that branch of our trade will inevitably revert to the Americans, besides being the ruin of many in this and in the neighbouring Provinces. "The supposed revenue that would accrue to the mother country, upon trial, will be found delusive ; to prove this, many obvious[?] reasons can be adduced : As the trade now exists, all the Timber extracted from these Colonies to Great Britain and Ireland is paid for in British Manufactures ; the export of so bulky an article as Timber, and the import of so ponderous an article as [?], employs[?] an immense number of British ships ; objects certainly of more real value to the revenue of Britain than any benefit they could possibly derive from direct Duties imposed on the export of Timber from British North America. It cannot be denied that previous to 1813, when the additional Duty was laid on Foreign Timber, they (the Foreigners) were not only the carriers, but would not accept an ounce of British Manufacture in payment for their TImber–no, nothing but you gold[?] which was so much in demand, that 28s. was given for a [?]. Another very cogent reason [?] be advanced in favour of what is commonly denominated the Timber Trade from these Provinces ; it facilitates emigration, and introduces many valuable settlers into this Province, and the Canadas, that would go to the States of America ; and the day is perhaps not so far distant when they would of accessity[?] become our enemies. "When Great Britain was first involved in war with the eastern countries, from whence the principal supply of Timber was derived, the merchants in that line[?], as well as the ship-masters were not only alarmed, but convinced themselves ruined ! The Baltic is shut[?], what shall we do for Timber, and with our ships? They properly concluded that perhaps the British Provinces could supply them ; they made the experiment, they were not disappointed–but succeeded far beyond their expectations. If therefore, in time of war, Britain has took to her colonies for a supply of such a necessary article as Wood ; it is not reasonable for us to conclude that their interests will not be wholly neglected, when blessed with peace." Extract of a Letter, dated Savannah, 25th Nov. 1817 "In the Southern States, this autumn has been the most fatal they have experienced since their colonization. Many thousands have been hurried off to that " narrow house" destined for all that live. A most malignant fever has prevailed to an alarming extent. In this city, during the last four months, the deaths have been equal to one-eights of the inhabitants left in it ; and in Beaufort (S. Carolina) and in some of the Southern Counties, the morality has exceeded one-sixth!" " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Papers from Upper Canada contain the draft of a petition to the Prince Regent, founded on the resolutions adopted in the province of Niagara, where some discontent has been manifested. The first part is as follows:– "To his Royal Highness George Prince of Wales, Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c. the humble Address of the Inhabitants of Upper Canada May it please your Royal Highness, "The subjects of your Royal Father, dwelling in Upper Canada, should need no words to give assurance of their loyalty, if the whole truth had reached the throne of their Sovereign. His subjects have reason to believe that the truth has not been told. During three years of war, Upper Canada was exposed to the ravages of a powerful and inveterate foe. The Government of the United States had been long concerting the invasion of this province. Hostile preparations against it had been long masked under other designs ; and at last the accumulated torrent of violence burst on the defencless children of the British empire. Nor were they assailed by the weapons of war alone ; an invidious proclamation preceded those host of the enemy, forgetful of honour, regardless of humanity, and daring to seduce the subjects of Britain from their true allegiance. The subjects of Britain remained dauntless and firm. It was not for their property that they rose against their invaders ; the invader would have spared to them their property. They flew to arms in defence of the rights and sovereignty of Britain. Twice has the American standard been planted in Upper Canada, while yet but a handful of British troops aided the native battalions wave the laurel of victory over the protrate intruders on their soil. The second year of war saw Canada contending with yet little assistance from the parent state. The second year of the war saw her sons confirmed in their virtue, and still more determined to resist. Wives and children had fled from their homes ; the face of the country was laid waste, and the fire of revenge was sent forth to consummate distress and misery ; still was the spirit of the people unextinguished, still did it burn with patriotism and loyalty. "By the third year every risk of conquest was at an end, for now the British aid poured into the provinces, and peace was proclaimed when war was no longer to be feared. "It is now more than three years since there was an end of war, but, strange to say, these years of peace have manifested no appearance of affection or care from the mother country to the Canadas. Commercial treaties have been made, altogether neglectful of British interests here. Government transactions, which used to give spirit to trade and are at a stand; troops are withdrawn ; fortifications are suffered to go to ruin ; and rumours are abroad too shocking to be repeated in the Royal ear. May it please your Royal Highness to listen calmly to the complains and grievances of the people of Upper Canada who are fully assured that your Royal Highness has been kept ignorant of most important truths ; who are well assured of the generous disposition of your Royal heart, and of your desire that British subjects should every where share equally you paternal regard an affection. "It was a matter of much provocation to the people of the province to see, even during the war, which afforded such striking proofs of their loyalty and valour, reports went home highly rating the merits of regular troops, while the tribute due to Canadian levies were unfairly set down, may, the principles of the most loyal subjects here were often stigmatised by British officers, ignorant of human character, and still more so of circumstances which affect it in this part of the world. It was not so with the immortal Brock. He justly appreciated Canadian worth, and his memory will happily long cherish, in the minds of the Canadian people, a due regard for the genuine spirit of a British solider, at once generous and brave. "The loyal inhabitants of Upper Canada would disdain to notice the misrepresentations of individuals, so contrary to notorious truth, if these had not obviously conspired with other causes to lessen the regard which should subsist between British subjects here and at home, to influence the conduct of Ministers towards the general interests of the province. "The loyal subjects of his Majesty in Upper Canada suffered grievously during the war in their property, and many were bereft of their all. A solemn investigation on this subject took place ; the claims of the sufferers were authenticated, and there was every reason to expect that recompence would immediately follow ; yet nothing has followed but delay and insult. Surely if there is among mankind a single principle of justice, that is one, that the individuals of a nation ought not, partially, to bear the weight of public calamity. Surely individuals who have exposed their lives for Government should not be disgusted with finding Government regardless of those very principles which it is intended to sustain. The people of this province are well aware that their fellow subjects at home are pressed hard with taxations, and far it is from their wish that relief should be afford from thence. Canada contains within itself ample means of exonerating Government from the claims of sufferers by war ; and it is within the fiat[?] of your Royal Highness to remove, by a signle breath, the evil now justly complained of. Millions of acres of fertile lands lie here at the disposal of your Royal Highness, upon the credit of which, under proper management, not only the fair claims of loyal sufferers could be instantly advanced, but vast sums could be raised for the improvement of the provinces, and the increase of revenue to Britain. "Another grievance, manifesting the neglect of Government to the concerns of Upper Canada, is equally notorious, and must be still more abhorrent to the general feelings of your Royal Highness. "The young men of this province, who were armed in its defence had, for their spirited conduct, the promise of their commanders, that land would be granted them as a reward for their services, as soon as war was terminated ; and after this promise was universaly confided in the Parliament of Upper Canada passed an extraordinary law, in the face of established British principles, that militia should pass beyond the frontier. With these promises, and in obedience to this law, the militia passed beyond the frontier with alacrity ; yet since the peace, the greater part of them had been denied the pledge of their extraordinary services, and the land is unjudtly withheld." The petition further states that such ingratitude, such dishonour, such errors in policy, could not exist without extraordinary influences, and it recommends most important changes equally for the glory of the throne, and benefit of the subject. It says that the scandalous abuses came some years ago to such a pitch of monstrous ingratitude, the the home Ministers wisely imposed restriction on the Land Council of Upper Canada. It seems, however, that all this was insufficient, and that confusion on confusion has grown out of this unhappy system. Upper Canada, it is now said, pines in comparative decay, and that discontent and poverty are experienced in a land supremely blessed with the gifts of nature. It is insisted that the immediate interference of his Royal Highness might do much to remove the evils which spring from the system of patronage and favouritism, and it asserts that the interposition of the British Parliament is more imperiously required. It concludes as follows:–" Deeply penetrated with these sentiments, and most seriously inclined to have changes speedily effected, the loyal subjects of Great Britain dwelling in Upper Canada now take the extraordinary step of sending home Commissioners to bear this to the throne, and humbly intreat your Royal Highness to give ear to the details which it will be in their power to relate: above all, that your Royal Highness would immediately send out to this province a commission, consisting of discreet and wise men, men of business and talent, who shall be above every influence here, and who may be instructed to make inquiry into all the sources of evil. " . | |
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| sap:body "American Papers From the Trenton Federalist, June 8 "The seizure, trial, and execution of two men, said to be British subjects, by our military folks, who lately invaded, the Spanish Territory, seems to be confirmed by accounts from the south, with a lament added thereto, that another of the same nation had not been catched and killed. If these accounts should prove true, I think the President will as good reason for recommending to Congress, at the next session, the abolition of the army, as he had at the last, for doing away the naval forces on the lakes– because it was more likely to involve us in war, than to give us security and peace. A little while ago we made quite a bluster and noise because the King of Spain had imprisoned one of our citizens at Cadiz; but the nation seems to rest very easy at present with the above named executions. Why?–because the wrong is committed by us, not against us." Extract of a letter, dated Washington city, June 2. 1818:–" The British Consul-General, A. St. John Baker, is about to depart for Europe; the ostensible cause of his departure is the recovery of his health, but it is sufficient to look in his face to see that it is only a common diplomatic disease, which may be aggravated or cured at discretion ; the real object is diplomatic ; the English Cabinet has expressed some hesitation in regard to certain subjects in Mr Bagot's dispatches ; the speculation carrying on between the Spanish agents and some persons in this place opens a field of corruption so wide and comprehensive. Mr Baker goes prepared to state the facts, from his immediate knowledge ; for no man is better acquainted with men and things here.– The Chevalier Colonel Sarmiento is also preparing to visit Madrid, but his business appears to relate to mercantile affairs of some Americans on the west coast ; he received 27,000 dollars for one service of this king, but the object for which he received the douceur failed, and he will not refund." Treasury Department. Washington, May 25, 1818. SIR–The act of Congress, "concerning navigation," hereto annexed, which is to take effect the first day of October next, so materially changes the commerce of the United States with the colonies and territories of Britannic Majesty, thata due regard to the convenience and interest of those engaged in it requires that the construction of the act should at this time be determined. According to the term used un ther the first section of the act, every port or place in the British colonies and territories in the West Indies, and on the continent of America, must be considered as closed against vessels of the United States, to which they are not by act of Parliament permitted to carry on the same trade, both in exports and imports, which is now, or shall be, carried on in British vessels between the ports of the United States and the ports of any British colony or territory. The permissions by act of Parliament to vessels of the United States to go in ballast to Turk's Island, and bring away salt, or to carry certain articles to one or more of the Bahama Islands, and bring away salt, and a few other articles, cannot be considered as opening the ports of those islands to the vessels of the United States, according to the intention of the act of Congress, whilst British vessels are permitted to carry on the same trade in articles prohibited to vessels of the United States. It may be proper to observe, that the prohibition in the first section applies equally to vessels whether in ballast or with cargoes. The form of the bond required by the second section of the act is hereunto annexed. It is expected that proper circumspection will be exercised in requiring a security, as much of the efficacy of the act will depend upon the judicious discharge of this part of your duty. I am, very respectfully, Sir, your most obedient servant, Wm. H. Crawford. Collector of the Port of Alexandria, D.C. From the Philadelphia Gazette. Extract of a Letter, dated Laguira, May 11. "General Morillo has obtained a victory at Coxeder, eleven leagues from St Carlos, over Paez, who had under his command about 1500 cavalry, and 600 or 800 infantry, out of which 1000 men were killed, and 400 horses and three stand of colours taken. The Spaniards lost 100 in killed and wounded. This took place on the 2d instant." Extract of a letter, dated from St Thomas, 26th May. "We have the official news here from Caraccas, that another battle had been fought on the 11th instant, about 20 leagues west from San Carlos, in which both parties seem to have fought with desperation. The Spaniards say that the Patriots are totally defeated, but acknowledge the loss of many first rate officers. The Commander in Chief of the Royal army engaged (De La Torre) is severely wounded, and his Aid-deCamp (Colonel Villars), and about 20 officers killed and wounded. It is said that the pass (Calabosa) is again in the hands of the Royalists. The Royal Commander in Chief (Morillo) has " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada The inhabitants of Upper Canada have had another meeting, under the title of a Convention at York ; when they came to the following resolutions ; Richard Beasely, Esq. in the chair :– "Resolved–1. That whilst this Convention holds it one one of the most sacred right of British subjects at all times directly to petition the throne of their Sovereign relative to their grievances, yet nevertheless, under the present peculiar existing circumstances of this country, the Members of this Convention, as well out of respect to that Honourable Body the Commons House of Assembly of Upper Canada, as for other causes, deem it their indispensable duty, on this important occasion, to recommend in the strongest terms to their fellow subjects resident in this province, a spirit, formal, and respectful application to that Honourable House, for an inquiry into the state of the province. "2. That John Clarke Cyrus Sumner, and Roderick Drake, Esqs. be a permanent Committee, for the management of the affairs of the Convention, and that they, as soon as may be practicable, prepare a respectful petition, praying for inquiring, and expressive of grievances (for the sanction of this Convention), to be by them circulated for subscribers, and presented at the bar of the House of Assembly at their next meeting session. That the said Committee be further authorised to frame and Address to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, on the subject of grievances believed to exist in Upper Canada, which, when approved of by the Convention, shall be submitted by the Committee, together with the petition above mentioned, to the Honourable House of Assembly, at their next meeting, for their alterationg and amendment." Mr Gourlay, who has had so instrumental a hand in instigating these proceedings, is stated to have been arrested and held to bail, at Kingston, for distributing a printed account of the state of grievances of the people of the Niagara district ; and this by direction of the AttorneyGeneral of the province, who is reported to have influenced the Justice who signed the warrant, by certain threats of vengeance if he refused. Another report is mentioned as being in circulation, namely, that official instruction have been sent to particular Magistrates, to take notice of, and transmit to Government, the names of all persons holding commissions, civil or military, who engage in the measures of petitioning the Prince Regent, as recommended by Mr Gourlay, in order that they may be removed from their offices. "The Upper Canada Convention met at York on the 6th inst. under the Presidency of Richard Bearly, Esq. J. P. It has styled itself a Convention of Friends to Free Inquiry, and resolved to change the proposed plan of sending deputies to England with a petition to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, confining itself to an application to the House of Assembly for an inquiry into the state of the province, and a petition to his Royal Highness, to be presented to Sir Peregrine Maitland for transmission.– From the Quebec Gazette of July 31. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Emigration to America" ; | |
| sap:body "Our paper of Thursday last contained a general view of some of the most popular publications on the subject of emigration, and we shall now endeavour briefly to make an estimate of the good and evil which is likely to befall those who embark in this hazardous adventure. There is one important fact which we gather from all the accounts of America, whether written for the purpose of praise or censure, namely, that there is a great demand for labour, and that wages are high, and this effect is necessarily produced y the vast space of fertile and unoccupied territory which lies westward of the United States towards the Pacific Ocean. It is this vacant territory which is the true spring of this American community. Here is the grand outlet for the superflouous population both of the eastern states of America and of Europe. To cultivate this waste there is a constant demand for new labourers ; wages are, of course, high – the labourer lives in comfort, and, if he is industrious, he becomes in his turn a purchaser of land from the savings which he accumulates. If labour should become more plentiful, and wages should fall, this is the signal for new emigrations ; and thus, this constant demand for labour in the western districts regulates its general price throughout the United States. In these circumstrances it is clear that a labourer, provided he can reach this advantageous market for his labour, will unquestionably improve his condition. But herein lies the difficulty. A labourer has seldom the means of of subsistence so far beforehand as to enable him to undertake so long a journey ; and, if he enters upon the enterprise with insufficient means, he is liable to starve before he can transport himself to his ultimate destination, or he is forced to contract, for immediate subsistence, obligations little short of servitude, under the weight of which he is grievously oppressed. These, then form strong objections to emigrations in the case of those who are stinted to their means ; but where these objections can be surmounted, those who can transport their labour from the overstocked market of Europe to the understocked market of America, will unquestionably dispose of it to better advantage ; but if they have not the means, they may as furely fail in the attempt, and draw upon themselves aggravated misery and want. As to the consequences of emigration to this country, we hold them rather to be beneficial than otherwise, and we cannot easily account for the very absurd alarm which has been propagated on this subject. The evil in Europe is, that every country is overcrowded with labourers, who cannot find employment ; and is it not manifest, therefore, that the withdrawing of some of these will make more room for the labourers that remain – that the loss of those useless hands will rather be a relief to the body politic, and will diffuse greater soundness and vigour through all its parts? That these effects will follow from emigration in this or in any other country in Europe we cannot doubt – and that the labourer, if he can afford the expence of the journey, will receive higher wages in America than in this country, is equally clear. There is another class of adventurers who may possibly improve their circumstances by emigration, although this is not so certain, namely, farmers with a moderate capital. An allotment of land may be purchased in the back parts of America at the Government price of two dollars per acre, and an emigrant who can afford to but and to cultivate 100 or 200 acres, and acts with proper judgement and skill, may undoubtedly, by a speculation of this sort, be sure of a subsistence, while, by the continued emigrations from the eastern states, the country being quickly settled all around him, his property is daily improving in value. But a want of judgement in the purchase, or a want of ability to cultivate the land after it is purchased, may involve him in irrecoverable distress and ruin ; and to avoid these hazards no little discrimination and prudence is necessary. Such are some of the most striking advantages of emigration, and we shall now state some of its disadvantages. The first, and chief of these, is the difficulty of effecting a settlement, and of subsisting until the land which is purchased yields its first produce. The country is partly open ground, or prairie, as it is called, or it is covered with almost boundless forests. A settlement in the woods requires incredible labour to clear it – labour is dear, and not easily procured, and this herculean task naturally devolves on the head of the family, who is forced during the day to ply the axe in this laborious drudgery of felling trees, and afterwards to follow the chace for a meal to his family. Here he must frequently sleep out in the woods ; and his body, exhausted with his day's labour, is exposed to the cold dews of night ; under such unintermitted toil his health declines, and it is obvious that his family, deprived even for a single day of his exertions, must be reduced to the most deplorable straits. In many parts the country which is marked out for emigrants is extremely unhealthy, in particular the banks of all the navigable rivers, which afford the most eligible settlements both in point of fertility and situation, are exposed to the most fatal maladies. The same causes which produce fertility produce disease. The overflowing of the waters, from the autumnal and spring floods, fertilise the land in a most wonderful degree ; but the exhalations of these stagnant waters, under a burning sun, are as fatal to the health as the deposits which they leave are favourable to the soil. Hence the many minute directions which are given to all emigrants in regard to their health. In a letter contained in the Emigrant's Guide, we have the following advice to those who are descending the Ohio : " If the weather becomes warm, guard well against the smell of bilge water. But if you must descend in the spring, go early – avoid all delay, and remember you are fleeing for your lives. I have seen the havoc, and I believed it not till then." Again it is observed, " Let nothing tempt you to fish in warm weather, immediately on changing your climate. The effluvia of the shores is poison." To a European emigran the climate must be, of course, even more fatal ; and he either therefore lose his health, or he must be continually tormented with anxiously taking care of it, which makes it a question whether it is worth having on such terms. Such are the hardships through which, if he has strength to endure them, he at length emerges into ease and independence. These hardships, however, will no doubt be in a great measure avoided, or at least mitigated, if he has beforehand provided the means of subsistence until he can derive regular supplies from his own land. In this case he is less liable to be dislodged from his situation by the casualties to which all emigrants are necessarily exposed. – He is secured against the hardships of a first settlement, and is more certain of attaining the wished for object of ease and affluence – To a farmer, therefore, or a labourer, emigration presents a fair chance of a permanent settlement, provided it is gone about with ordinary caution, and the necessary degree of energy be exerted to insure success. But it is a gross delusion to imagine that an elysium is to be found in the United States, or that mankind exist there on any more favourable terms than in this country, and those who set out on any such visionary schemes are sure to meet with a woeful disappointment. With regard to other classes of society, it does not appear that they will improve their condition by emigration to America ; there is no demand for clerks or professional men of any sort, and no merchant has any thing to expect by removing his capital to the United States. In the back settlements there is a demand for schoolmasters to teach the ordinary branches of education, and several emigrants of this class have met with good encouragement. In regard to the essential article of comfort, it is apparent, from all the best information on the subject, that a person long resident in this country would change for the worse by an emigration to the United States. He would, in the first place, suffer extremely from the climate, from the extreme cold of winter and the raging heat of summer, the thermometer frequently standing at 98 degrees in the share, with a clear sky and broiling sun, and very little abatement of this exsessive heat being experienced through the night. His frame, accustomed to the more temperate, though unsettled climate of this country, runs the risk of being debilitated by the change, and at all events he must suffer extremely in his enjoyments and in his spirit from this cause. Nor, we should imagine, would the manners of the people in the back parts be found very agreeable or polished. It is admitted on all hands, both by those who are favourable and those who are unfavourable to the Americans, that if there is not, as in Europe, gross ignorance and debasement on the one hand, neither is there on the other any thing much exalted above the ordinary level. But the inferences which arise from this established fact are strongly in favour of Europe. The grossness of vice and ignorance carries a sure antidote to its corruptions in the disgust which it excites : such examples are not so potent to debase, as examples of a different sort are to purify and exalt. There is little risk that society will be contaminated by what is low and debased ; but on the other hand, there is a certainty that what is exalted and illustrious in literature, science, taste, accomplishments, or fashion, will exercise a powerful influence on the general state of manners. We naturally copy what we admire, and those great and shining examples constitute a standard to which the whole system of life and manners has a tacit reference. In the United States they have no such models – they do not aim at so high a standard, and taste and manners are therefore necessarily at a lower ebb than in Europe – Hence all accounts agree in reprobating the extreme filthy habits which universally prevail ; and Cobbett, who will be suspected of too great partiality to this country, draws a contrast between the inhabitants of Hampshire and those of the United States, in which he places this vice of the American manners in strong colours ; and he adds, as his reason for this, that they have no gentlemen's seats, with the fine improvements of pleasure grounds, &c. dispersed through the country, as models of taste and neatness for the inferior classes, and it is to the same principles that we may trace other defects in their manners, namely, that they have no proper models on which to form themselves. Hence, excepting in the principal cities, we may safely conclude, from all the information we have received on the subject, that society has not reach the same degree of refinement as in this country. An emigrant accustomed to live in Britain would also feel the disavantages of American society strong in this, that here, in so closely peopled a community, surrounded with all sorts of refinements, life is assisted by such a variety of helps, that it glides down the smooth stream of comfort and convenience, without ever meeting with a single interruption. It is astonishing to what a pitch of improvement a society is brough, abounding in wealth and in all the mechanical arts, and where the ingenuity of thousands is incessantly on the rack to set on foot new devices for the common good. We are not duly sensible of the advantages of this, because, like other advantages, they are familiar to us by long habit, and we begin to imagine that they are inherent in the natural constitution of things. But when we are suddenly transplanted into a new community, abounding indeed in subsistence, but deficient in all comforts – where only the coarsest mechanic arts are practised – where the inhabitants are so widely dispersed, that their common exertions cannot be made available for the common good, we find life interrupted at every turn. In our former society, if we had not the previous secret of transmuting all things into gold, we had at least the power of transmuting gold into every thing else. But here the power of money is limited. We must indeed pay for services, but we must also beg for them ; and thus we go on fretting and tormenting ourselves under petty incommodities, which in this country would be remedied as soon as they were felt. It is incon ceivable how much inconvenience and discomfort and real unhappiness may spring from this cause. In this country, by long habit and pracrice and continual improvement, every thing has fallen into its right place – each individual has a separate task assigned him in the joint task of labouring for the general benefit – and the industry of all, however variously directed, tends to one common end. There is a perfect unity of effort. We all labour in common – we combine our efforts that they may yield the largest possible produce, and this produce is accurately shared among the various members of the community, each receiving the share to which his labour entitles him. Such is substantially the process by which commerce diffuses the benefits of industry over every civilized community. – Money is the instrument by which this division is effected. Every one who labours has the value of his labour ascertained in money, which is a draft upon the common stock for whatever quantity of necessaries and luxuries he is entitled to ; and all these complicated operations are executed with a regularity almost mechanical. But in a community newly forming there is a want of unity and combination – all the members labour indeed, but no one has his proper part assigned him – there is a jostling and an interference with each other – and when they come to divide, some have too much, and some too little, of certain articles – the stock is ill assorted, and money will not execute its functions. Hence disorder arises, and inconvience and awkward wants, and an individual suddenly removed into this region of discomfort from the happier climate of a highly improved community, must be annoyed with feeling in the highest degree gloomy and disagreeable. He must have the same sensation as a person who quits an elegant mansion, fitted up with every comfort and convenience, for one of inferior quality and coarsely finished, where he is exposed to a thousand annoyances every minute. It is observed by Dr Johnson, that the evil of life does not consist in any sudden and overwhelming crash of misery, but in a series of petty discomforts amd mischiefs continually preying upon the temper. The truth of this maxim, those who emigrate from this country to the back woods of America, will have a good opportunity of verifying. The prevalence of slavery in most of the States of the Union constitutes another capital defect in the structure of American society. These slaves form a degraded and oppressed class, and, in the tyranny exercised over them, they themselves are morally destroyed, while the corruption extends to the other orders of society, equally infecting the oppressed and the oppressor, and debasing the general character and habits of the people. It is vain to talk of liberty while stain of tyranny so deeply infects the domestic manners of a community. There can be no rational liberty unless we call that liberty which gives us the privilege of torturing and oppressing our fellow creatures. To give an idea of the consequences of this dreadful evil of slavery, we may state, that it is a practice in Kentucky to commit delinquent slaves into the hands of the public executioner, by whom they are unmercifully flogged at the markey cross of the different towns, the streets being filled with their pietous cries. What can we think of the people where such spectacles are for a moment tolerated. This is so utterly revolting to every just and enlightened feeling, that to a European it would form a strong objection to his permanent residence in that country. In all the northern states, and in some of the new states, particularly that of the Ohio, slavery is indeed abolished. But in several others the black form a large proportion of the population, and they are not decreasing. We know indeed that this evil is admitted in its full extent by all the American statesmen, that they lament it, but do not well see what measures can be adopted to check it. The importation of new slaves is indeed prohibited, but the increase of those already in the country is the great grievance, against which it is difficult to devise a remedy, and the cruel and oppressive treatment which slaves will always meet with wherever they exist, must tend to degrade the habits and moral feelings of the community at large. To such, therefore, as are accustomed to European society, where no such strain of tyranny infects the domestic manners, an exchange into a community where his feelings may be revolted by spectacles of gross cruelty cannot be regarded as very desirable. If more imperious considerations permit, they have certainly a greater chance for happiness by remaining where the rights of nature are respected, than by removing to a society where every principle of humanity is trampled upon. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Interesting Communication from Canada" ; | |
| sap:body "To the Editor of the Edinburgh Weekly Journal SIR–It will be remember by many of your Readers, that, in the spring of 1815, proclamations were widely circulated, inviting settlers to Canada.–Having myself occasion to visit this country, I was curious to know what had been the result, especially as I found at Quebec and Montreal very discordant accounts respecting it ; most people asserting that the scheme had failed of success, and that the settlers were in a state of great discomfort and discontent.–To ascertain the truth, I diverged from my route about 50 miles, and spent some days at Perth, situated on the waters of the Redeau, to which a considerable body of the people who accepted the invitation of the Government had been conducted.– Here it traced the reported discontent to some neglect in the general management, and some ill conceieved petty regulations, capriciously exercised towards people tenacious of their rights ; but in the main, universal satisfaction prevailed among the settlers, and a strong feeling of the good intentions of Government towards them. The opportunity being a good one of ascertaining the progress which a promiscious body of settlers make in a given time. I constructed the annexed table, and had each man's signature attached, at once to prove to correctness of his statement, and satisfaction with his situation. Should you think this worthy of publication, you are welcome to publish it in your paper. It may draw attention of a most important subject–the colonization of this province with British subjects ; and it may afford satisfaction to many individuals who may not otherwise know the condition of their friends. The scheme which Government adopted in 1815 was expensive. The settlers had a free passage, rations and tools. Next year rations and tools were furnished to those who came out ; and this year multitudes of poor people have come to Canada, in expectation of being favoured in the same way, but are disappointed ; having nothing given them but land (100 acres each), which many of them from poverty are unable to occupy. Having made it my study, during three months residence here, to inquire into the nature of the country, and into every particular respecting settlement, I am convinced that very simple measures might be adopted, by which the redundant population of Britain could be conveyed by a regular flow into Canada, instead of being wasted, as it now is, to the great prejudice of British interest, over the whole of American ; and were such measures adopted, this province would, in a very few years, be quite equal to its defence in war against the United States –I am, Sir, yours, &c. Upper Canada, September 15. 1817 Robert Gourlay. Statistical Table of the Scotch Settlement near Perth, Upper Canada, of the 1st Week of July 1817 Original Profession of Settlers. Wife. Sons. Daughters. From what County. From what Parish. Date of leaving home, 1815. Date of Embarkation, 1815. Date of Disembarkation, 1815. Date of taking possession, 1816. Dimensions in feet of House erected. No. of Acres of Land chopped. No. of acres of Land cleared. Number of Acres in Wheat. Number of Acres in other crops. No. of [?]s of Map Sugar made. No. of Cows. No. of Oxen. The undernamed Settlers have respectively signed a Declaration of " Well satisfied." Farm Bailiff. 1. 3. 3. Perth. Callendar. May 15. June 24. Sept 12. May 22. 18 by 20. 9. 4 1/2. 2. 2 1/3. 100. 2. 0. Peter M'Pherson. Son of the above. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Aug. 10. .... . 4. 3. 2. 1. 0. 0. 1. William M'Pherson. Weaver. 1. 2. 4. Ditto. Ditto. June 21. Ditto. Ditto. May 22. 12 by 18 1/2. 10. 7. 4. 3. 102. 3. 1. James M'Laren. Dyer and Clothier. 1. 1. 4. Lanark. Carnwath. May 31. Ditto. Sept. 15. May 15. 26 by 21. 9. 8. 3 1/4. 4 1/2. 15. 2. 0. James Taylor. Shoemaker. 1. 3. 2. Moray. Rothes. April 20. Ditto. Sept. 12. May 1. 20 by 18. 13. 8. 4 1/2. 3 1/4. 25. 3. 0. John Simpson. Shipmaster. 1. 2. 1. Ayr. Kilbride. APril 27. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 1 by 17. 7 1/2. 5. 4. 1. 0. 1. 0. James Miller. Weaver. 1. 3. 2. Lanark. Glasgow. June 24. Ditto. Sept. 15. May 12. 25 by 20. 6. 4 1/2. 2 1/2. 2. 35. 1. 0. Hugh M'Kay. Mason. 1. 1. 0. Forfar. Dundee. June 1. Ditto. Sept. 12. Ditto. 26 by 19. 9. 8 1/2. 4. 4 1/2. 20. 1. 1. William Spalding. Millwright. 0. 0. 0. Dittio. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 12 by 10. 6. 6. 4. 2. 0. 0. 1. William Rutherford. Labourer. 0. 0. 0. Moray. Longbride. April 15. June 28. Sept. 15. May 15. Shed. 5 1/2. 5. 2 1/2. 2 1/3. 0. 0. 0. Alexander Simpson. Labourer. 0. 0. 0. Forfar. St Vigean's. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. April 12. 10 by 15. 6. 5 1/2. 3. 2 1/2. 0. 0. 0. John Hay. Ship Carpenter. 0. 0. 0. Lanark. Glasgow. June 24. June 24. Ditto. Aug. 19. 29 by 22. 7. 6. 2. 3. 20. 0. 0. Archibald Morrison. Mason. 0. 0. 0. Dumfries. Dunscore. Ditto. June 27. Ditto. .... . . . . . . Thomas M'Lean. Schoolmaster. 1. 5. 3. Ditto. Hutton. May 26. Ditto. Ditto. June 7. 33 by 19. 7 1/2. 6 1/3. 3. 3. 50. 0. 0. John Holliday. Farmer. 1. 1. 4. Ayr. Kilbride. June 30. June 30. Ditto. April 17. 23 by 16. 9 1/2. 6 1/2. 2 1/2. 3. 25. 3. 1. Alexander M'Farlane. Whitesmith. 1. 1. 2. Edinburgh. New Grey Friars. May 19. June 24. Ditto. April 22. 22 by 14. 5. 4. 1 1/2. 1. 20. 1. 0. Ian M'Donald's mark. Farmer. 0. 1. 6. Perth. Callendar. May 15. Ditto. Sept. 12. June 1. 24 by 21. 6. 5. 2 1/2. 2 1/2. 30. 1. 0. John Ferguson. Weaver. 1. 1. 1. Lanark. Glasgow. June 24. Ditto. Sept. 15. May 12. 21 by 18. 6 1/2. 4 1/2. 2. 2 1/2. 25. 1. 0 John Flood. Farmer. 1. 2. 4. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Sept. 15. May 20. 22 by 18. 8 1/2. 4 1/2. 3 1/2. 1. 15. 1. 0. William M'Gillevry. Labourer. 1. 3. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Dito. Sept. 16. April 17. 18 by 16. 8. 5. 4. 2. 40. 0. 1. John Brash. Widow of W. Holderness. 0. 4. 2. York. Boobwith. April 9. Ditto. Sept. 15. May 20. 22 by 20. 7. 5 1/2. 4. 1 1/2. 20. 0. 0. Ann Holderness. Labourer. 0. 0. 0. Berwick. Coldenholme. June 26. July 3. Ditto. April 21. House burned. 7 1/3. 4 1/2. 4. 1. 0. 0. 0. John Miller. Shopkeeper. 1. 5. 1. Edinburgh. Canongate. April 15. June 22. Sept. 17. June 15. 16 by 16. 10 1/3. 7. 2. 2. 20. 1. 0. William Old. Clk. in property tax office. 1. 1. 0. Ditto. Corstorphine. June 13. June 24. Sept. 15. April 20. 18 by 13. 5 1/2. 3 1/2. 2 1/2. 1 1/3. 50. 1. 1. Francis Allan. Gardener. 1. 1. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 18 by 12. 6. 5 1/2. 3 1/2. 2. 12. 0. 0. Thomas Cuddie. Wool Stapler. 0. 0. 0. York. Wakefield. May 16. Ditto. Ditto. May 1. House building. 3. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. Joseph Holdsworth. Labourer. 0. 0. 0. Berwick. Cockburnspath. June 3. June 28. Ditto. April 17. 20 by 16. 8 1/3. 5 1/2. 3 1/2. 1/2. 0. 1. 1. John Allan. Farmer. 1. 1. 0. Fife. Dunfermline. May 8. Ditto. Ditto. April 28. House building. 6 1/2. 5. 3. 2. 0. 1. 0 James Drysdale. Carpenter. 1. 5. 3. Linlthgow. Livingston. June 27. July 1. Sept. 24. April 25. 27 by 18. 7. 6. 3. 2. 30. 2. 1. Alexander Kid. Carpenter. 1. 1. 0. Ross. Urquhart. April 15. June 24. Sept. 15. May 15. 28 by 18. 7 1/2. 6 1/2. 4. 2 1/2. 50. 2. 1/2. James Fraser. Weaver. 1. 2. 2. Dumbarton. Kirkitulloch. May 15. June 28. Ditto. Ditto. 22 by 18. 7 1/2. 3. 3 1/2. 20. 2. 2. John Ferrier. Weaver. 1. 3. 1. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 6 1/2. 6. 3. 2 1/2. 20. 1. 1/2. Abraham Ferrier. Tailor. 1. 2. 2. Dumfries. Torthorwald. June 3. June 24. Ditto. April 18. 22 by 15. 4. 3 1/2. 1 1/2. 1 1/2. 45. 1. 0 Thomas Barber. Butcher. 1. 0. 2. Edinburgh. St Cuthbert's.. April 20. July 11. October 20. May 20. 24 by 18. 4. 3 1/2. 1 1/2. 30. 1. 0. John Christy. Farmer. 1. 7. 1. Dumfries. Carlaverick. May 26. June 28. Sept 15. April 27. 26 by 18. 8 1/2. 8 1/2. 5. 1 1/2. 100. 0. 0. George Wilson. Farmer. 0. 1. 0. Ditto. Hutton. May 27.Ditto. Ditto. June 3. .... 4. 3 1/2. 1 1/2. 1/3. 30. 1. 0. John Christy. Widow of Robert Gibson. 0. 3. 2. Edinburgh. St Andrew's. June 1. June 24. Sept. 24. June 1. Shed. 5. 4. 2. 1. 15. 0. 0. Jane Gibson. Drill Serjeant. 0. 0. 0. Inverness. Durenish. Ditto. June. Sep. July 31. Shed. 4 1/2. 2 1/2. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. John M'Leod. Labourer. 1. 2. 2. Edinburgh. West Calder. June 16. June 25. Sept. 25. April 25. 21 by 18. 11. 8. 6. 2. 153. 3. 0. James Bruce. Blacksmith. 1. 2. 6. Stirling. Fintry. June 22. June 25. Ditto. June 23. 28 by 19. 8. 6 1/2. 2. 4 1/2. 120. 2. 2. John Ritchie. Son of the above. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. .... 4. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. John Ritchie. Shoemaker. 1. 6. 4. Forfar. Dundee. April 15. June 27. Ditto. May 22. 24 by 20. 7. 6. 2 1/2. 2 1/2. 12. 0. 0. Thomas Borrie. House Darpenter. 0. 0. 0. Edinburgh. West Calder. June 16. June 25. Ditto. April 25. .... 3. 3. 0. 3. 0. 0. 4. Thomas Purdle. Farmer. 0. 0. 3. Fife. Kingassle. June 23. June 26. Oct 5. June 28. 32 by 20. 20. 17. 9. 8. 150. 2. 0. Andrew Donaldson. Son of ditto. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. and another smaller house. Shares in the above. Thomas Donaldson. Ditto. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. and another smaller house. Shares in the above. David Donaldson. Ditto. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. and another smaller house. Shares in the above. Andw. Donaldson, jun. Ditto. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. and another smaller house. Shares in the above. James Donaldson. Ditto. 0. 0. 0. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. and another smaller house. Shares in the above. John Donaldson N. B. –Out of the whole number settled in this quarter only two have quitted their land. Five or six I did not see, being from home, or out of my route ; and one man only refused giving an account. Each settled has 100 acres of land. D. G. Those wives and sons to whom an asterisk (*) is prefixed, have been left at home. " . | |
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| sap:body "Convicts destined for Botany Bay. –It is now seven weeks since the ten Derby convicts were sent off with several others, whose destination for the rest of their lives is Botany Bay. They were, upon landing at Sheerness from the Retribution, put on board the Tottenham, which was engaged to land them at their place of punishment. The number on board that ship, on leaving Sheerness, was between 2 to 300, many of whom were diseased and infirm. Their condition has been rendered most intolerable from an unaccountable delay that has taken place. The ship Tottenham had not proceeded farther than the Downs when she lost her rudder, by some accident or other. She returned to Sheerness, where she now lies, and where she is likely to lie for some time, upon the pretence that the loss she has sustained is a justification for delay, however protracted. The unfortunate inmates have been led to expect that some important mitigation of their sentence has taken place ;–so that between the suspense, and the terrible species of confinement to which they are subject, their suffer ings are hardto be described.– Observer. The Hon. Lieut.-Colonel Erskine. –It is with the greatest concern we have to mentioned the death of Lieut.-Colonel Erskine, Lord Erskine's youngest son, on his passage to Ceylon. He served throughout the campaigns in Spain as a Captain of Light Infantry in the 51st regiment, and behaved with great gallantry in the battle of the Pyrenees, where being shot in the thigh he was sent home by the Medical Board, and on his recovery was placed by the Duke of York on the Staff of the Army in the Adjutant-General's Department when the Duke of Wellington took the command in Flanders. He was in the battle of the 16th of June, and afterwards on the 18th at the battle of Waterloo, where his station placed him in the dangerous position of being attendant on the Duke, around whom almost every officer was either killed or wounded. Amongst the rest this brave young man had his left arm carried off by a cannon-ball, which passing along the other laid bare the whole of it, by which he lost the use of two of his fingers, but that arm was saved. When the cannon-shot had thrown him from his horse, and as he lay bleeding upon the groun in this mangled condition, the Prussian musketry and trumpets being heard at a distance, he seized his hat with his remaining shattered arm. and waving it round him cheered his companions in the midst of the dying and the dead, the Duke of Wellington being then close by him who desired he might carried to his tent. It must be some consolation to his afflicted family, that he must have distinguished himself in the opinion of his great Commander, as he was immediately recommended by him for the rank of Major, though a very young officer, and in a year afterwards to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, with the appointment of Adjutant-General in Ceylon, and if he had then fortunately sailed for India his life might probably have been saved ; but his disposition being as affectionate as it was animated, he could not be persuaded to leave Mrs Erskine, who was pregnant, and remaining here during the winter, the cough, with consumptive symptoms, arising from his wound, laid too deep a hold on him to derive benefit from the voyage, and he died on his passage to India. Colonel Erskine was only 25 years of age, and has left three sons and a daughter, and an infant a few months old. The marriage of the Duke of Clarence with the rich heiress Miss Wykeham is said to be finally arranged ; and from what we observe, it is not likely to suffer any delay from the late domestic calamity. it is said that the Prince Regent has given his own personal assent ; but whether it has passed through the constitutional forms, and that the Royal Assent in Council has been given we do not pretend to know. It must have that sanction to secure the Lady the right, for herself and heirs, of succeeding to the Throne. On this interesting subject it cannot be forgotten, that King in Council refused his assent in three former instances. The refusal of the Princess Royal of Denmark arrived in town on Monday or Tuesday last week. On Wednesday it was communicated to his Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, and on Thursday he set off to Brighton, offered his hand to Miss Wykeham, and " was a thriving wooer." Colonel Henry Fitzclarence, the son of the Duke of Clarence, lately deceased, was a young man of uncommon energy of character, and of talents and acquirements. In the affair of the 10th Light Dragoons, he displayed a spirit of independence and manliness the most honourable. He was an admirable linguist, and, as we understand, was about to return to England, with the view of being employed in the Diplomacy, for which he was peculiarly qualified. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Death of The Duke of Richmond. By the Henry, arrived in the rive from Quebec, we have advices from thence of the 4th September, three days later than the last accounts. They confirm, we regret to say, the intelligence received at Lloyd's on Friday, of the death of the Duke of Richmond, at Montreal, where he had arrived on his return from inspecting the new settlements in Upper Canada. His body had been brought from Montreal to Quebec, where it was lying in state at the time the Henry sail ed. His daughter Lady Mary Lennox, continued in the most afflicting state, and great fears were entertained for her recovery. Lady Sarah Lennoc, his Grace's second daughter, is married to Major-General Sir Peregrine Maitland. They accompanied his grace to North America, and have remained there since he entered upon his Government. His Grace was the lineal descendant of the first Duke of Richmond, natural son of King Charles II. by a French Lady, who was created by his Majesty Duchess of Portsmouth, and by Louis the Fourteenth, Duchess of Aubigny, in France. His titles were, Duke of Richmond, Early of March (English honours) ; Duke of Aubigny, (French Honour) ; Duke of Lennox, Early of Darnley, and Baron Methuen of Torbulton (Scots Honours). The title of Aubigny was confirmed in March 1816, by Louis XVIII by causing the estate of Aubigny to be assigned to him, and granting him the honours of the Louvre, as enjoyed by his Grace's ancestors. He was a Lieutenant-General in the army, Colonel of the 35th regiment of foot, Gonervor of Plymouth, Governor of Upper and Lower Canada and their dependencies, Lord Lieutenant of the county of Sussex, and High Steward of Chichester. –His Grace was born in 1764, succeeded his uncle, Charles, the late Duke, in 1806, and married in 1783 Charlotte, daughter of Duke of Gordon, by whom he had issue seven sons and seven daughters, all of them now living, except his third son, Henry Adam, R. N. who fell overboard the Blake, as she was sailing into Port Mahon, in 1812, and was drowned. His Grace was distinguished early in life by a duel with His Royal Highness the Duke of York. He was of an open, candid, generous temper, and of plain and unaffected manners, qualities which were particularly conspicuous in Ireland, when Viceroy of that country. His Grace is succeeded in the Peerage his eldest son Charles, Earl of March, now Duke of Richmond. This young Nobleman in the army, has seen much active service under the personal auspices of the illustrious Wellington, being one of his Grace's Aides-de-camp, and was one of the Representatives in Parliament for the City of Chichester, which seat, of course, becomes vacant. He was lately married to the eldest daughter of the Marquis of Anglesea, and has issue, a Son, now Earl of March. The following is extracted from the Quebec papers: "Quebec, Thursday, Sept. 2. "This Province has again been visited by one of those afflicting dispensations of Providence, which by separating by the hand of death, the ruler from the people, covers whole communities with mourning. "An express arrived here yesterday morning from Montreal, with the afflicting intelligence chief that his Grace the Duke of Richmond, Governor in Chief of these Provinces, had died on his way from Kingston to Montreal, at the moment that he was hourly expected to join his family there, from which he had separated in good health at Kingston, one the 20th, to complete by visiting the new Settlements, the long and arduous journey in which he has been engaged. This melancholy and utterly unexpected intelligence, spread with the greatest rapidity, and impressed a deep gloom throughout the city. The flag on the citadel, and on all the vessels in the port, was hoisted half-mast, exhibiting every where the signals of public mourning. "His Grace's body, immediately after his death, was conveyed to Montreal. It reached this city last evening in the steam-boat Malsham, and was removed this forenoon to the Castle, with the usual military honours, and followed by his Grace's Staff, the principal Civil and Military Officers in the City and Garrison, and a great concourse of mourning inhabitants." September 5. "His Grace's remains were conveyed from Montreal to Quebec, in a steam-boat. At ten o'clock, one the morning of the 2d of Sept. they were removed from the vessel, and placed upon a hearse upon the King's Wharf at Quebec, from whence it was conveyed to the Chateau of St. Louis, where they lay in state until four o'clock on Saturday the 4th September, when they were removed to the place of internment in the Cathedral Church at Quebec. "On the corpse being brought out, the collar and insignia of the Order of the Garter, with his Grace's military and other appointments being placed on the coffin, the whole of the troops presented arms. On its being placed on the hearse, the troops rested on their arms reversed. "The procession then moved forward. It was composed of all the principals persons attached to the public, military and civil departments. "The military band filed off at the door of the Cathedral Church-yard and conducted it up the centre aisle, when it was played on a platform, the mourners remaining by the body. A signal was then given, when the body was deposited – 15 guns being fired." Extract of a letter, dated Quebec, Sept 5 :–" When I wrote the first side, I did not expect so soon to communicate the melancholy event of the death of our Governor, the Duke of Richmond, who was attacked on his route from Upper Canada, with symptoms of hydrophobia, which terminated his mortal career at six miles from the settlement of Richmond. He was perfectly sensible of his situation, and gave himself up from the first spasm which attacked : it was occasioned by a bite of a tame fox at Sorel, on his way to Upper Canada, about three months since. His death, at this juncture, is looked on as very unfortuante for this country, as he possessed the entire confidence of Government, and was about completing a plan of defence for the Canadas, which, when executed, would establish a water communication with our extreme points, perfectly free from interruption, in case of a war with the States." We are happy to learn, further, that no part of his Grace's family was so dangerously ill, as was at first reported. They are only in that situation which might be expected, from so severe an affliction. Colonel Wilson had succeeded the late Duke of Richmond as Governor-General of both Canadas, being the senior Officer on that station. Sir Charles Saxton, and Major M'Leod, Aides-deCamp to his Grace the Duke of Richmond, have gone to Lake Winnipeg, clothed with special powers, to investigate the causes of the unhappy dissentions which are said to have been lately renewed in that quarter between the North West and Hudson's Bay Company. By the new act, regulating the commercial intercourse between the province of Upper Canada and the United States, the duties on the importation of manufactures and provisions from the States are considerably reduced on [?] of the enumerated articles, although on nails, snuff, manufactured tobacco, and spirits, they are riased. The ad-valorem[?] duty is reduced from 10 to 5 per cent. Buffalo, Aug. 4. On Friday, came[?] on before the Court of King's Beach, at Niagara, the trial of Robert Gourlay, Esq. for a misdemeanour, in not obeying the orders of the Magistrates at Niagara, in December last. Mr Gourlay was found guilty, and banished the province. From the Quebec Gazette of 26th August: This morning, about 9 o'clock, Lieut. Birch, of the royal navy, put a period to his existence by shooting himself through the head. We are informed that Mr Birch had for sometime previous to his death laboured under a melancholy state of mind. An amiable[?] wife and one child are the survivors[?] of this awful [?] The Annual Report of the Agricultural Society of Quebec has been published from which it is evident that a laudable spirit of enterprise has been awakened in that important country. The Committee, who, in the execution of their functions travelled through the greater part of Lower Canada, conclude their Report by putting on record a testimony they justly conceive to be honourable to the character of the inhabitants of the country through which they passed. Although many hundreds of persons from all parts of their respective Counties attended the Agricultural Meetings, which were frequently of four or five hours duration, there did not occur at any of them a single instance of intoxication, disorderly conduct or personal altercation. The Grand Jury at Nassau, New Providence, have brought in a bill against Sir Gregor M'Gregor, charging him with aiding and abetting piracy, by issuing commissions in the Bahamas, to subjects of Power in unity[?] with Spain. A letter from Sierra Leone, dated the 9th of March says–" It is with the deepest regret I inform you that, notwithstanding the liberality of Great Britain, and the faith of Treaties, the coasts swarms with slave vessels, dragging thousnads of its miserable inhabitants into endless captivity. A few days ago arrived here the Union, of Liverpool : the Supercargo states, that during his stay in the river Calabia, not less than eight vessels, averaging 500 slaves each, had sailed for the Spanish Colonies." We have received Gibraltar Chronicles to the 10th ult. from which we learn that, in consequence of the rapid increase of the fever at the Isle de Leon, his Excellency Governor Don had issued a Proclamation on the 2d ult. announcing that all communications with Spain (except through the customary process of quatine) would close at sun-set on the following evening. Notice was also given to such of the labouring classes as had not passed the fever, that they would be provided with tents and encamped on the neutral ground for their better security against infection should it unhappily appears in the fortress. They would not be suffered to proceed to town, and follow their callings, during the day, but heir return to the encampment at night was peremptorily enjoined. We are happy to learn, however, by the latest advices from the British fortress, that the garrison and inhabitants were not at all infected with the disease. " . | |
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| sap:heading "Emigration to America." ; | |
| sap:body "In answer to the remarks which appeared in our paper on Monday last, respecting emigration to America, and to the statements there given of the disadvantages which emigrants from this country might expect to meet with, we have received a very abusive letter from an anonymous correspondent, who appears very angry, and, like most other angry men, seems more anxious to give full vent to his wrath than to assign any good reason for it. His first cause of quarrel is, that we have stated the general want of cleanliness to be a prevailing defect in the back parts of the United States. For this we have the authority of almost every traveller who has visited those parts. The remarks of Birkbeck on this point are conclu-sive and striking: – ' In viewing the Americans (he observes) and ' sketching, in a rude manner, as I pass along, ' their striking characteristics, I have seen a de' formity so general, that I cannot help esteem' ing it national, though I know it admits of ve' ry many individual exceptions. I have written ' it, and then erased it, wishing to pass it by, ' but it wont do – it is the truth, and to the truth ' I must adhere. Cleanliness in houses, and too ' often in person, is neglected to a degree which ' is very revolting to an Englishman. ' America was bred in a cabin ; this is not a ' reproach – for the origin is most honourable ; ' but as she has exhanged her hovel of unhewn ' logs for a framed building, and that again for ' a mansion of brick, some of her cabin habits ' have been unconsciously retained. Many have ' already been quitted, and one by one they will ' all be cleared away, as I am told they are now ' in the cities of the eastern states. ' There are, I believe, court-houses, which ' are also made us of as places of worship, in ' which filth of all kinds has been accumulating ' ever since they were built. What reverence ' can be felt for the majesty of religion, or of ' the laws, in such styles of abomination ? The ' people who are content to assemble in them ' can scarcely respect each other. Here is a bad ' public example. It is said that to clean those ' places is the office of no one. But why is no ' person appointed ? Might it not be inferred ' that a disregard to the decencies of life prevails ' through such a community?' To the same purpose Cobbett complains of the ' general (for there are many exceptions) sloven' liness about the homsteads, and particularly ' about the dwellings of labourers. Mr Birkbeck ' complains of this, and indeed what a contrast ' with the homesteads and cottages which he left ' behind him, near the exemplary spot, Guild' ford, in Surrey.' He then proceeds to give the reasons for this. When the first settlers took possession of the country, the ' example of neat' ness (he observes) was wanting. There were ' no gentlemn's gardens, kept as clean as ' drawing-rooms, with grass as even as a car' pet. From endeavouring to imitate perfec' tion men arrive at mediocrity ; and those who ' never have seen or heard of perfection in these ' matters, will naturally be slovens.' He afterwards remarks – ' The market day at Guildford is a perfect ' show of cleanliness. Not even a carter without ' even a clean smock-frock, and closely shaven ' and clean washed face. Well may Mr Birkbeck, ' who came from this very spot, think the people ' dirty in the western country. I'll engage he ' finds more dirt upon the necks and faces of one ' family of his present neighbours, than he left ' behind upon the skins of all the people in ' the three parishes of Guildford. However, he ' would not have found this to be the case in ' Pennsylvania, and especially in those parts where ' the Quakers abound ; and, I am told, that in ' the New England States, the people are as ' cleanly and as neat as they are in England. ' The sweetest flowers, when they become pu' trid, stink the most, and a nasty woman is the ' nastiest thing in nature.' In answer to all this, our correspondent tells us, that the Scotch are very dirty. This, we admit, was formerly, and may still continue in some degree to be, the reproach of the Scotch. But does this reasonable person mean to argue from this, that dirty habits are amiable, and ought not to be corrected. With regard to the difficulties of effecting a settlement, we are borne out in our remarks on this subject by the authority of various writers, and principally by the autheor of the Emigrant's Guide, a work of great merit, which combines an extent and precision of statistical information altogether unequally, with the most enlarged general views of the state of the country, both physical and moral. ' Most men (observes ' this judicious writer) on arriving in the United ' States, expects too much. Perhaps the only ' essential advantages offered are the security of ' person and property, and the cheapness of land. ' It demands excessive labour, severe economy, ' and exepmtions from extraordinary accident, to ' succeed in a newly settled country ; and it de' mands the permanency of this continued la' bour, prudence, and favourable circumstances.' Our anonymous correspondent is also extremely displeased that we have stated so strongly the perincious effects produced on the general manners of the Americans by the existence of slavery ; and he mentions that many a labourer in this country might envy the condition of an American slave. What are those privileges for which a free man should envy a slave he does not think proper to state. To show, however, that we have not exaggerated the degradation and oppression of the coloured class in the United States, we shall again adduce the authority of the Emigrant's Guide. The author is contradicting the notion that the labourer in the slave States is confounded with the negroe ; and he expresses himself in the following terms: – ' A residence of 16 years in places where sla' very is prevalent, enables us to contradict a ' general expression, that, in such places, whites, ' performing manual labour, are confounded in ' the moral estimates of the people with slaves. ' Though less respect is certainly paid to useful ' labour in the slave states than where all the ' duties are performed by whites, yet ' the distance between the two races of men are ' in all cases immense. So deep, profound, and ' inveterate is the feeling on that subject, that ' not any where in the United States can pro' perty, sobriety, intelligence, and every other ' advantage, expect colour, raise in public opi' nion a man the most remotely allied to the ' African, to a rank equal to the meanest white. ' Any person who resides a few years in Louisi' ana will be witness to some very remarkable ' exemplifications of this innate contempt for all ' those who affinity involve them in the con' tumely heaped upon men degraded by slavery.' What a picture is here conveyed of misery and degradation on the one hand, and of tyranny on the other. – Here we find it failry confessed that no degree of worth, whether moral or intel lectual, not even the possession of property, can give a man the least degree of consideration in the eyes of the privileged class. We cannot conceive a community more wretchedly constituted. All that is estimable and worthy is here utterly contemned, because the individual who possesses these qualities happens to have his skin of a particular colour, and thus a merely accidental quality of the corporeal frame entails upon its unhappy possessor everlasting ignominy and contempt. These distinctions, carried to such an excess, seem to us to be founded on the extinction of every generous and honourable sentiment, and we cannot help still asserting that we had rather live we at present are, than in a community where such hateful antipathies rule to the exclusion of every just and humane feeling. With regard to the condition of the negroe slaves we shall quote a passage from Brown's Western Gazetteer or Emigrant's Directory after reading which, we shall leave our anonymous correspondent to say whether he thinks the condition of a labourer in this country preferable to that of being an African slave. The writer, describing the town of Lexington, in Kentucky, observes – ' In this square stands the market-house, ' which is of brick, and well furnished on Wed' nesdays and Saturdays ; but occasionally the ' scene of a barbarous practise ; for it is here ' that incorrigible or delinquent negroes are ' flogged unmercifully. I saw this punishment ' inflicted on two of these wretches. Their ' screams soon collected a numerous crowd ; I ' could not help saying to myself, " These cries ' are the knell of Kentucky libery.' " Having made this answer to the angry charges thus brought against us, we have only to disclaim, in the strongest terms, all hostility or prejudice against the Americans. We have no wish either to depreciate their character or institutions. They exhibit the interesting spectacle of a nation advancing with an irresistible pace to wealth and greatness. To revile such a people would be the height of human folly, and equally foolish is it for their blind admirers to take offence because endeavour to make a fair estimate of their character, without hiding any of its defects. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence York, (U.C.) Nov, 4. Lord Selkirk vs. North West Company. On Friday, the 30th of October, the Court of Oyer and Terminer proceeded to try the gentlemen accused as necessaries to the murder of Robert Semple, Esq. and others at Red River, on the 19th of June, 1816 and the trial was rendered extremely interesting by the disclousure which took place of many extraordinary circumstances connected with the Hudson's Bya and North West Companies, which for some time past has excited so much of the public attention in this Province. The gentlemen tried on this occasion were, Messrs. Alexander Mackenzie, Hugh M'Gillis, Simon Fraser, John Macdonald, and John M'Laughlin } accused as accessories after the fact. and Mr John Severlight, accused as an accessory before and after the fact. It appeared in evidence that the North West Company had been upwards of thirty years in possession of trading posts called forts at different points on the Red River in the Indian Territories, and it is well known that for a century before the North West Company, the Canadian for traders had been in the constant practise of resorting to that country which was visited for the first time by traders of the Hudson's Bay Company about twenty-five years ago. It was put in evidence that for many years afterwards both companies carried on their trade to Red River without interference in each others pursuits, and without any disturbance in the country ; and it was explained that the principal object of the trade being to collect provisions, (enlisting chiefly of the dried flesh of the buffalo, which abound in the plains) and the country producing abundance for the supply of both parties, the same causes of dissention did not exist as at trading stations where the fine furs are obtained in small quantities, and where rival traders would at all times be likely to dispute about the divisions of them. The Red River country therefore remained quiet and undisturbed until the arrival of the Earl of Selkirk's Colonists and Servants, and the attempts made by their leaders to prevent the usual supplies of provisions from being obtained by the traders. The proclamation of Miles Macdonnell the soi-disant Governor of Ossinibour, prohibiting the exportation of provisions from Red River, was the first document produced for the defence at the recent trials. It was proved that, under this assumed authority, several acts of violence were committed by Mr Macdonnell and his followers. Trading posts and buildings were forcibly entered, depots of provisions seized, the river (the only outlet from the country) blockaded by batteries mounted with cannon, and the trade of the North West Company wholly interdicted, before any acts of retaliation were attempted on their part, and even before they took any precautions for their own defence or for ensuring the safety of their provisions, on which depended the existence of their trade, and the lives of their people. Mutual and continual acts of aggression and retaliation appeared to have exasperated the minds of both parties, and to have rendered them so suspicious of the designs of each other as to be always on their guard and prepared for defence. In short it appeared in evidence that the country remained in a state of private war, which at length ended in the battle of the loch of Jane, 1816. The particulars of this unfortunate affray were fully investigated in the trial of Bouche and Brown for murder, as principals. The statements on both sides are already before the public, and the acquittal of the prisoners shows sufficiently that the jury considered Mr Semple and his party to have been the assailants. On the trial of the alleged accessories the cirumstances which led to the meeting of the hostile parties were made out in the evidence to the following effect, viz : – In March, 1816, Mr Colin Robertson, with an armed party, acting under the orders of Governor Semple, who had succeeded Governor Miles Macdonnell at Red River, captured by surprise the North West trading post at the forks of the river, called Fort Gibraltar, and took possession of all the stores and provisions. In the latter part of the following month of May, Governor Semple caused the buildings (which were of wood) to be taken to pieces, and the materials were floated fown the river in rafts, to be used in constructing his new fort, which he called Fort Douglas and where, (following the examples of his predecessors) he mounted cannon to command the passage of the river, built an armed schooner, or gun-boat, to com plete the blockage, and effectually to intercept the provisions and trade of the North West Company. Mr. Alexander Macdonnell, a partner of the North West Company, who had charge of their provisions at Riviere Qui Appele, one of the branches of the Red River, became alarmed at these measures of hostility, and assembled as many people as he could (half breeds and others) for the protection of the property under his care, with which, at the usual time, he proceeded down the river till he arrived within sixty miles of Governor Semple's fort. He then landed his provisions, made dispositions to defend them, if attacked, and sent a party of his people, with a temporary supply to meet the canoes from below, apprise them of the blockages, and concert with them the means of eluding or removing it. This party, under the direction of Cuthbert Grant (a half breed, and a clerk of the N. West Company) was ordered to land above Fort Douglas in order to keep out of the reach of the cannon, and to carry these provisions in carts, at as great a distance as possible from the fort, so as to avoid being seen.– This it was fully proved they did ; but a swamp in the rear of the fort compelled them to pass within about two miles of it, and being deserted and pursued from then, the conflict ensued in which Mr Semple, and most of his party, were killed. It was further made out in evidence that in the Spring of the year 1816, the agent of the North West Company at Montreal were still in need of more than the usual supply of provisions from the Red River, because there had not yet been time to replace the vessels on the lakes, and the other means of transport which the Americans had destroyed during the war, nor to replenish their stores at Fort William, with the usual quantity of provisions from Canada. Having also heard of the seizure of one of their posts at Red River in the fall of the year 1815, and apprehending further aggressions in the spring, Mr M'Leod, one of the agents, with all the partners and clerks who could be spared from Montreal, proceeded up the country early in the Spring, and on arriving at Fort William, received intelligence of the capture of Fort Gibraltar and the blockade of Red River, towards which place he immediately proceeded with as many of the partners, clerks, and servants of the Company as he could collect by the way, in order to rescue the intercepted provisions, in the defence of which, or in their own defence, if fired on by Semple's blockading battery, it was their avowed purpose to use force if necessary, but it was distinctly proved that their intentions and orders issued to their cannonmen, were, to pass Fort Douglas singing, and to proceed up the river for their provisions, without landing or molesting any one unless they should be attacked.–They arrived at Red River three days after the battle, and Mr M'Leod, who was a Magistrate, being of opinion that Mr Semple's party had been the assailants, and that the half breeds had only acted in self defence, did not adopt any measures against them, (the half breeds) but, on the contrary, expressed approbation for their having defended their provisions, and gave them the supplies of clothing, &c. usually given to all the servants of the North West Company, while, at the same time, he arrest some of the survivors of Mr Semple's party, and served subpoenas upon others to give evidence of these transactions in the Courts of Lower Canada. This was the whole of the evidence, and the only circumstances which appeared relative to the prisoners, were that Mr Sevewright (the alleged accessory before the fact) was with Mr Alexander Macdonnell when he sent off Grant and his party to escort the provisions past Fort Douglas, and that the alleged accessaries after the fact arrived at Red River with Mr M'Leod, after the battle was over, and appeared to consider it, as it is now found to have been, an affray in which the unsuccessful party were to blame, and in which the successful party were not murderers –The Judge who presided at the trial, declared in his charge to the jury that there was not a scintilla of evidence " against any one of these gentlemen," and the jury accordinagly returned a verdict of Not Guilty. It will be recollected that these gentlemen were arrested by the Earl of Selkirk, at Fort William, in Aug 1815, on the charges of High Treason and Conspiracy, as well as Murder–and that the buildings and property of the North West Company at that place were forcibly seized and subsequently retained by an armed force under his Lordship's command. The North West Company represented at the time that these accusations were merely a pretext set up to palliate the preconcerted plunder of their property, and destruction of their trade, while, on the part of Lord Selkirk, it was alleged that the crimes committed by the partners of the North West Company were so atrocious, as to justify his Lordship's proceedings against them ; and for some time the public opinion remained in suspense as to the real merits of the case. So far as regarded the seizure of property and the interruption of trade, the point was decided by the Prince Regent's Proclamation of the 3rd of May, 1817, in consequence of which the North West Company recovered possession of their property, and re-established their trade ; but that proclamation left the rights of parties, and the crimes alleged against the individuals, to be investigated and decided upon by the law – and until such investigation could take place, much uncertainty necessarily prevailed from the contradictory statements and affidavits which had been laid before the public. The recent trials at York however decided the point as to the alleged murders, and the charge of High Treason has never been followed up, nor ever mentioned, since it served the desired purpose, by figuring in Lord Selkirk's Warrant as a pretext for seizing and examining the books and private papers of of the North West Company. " . | |
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| sap:body "Reform in Upper Canada It has been already mentioned that Governor Maitland, on opening the session of the Legislature of Upper Canada, recommended that measures should be taken to prevent the meeting of delegates for obtaining reform in Upper Canada. Accounts from Quebec and Montreal, dated the end of November, state, that in pursuance of this recommendation, the Legislature, on one of the first days of its meeting, appointed a Committee to inquire into the subject, who almost instantly came to the following resolution Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Committee that some such legislative provision should be enacted as the wisdom of the Imperial Parliament has found it proper to provide to meet similar occasions, to put it out of the power of any designing persons to organize discontent. The proceeding appears to have raised the indignation of the Gourlay or reforming party in Upper Canada, as will be seen by the following extract :– Montreal, November 21. This legislative provision, it will be immediate ly perceived, is the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act, for that was the course pursued in England. We do not believe that there is the most remote necessity for such a measure. We do not hesitate to say, that the members have not spoken the sentiments of heir constituents, in their echo of Sir P. Maitland's speech, with the most humiliating servility ; and we feel convinced that it will not be borne with by the people, while they have the control in any way of their representatives. The sentiment therein attempted to be disseminated is an libel on the truly loyal people of Upper Canada. It would sound in our ears like the knell of their liberty, if we were not persuaded, that its adoption would provoke a spirit of resistance, not corporal, but mental ; not secret and illegal, but open and legitimate, which (if the Administration do not take the decision of the question from the people by force, and we believe they cannot nor dare not) will serve to purge the constitution of the united province from the injury which it has received by mal-administration. " . | |
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| sap:body "New colony in Lower Canada The following curious notice is extracted from a Quebec paper:– Interesting to thousands! – Colony of Brotherly Union. "It is in agitation to found a colony upon the ancient Spartan plan, sanctioned by apostolical usage, of living a common, and enjoying a community of goods. In this establishment, as each will labour for all, and all for each, personal property will be unknown – and all Just of priate gain, engendered by an imperfect organization of society, will be sacrificed at the shrine of public felicity "To carry this project into execution, a fertile tract of land, consisting of some thousands of acres, is on the point of being purchased and surveyed "Husbandmen and artisans of every sort are invited to this colonization. We tender the right hand of fellowship to the honest and industrious of every description of people, whatever be their religious of political faith. "Want of funds will not furnish a reason for excluding any colonist ; and, on the other hand, it will be a fundamental law of this establishment, that whatever property may be, by adventurers, put into the common stock, will be considered as a loan, and refunded to them r their assignees on demand. "The colony will be situated within the bounds of Lower Canada, and under the protection and control of his Majesty's Government. "All persons who are willing to embark in this enterprise are requested to address themselves to the subscribers, personally or by letter. They will specify their country, age, profession, number of children (if married) , propery, &c. "No letter will be received by from principals, nor unless post paid – Every letter to bear on its superscription the words, ' Colony of Brotherly Union.' "s soon as a sufficient number of applicants shall have inrolled their names, notice will given by public advertisement to convene and digest a code of laws and regulations for the establishment. " S. Cleveland Blyth St Contant, Lower Canada, Dec. 3. 1818 "The several gentlemen who conduct the public paers printed in these provinces and the neighbouring states of America are respectfully requested to give the above one insertion pro bono publico." " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence. Halifax, March 13. A very numerous and respectable meeting of the inhabitants of this town was held at the Exchange Coffeehouse, on Saturday last, George Grassie. Esq. to the Chair. It was resolved unaminously–That the Legislature be petitioned to authorise the establishment of a bank in Halifax.–That 50,000l be the capital, to be invested in the British funds.–That notes to the amount of 150,000l be issued by the Bank.–That the shares be 100l each, and every five shares, according to a classification, entitled to a vote.–That the Bank be authorised to pay notes presented, either in specie, provincial paper, or bills of exchange on London at the current rate – A Committee was then appointed to prepare the Petition, and cause it to be presetned to the Legislature. The gentlemen present immediately afterwards unanimously agreed to give to the doubloun the value of 4l and to the sovereigh the value 1l, 2s. 6d. currency. The meeting then adjourned. York, Upper Canada, Feb. 6. Tex v. The Earl of Selkirk and others A bill of indictment, for a conspiracy to ruin the trade of the North West Company, and impoverish the partnes thereof, was found by the Grand Jury, against Thomas Douglas, Early of Selkirk ; J. B. Chevalier de Lorimer, Captain in his Majesty's Indian Department ; Captain Pratais D'Orsonnens, late of the De Meuron Regiment ; Captain Frederick Matthey, ditto ; Lieutenant G. A. Fauche, ditto ; Lieutenant Frederick Graffenrad, ditto ; Serjeant Jacob Vichie, ditto ; Captain Miles Macdonnel, late of the Canadian Fecibles ; Lieutenant Alexander Bridport Beecher, late of the Royal Navy ; Doctor John Allen, John Spencer, Donald Macpherson, James Chatelain, John M'Nab, Archibald Macdonald, and John P. Bourke. The indictment contains three counts ; and amongst the numerous overt acts therein set forth, supported by documentary and oral evidence, the following were particularly prominent :– The engaging and armind a number of disbanded soldiers (foreigners) ; the entry of them, by force of arms, into Fort William, in August, 1816 ; retaining possession of the fort till May 1817 ; sending off as prisoners the partners of the North West Company found there ; getting rid of the clerks, by subpoenas to appear at York at a period when no courts are held there, without ever inquiring whether they know anything of the matters to which the subpoenas related, and without ever bringing them forward afterwards ; stopping of the outfits from going into the interior, and the returns from coming into Montreal ; possessing themselves of all the books and papers of the concern ; sending away the principal clerk under a charge of felony, without examination, and without having ever followed up the charge ; the pretended sale, by Daniel Mackenzie, of the North West property, obtained by his Lordship by means of continued duress ; tampering with, and debauching the North West Company's servants, and commanding them in the King's name ; writing circular letters to the partners and clerks in the interior country, advising them to abandon their trust, alleging that the North West Company were ruined, and to carry the furs to Hudson's Bay ; taking possession of Fort Lake La Pluie, and the property there, and stopping the navigation, &c, &c. Upon this being returned a true bill the AttorneyGeneral moved the process of the Court against the parties ; and Dr Allen being present, was to be arraigned the following day. Wm Smith v. The Earl of Selkirk This was a civil action brough by Mr Wm Smith against Lord Selkirk for false imprisonment. It appeared in evidence that the plaintiff was undersheriff of the Western District, and as such, the bearer of a writ of restitution founded upon a verdict of a special jury at Sandwich, in October 1816, and granted by the Magistrate, ordering the restoration of Fort William to the North West Company. He was also the bearer of a warrant, for felony, issued against his Lordship, Dr Allen, Captain Matthey, and others, upon an information upon oath before a justice of the Peace. Mr Smith got to Fort William on the 19th of March 1817, and produced his writ of restitution, with which his Lordship refused to comply ; and when the Earl and others were arrested by Mr Smith, upon the warrant for felony, his Lordship laid hold of him and pushed him out of doors ; and he was afterwards kept in close custody in the fort under a military guard. A circumstance which added much to the grievous nature of the offence, and which was particularly dwelt upon by the Judge, in his charge to the Jury, was, that whilst Mr Smith was kept in a rigorous confinement, Charles de Reinhard, though under an accusation of was at large and keeping a school, though nominally under the surveillance of one or two of his former comrades. The Chief Justice also remarked upon another part of the evidence for the defence, by which it appeared that the only option left to Mr Smith to obtain his liberty was that of abandoning his duty, and breaking his oath of office, by a promise not to molest Lord Selkirk. Mr Smith, however, notwithstanding this proposal, persisted in doing his duty, and was not liberated until the evacuation of Fort William by his Lordship and his forces in May, 1818. The Jury after some deliberation, returned a verdict in favour of the plaintiff.– Damages L.500 Halifax currency. After narrating the military parages, &c. at Richmond, in America, in honour of the 22d of February, a journal says, " A melancholy catastrophe closed the day. Colonel W. Tatham, so well known in England and this country, for his acquaintance with civil engineering.–who has been residing in this city for two or three years, but whose utility was considerably arrested by an unfortunate habit to which he had become addicted–was destined on that day to breathe his last.– In a moment of intemperance, as he stood by the piece of artillery which was firing the evening salute, he exclaimed that he wished to die. As the second gun was about to fire, and immediately after the commanding had given the word " Fire!" Conolonel Tatham presented himself in front of the muzzle of the piece, and by its discharge his abdomen was almost literally blown to pieces. His body was raised a few feet in the air by the explosion, and he fell upon his face without uttering one word that was heard by the byestanders.– Colonel Tatham died without any family. Circumstances had strip life of much of its attractions in his eyes ; but it is impossible not to regard the manner of his death with horroer, and to feel the deepest commiseraton for his melancholy fate. He was a man of great information, of great genius, and of great resource of mine. But to this melancholy end he has arrived." " . | |
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| sap:body "Leeds, April 19.–We have been somewhat alarmed here to-day, though no bad consequences have followed, by a most numerous assemblage of croppers, cloth-dressers, and other artisans and labourers out of employment. They kep com ing in at an early hour in the forenoon from Wortley, Armley, Holbeck, and all the neighbouring towns and villages and it is computed that at one time there were full three thousand of these distressed people assembled, chiefly in Briggate. As many of them marched into the town with great sticks in their hands, they created some little alarm, but their conduct was uniformly peaceable; their complaints were not loud, though they might be deep ! The worthy Mayor and Magistrates, with the whole of the Civil Power, were in rea diness to act as circumstances might require; but, fortunately, there was not the slightest occasion for their interference. By far the greater number of the assemblage dispersed by noon, and returned to their respective homes. Several respectable gentlemen went among them, to ascertain the motives of their thus assembling ; and from every inquiry it does not appear that they have the least disposition to commit any breath of the peace ; but in fact, the people know not what to do in their present state of distress. I understand that an active subscription is going, to enable a number of these poor men to proceed to Canada; and others are said to have expressed their wish to be sent to Botany Bay, provided they can obtain the sanction of Government. The case of these people is a very perplexing one ; for their numbers augment daily by fresh discharges from the various manufactories. Chester, April 19.–John Bagguely, John Drummond and Samuel Johnson, convicted of sedition on the 15th inst., were this day, after an adrdress from the Chief-Justice (Mr Serjeant Copley,) sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and to find security for their good behaviour for two years, each in L.500 himself with sureties in L.100 each. We are sorry to hear that great number of the agricultural poor are out of employ in Monmouthshire, and that the amount of wages diminishes as works get scarcer. Emigration to America still continues; but it is, for the most part, of a description of person who have afforded employ to others rather than require it for themselves. Many also take some property with them. Amongst the recent emigrations to the United States, there are twenty six persons belonging to one family, (Quakers, of the name of Thistlewaith,) lately residing in Meadow lane, Leeds. These industrious and enterprising individuals are gone with an intention of carrying on the woollen manufacture (in conjunction with others) on an extensive scale, either at Philadelphia or some other more eligible site in its vicinity. Several other families are preparing to emigrate from the same neighbourhood, as well as from Dewsbury, Bradford, and other places in the vicinity. It is true these extensive emigrations may, in some degree, contribute to relieve our overburdened population ; but they must likewise tend, in an equal ratio, to impoverish the nation ; as every individual and family who emigrate, setting aside the pecuniary wealth they carry with them, take what is of far more consequence to a commercial nation–their talents and industry–articles, at present, of comparative small value in the country. The very heavy impost which is at present levied upon authors and publishers, by being compelled, under the existing Copyright Act to deliver eleven copies of every book published to certain public libraries, is likely to be repealed by a Bill to be brought into Parliament in a few days. The body of evidence taken before the Select Committe of the House of Commons last year, forms a most interesting display of the state of literary property in this country. Saturday last Mr Stuart and Mr Allsop were returned for the Borough of Camelford. Yesterday, the Grand Jury for the County of Middlesex found two Bills of Indictment for wilful and corrupt perjury against five of the principal witnesses produced in behalf of the petitioner, who were examined before the Select Committee appointed to try the merits of the election fo Penrhyn. Extraordinary Legacy. –A very singular cause is now depending before the Court of Session in Scotland, respecting a legacy to the amount of upwards of fifty thousand pounds, bequeathed by the late Earl of F. (who died at Berlin) to a foreigner, who was one of his domestic servants. The payment of the legacy is disputed by the heir-at-law of the late Earl, on the ground that it was given for a highly immoral consideration ; and from its novelty the case is, of course, the subject of much conversation in the Northern Metropolis. The arguments and pleadings in this extraordinary suit, in which the most eminent counsel of the Edinburgh Bar are engaged, display much classical as well as legal learning ; but no judgement has yet been pronounced by the Court. From the magnitude of the sum in dispute, it will probably be finally determined by an appeal to the House of Lords.– Morn. Chron. Town Hall, Southwark. –Thomas Wing was brought up by Reeve, the Marshalman, and examined before Sir John Earner[?], the sitting Magistrate, charged on suspicion of robbing his employers, Messrs Sentance and Flint, grocers, NO. 300. Borough, High-street. The prisoner's detection was caused in the following singular manner :–He was porter to the prosecutors, and was frequently about the shop ; a large house dog having seen him take money from the till, which he tied in his pocket handkerchief, followed him about till he saw him conceal it in a shed near the stables, and then he came into the shop and appeared quite restless, pulling every person by the skirt[?] and apparently wishing them to follow him. At length Henry Heydon, the apprentice, having occasion to go to the stable, the dog followed him, and having drawn his attention to the heap of rubbish, under which the money was buried, began to scratch at it till he brought the booty to view ! The apprentice brought it to his master, who counted, and found it to contain 12s. in copper coin. After marking it he desired the boy to place it in the same spot, which he did, and soon afterwards, finding that it was removed, he asked the prisoner some questions about it, but he declared his ignorance of the whole transaction. Reeve, the Marshalman, was then sent for, who, on searching the prisoner, found some of the marked ballpence[?] in his pocket.–Remanded. Bank Committee. –The Opposition Journals, last wek, asserted that the Rank Restriction Committee of the House of Commons intend to report in favour of Mr Ricardo's plan of paying in specie. That is, the Bank shall pay next January in gold bars at the present price of gold, L.4 1s. per ounce, any quanitity of notes not being less than sixty or a hundred pounds' worth, and that in two years afterwards they shall pay them in gold bars at the standard price of gold, L.3, 17s. 10 1/2 per ounce. Mr Ricardo's plan goes farther. It recommends that the Bank shall never pay in coin, but in bars of gold, at the standard price ; in short that the Bank shall at all times buy gold, when offered, at L.3, 17s. and sell it, when demanded, at L.3, 17s. 10 1/2d. If the Opposition Journals be correct in stating that the Restriction Committee intend to report in favour of payments in bullion at the market price ; and should Parliament adopt that plan ; then there will be a very great saving to the nation in the expense of coinage, the waste of, &c. All the purposes for which a metallic currency is necessary in foreign commerce, will be answered as well by payments in gold bars as by payments in coins, and the danger of a domestic run on the Bank for gold coin in a moment of panic, as in 1797, will be completely prevented. This is, indeed, at all times, the only danger to which it is exposed. A run for coin on the Country Banks would instantly fall on the Bank of England, and would cramp, if not dry up,the currency throughout the empire, producing the greatest confusion. Now, if the Opposition Journals be correct, the currency will be placed in perfect security, at perfect ease. Nothing will be able to disorder it. If persons will hoard specie, they must purchase gold bars or foreign coin, or content themselves with silver. In the year 1815 and 1816 we imported corn only to the amount of L.800,000 each year, and then the value of gold was rather below the standard price. In the year 1817 we imported to the amount of six millions, and in the year 1818 we imported to the amount of eleven million Sterling. During the last two years the price of gold rose. Should we have an abundant harvest or two, and little importation of corn become necessary, gold will again fall very low. The Bank will then be able to pay, to buy gold to the full extent of Mr Ricardo's plan, and to place their notes on a firm, unquestionable foundation. The finances of the continent, and of the world, indeed–the sources and circulation of money will, during peace, gradually become steadier and better known. The East Indies at present drain away an extraordinary quantity of specie, while Spanish America, in consequence of her troubles, yields far less than usual. It would be madness to fly in the face of all these circumstances, by compelling the Bank to pay in gold coin. Perhaps it may be desirable to limit the issue of bank notes to some certain, yet liberal amount. We pretend not to anticipate the Report of the Committee ; but, if some rumours be true, we augur favourably of it. It[?] is said Mr Tierney divided the Committee, and stood alone in voting against the Report. Thus, then, the Report cannot be in favour of a very sudden or decided plan for the resumpion of cash payments, or Mr Tierney would not have voted against it ; and yet it must hold out a reasonable prospect of a rational scheme for that resumption, or the other five or six Opposition Members of the Committee would not have voted for it. – Courier. Grand Pigeon Match, three Gentlemen of the Midgham Club, against thrice of All England, took place on Monday on Farnham Downs, at twenty-one birds, twenty-one yards distance from the gun, for 150 guineas aside, charge unlimited. Messrs Adams, Russel and Holt, were selected from the Crack Club against Messrs King, Short and Keans. The sports were as follows ; Mr Adams killed nineteen birds, and the remaining two were severely hit. Russel killed eighteen, but lost one three yards out of bounds, and Mr Holt bagged sixteen, making a grand total of fifty-two from sixty-three. The Club was at first backed to win, but the England shots were now backed freely at six to four, as they were considered safe eighteen bird men. Mr King killed twenty, but lost two out of bounds. Short missed his first three, which brought betting to two to one onn the Club, but he killed the next seventeen, and missed the last bird. Mr Keans had seventeen to tie, and eighteen to win, and he was back at five to four and at two to one, after killing eleven birds in succession. He, however, missed the seventeenth, and had to kill the other four to win. He succeeded, and the prize was won by once bird. It was altogether the most interesting match of this sort known for years. Letters from Petersburgh, of the 15th ultimo, mention that Prince Gustavus of Sweden, son of King Gustavus IV., has obtained permission from the Emperor, his uncle, to proceed to England, for the purpose of completing his studies at Oxford. Reports speak highly of the virtues and talents of this unfortunate young Prince, who excites universal interest and sympathy in the north of Europe. In these feelings we must largely share, for we cannot easily forget the associations with which the name of Vasa was connected, not the services rendered by two Sovereigns of that Illustrious House to the cause of civil and religious liberty. It is said that a great Potentate, whose generosity and magnanimity are proverbial, has settled upon Prince Gustavus an allowance of L. 2,000 Sterling per annum, during the residence of the latter in England, and that on the return of his Royal Highness to the Continent he is to espouse his cousin, a Princess of Hesse Cassel, who, if rumour be correct, has lately refused a matrimonial alliance with the new Swedish dynasty. Papers arrivedon Saturday from New York and Boston to the 15th ult. The National Intelligencer, in an article occupying five columns, under the head of "Strictures on Mr Lacock's Report on the Seminole War," defends the sanguinary proceedings of General Jackson. This production is said to have excited a great sensation throughout the United States, being supposed to express the sentiments of the Executive. The General had left Washington for his residence in Tenessee. By an arrival from Aux Cayes, intelligence was stated to be received that Sir G M'Gregor's troops had deserted him, owing to the want of funds for their subsistence. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Some Canada papers to the 11th let. have arrived in town. Sir Peregrine Maitland had summoned the Parliament of Upper Canada to meet him at York, on the 22d of April. He had appointed Port Talbot in the town of Dunwich, a port of entry, in the same manner as those established between Canada and the United Statess. Extract of a letter to a Gentleman in George-town, dated Tobago, Feb. 9. 1819.–' The heavy rains which continued during the months of December and January, almost inundated the country, which brought on a most rapid and fatal disease, which made its first appearance in the frost, at a short distance from the town, consisting of 212 men strong, and in 10 or 12 days, 45 of that number were numbered with the dead. The contagion was so rapid, that it soon spread into the town, shipping, and country, and proved equally fatal. The disorder was such, it baffled all medical aid. The alarming symptoms were such, that business was nearly suspended–the white population seeking safety in other islands, or in the remote and healthiest part of this. I assure you, that every thing had a most gloomy appearance ; and the disease was so contagious, one man would hardly venture to touch another. The William's crew, from their mutinous disposition, deserted her–some have since died ; and some remain sick. The weather has become good within these fifteen days, and the health of the island improving fast.' A series of Sierra Leone Gazettes, to the 20th of February, have reached us. They contain no intelligence of particular interest, expect that the colony appears to have been healthy at that period. In one of them we find a contradiction of the reports which found their way into the English papers some months since of the dreadful mortality that prevailed in that settlement. It states that the "total number of Europeans who died in the Peninsula in 1818, was eight men, three women, and two children. We lost no civil, military or colonial officer, excepting one young Gentleman who died a month after his arrival, and is included in the number." A letter from the Havannah, dated 27th February, mentions that the article of coffee is gradually rising in value, and that an agent from Messrs Baring is making purchases there to the amount of 1/3 a million sterling, in that single commodity. " . | |
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| sap:body "Extract of a letter from William Hunt, esq." To H. Hunt, esq. "Washington Hotel, New Orleans, Dec. 25. 1818. " My Dear Brother – We arrived safe in the mouth of the Mississippi on the 10th of this month, after a voyage of 82 days from Gravesend. Your son and myself are in excellent health, and very happy. There are 35 English vessels from Liverpool now here, and a great many English emigrants from Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lancashire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Somersetshire ; and, in fact, from almost all parts of the heavily-taxed island we have left behind us ! Our ship was detained near a week in the river, about 80 miles below New Orleans ; we all went on shore, and had plenty of rabbit shooting. I killed the most with my double-barrelled gun, by Knock, corner of Fetter-lane. Henry, myself, and Mr Blake went one day into the woods to kill deer, by night coming on, we lost our road ; and, differing in opinions, we separated, Henry and Mr Blake taking one road, and myself the other. I reached the ship (about five miles) at ten o'clock ; but they remained lost all night in the woods, and did not return to us till the next morning. It being wet, and Henry sleeping on the marshy ground, in spite of the remonstrances of Mr Blake, caught a severe cold, and suffered much with rheumatic pains for four days, but he is now perfectly recovered : he is grown fat. In the river there are thousands of wild swans, wild geese, wild ducks, woodcocks, snipes, and other wild fowl. If you were there, you would kill a waggon load in a day, as I know you have frequently killed a horse load in England ; but they are a thousand times more numerous here than I ever saw them in England ; this market swarms with them, and very cheap. No game certificate required here. Myself, Henry, Mr Blake, and the other passengers, visited a French farmer, about six miles below New Orleans : he has got 3000 acres of his own land, whereon are sugar plantations, sugar-houses, & c. ; he made 250 hogsheads of molasses of sugar last year. He offers five hundred acres of good land with his pretty daughter, as a fortune on her marriage. There are plenty of French settlements on the banks of the Mississippi ; but they are the most slovenly and the worst farmers I ever saw. – They are very lazy, bad managers, and appear to use their negroes very cruel, and work them very hard. The Europeans generally leave New Orleans in the summer, as it is very unhealthy in the hot weather and the deaths are frequently seventy in a week. The scenery of this country is very picturesque ; it is very much like the banks of the river Thames about Richmond and Staines, and many of the buildings are as handsome as those of Bath. Here is one Church, which is a very beautiful building. On Sunday the French and Spanish shops are all open, and it is a market during the whole day ; balls and the theatre open in the evening, gambling & c. We are at the Washington Hotel, the best in the city ; it is expensive, although very good living here : we pay ten dollars a-week each, including claret and rum and water. There is no beer here in warm weather as in England, and it is as warm here now as it was in England in July, although not half so oppressive and stinking as it was in Covent Garden during the election : 60 persons dine and sleep in this hotel, most of them English. We do not trouble ourselves about politics in this country ; our object is to cultivate the soil, and to reap the fair reward of our labour. On Saturday we were charged 100 dollars each for passage, and four dollars six cents for every hundred weight. We have three and a half tons weight with us. Do pray send me four quarters of the best peas, rye, grass seed, and some more of Hill's Scots ploughs, to be left at Messrs Brown and Co. who will forward them carefully to me at the Illinois. Mr Trimmer, an Englishman, has purchased 20,000 acres of land near Mr Birkbeck, and has taken twenty couple of hounds with him, so that we shall have some hunting as well as shooting if we like. It is said that he is about to marry one of Mr B.'s daughters. He is now here : he tells me that there are plenty of English farmers settled all over the Illinois territory. He is here to get labourers ; they are the only thing wanting there. I should have brought over some with me, but they may follow us ; as I understand the labourers, with the pay of a dollar a day, can live better than a Hampshire or Wiltshire renting farmer of L.300 or L.400 a year. Mr Riply, and others that I have seen from Illinois, report that the farmer can get a sure profit the first year. Mr Ripley says there is a good sure market, and a fair profit and only one penny per acre land tax ; this is all the taxes we shall have to pay. Price of labour is very dear here ; we pay a dollar for washing every dozen of shirts, cravats, pocket handkerchiefs, & c. & c. The price of a gallon of best rum is one and a half dollar. The custom-house duty on my things shipped from England, I have paid 92 dollars for. Although I should like England very well if it was not for the taxes, yet, from what I have seen hitherto, I like America ten times better " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to America Important Extracts of a Letter from a very Intelligent and respectable Engineer in Louisville, dated January 20. 1819. "The best time for coming to America I should judge to be in the summer, to land in September, so as to be able to get here before the weather was too cold. It is safe to settle in the beginning of winter or spring, so as to inure to the climate by degrees. The best plan for coming is to take a part of the steerage of a vessel, and find your own provisions; you will save more in this way, over a cabin passage, than would buy a decent farm here. The lands in this neighbourhood raise a crop of wheat and one of corn alternately, and improve ; dung is never applied, and is said to be hurtful. It is without question what the land here is as good as can be, and when to this is added the heat of the summer, one ought to be able to raise crops as heavy as they will stand. You wonder at 10 dollars being enough to clear an acre. It is not cleared, all the trees under 12 inches are cut down and burned on the ground, and the large ones are killed by cutting round the bark. The ground is then prepared for Indian corn by scratching it with a hoe, or a kind of shuffle, which, from the looseness and mellowness of the soil, is easily done, and in this way sixty or eighty bushels an acre are sometimes raised. – the trees die in a few months, and in three or four years fall down one by one, and the roots will rot out in seven or eight years. It is a great want of sense in any new settler not to adopt the modes of this country, proven to be the best adapted to the state of it by 200 years experience. The Americans, of all other people I know of, are the most ingenious in adapting the means to the end. I do not know if they have more sense than other nations, but they certainly make it go farther. Every tools answers the purpose most effectually. This is evident in their axes. An American will cut down three times more trees and square three times more timber than the best of your wrights could do, and not by more strength but by fitter tools. So it is with cutting their grain ; a man will cut down four acres of wheat in a day, what what he calls a cradle scythe, and lay it as refular for binding as reapers can do. Sixty bushels of Indian corn is the average of Kentucky ; but 25 bushels of wheat is about the average of an acre. It is easier farming here than with you on sundry accounts ; the soil is free, few weeds make their appearance, and when ploughed down are certainly killed by the hot sun. There are no frosts to injure the crop, and no wet weather to destroy it when cut. Hay is made in two days, and grain is cut one day and stacked or housed the next. From the shortness and mildness of the winter, little provender is needed for the stock. Swine are raised at no expence. They breed and feed in the woods, and only want from one to three bushels of corn to fatten for killing, when they sell for five cents a lb. In the less settled parts of the country, it is the practise to give all the corn to swine and then send them to market. A bushel of corn is equal in nutriment to a bushel of wheat for man or beast. " . | |
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| sap:body "The brig Henry sailed from Cork on Wednesday se'ennight, with about two hundred passengers for Aux Cayes, to join Sir Gregor M'Gregor, who lately landed on the Spanish Main with a small force. General M'Gregor, it seems, left authority with Colonel Eyre to recruit men for his service, and to ship them as he best could. – There are a number of idle gentlemen about Dublin at present, and also many in the country, who have been captivated with the speculation of embarking in the Patriotic cause, and for some time they have appeared in the streets in fanciful uniforms. We understand that Col. Eyre has formed a Committee, who treat with such young gentlemen as have the inclination to proceed on the enterprise, and have money to pay for such rank as they may wish to possess under M'Gregor. The money thus furnished is made a stock purse to pay the freight of the vessel, and hence it is necessary that the greater part of the adventurers should be officers ; for those who are contented with the humble station of privates are not required to contribute and their passage, subsistence, &c. must be defrayed by the common fund. Mr D'Evereaux, from the county of Wexford, is also raising men for the same service, but under different circumstances. He professes to have authority from General Bo livar to grant commissions, and to ship the men he may raise for head-quarters in Venezuela. Mr D'Evereaux has not yet dispatched any men, and Col. Eyre has certainly shewn more activity in this respect. – Dublin Journal. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Advices have been received again from the Cape of Good Hope of 6th March, which are several days later than those acquired formerly. Of the rising of the Caffres there remains no doubt, although it does not appear that Government have as yet received official information regarding it. The private accounts state that two valuable officers had lost their lives, and also a great number of men. The Governor himself in order by his presence the sooner to suppress the Caffres, had, with a competent force, proceeded to the interior. Great inconvenience was experienced for the want of cavalry in so extensive a country ; had not this been the case, it was believed that in a very few days tranquility would have been restored. We are sorry to state that another hurricane has taken place in the Isle of France ; it commenced on the 25th January, and has done great mischief to the shipping, and also to the plantations of that ill-fated Island. A Dutch mail has arrived, with papers to the 19th inst. At Batavia, two of the leaders of the late disturbances have been tried and execute, and that degree of tranquility which terror produces has been restored. In the administration of their colonies in the east, the conduct of the Dutch has always been cruel and oppressive ; and it is to be regretted that the extensive and fertile island of Java should have been surrendered to their rapacity. During the short time that it was in possession of this country, various important improvements were introduced into its domestic administration ; the practise of torture, according to the humane and enlightened maxims of British jurisprudence, was abolished ; new and better modes of collecting the revenue were adopted ; and a spirit of mildness and of regard for the interests of all the various classes of which the population is composed, was evinced, which made the British Government highly popular. Considerable anxiety prevails among the merchants for the safety of the Queen Charlotte, Jamaica packet. She sailed from Jamaica the 29th March, and had a great quantity of specie on board. No things have since been received of her. Several vessels sailed since her departure, and have arrived safe. The Ocean quitted Jamaica on the 6th of April, and arrived here several days since. Several passengers landed at Portsmouth on Thursday from Jamaica, bring Port Royal Papers to the 25th of March. The 50th Regiment had arrived at Kingston, from Cork ; and the 2nd West India Regiment was about to embark for Sierra Leone to be disbanded. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. The increased population of this country, as well as the great difficult to which the middling classes of society are exposed in their efforts to procure the ordinary means of sustenance, has given rise to the formation of little copartnerships, or joint stock companies of individuals, who, being unable to command capital enough singly, to encounter the expences of a new settlement, have put their little funds together, with a determination to sail for America, and there jointly to labour for the general good of the whole, until fortune shall so far favour their efforts as to enable them to become independent of each other. By this means much less than the hundred pounds stipulated by Mr Birkbeck as the proper stock for an emigrant to begin with, will be sufficient ; and thus a new impetus will be given to that tide of huma beings which is constantly flowing towards the new world. Would it not be policy to give encouragement to these industrious swarms to settle in our own colonies? We have heard with some pleasure in rumour that several parishes have taken into their serious consideration the prudence of establishing a fund for the encouragement of those poor persons who may be dispoed to seek a means of occupation in Canada ; in furtherance of which laudable design, an application is to be made to Government for grants of land in desirable siutations, especially in Upper Canada, where the climate is described to be of the finest description. There is no doubt that many who are now pining in workhouses would gladly accept of such an alternative, and who, instead of being, as at present, a burthen to themselves and to society, would, by their exertions, be adding to the importance and stability of our possessions in that quarter, as well as opening a new source for the consumption of our manufactures. " . | |
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| sap:body "Letter from Mr Morris Birkbeck "English Prairie, (Illinoia,) Nov.25. 1818. " Sir – Your favour of 15th June is before me. Presuming you retain a copy of the queries, I proceed to answer then in order: – Respecting domestic servants ; what may be the condition of our colony in two years it is impossible to foresee, but should it be in your power to bring with you female domestics, it would be well to do so ; also a carpenter or two and a few labourers ; if with families, so much the better. Written engagements for a term, or indentures, are not binding, unless renewed on this side of the Atlantic. I have not seen any of these documents, and can therefore give you no precise directions for them : perhaps a simple engagement from the parties, acknowledging as a debt the expence incurred in bringing our, might be a sufficient security, leaving their wages to be determined here according to the current rates, yet to be established by the proportion of supply to the demand, which, as I remarked above, it is now impossible to ascertain. As to the number of labourers, or female domestics, you would need perhaps six of the former and two of the latter would a safe adventure, looking to the colony for an addition, should you need it, after you are settled – before that you will find a greater number an incumbrance : this is, I think, all I can say to your first, third, fourth, and fifth queries. All expence of transfer of your family and luggage, supposing the latter to weigh ten thousand pounds, I should estimate under L.1000 sterling. On this particular subject Mr R. Flower would give you most particular information – The luggage would cost about ten dollars per 100 lbs. So much for your query. To the seventh query – I think L.200 would assist your family in plenty for a year, exclusive of wages and clothing. Eighth query – L.3000 would be a good capital for a section, or 640 acres, and I question your wishing to hold in cultivation a larger tract. Ninth query – I consider our situation not liable to future disturbance from Indians, in the event of a war between Great Britain and the United States, being covered by increasing settlements to the west, north-west, and north. Tenth query – The earthquakes mentioned by Bradbury I have heard of from many persons ; but I have not discovered that it has left any impression on the public mind ; on this score, for my own part, I feel no anxiety about the matter ; Great Britain, I suppose, in proportion to its dimensions, is equally liable to earthquakes. Elenventh query, – The route by New Orleans will, I have no doubt, be preferable to that by the eastern cities. When due precaution against the diseases of the climate are observed, I have never failed to recommend it. Twelfth query – The health of my family has not suffered from the climate. One of my sons has been affected with ague. This summer has been more sickly in these parts than any season for seven years past, and has afforded me a most encouraging confirmation of the temperature and salubrity of our settlement, and has also afforded immeasurable proofs of those facts regarding the sufferings of new settlers, to which I have so anxiously invited the attention of the readers of my journal. On the whole, provided common sense should be seconded by common industry, in the inclosure and cultivation of our colony, I think we shall not be visisted by more than our due share of physical calamity. I deferred noticing your second query, the subject being connected with the proposal respecting land, at the conclusion of your letter. I would strongly recommend your deferring the purchase of land until your arrival. It would be difficult to convey to you the reasons, but you would feel the propriety of my advice, should you come. I think you would have as good a choice two years hence as now, because excellent siutations, as yet unsurveyed, will then be on sale. I have no eligible offer to make you beyond a section. You inquire concerning venomous reptiles ; they are no source of injury or alarm to us. Insects, in new countries, often abound to an astonishing degree, and are sufficiently teazing to man and beast. Many species yield instantly to cultivation, and are heard of no more as plagues ; others will continue until conquered by order and industry. The thermometer ranges from 13 below zero to 89 above ; the extremes are, of course, of rare occurence, and short duration. At Philadelphia, I understand, it rose this summer 97, and in this neighbourhood, in the low river bottoms, I believe it might reach that degree. On our praire I think it never reached 89. The smaller streams are rapid and soon dry ; the larger sluggish in the extreme – catfish, perch, sturgeons abound, and many others I believe. I think 1000 dollars would build a comfortable plain dwelling. – Your obedient servant, M. Birkbeck." "Directed to W. Wilson, Esq. Batson's Coffeehouse, London." " . | |
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| sap:body "Intended Colony at the Cape of Good Hope The following letters explains, in detail, the degree of co-operation which Government proposes to afford to those persons who may wish to emigrate from this country. It will be read with peculiar interest, and it enables us to answer, in the most satisfactory manner, the many inquiries which have been addressed to us, upon the nature and extent of the plan of which the Chancellor of the Exchequer submitted an outline to Parliament just before its prorogation. ( Official Circular. "Downing Street, London, 1819. I have to acquaint you in reply to your letter of the –, that the following are the conditions under which it is proposed to give encouragement to emigration to the Cape of Good Hope. The sufferings to which many individuals have been exposed, who have emigrated to his Majesty's foreign possessions, unconnected and unprovided with any capiral, or even the means of support, having been very afflicting to themselves, and equally burdensome to the colonies to which they have proceeded, the Government have determined to confine the application of the money recently voted by address in the House of Commons, to those persons, who possessing the means, will engage to carry out, at the least, ten able bodied individuals above 18 years of age, with or without families, the Government always reserving to itself the right of selecting from the several offers made to them those which may prove, upon examination, to be most eligible. In order to give some security to the Government, that the persons undertaking to make these establishments have the means of doing so, every person engaging to take out the above mentioned number of persons or families shall deposit at the rate of L.10 (to be repaid as hereinafter mentioned) for every famly so taken out, provided that the family does not consist of more than one man, one woman, and two children under 14 years of age. All children above the number of two will have to be paid for, in addition to the deposit above mentioned, in the proportion of L.5 for every two children under 14 years of age and L.5 for every person between the ages of 14 and 18. In consideration of this deposit, a passage shall be provided at the expence of Government for the settlers, who shall also be victualled from the time of their embarkation until the time of their landing in the colony. A grant of land, under the conditions hereafter specified, be made to him at the rate of 100 acres for every such person or family whom he shall so take out ; one-third of the sum advanced to Government on the outset shall be repaid on landing, when the victualling at the expence of Government shall cease. A further proportion of onethird shall be repaid, as soon as it shall be certified to the Governor of the colony that the settlers under the direction of the person taking them out are actually located upon the land assigned to them ; and the remainer at the expiration of three months from the date of their location. If any parishes in which there may be a redundancy of population shall unite in selecting an intelligent individual to proceed to the Cape, with settlers under his direction, not less in number and of the description abovementioned, and shall advance money in the proportion above-mentioned, the Government will grant land to such an individual at the rate of 100 acres for every head of a family, leaving the parish at liberty to make such conditions with the individual, or the settlers, as may be calculated to prevent the parish becoming again chargeable with the maintenance of such settlers, in the event of their return to this country. But no offers of this kind will be accepted, unless it shall be clear that the persons proposing to become settlers shall have distinctly given their consent, and the head of each family is not infirm or incapable of work. It is further proposed, that in any case in which one hundred families proceed together, and apply for leave to carry out with them a minister of their own persuasion, Government will, upon their being actually located, assign a salary to the minister who they have may have selected to accompany them, if he shall be approved by the Secretary of State. The lands will be granted at a quit rent to be fixed, which rent, however, will be remitted for the first ten years ; and at the expiration of three years (during which the party and a number of families, in the proportion of one for every 100 acres, must have resided on the estate), the land shall be measured at the expence of Government, and the holder shall obtain, without fee, his title thereto, on a perpetual quit rent, not exceeding in any case L. 2 sterling for every 100 acres ; subject, however to this clause beyond the usual reservations"–that the land shall become forefited to Government, in case the party shall abandon the estate, or not bring it into cultivation within a given number of years. I am Your most obedient humble servant. * The usual reservations are the right of the Crown to mines of precious stones, of gold and silver, and to make such roads as may be necessary for the convenience of the colony. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence A letter from Corfu, dated the 10th ult. states that the Governor of the Ionian Islands, General Maitland, embarked on the 8th inst. for Rome, in order to negotitate a Concordat relative to the Romish Clergy of the United Islands, as it appeared that Lord Guildford, who had been charged with the affair by the Prince Regent, had failed in his negotiation to that effect. Previously to the departure of the Governor, a deputation from the Parguinotes emigrants waited upon him, to claim the sum to be paid by Ali Pacha, for property left in Parga, agreeably to stipulation. General Maitland assured them he would not depart without adopting measures in their favour, and immediately issued a proclamation, appointing a commission of payment. Sir Frederick Adam fills the office of High Commissioner, ad interim, during the absence of the Governor. Advices from Demerara are received to the 3d ult. The following is from the Guiana Chronicle of the 24th May:–" We observe by St Vincent: papers, which we have just received, that the Royal York Rangers, under the command of Colonel Smelt, had embarked on board the Diadem and Elizabeth transports for Canada, where the regiment is intended to be disbanded. It is stated that each of the men will have a certain portion of land allotted them in that province for cultivation and their future support. We have received Newfoundland Papers to the 23d ult by which we learn that in the Court of Session, on the 18th idem, Capt. Redman, of the brig San Domingo, from Ross, was ordered to pay a fine of 10l. each, for 20 passengers brought in that vessel over and above the number allowed by act of Parliament; and a further sum of 10l. for not having the regulations respecting passengers posted up in some conspicuous part of the vessel ; making in all a fine of 210l. We subjoin an extract from the Montreal Herald of the 12th June, relative to Mr Gourlay, the celebrated reformer: From the Niagara Spectator, of the 27th May, we find the far famed champion of civil liberty, Mr Gourlay, has again made his debut in an address to the resident landowners of Upper Canada. This production is of the same stamp as him other lucubrations, abounding with strong and vigorous assertions in place of facts–a well wove sophistry to beguile the superficial reader ; and some of the most egregious errors in colonial policy recommended with a speciousness well calculated to deceive. Having so often stated out dissent from the political proceeding of this reformer, it would be deemed intrusive by many of our readers to enter into a refutation of the tenets, or an exposure of the absurdities, contained in his address. By others we might be supposed as exalting over a prostrate foe. Both imputations we utterly disclaim ; while, as men we regret that the mad career pursued by Mr Gourlay has deprived society of the benefits which might have been reaped from his better talents (of which he doubtless has a share), we must, as good subjects, feel happy that his career has been checked without any bad consequences to society. The following is the present distribution of the forces in the West Indies:– 2d Regiment (or Queen's) –Demerara. 4th Ditto–Head-quarters, Grenada, five companies; Trinidad, three companies ; and Tobago, two companies. 5th Ditto–Head-quarters, Antigua, five companies ; St. Christopher's, four companies ; Montserrat, one company. 9th Ditto–Head-quarters, St Vincent's, five companies ; Dominica, three companies ; St Lucia, two companies. 21st Ditto (Fusileers)–Barbadoes. 1st West India Regiment–Head-quarters, Barbadoes, six companies ; St Lucia, one company ; Dominica, two companies ; Antigua, one company. 3rd Ditto–Head-quarters, Trinidad, five companies till further orders. In Jamaica are the 50th, 58th, 61st, and 92d regiment. In Honduras, five companies of the 2d West India regiment. " . | |
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| sap:body "Intended Colony at the Cape of Good Hope. The following letter explains, in detail, the degree of co-operation which Government proposes to afford to those persons who may wish to emigrate from this country. ( Official Circular.) "Downing-street. London, 1819. "The sufferings to which many individuals have been exposed, who have emigrated to his Majesty's foreign possessions, unconnected, and unprovided with any capital, or even the means of support, having been very afflicting to themselves, and equally burdensome to the colonies to which they have proceeded, the Government have determined to confine the application of the money recently voted by Address in the House of Commons, to those persons who, possessing the means, will engage to carry out, at the least, ten ablebodied individuals above 18 years of age, with or without families, the Government always reserving to itself the right of selecting, from the several offers made to them, those which may prove, upon examination, to be most eligible. "In order to give some security to the Government, that the persons undertaking to make these establishments have the means of doing so, every person engaging to take out the above-mentioned number of persons or families, shall deposit, at the rate of 10l. (to be repaid as hereinafter mentioned) for every family so taken out, provided that the family does not consist of more than one man, one woman, and two children under 14 years of age. All children ahove the number of two must be paid for, in addition to the deposit above-mentioned, in the proportion of 5l. for every person between the ages of 14 and 18. "In consideration of this deposit, a passage shall be provided at the expence of Government for the settlers, who shall be victualled from the time of their embarkation until the time of their landing in the Colony. "A grant of land, under the conditions hereafter specified, shall be made to him, at the rate of 100 acres for every such person or family whom he so takes out ; one-third of the sum advanced to Government on the outset, shall be repaid on landing, when the victualling at the expense of the Government shall cease. A further proportion of one-third shall be repaid, as soon as it shall be certified to the Governor of the Colony that the settlers, under the direction of the person taking them out, are actually located upon the lands assigned to them ; and the remainder at the expiration of three months from the date of their location. "If any parishes in which there may be a redundancy of population, shall unite in selecting an intelligent individual to proceed to the Cape, with settlers under his direction, not less in number and of the description above-mentioned, and shall advance money in the proportion above-mentioned, the Government will grant land to such an individual at the rate of 100 acres for every head of a family, leaving the parish at liberty to make such conditions with the individual, or the settlers, as may be calculated to prevent the parish becoming again chargeable with the maintenance of such settlers, in the event of their return to this country. "But no offers of this kind will be accepted, unless it shall be clear that the persons proposing to become settlers shall have distinctly given their consent, and that the head of each family is not infirm or incapable of work. "It is further proposed, that in any case in which one hundred families proceed together, and apply for leave to carry out with them a minister of their own persuasion, Government will, upon their being actually located, assign a salary to the minister whom they may have selected to accompany them, if he shall be approved by the Secretary of State. "The lands will be granted at a quit rent, to be fixed, which rent, however, will be remitted for the first 10 years ; and at the expiration of three years (during which the party, and a number of families, in the proportion of 1 for every 100 acres, must have resided on the estate) the land shall be measured at the expense of Government and the holder shall obtain, without fee, his title thereto, on a perpetual quit rent, not exceeding[?] in any case of 2l. sterling for every 100 acres subject, however to this clause[?] beyond the usual reservations*–that the land shall become forfeited to Government, in case the party shall abandone the estate, or not bring it into the cultivator within a given number of years. I am, "Your most obedient servant." * The usual reservations are the right of the Crown to mines of precious stones, of gold and silver, and to make such roads as may be necessary for the convenience of the Colony. There are already three extensive settlements on the South East Coast of Africa, where the finest wheat is produced, with little labour, namely Algoa Bay, St. Catherine's Bay, and the new settlement on the Knysua, a considerable river, which is navigable for large vessels to the Northward. There are also extensive and fertile lands towards Saldanha Bay. As the produce from the new colonists will consist of grain and as the markets of the Cape of Good Hope, the Isle of France, Brazils &c. will in all probability be soon overstocked, the settlers will look to the mother country for a market, when an unfavourable harvest renders the import necessary ; and in anticipation of this event, the merchants interested in the Cape trade intend, we understand, to make an application to Government respecting the Corn Laws, to put the corn from the Cape of Good Hope on the same footing as grain from the British North American colonies. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence The accounts received on Tuesday from the Cape of Good Hope are to the 17th April, which are considerably later than those previously received. Information has just reached Cape Town, that a detachment of troops, joined by a number of the inhabitants, who had been sent to suppress the Caffres, had succeeded in driving them back, and were compelled to cross the river. The corn districts were in a great measure cleared of the savages, and the country-people were returning to their homes, where they considered themselves secure from any further attacks, at least for some time to come. Letters have just been received, via Calcutta, from New South Walves, up to the end of November. The colony was then all well, and several convict-ships (the Marley, Glory, Mario, Isabella, and others) had arrived, having made the passage out direct in the short period of three months and twenty days, and landed all their convicts and passengers in good health. This may be considered as another, among many proofs, that it is unnecessary to make any stay at any intermediate port. Extract of a letter from Sierra Leone, dated January 9 "It is with the deepest regret I inform you, that notwithstanding the liberality of Great Britain, and the faith of treaties solemnly entered into, this coast swarms with slave vessels, drugging thousands of its miserable inhabitants into endless captivity. A few days ago arrived here the Union, of Liverpool : the supercargo states, that during his stay in the River Calaba, not less than eight vessels, averaging 500 slaves each, had sailed for the Spanish Collective." " Montreal, May 11 "We learn there are about 70 souls, mostly Canadians, preparing to set out from this place, the 25th inst. for Lord Selkirk's settlement on the River Rouge. The number of settlers there at this time, it is said amount to about 590. An intelligent Canadian, in easy circumstances with whom we conversed, and who goes thither with the before-mentioned settlers, with all his family, says he passed a winter there when engaged in this for trade and reports it to be a fertile country, and the climate much milder than that of Canada. Thus, there is every appearance, that this Colony, in the course of time, will become populous and flourishing." " . | |
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| sap:body "Intended Colony at the Cape of Good Hope. The following official circular has been [?] from the Colonial Department, in answer[?] to[?] ap-[?] plications for information on the subject[?] referred to:– "Downing Street " Sir –In reply to your letter of the [?] [?] by Earl Bathurst to inform you, that as the [?] inctly specifies the nature and extent of the [?] will be granted to individuals who may be [?] as settlers of the Cape of Good Hope [?] tions under which alone that as instance [?} is only necessary to refer you to those [?] that no proposal can be accepted which is not [?] formity with the offer of his Majesty's Governance. "With reference to your particular [?] mode in which the views of the settlers may [?] I have to acquaint you, that it is not in Earl Bathurst [?] to communicate to you that species of [?] can most properly be afforded by the practical [?] or obtained upon the spot. "The settlers will be located in the [?] not far from the coast ; and in allotting to them [?] Government have agreed to grant[?] them [?] their wishes will be consulted, and attended [?] be consistent with the public interests of the [?]. "The settlers will be enabled to purchase [?] [?] of agricultural implements in the [?] although they are not debarred from taking [?] derte supply of these articles as well as [?] will find no difficulty in purchasing seed corn[?] [?]. "The settlers will not find habitations ready [?] ception. "The person under whose direction a [?] ceed is at liberty to secure their services by [?] ment into which they may think proper [?] "The new settlement will, of course, be [?] ing to the laws in force in the colony. "In conclusion, I beg to observe, that it [?] persons taking out settlers to form their [?] the amount of pecaniary[?] means with which [?] be provided, in order to support the [?] their directios, and ensure the success of [?] "I am, Sir, your most obedient " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Fire at Newfoundland We are sorry to state that another most distressing and calamitous fire has taken place at St. John's Newfoundland. Captain Critchelly, of the alliance, arriv-[?] ed at Liverpool from Carbonear, in Newfoundland, [?] which he left on the 22d ult. states that a fire broke out in an uninhabited house in St. John's between one and two o'clock in the morning of the 18th of June and that from the inflammable nature of the house[?] and more particularly of their roofs, it spread with such rapidity, that in the short space of three hours 170 fa-[?] milies were burnt out, besides an immense quantity of produce consumed in various stores and warehouses. We learn from another account, that the fire destroyed the whole of the old part of the town. It broke out near Conder and Tracy's store, and burnt all between that and Messrs Baine, Johnson and Co.'s. Cape of Good Hope At the present moment, under the prospect of emigration, all intelligence coming from this quarter is of peculiar interest. The letters which reached town [?] Tuesday, mention that the Caffres had commenced [?] tilities anew, and that their numbers were very considerable. Cape Town, May 5. The Caffres have broken out, and a very serious war is carried on at present on the borders. It is said that the savages are to the amount of 50,000, and a detachment of 6000 attacked Graham's Town on Saturday week, about 12 o'clock in the day, but were repulsed, and 150 left dead on the fiel. They carried off 500 wounded. Orders have been issued in every district of the colony for the young boors to inrol themselves to oppose the enemy. Cape Town, May 16. The 13th regiment, commanded by Colonel Wilshire have come up with the main body of Caffres, near Graham's Town and have defeated them with great loss. Since then they have withdrawn from the British territory. The 54th regiment arrived at [?] place a few days ago from England and have since[?] marched off for the frontiers. A large number of infantry have been mounted on horseback to [?] them to pursue more effectually the savages. They are all in excellent spirits. It is reported that our present Governor is going home, and that another has been appointed. Jamaica Papers to the 10th ultimo has reached us, which confirms the sad accounts of the miserable fate of the followers of the fugitive M'Gregor. It appears that the schooner Marsha[?] had brought accounts from San Blas[?], that M'Gregor, after his disgraceful flight from Porto Bello, proceeded[?] in the brig Hero, for St. Andreas, where he arrived on the 7th of May, and left on the 12th, having suffered considerably from the effects of his leap. He promulgated a story that he had been betrayed by some of his Officers, who had [?] Porto Bello ; but added he would soon receive reinforcements from England, when he would retake it. The Blossom arrived on Sunday from the South American station, last from Rio Janeiro, whence she sailed on the 8th of June. She landed about two millions of dollars at Rio Janeiro, from Litna[?] and brought to England about 140,000 on merchants' account. She, and the Andromache, Captain Shirreff, having [?] treasure on board, passed Lord Cochrane's squadron, in the South Seas, but his Lordship did not discover even the slightest intention of interrupting either of the ships. His Lordship's squadron appeared in excellent order ; and it is but justice to his Lordship to state, that he has not resorted to any undue or improper means to man his ships ; but on the contrary in every instance of complaint made to him by the masters of merchant shipping, of any of their crew having deserted to him, he ordered the men to be again instantly sent on board their respective ships. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to the Cape of Good Hope. (From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.) The Chancellor of the Exchequer has submitted to Parliament the expediency of voting t50,000 towards the encouragement of emigration to the Cape of Good Hope. Let it be remembered, once for all, that it is not because that colony is too thin of inhabitants, but that the mother country is too full, that this plan is suggested. The question is not how you maintain a surplus peasantry in the land that gave them birth, but, whether you will stop emigration to the frozen shores of Canada, and to the United States, or divert and encourage it to the finest colony in the world – We surely have learnt enough of North America to convince us of the degraded and miserable conditions of its people. South African, on the other hand, has every advantage to repay the sacrifice of quitting the land of our forefathers. The more fully to understand and appreciate these advantages, we shall set before our readers a short view of the conditions and facilities of the colony in question. The spring, from September to December, is the most agreedable season. The summer, from December to March, is often intensely hot. The autumn, from March to June, is generally fine and pleasant. The winter is rainy and stormy, and for the most part so cold as to make fires very comfortable during the months of July, August, and September. Most of the diseases that appear among the natives proceed rather from their gross and indolent modes of living, than the unheathliness of the climate. The scarcity of water in summer is unfavourable to cultivation ; and for want of industry or materials this defect is not remedied, as it is in India, by artificial tanks or reservoirs. Whenever, however, irrigation can be employed, either from wells or rivers, the most abundant vegetation ensues. Good and abundant water has always been found by digging wells in Cape Town and the vicinity. In the whole colony there is scarcely a river that can be called navigable. Though swollen into torrents during the winter, most of them dry up during the summer. All the rivers are well stocked with perch, eels and small turtle ; and with a certain distance from the coast they abound with the several fish peculiar to these seas. There is general want of wood in South Africa – At the distance, however, of 1.5 miles from Algoa bay there is a large forest of a many thousand acres. Some of these trees (taxus elongatus) grow to the amazing size of 10 feet in diameter, and to the height of 30 or 40 feet of trunk clear of branches. The wood is useful for many purposes, but will not bear exposure to weather. The iron-wood grows to the size of 3 feet in diameter and the trunk straight and very high – The Hassayni wood is a beautiful tree... The Constantia wine is known throughout Europe, and to what perfection the other wines of the colony are capable of being brought, may very fairly be augured for the great improvement that has already taken place in its manufacture. Heretofore, the Dutch farmer and the merchant have regarded more the quantity than the quality of their wine. And when a cargo was once shipped, it mattered little to them, whether sound or sour it reached its destination. Little care was taken in the growth of the vine ; the branches were permitted to rest upon the groun ; while decayed and unripe grapes, stalks and leaves, were all promiscuously thrown in the wine-press. The mode also of seasoning the casks with brimstone, and the want of good brandy to fit it for foreign markets, have all contributed to deteriorate the character and confine the sale of Cape Madeira. These defects have lately been in a great measure remedied. Proper persons have been sent out from Madeira and this country, and every care seems now taken to meet and secure the growing demand in European markets. The trifling duty affixed to Cape Madeira in this country, has been the means of introducing it into many families, which have hitherto used home-made wines. And though the merchants at Madeira have made many remonstrances on this preference, it surely is but equitable that encouragement should be given to the stape export of a colony, now decidely, and we must trust unalterably, English. But in addition to wines there are other articles of colonial growth, exported to the East Indies, Europe, and America. Grain, wool, bides, and skins, whale oil and bone, dried fruits, salt provisions, soap and candles, aloes, tobacco. Such are the articles of commerce that might be turned to the best account. – But neither trade nor prosperit of any kind will continue to thrive in this colony, under the present mode of administering its government and laws. It has been said, that despotism would be the best of governments were the despot virtuous. This may be ; but contituted as human nature is, we fear that the purest amongst us needs some control. Control, however, there is none over the governor at the Cape. He makes and annuls laws at pleasure. He inserts a proclamation in the Cape Gazette, and from that moment his fiat becomes the law of the land. He has indeed an adviser in the colonial secretary, whose influence does not extend beyond that of mere advice. Strange to add, the laws at the Cape are at this moment Dutch laws, rescinded and obscured by all the edicts of the different governors of the colony. All pleadings are in writing, and were, till laterly, carried on, foribus clausis. In 1797 a court of appeal for criminal and civil cases was established, over both of which the governor presides. In India, in the West Indies, and in Canada, there is a governor and a council. These act as checks upon each other. But at the Cape there is no appeal beyond the governor. The taxes, however, at the Cape, under which we groan so painfully in this country, are comparatively trifling. European luxuries very justly pay a heavy import duty, but their purchase is matter of choice.– This falls not upon the poor, not consequently will it fall upon those most likely to emigrate under the provisions of the Parliamentary grant. Noting indeed can be framed with greater care and precautions, than the encouragement bedd out in Mr Vansittuart's proposal. A small deposit, L. 10. is to be made at the colonial office in Downing Street, by each individual. A free passage is to be granted, and on reaching the Cape, this deposit is to be returned to the settler by the local government. And such is the liberality that has guided the proposed plans, it is moreover stipulated, that if 100 families should agree to emigrate, and their minister with them, not only permission will be granted them so to do, but provision will be made for him. The separation from country and from kindred is thus softened, and it will allay many a sorrowing regret and painful recollection that in distant lands, and amongst a strange people, the settler may still listen to the voice and instruction of a pastor, to whom custom, veneration, and affection, have all united to attach him. It appears that the experiment of a settlement of English, has already been made upon a limited plan at Saldanha Bay (the finest harbour in South Africa) : and with such success as to give the best encouragement to a more extensive emigration. Indeed, from what we have outselves seen of the colony and its great facilities, we have no doubt whatever of the benefits that must arise to the sober, steady exertions of the industrious. At the Cape, or elsewhere, poverty and misery will attend the vicious and indolent, but certain we are, that there is no country under heaven, where the poor may find a safer asylum, and where activity, economy and good conduct, will meet with so certain and full a reward. During the stay of the 93rd regiment of foot (a Scotch regiment) at the Cape, many of the privates were known to save the whole of their pay, and were thus enabled to return to England with a very hand some little fortune. English servants of all descriptions are in great request, and 1.5 sterling a month are no uncommon wages for a tolerable cook. It is nevertheless to beremember, that clothes of all kinds are expensive at the Cape, as no manufactory is permitted, lest it should injure the trade of this country. Still farmers in the country dress very coarsely and cheaply ; and their wives and daughters, except on Sunday, are humbly clad as themselves. Indeed, in so soft a climate as the Cape, there is that occasion for multiplicity and warmth of apparel which colder regions require. For three-fourths of the year, the best bed is a hard mattress with a single coverlet. There is point which we cannot pass over ; as we think it very intimately connected with the virtue and happiness of the settlers. And that is, the education of their children. Nothing is more neglected than this in Southern Africa. The boors, (farmers) are ignorant to a degree passing credence. With the minister that is to accompany 100 families, it would be highly expedient to send a few sober intelligent men as schoolmasters. Attempts have been lately made to introduce into the colony the Madras system of instruction, and a free school upon that plan has been established at Cape Town, with considerable success. Still the natives are stubbornly averse to instruction. Their luxurious and bountiful climate supplies them with all the necessaries of human life, and beyond this they have neither wish nor ambition. But if knowledge has its fruits, ignorance has its weeds. The savage and unparalleled cruelties that have heretofore been exercised towards their slaves and the Hottentot servants by these Dutch boors may very fairly be traced to want of education, as a main cause. The unjust limits shown by the Dutch laws to the white man's barbarities have doubtless encouraged their perpetration – Cruelty is not the character of Englishmen, and, therefore, too much care cannot be taken to guard the families of the new settlers against the contagion of the inhumanities that they must see practised around them, and how far an early and thorough acquaintance with our duty to God and man will counteract this influence aided a knowledge of common school attainments, we need not say. The We have thrown these remarks together more as loose hints for the consideration of our readers, than with any idea of furnishing a complete view of so wide and important a subject. We may be induced hereafter to review the question more in detail. The plan itself, as confessed by the Chanceller of the Exchequer, has at present assumed a very imperfect shape. Americe we have not seen, and can only speak from the reports of other. Those reports are sufficiently discouraging. On the contrary, all who have seen and described the Cape, have united in praising it. Food is cheap and abundant, the price of labour is exceedingly high, trade is important and increasing, many parts of the colony are beautiful, and its climate is mild and healthy. There are few countries upon earth where so many components of happiness will be found to concentrate. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to the Cape of Good Hope. ( Official Circular.) The following circular has been addressed to the parties whose lists of the individuals engaged to proceed with them as settlers to the Cape of Good Hope have been approved of by the Colonial Department: – Downing Street, London, 30th Sept. 1819. Sir – I am directed by Earl Batburst to acquaint you, that he has under consideration your letter of, and that he accepts the proposal which you have mde, to take a party of able bodied settlers, with their families, to the Cape of Good Hope, where a grant of land will accordingly be assigned to you on your arrival, in conformity with the regulations laid down by his Majesty's Government. I have therefore to request, that you will immediately transmit to me three separate lists of the individuals who have placed themselves under your direction, and I inclose to you proper returns for that purpose ; at the same time, I deem it necessary to mention, that it is absolutely requisite that the details respecting the individuals of your party which you are called upon to state in your returns should be correctly specified, as any erroneous statement upon these heads, but more particularly in respect of the age of the individuals, could not fail to be productive of much inconvenience. Upon receiving there returns, I shall lose no time in stating to you the amount of the money which you will be required to deposit under the existing regulations, and the mode in which the payment is to be made. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, (Signed) Henry Goulburn. P.S. – If there be any Officers on the half pay of the army or navy, or military of naval pensioners among the individuals proceeding under your direction, it will be necessary that you should transmit to me a (fourth) list, specifying their usual place of residence, and the designation under which they are respectively known at the War Office, and at the Admiralty, in order that I may take the necessary measures to enable them to receive their allowances in the colony. These persons should, on their part, immediately apply to the Secretary at War, and to the Secretary of the Admiralty, stating their intention to emigrate to the Cape of Good Hope, and requesting instructions for their guidance in respect to the receipt of their allowances. In making your arrangements for embarkation, it will be necessary that you should bear in mind, that you will be allowed tonnage for the conveyance of the baggage of your party, at the rate of one ton (measurement 40 cubic feet) for each single able bodied individual, and two tons for each able bodied individual who is accompanied by his family. The above circular is accompanied by a form of the required return ; the several heads of which are distinguished in separate columns, as follows: Return of settlers proceeding to the Cape of Good Hope, under the direction of – Names of the men – their age – profession or trade. Names of the women – their age. Names of the male children – their age. Names of the female children – their age. Deposit money payable by the respective settler. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Letters and papers have been received from Jamaica to the 5 ult. We are sorry to observe, that the letlets from thence state that the island was very unhealthy. The deaths from the fever were[?] very[?] considerable, and were increasing. The garrison had been particularly unhealthy. The [?]th and 92d regiments have suffered severely by the [?] of the climate and are reduced to mere skeletons. We [?] [?] the [?] of several officers [?] [?] [?] to it ; causing them [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] several others. A serious dispute exists between the Governor of [?] [?] [?] a general [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] of the [?]. His Lordship has been support-[?] ed by counter meetings of the inhabitants, who complain of the licentiousness of the press of the island. (From the Port Royal Gazette of the 28th August) "Private letters from Panama state, that Lord Cochran had taken Petit Callao[?], in which port a vessel was at anchor, having on board 100,000 dollars. It was further said that his Lordship has passed Guayaquil oh his way to Chili. Almost a forthnight ago, intelligence reached the Governor of Carthagena, from Santa Fe, that General Bolivar, who had been joined by one of Murillo's Generals, with a number of troops, was making rapid advances towards Santa Fe with upwards of 5000 men ; and it was expected the next courier would announce[?] the fall of that place. An Aide-deCamp of the Governor of that place arrived at Carthagena at midnight with the above information. Another account states, that the Venezuelian army, under General Bolivar in person, had obtained possession of Santa Fe, and that his advanced guard was at Honda[?] ; he had succeeded in cutting off the retreat of General Samana[?], the Captain-General of Santa Fe ; his Secretary, Ramirez, has arrived at Carthagena with the above intelligence ; it was also added that a part of Bolivar's army would soon be in Mempaz[?]. There have arrived at the port of Quebec, this present season 9,513 settlers. A letter from Demerara of the 14th August says that a severe shock of an earthquake had been felt in that colony for the first time since the memory of man[?]. It occurred on the 12th. and continued for 30 second[?]. "Madras, April 14. "The gratifying intelligence of the fall of Asserghur reached the Presidency yesterday. We wait with impatience for the official details. "Madras, April 17. It is with since regret that we announce the death of John Duncan, Esq. third Member of the Medical Board at this Presidency, at General Lang's gardens. On Saturday last, the 10th instant. The funeral took place on Sunday evening, with the honours due to his rank ; and is remains were attended to the place of internment by a numerous assemblage of his friends at the Presidency. Mr Duncan's valuable services were for mroe than 30 years devoted to the benefit of the public, and the relief of suffering humanity[?] ; and during the whole of that period, it may be truly said, that he always evinced a firm, humane[?], and honourable disposition, the remembrance of which must render his memory universally respected. "Calcutta, March 24. "A Treaty has been concluded by the Hon. Sir Stamford Raffles[?], on the part of the Most Noble the Governor-General, with the Sultan of Jahore and Tomangong of Sincapore, establishing a British Residency at the latter place, under Major Furqubar, with a settlement on the ruins of the ancient captial of that country, over which, we may congratulate our readers, that the British flag is now flying ; Sir S. Raffles having returned from this expedition to Penang[?] on the 4th of last month. The grant of this island, which is situated at the southern extremity of the Peninsula of Malacca[?] must become valuable to the British Government, especially when accompanied, as we understand that it is, with the privilege of establishing further settlements along the extensive coast of Jahore, which must afford considerable protection to our commerce in that quarter, particularly to ships passing through the Straits, and enable us to watch the proceedings of our Bataxian competitors. Cape Town Gazettes to the 1st of August have come to our hands. At the present moment, when plans for colonising the territory adjoining the Cape of Good Hope, occupy so much attention, we turn to these papers with peculiar anxiety. They, however, contain little notice of public events at the Cape ; and nothing whatever is said of the incursions of the Caffres. We collect incidentally, that the scarcity which lately prevailed at the Cape has entirely ceased ; ample supplies of wheat and flour having lately been imported or brought to market. Maritime Intelligence Friday, a Court Martial was assembled on board the Queen Charlotte, in Portsmouth harbour, and continued by adjournment during Saturday, to inquire into the circumstances of the supposed concealment of two deserters from the band of the 18th regiment of foot on board his Majesty's ships Phaeton[?], Captain W. H. Dillon, in the month of October last, when that ship was about to proceed to the East Indies; and to try Lieutenant John Geary, the first Lieutenant of the said ship, for his conduct upon that occasion. The Court[?] was crowded with officers, &c. from the shore each day. The prosecution was closed on Saturday afternnoon, and the Court adjourned till ten o'clock on Mon day, when Lieutenant Geary made his defence. The Court having considered the whole of the evidence, were of opinion that the charge was proved, and sentenced him to be dismissed his Majesty's ship Phaeton, and severely reprimanded. Letters from Port Jackson, New South Wales, dated March 30th, were receivedon Sunday. The ships Surrey and Lord Sidmouth, with convicts from England, arrived on the 4th and 11th March. A schooner of 80 tons burden, intended for the Chief of the Society Islands, was to be launched on the 7th of April. The Shipley, with dispatches and troops on board, was to sail on the first, and may, therefore, be expected daily in this country. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Spanish Town, Jamaica –August 31. The mail will convey to you sufficiently afflicting news of the voyages which the fever is committing amongst us. Part of the 92nd and 50th have made their escape on board the Serapis 64, which has been roofed to, and most handsomely and humanely given up by the Admiral for the use of the troops. The loss in men stands about thus: 59th[?], 200[?] ; 92d, 120. The 58th and 81st are scattered[?] ; but from all I can learn, their loss is not great. The following is a list of the officers and their relatives who have fallen victims in the course of this month : – Lieut.-Colonel Sparrow, Deputy Adjt.-General. Lieut.-Colonel [?], 52d regiment. Lieut.-Colonel Hill th[?] regiment. Major Rowe, 50th regiment, son-in-law of Paymaster Montgomery, of the 50th. Mrs Rowe, wife of Major Rowe, whom she survived but a few hours, and daughter of Paymaster Montgomery. Major Montgomery, 50th, son of Paymaster Montgomery. Mrs Montgomery, wife of ditto. Assistant Surgeon Brown, 50th, son in-law of do. Lieut. Richardson, 50th. Lieut. North[?], 50th. Lieut. and Adjutant Lyon, 50th. Two Misses Lyon, daughter of Adjutant Lyon. Lieuts. R. M'Donald and George Mackie, 92d. Ensign [?] [?]th Doctor [?], Medical Staff. Captain and Paymaster Turner, 58th. The Misses Baxter, daughters of Quarter-Master Baxter[?]. The scenes that have occurred during this awful mortality have been most distressing. It has not been confined to the military, for the inhabitants have even out numbered them. The Quebec Mercury of the [?] gives long extracts from the American papers, respecting the [?] of a large tract of country by the [?] Indians, to the British Government, 2,748,000 acres, stretching from the upper part of the midland[?] district towards the lower part of the province, in the rear of the old settlements on the Ottawa, and not in any manner coming into contact with or approach within many miles of the boundary of Louisiana. Yet, upon the supposition that Great Britain is thus extending her Canadian territory, the American Papers are loud in their invectives against this country. Letters have been received from Mogadoru[?], dated the 28th September, which mention, that the plague which had been for some time in the vicinity, had at length broken out in that town. We are happy to add however, that the deaths at that period were only three or four each day, and it was then confined to the Moors ; none of the Christians or Jews having fallen victims to the pestilence. The weather being extremely cold, great hopes were entertained that the further progress of the disease would speedily be put a stop to when trade, which then at a stand, would renew its wanted[?] activity. The whole population of Mogadoru is between 10 and 12,000 persons ; by far the greater part of whom consider it contrary to their religious tenets to use any caution to prevent their taking the infection ; and, in the event of their having it would not, for the same reason, have recourse to any means to counteract it. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to America [ From the Observer. ] The following letter from a lady who emigrated to America, from within four miles of Godalming, in Surrey, two years back, has been handed to us for insertion. During the present rage for emigration, we think we are justified in giving it insertion, leaving it to those who are interested in its contents to draw their own con clusions. We have reason to conclude that the letter is genuine, and is not, we believe, as many have been which have found their way into the public press, the produce of ingenuity on this side the Atlantic: – Philadelphia, July 29. 1818 "My dear Sir – I have received your welcome letter, together with the patterns you were kind enough to forward Although our habits here are in many respects different from those on your side of the Atlantic, yet, I assure, there is a considerable degree of anxiety among our American belles for English fasions ; and the display which your prompt attention to my request has enabled me to make, has procured me not alone a great influx of visitors, but of business. You ask me to give you my candid opinion of the policy of removing hither with your wife and family. I can have no hesitation in complying with this request ; but, at the same time, I shrink from the responsibility of your being persuade, from any things which I may say, to follow my example. It is impossible to disguise from myself, and I would not attempt to disguise it from you, that many who have come here, anticipating prosperity and independence, have failed ; but, at the same time, as far as my humble observation has enabled me to judge, I am persuaded that many of those failures have been the result of unpardonable imprudence, and the absence of that activity and spirit of perseverance, by which persons depending on their own exertions can alone expect to succeed. I have seen many individuals here reduced to very melancholy straits from having left their native shores thoughtlessly, without more money than was sufficient to support them for a fortnight. –. This has been dissipated, on their landing, almost before they had recovered the effects of a long and fatiguing voyage ; and being thus reduced to extremity, their spirits have failed, and they have at once sunk into a state of apathy and listless despair. Those who have labouring and mechanic trades to follow, and will sumbit to degradation, as some of them call it, of becoming journeymen, do tolerably well. "With regards to myself, I need not recall to your mind the species of drudgery to which I was forced to submit, in order to support a decent appearance in London. You often joked me on my enterprising disposition, and doubted my resolution to come to this country in search of that independence which I foresaw I could never obtain at home. Here I am, however, and an hour since I had the pleasure of paying 30 work women, the lowest of whose weekly wages, I those who take their work home, is five dollars! You will start at this and so will Mrs B. It is, however, no less true than extraordinary. In short I have every reason to be grateful to Providence for having given me the confidence to sufficient to try an experiment which has turned out so fortunately. I have commenced both millinery and dress-making, to which I have added the childbed and ready made linen business ; and in every one of branches I am full of orders. My most sanguine hopes have been realized. My capital at the beginning was exactly 1.60 Sterling and a few of those articles of stock which were necessary to make a show. These, combined with the attractive titled of " Miss P–, from London,'&c. in a few weeks set me afloat in a surprising manner. I did my utmost to please my customers, and, in a few months, moved from a situation of obscurity to one of the first respectability. I am thus particular because I know you feel an interest in my fate. My brother James, who you know is a bricklayer and builder, has been equally fortunate.– He has had several contracts, and is now building a row of twenty houses, besides other jobs of a smaller description. "Of the other fiften persons who accompanied us from Godalmbing and its neighbourhood I am proud to say they have all been tolerably successful. The greater part of them, you know, were farmers, and they are now settled in farms of from fifty to five hundred acres, from one hundred to one thousand miles from this place. All these, hoever, came out with small capitals–but none with less than myself–and husbanding their resources, and abstaining from extravagance of every description, they finally successed in laying the foundation of their own future happiness. We all have our own prejudices in favour of our old habits ; but this must wear off in the course of time?other there is a roughness and absence of what we call "good manners" about some of the Americans, not at all congenial to English taste. They are for the most part, however, hospitable ; and if you let them have their way, and do not thwart their humours, are really very kind, and disposed to friendly intercourse. You talk to carrying your family to the Western states–to the Illinois country, and of commencing farmer and storekeeping there. It is probably that your views may be very correct, but I think you may settle nearer to us, if not at so cheap a rate, at best with a greater certainty of present comfort. Of the Western States, I, of course, can know nothing but by report. The emigration in that direction has been immense, but the journey to some has been so long, as frequently to produce repentance before the destined goal was reached. We have had several English, Scotch, and Irish families here, on the way to Pittsburgh, who, I understand, were bound for Mr Birkbeck's settlement ; but I have not heard of their arrival. The greater part have gone down the Ohio in arks, which you say you have seen described in Birk beck's books. No doubt these people must have to encounter great privations, and perhaps some danger ; time and perseverance, however,will overcome all difficulties, and from the natural course of things, in the end the great object in view, plenty and independence, must be attained ; and this as you very justly say, is "worth a struggle." Upon the whole, if you can be content to give up all those luxuries of which an English fireside is the scene ; to abandon the habits of social intercourse to which an English neighbourhood give encouragement ; and to derive happiness from the consciousness of seeing yourself surrounded by an abundance of the necessaries of life alone ; you cannot fail of success. I agree with you, that a vast deal of the pleasure of England are counterbalanced by the castant visitation of the tax-gathered. From these, at least you will be free here ; and as for society, your own family, large as it is, must be a treasure in itself ; added to which, in proportion as wealth increases, civilisation must follow. If you could get three or four families with whom you are acquainted, to join in your plans and settle in your neighbourhood, an additional assuance of success and happiness would be attained. "As to capital, I think you ought to hav, on your landing here, L. 500, which, with moderate exertions and common good fortune, must afford yo uthe means of certain prosperity. I shall, however, write again in September on this subject, when I intend sending for my sister, and perhaps the information I may be able to collect in the interim will confirm your plans, and induce you to accompany her to this side of the water. I rather think we shall shortly have another cargo from Surrey ; I will let you know every particular in my next, as well as send you a list of the things, which it will be policy for you to bring with you. Your seven children, instead of being a burden to you here, will form one of the most prominent sources of your wealth." " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to Canada. About ten days ago an emigrant arrived from Canada, to Paisley, and brings very favourable intelligence from that country. He is a native of Scotland ; was some time in the army ; and is going home again, as he calls it, early in the spring. This person gives the most satisfactory and cheering account of the place, and says his chief complaint was the want of society to share in his felicities, to be companion of his joys, and to exult in his abundance. He adds that one of his principal reasons for coming here at present was hearing of our distressed condition, and that he might be able to persuade others to follow his example ; anxious to be surrounded by happy, intelligent, and social neighbours. His arrival and narrations, combined with other circumstances, have been the subject of considerable discussion the whole of last week. A strong desire for emigration has been manifested, and about 300 have already subscribed their names, as a testimony of their ardour to go away. A petition is immediately to be forwarded to his Majesty's Ministers, imploring their assistance by way of loan or donation, to enable them to carry their wishes into execution. This petition, it is said, is to be supported by the principal gentlemen of the county, and the utmost anxiety will doubtless prevail concerning its success. – Let us hope that Government will see the necessity of attending to the supplications of these people. The Sheriff Depute has been memorialized upon the subject, to give his counsel and support in behalf of the measure, and it is much to his honour that he has evinced a great disposition to favour the object in view. His office has been appointed for the reception of signatures, where the persons experience the greatest kindness in every possible way. It is proper, at the same time, to mention, that a number who were wishing to subscribe as desirous to emigrate, have been rejected ; as their circumstances were not of that despairing nature as to warrant an interposition of this kind in their favour. It cannot be expected that those who enjoy a considerable degree of comfort at home, or who have sufficient means of their own to emigrate without public aid, ought to be included among that number destined to participate in this salutary and benevolent proposition. Some of the fiercer radicals, with their accustomed zeal and spleen, are busily employed in jeering and deprecating the idea of emigration and telling the " people to stay and help" in the recovery of their rights. They declare the whole scheme to be a mere farce, intended to be played against them, in order to destroy the unanimity which they say exists in the nation concerning their grand object. These querulous politicians complain of the climate of Canada, and it must be granted that it resembles Italy more than Scotland, being hotter in summer and coller in winter than our own island but the country is healthy, the soil is fruitful and strong constitutions and longevity are as common there as in any other part of the globe. The same manners, language, and regulations prevail in Upper Canada as in Scotland, and when people have plenty of provisions, fuel and warm clothing to resist the effects of heavy snows and intense frosts, the objection of cold is less worthy of consideration. – Glasgow Chronicle. " . | |
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| sap:body "Dutch Colonial Law, and Negro Fortitude. (From Lavaysse's Account of Venezuela, Trinidad, Margaritta, and Tobago, just published.) Stedman, after having given a picture of the cruelties practised on the negroes at Surinam, relates that on his arrival in that colony, a white man was flagged by a black executioner, for having stolen some money from the townhouse ; and he remarked that this negro inflicted the punishment with great signs of commiseration. A negro was broken on the wheel for the same crime, and he bore that horrible punishment without a sigh. A moment afterwards, they prepared to hang another, and whilst the hangman was tying the cord round his neck to launch him into eternity, he looked steadfastly, with a smile of contempt, at his judges, who were among the spectators of the execution. " Having expressed to the persons who were near me, (says Captain Stedman) how much I was shocked with the injustice and cruelty of those executions, and surprised at the intrepidity of the negroes during the punishment, a very decent looking man thus addressed me ; Sir, you are newly arrived from Europe ; but if you were better acquainted with negro slaves, what you now see would neither excite your surprise nor your pity. It is not long since I saw a negro suspended from that very gibbet by the ribs. The following is the manner in which it was done : two incisions were made in his side, in which was passed an iron hook attached to a chain. He lived three days suspended in that manner, his head and feet hanging down, licking from his bleeding breast the drops of water that fell on it, for it rained at the time. The sufferer did not, however, utter a groan, and never once complained. On the third day, another negro was flogged under the gallows, and having cried from pain, the former reproached him for his want of courage: " Are you a man?" said he to him, " you behave like a child!" – A moment afterwards the soldier who was sentry on the spot taking pity on him, dashed out his brains with the butt end of his musquet. " I saw another negro quartered," the narrator: " After his arms and legs were tied to four very strong horses, an iron nail was driven under each nail of his hands and feet He suffered that without complaining, requested a glass of ru,, and ordered the executioners to let loose the horses. But that which amused us most," continued this monster, "was the humour of the fellow, who, when the hangman presented the glass of rum to him that he had asked for, told him to drink first, as he was very much afraid of bepoisoned, and desired him to take care that his horses should not kick him. As for old negroes being broken on the wheel, and young women burnt alive, nothing is more common in this colony!" " . | |
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| sap:body "Mr Birkbeck's Settlement A small pamphlet has lately been published, consisting of letters and extracts of letters from Mr Birkbeck, of which we have been procured a copy. The author's object appears chiefly to have been to counteract the misrepresentations circulated on the subject of the settlement by Cobbett. We read Cobbett's remarks when they were first transmitted to this country, and certainly did not think them worthy of the notice here bestowed upon them. His objections to the new settlement, helped out as they were misquotation and misconstruction, were of very little weight, except in so far as they applied to all emigration whatever ; and they had really nothing to render them worth reading, but the sarcasm and caustic humour which accompanied them. We should, therefore, have been better pleased had Mr Birkbeck allowed this restless controversist to wallow in the mire of his own endless contradiction, and rather given us some more details regarding the settlement. The Americans are every year pushing forward into the wilderness ; but it is a new thing for a body of our countrymen, when withdrawing from a society richly provided with all the accomodations which wants of civilized life render necessary to pass through the settled and cultivated parts of the New World and to retire to the untrodden waste a thousand miles from the sea Though the activity of commerce carries many of the convenienes and even luxuries of life to this remote place, still the settlers must find such a difference in their situation as must subject them to go many privations ; and some details, shewing how the colonists got over their difficulties, how their various wants were supplied, and how the feelings and habits of civilized life accommodated themselves to the woods and the wilderness, would have been much more interesting than a reply to Cobbett's captious objections. One of the most trying privations of the colony seems to be a want of wives, an evil which happily does not affect the mother country, amidst all her other sufferings. The evil has probably been aggravated by some of the colonists forgetting to take their wives with them. If matters don't get better in this particular, we may expect to hear of some of the adjoining American towns suffering a Sabine spoliation. A cargo of young ladies would evidently be one of the best mercantile speculations ; and as our own city had surplus of ten or twelve thousand females at the last census, we have no doubt that some of our enterprising export traders will take the hint, and, by scouring the boarding-schools, complete a choice assortment, adapted to the Illinois market. The following extracts the only parts that appear to have any general interest. " English Prairie, July 13. 1819. "My Friends and Countrymen,–For your service I exhibited, in two publications, an outline of the process of emigration, from its commencement up to the final settlement. "My first opinion of this, the spot of our choice, and the reasoning on which that choice was grounded, are before you ; and sufficient time has elapsed to try those opinnions by the test of experience, by which they are confirmed in every important particular. I showed you my own tract through the gloomy forest into a delightful country, better prepared for an abode by the hand of nature than the heavy woods by half a century of labour. I built me a cabin, and "belayed a road to it;" for it was my ambition to be surrounded by my old friends and neighbours. In this, too, I am gratified ; and we are contented with out allotment, both as to our present state and future prospects. "This small district, which two years ago was nearly without inhabitants, contains a thriving population of from six to seven hundred persons. We have been blessed with health most unusual for a new settlement, or for any settlement of equal numbers in any country ; and no doubt is entertained by us, or by any judicious observer, of its salubrity. We have several wells of excellent water, and many more are in progress. Our soil is fertile beyond my own expectation ; but our exertions have hitherto been chiefly directed to the permanent objects of building and fencing, of which much has already been done. We have, however, collected a stock of hogs and cattle ; and I think acres of corn are now growing than there are indivi duals in the settlement." "With regard to pecuniary success, the capitalist is commencing his operations, or looking around him undecided as to the course he shall pursue ; but the labourer has made an establishment. It is not with him as with the capitalist, a state of hope merely, from good prospects, but of enjoyment, from good possessions. Numbers of this class, and of mechanics, have already realized their little freeholds, and are building cabins for themselves. The fruits of their labour are not squandered in dissipation and excess, because they have highr objects ; and, considering their former depressed condition, it is astonishing to me, as it is honourable to them, that they betry no arrogance in their to independence." "In the statements I have published, I see little to correct, as far as my observation and experience have now proceeded, excepting that, in my view of the profits of cultivation to early settlers, I have not made sufficient allowance in time for the innumerable delays and disappointments inseparable from new undertakings in a new country. A year of preparatory and unproductive exertion should be added to the debtor-side of the account at the outset." " . | |
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| sap:body "Proceedings of the Court Lord Provost Manderston having been called to the Chair, the Clerk, Mr A. Boswell, read a very distinct report of the results and general features of the transactions at the Infirmary and Queensberry House Hospital for the last year. The Lord Provost then named a Committee to examine the Treasurer's accounts, &c., and report to the adjourned meeting to be held in February next. Mr John Witham junior then rose, and requested leave to submit a few observations to the consideration of the Court. He stated in substance that, though aware of its not being usual to vote thanks to the Managers until their accounts have been examined, he was yet anxious to embrace the first opportunity of expressing his conviction that the exertions of the Managers had, at last, placed this valuable Institution on a most desirable footing. Although he had not visited the Hospital for the last twelve months, he had not ceased to take an interest in its welfare ; and it was with great pleasure that he now stated, that whether his inquiries were made of the medical attendants, or of recent patients, the answers were uniformly satisfactory. The Hospital was favoured with a good Matron, between whom and the medical gentlemen the best understanding existed ; and the various salutary regulations of the Managers have led to such a prosperous state of things, as justly to entitle them to the gratitude of this Court and the public. Still, however, he must say, that although the Hospital was in a good state, yet, in his mind, Visitors could not fall to afford that assistance to the Managers here, and that security against internal abuses, which they had done in so many other similar institutions. It was difficult to account for the prejudices which existed against this species of assistance in Edinburgh. At Leeds, in addition, to visitors of our sex, there was a committee of ladies, who visisted the female wards, and from the joint labours of both classes of visitors many and great advantages had resulted. But in this city we had hospitals for females, which are governed by men only, without seeking any help from visitors of that sex, who are much better qualified to discharge most of the duties. This view of these matters, he trusted, would yet be attended to.–He must also crave the attention of the meeting to another matter, that of the L.11,700, for which the city of Edinburgh pays only 4 1/2 per cent. He assured the Court, and its Honoured Chairman, that this subject was not introduced with the view of touching upon, or insinuating any thing respecting the city's affairs. The money, he understood, was secured on the ale duty ; but why should the Hospital lose one-half per cent, of interest? He had once made a calculation, according to which the loss, from the beginning, had amounted to about L.10,000. It had been stated that the Magistrates of Edinburgh had always been friendly to the Hospital ; but that was surely no reason for withholding L.59 of interest that whatever former Magistrates had thought on the subject the present would not submit to the idea of depriving the Hospital of any part of its lawful interest. If the ground on which the Hospital was built was alluded to, it was plain that town had already got more, by the reduced interest than its original value. The town of Edinburgh had also got L.8273 ; 17 ; 3 of invalid money from Government, on condition of paying the interest to the Infirmary, which inte- rest, if paid at two terms in the years, should be restricted to 3 1/2 per cent. And as the property tax–which the Town did not retain from the Hospital, whether they did or did not pay it to Government,–is now at an end, he could see no reason for withholding the usual rate of interest. He concluded by suggesting the names of several gentlemen as a Committee, to lend out the sum of L.11,700 on interest at 5 per cent, if the Magistrates of Edinburgh should decline to pay that rate of interest. Mr Alex. Cruishank seconded the motion Col. Crichton regretted that the respectable gentlemen should have introduced such a motion. He seldom visisted the Infirmary, but when he sent patients to it ; but he could state, that when his servants or workmen have been there from fever, the attention they received was in every respect equal to what he, and he hoped he was a respectable citizen, could command in his own house. But he could mention the testimony of one whose authority was much higher than his own – that of a medical gentlemen of some eminence in his profession, who lives abroad, and who was recently in this country. That professional gentleman spoke the very highest terms both of the medical treatment and the economy of the House. It was matter of pride, he said, to every Scotsman, to hear the manner in which the Infirmary of Edinburgh was spoke of in all the quarters of the globe. It was the pattern of all that was excellent in such institutions, and a nursery of the most skilfull practitioners ; for go where we will, the answer to almost every question put with respect to improved hospi tal treatment is, that it was learned in the Infirmary of Edinburgh. Whether, indeed, we thought of these things ; whether we looked at the sublime inscriptions on the outside of the Hospital, and the Christain doctrines and principles there inculcated or the treatement and management within we could not fail to be struck with admiration and without imputing any motives, which he was not entitled to do he must say, it would be much more creditable to the respectable gentlemen if they should confine themselves to expressing their high opinion of the institution and tanking the Managers instead of occupying the valuable time of this Honourable Court with quibbling about trifles, which were every way contemptible. After a pause, Col. Crichton made a counter motion, to get rid of Mr Wigham's. Lord Meadowbank reminded the Court, that this matter of interest had already been under the consideration of a Committee, and decided on by the Court. Henry Jardine, Esq. begged to mention a fact that the Town of Edinburgh had contributed L.50 to the Infirmary for the last year. Mr Ritchie rose and said, that though perfectly aware of what the result would be, he could not allow the matter to be settled without giving Mr Wigham's motion his support. It gave him much pleasure to find it was no longer unfashionable to allude to Christian doctrines in such meetings as this,–a change from which he anticipated much good. He concurred in what had been said on this subject by the gentleman at the foot of the Table ; but he begged to remind him that it was a great principle of Christianity, that nothing was too trifling to be attended to it it promised good; and the additional interest of the money in question would obviously extend the means of healing the sick, the great object of the Institution. Nothing, indeed, which had fallen from that gentleman, or the Learned Lord on the other side, could meet or touch the simple proposition, that five per cent is the legal rate of interest, and that the Town of Edinburgh ought not to pay less. There was another subject alluded to by Mr Wigham, on which, if Mr W. did not, he would submit a motion, namely, Visitori 'And this he conceived was the fittest time for appointing them. All sides of the house were, now agreed that the Hospital was admirably conducted. It was impossible, therefore, to suppose that the measure was proposed from any distrust of the Managers. If the management was perfect now, it was too much to expect it could continue so ; and this was the proper time for providing against the future. In other places the highest characters in the land had acted with visitors ; and much benefit had been derived from them in England, and even at Glasgow. If human nature, therefore, was not different in Edinburgh from wht it is on the other side of the Tweed, and in the west of Scotland, it must be admitted that Visitors would be beneficial here also. Besides, as the Managers were aware of their strength, and that no measure could be carried here without their consent, the granting of Visitors would be a boon from themselves. He moved, that this Court do annually name 24 or more Visitors to act monthly by rotation, and minute such observations as shall occur to them for the consideration of the Managers. Mr Wigham seconded the motion ; but as the Court seemed averse to entertain it, it was withdrawn. Mr Ritchie then said, that as his last motion was intended chiefly as a caveat to the Committee named by the Lord Provost, he would also, with the same view, state the nature of a motion which he wished to submit, but the merits of which he was not then fully prepared to state. it was one, however, of which he was sure it would not be said, that it was introduced for the purpose of giving trouble, or unnecessarily occupying the time of the Court. Its object was the promotion of medical science, and its nature would be understood by his reading a single paragraph from the able Clinical Reports of Dr Duncan junior. " Almost all hospitals (it is there stated,) publish annual Reports; but in many cases they are intended only to furnish information as to the expenditure of the funds, and the names of the office-bearers, and as a public acknowledgement of the support of the subscribers. Such reports, however, are of no use in marking the progress of disease, and, except for purposes mentioned above, do positive harm, by causing hospital reports in general to be neglected as utterly without value. This, however, is not the case ; and the reports we have of late years received from the Fever Hospitals of Dublin and Cork are worthy of being imitated by hospitals of every kind and in every place. Indeed, the public have a right to expect this information in return for their liberality in supporting them. We have only to add, that the most valuable reports often proceed entirely from the zeal of the reporters, and are only occasional. This leads us to suggest, that the governors of hospitals should enjoin their regular as a duty upon their medical officers ; and we will venture to say, that where it has not yet been practised, its good effects upon the institution in an economical as well as professional points of view, will soon be apparent."–His motion went to carry this suggestion into effect ; and without farther preface he should now read it. The substance of it was, that in addition to the Journal kept at present, Digest of the whole should be kept in a tabular form but especially of the date of admission, age, sex, and place of residence of the patients ; date of commencement, crisis, termination and assigned causes of their diseases ; with a diary of the temperatures and moisture of the atmosphere, state of winds, prices of staple provisions &c. ; with an annual medical report, taking notice of the increase or decrease of population, and of the employment, diet and habits of the labouring classes, as far as practicable. Some of the members, he observed, seemed to be amused with this enumeration ; but the medical gentlemen would be aware of what he pointed at. With their peculiar and proper duties, he had no wish to interfere. They knew them well, and discharged them faithfully and honourably. In their practise they attended to every thing that was necessary ; but their knowledge often died with him ; and his object was to preserve the results of their skill and experience. The Lord President said he hoped the gentlemen who had made this motion, would see, on reflection, from the labour and time requisite to carry it into effect, how very impracticable it would be in an hospital like that of the Royal Infirmary, where the Managers had no compulsory authority over the medical gentlemen, whose time was so occupied with their own private avocations. The Proposer of the motion said, that instead answering what had fallen from the Right Honourable Judge in his own language, he would beg leave to read another passage from Dr Duncan's voluble publication, and which, he hoped, would obviate some of the difficulties adverted to. " The trouble (says Dr Duncan,) of keeping such tabular records, is not so great as might be supposed. It requires only system and regularity; and when we see how easily it is done in the military hospital, we cannot help regretting that it is not also in- troduced general into civil hospitals. If the practitioner himself has not time to fill up the columns of the prescribed table, it would be very little additional trouble to his clerk ; or if the time of that assistant would not easily permit him, the duty would be very gladly taken by another of the Hospital pupils. Dr Hope, in a neat and eloquent speech, opposed the motion. The Managers, he said, were willing to give due consideration to every proposal from whatever quarter it might come. The present, however, he considered as impractiable. To prepare tabular records of the nature suggested, required great experience, much comprehension and many talents. It was a task which every one was not qualified to discharge in a mnner could be beneficial to the public, and one which gentlemen, who lived by their profession, could not be expected to undertake. The case was different in military hospitals, where the medical getlmen could devote the whole of their time to their hospital duties. But it should be know, that the materials for making up such tables are all recorded in the infirmary Journals ; and that these Journals are open to all the medical attendants; so that whoever finds that he has time and talents for the performance of such tasks, has the fullest opportunity for undertaking and completing them. Accordingly we had had the very able reports of Dr Duncan, and the useful work of Dr Welsh. The Institution has now the benefit of Dr Duncan's services ; and he considered it better to leave the completion of such works and reports to the zeal and talents of individuals. The Mover then stated that he was perfectly aware of Dr. Welsh's judicious publication as well as Dr Duncan's and he certainly would never have introduced such a measure, had it not been suggested and recommended by a much abler mind than his own. He had not undertaken the task from any idea that he was able to do it justice, or that he could do it better, or even so well as many other members of the Court ; but from the conviction, that if he had not introduced the subject, it would be introduced at all. He had no wish, however to give unnecessary trouble, and should, therefore, for the present, beg leave to withdraw his motion. Form of Process in the Justiciary Court. Our readers will learn with pleasure, that the Lord Advocate, with a laudable anxiety for the honour of our criminal jurisprudence, has announced officially, that the Clerk of Court "strikes the Jury, by taking 45 after 45, until they served in rotation. " They consist of a " list of Jurymen furnished by the High Constables" for Edinburgh and those "regularly required from the counties of Linlithgow and Haddington," which names " were then put upon a roll, which was put into the bands of the Clerk of Court;"– the Jurors thus struck being cited, not by a Sheriff officer, but by a Macer of the Justiciary ourt. We are not aware of any law which requires the Clerk of Court to take the Jurors by rotation ; but it reflects great credit on his judgement that he resorts to this unequivocal mode of displaying his impartiality. This is a virtue which the law requires in all its officers ; and it is fortunate when such rules are devised and adhered to as make the virtue incontrovertibly visible. At such an advanced stage of society, honour and public opinion will secure impartial justice ; but still, when the possibility of some retrograde movement is adverted to, it would be a wise measure to convert what all functionaries do at present from principle, into specific rules for directing the conduct of their successors. The Lord Advocate, it has been reported, is about to introduce into Parliament a Bill or Bills respecting the Judicatories of Scotland ; and his Lordship, it is obvious, might obtain a well-merited popularity by throwing in some clauses to fix the qualifications of a Juror in the different counties of Scotland, and to regulate the times and the manner in which lists of Jurors are to be made up, reduced into a penl of 45, and then to a jury of 15. Ther is, if we mistake not, a cerain discretion on more than one of these points left with functionaries, who, we doubt not, would most readily part with it. To them it would be a relief ; and though the arraigned might sometimes have less impartial juries than at present, yet, if the ballot were introduced here, as it has recently been in civil cases, the impartiality would be more coguisable, and placed beyond the reach of doubt and misrepresentation. It would be no disgrace to Scotland to borrow in this respect from her sister kingdom, but an honour which France seems willing to do herself at present, and which we very lately did ourselves in modelling our Jury Court. Mr Bywater has construced a small model of a ship in such a manner as to exhibity, by actual experiment, the principal magnetic phenomena mentioned by Captain Flinders, in his voyage to New Holland. From a minute attention to the subject, Mr B. has devised a plan, which, in all probability, will remedy, by very simple means, the defect arising from the local attraction pointed out by Captain Flinders, and thus be of real advantage to the science of navigation. A drawing of this plan (as it will be important to ships of war) has been sent to the Admiralty. " . | |
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| sap:body "Upper Canada Extract from " A Visit to the Province of Upper Canada, in 1819," By James Strachan. [?] the Stream of Emigration now chiefly to the United States, and not to Canada. The greater number are decieved; they know no[?] of this country. Many leave Great Britain from [?] discontents; and such the province is better. [?]. Lately the notes of Mr. Birkbeck have ex[?] much consideration; and all his assertions have [?] believed, without investigation. Though I [?] [?] a bad man (I know him only from his [?] yet he is much to be pitied, for his choice is [?]; and by this time he begins to feel it. [?] Birkbeck, accustomed to all the comforts, and, [?], much of the elegance of life, plunges, [?[ family, into a forest, where they have fre[?] to sleep under the canopy of heaven with a [?]. He is forced to take the axe in his hand, [?] in felling the pines of which he is to make [?], which he builds at a great distance [?] neighbour–opening to a wet plain, in [?] and an impenetrable forest in the rear. This [?] covered with bark–it has no floor but [?] as the surrounding country is flat, there [?], and no boards to be had. Mr Birk[?] date not leave home, for any distance, with[?] guide; and his children cannot go twenty [?] from the house, without being lost. He gets [?] pressing of his wants supplied at an enormous[?] expense. And now, that he is on his land. [?] shall he do; it is covered with trees, or it is [?] unhealthy; and if he hire people to work, [?] of the farm will never pay them: but [?] bae servants, and he is obliged to sit down [?] them, and to become their companion. Mr. Birkbeck[?], who was accustomed to go from one field to another, admiring his crops and his cattle, and thing to do but to give the servants their orders the day, and saw all his works proceeding as ra[?] as he wished, now finds himself an insulated [?], surrounded by a few miserable fiels, taken [?] the bog, and full of musquetoes; his children [?] sick from this unhealthy situation; and, in [?] severe disease, beyond the reach of medical assistance. It is possible to believe that, under such circumstances, he does not regret the country he has [?]. And let me not be told that the prospect of [?]] his children a rich inheritance will turn the [?] into sweet–he is not that sort of man; nor do [?] any law of nature which urges a parent to [?] his own happiness, in order to confer a doubt[?] upon his children. We allow that, after a [?], he will be surrounded with neighbours; [?] their society is not very agreeable; it is indeed [?], as Mr Birkbeck himself admits. After [?] his connexions, his country, all his early [?] and pleasing recollections, his ease and [?] what does he gain? Some landed property, [?] he dies in improving, in an unhealthy situation[?]. He may not be able to leave a farm to each of his children[?]; but of what use will they be if not cultivated[?]? And he will discover in the bitterness of [?], that this legacy is not equal to the placing [?] upon a farm, though taken at a rack-rent. [?] different the situation of a loyal farer, pos[?] of Mr. Birkbeck's substance, if he should [?] this province[?]![?] He need not go ten miles from [?] settlement, even if he went at once up[?] lands granted him by the crown. But, if he [?] an improved farm, his privations will be [?] compared to those which he must suffer in [?] to the back settlements of the United States, as [?] still more fully appear. It should not, however, be forgotten, that, with [?] possible advantage of soil, neighbourhood, [?] climate, emigration to America, a country so [?] from Great Britain, is a matter of deep and [?] consideration. The persons emigrating [?] civil in their property, break up all commerce, [?], and connexions in the country they are leav[?] and if they find their expectations disappoint[?] the country of their choice, they are ashamed, perhaps unable, to return. Emigrants often fail, [?] they have never examined their subjects pro[?] and find, on trial, that they do not possess qualities to insure success.–The habits, knowledge, and accomodation of manners, [?] this new life requires, are not, perhaps, na[?] to them–they have not the strength, the [?] and perseverance, which their new situation [?]. The emigrant is not prepared to meet the difficulties[?] which the climate, new manner of living, [?] or vermin, may bring upon him; and which, [?] of all his exertions, may frequently destroy [?]. It is, therefore, the greatest cruelty to [?] the matter partially; and, while the advantages [?] from the old to the new world are drawn [?] most fascinating colours, to conceal the priva[?] and sacrifices which must be made, and the [?] of failure which may be opposed to of success. We[?] shall have occasion to prove, by the most un[?] the evidence, that Upper Canada offers to emi[?] advantages, vastly superior to any portion of [?] United States; but we would still admonish [?] thinking to leave their native country, [?] the matter with severe minuteness, not [?] away by golden dreams; and to prepare [?] should they decide upon going, to meet [?] [?] from sickness, from different [?], [?] labour, and privations of various [?] Yet though no step can be so important as [?] leaving one native's country for ever, it is to [?] that such a step is taken without due con[?]. The fancy is deluded with goldren dreams; farmers[?] in America are owners of the soil on [?] they live; they have no rents to pay, no tax[?] their doors; possessing a noble indepen[?] they acknowledge no superiority but genius [?]. These are high sounding things, but [?] than solid. Before a man allows him[?] deluded by them, he should remember, [?] no great hardship to pay rent, if his pro[?] three times the price in England that it [?] America; that the difficulty of bringing [?] to maret, a tax, not perhaps inferior [?] he had paid at home, and attended with difficulties[?] which he never experience; that [?] of intercourse by good roads and canals, [?] time, and the tear and wear of his car[?] amd cattle are worth a very considerable sum; in removing from his native country, he is [?] the improvements of a thousand years, to en[?] all the rudeness of nature; that he is risking [?] happiness, and that of his children, by a [?] [?] be retraced, and plunging into [?] whose manner and habits are differ ent from his own; and that he will have every thing to learn in the midst of strangers. When a man has, after mature deliberation, determined to emigrate, which various considerations may, in particular cases, render prudent, his next question is, Where shall he go–to the United States or to Canada? We shall suppose the persons emigrating to be friends to the British constitution; for if they are not, there is no question; because levellers and democrats will find themselves in a bad situation in coming to Canada, as they will find no kindred spirits there. But though we can willingly spare such as these, to lose good subjects is a serious evil to the empire; and to lose them through ignorance, and the want of that information which it is in our power to give, is a folly, as well as all evil. I am persuaded, that all emigrants, of the description we mention, would rather prefer to remain undue their own government, than to live under and swear allegiances to another, provided no greater sacrifices were required in going to the one than to the other. I am indeed quite certain, that many would consent willing to a considerable sacrifice for this advantage, so agreeable to their feelings and habits; but we shall shew that no such sacrifice is required, and that their interest, as well as inclination, when duly considerd, will lead them to Upper Canada. In going to the United States, we have Mr. Birkbeck's authority, that 'no good settlement can be made cast of the Alleghany mountains, or in the Atlantic States.' The lands are now so dear, as to be in general, far beyond the reach of common emigrants, who have seldom much left after landing in America. Suppose two families to land in America–one at New York, or Philadelphia, on the way to Mr Birkbeck's settlement; and one at Quebec, on the way to Upper Canada. Miles From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh 320 From Pittsburgh down the Ohio, to Shawanoe Town, 1200 From Shawanoe Town to Mr Birkbeck's settlement, 50 1570 Expense of a family travelling this route, supposing the family to consist of ten persons, and to carry with them two tons of goods: Dollars. From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, at eight dollars per cwt. 320 The expense of the family, who accompany the waggon, at one dollar each per day 100 From Pittsburgh to Shawanoe, by water, down the Ohio, 1200 miles. An ark, or large scow, must be purchased, hands hired to go down, and they must be paid to return, as much from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, 420 From Shawanoe Town to Mr Birkbeck, for baggage and person, 100 940 To purchase two hundred acres of land, at two dollars per acre 400 Total expenses 1310 The same family, landed at Quebec, Pays, to Montreal, 200 miles, two dollars each, 20 For the good[?] 12 From Montreal to Kingston, 220 miles, up the river St. Lawrence, goods and persons, for the batteau can take all, 100 If the family proceed to York, which is seldom necessary as Kingston 150 miles within the province, and lands in its neighbourhoods to be sold or granted, there will be an additiona expense of 80 To such a family, possessed of property, government might grant 200 acres, on paying fees, about 70 Or it may be purchased at two dollars per acres, 130 Total expenses, 412 From this calculation it is seen, that the settler, with his large family, by coming to Upper Canada, instead of joining Mr. Birkbeck, even if he purchases his lands at the same price, saves 928 dollars, which will enable him to clear a large portion of his farm, stock it, and build a comfortable house; and if he be granted the land, instead of purchasing it, there is a further saving of 130 dollars. Let us now see what the product at Mr. Birkbeck's settlement in the Illinois, and in Upper Canada, will command in the market; for, notwithstanding the greatness of the first saving in coming to Upper Canada, if the markets be inferior it might soon be balanced. Illinois Upper Canada Wheat, per bushel t0 3 9 Wheat, per bushel t0 5 0 India corn, 0 1 1 India corn, 0 4 0 Oats, 0 1 6 Oats, 0 2 6 Hay, per ton 1 19 0 Hay, per ton 2 10 0 Butter, per lb. 0 0 7 Butter, per lb. 0 1 3 Cheese 0 1 3 Cheese 0 0 10 Fowls, per couple, 0 1 7 Fowls, per couple, 0 1 6 t2 8 9 t3 5 1 N.B. These prices, taken from Mr. Birkbeck's book, are t50 per cent, above the truth. From this table it is manifest, that the produce raised in Upper Canada sells at an advance of upwards of 30 per cent on what the same can be sold in the Illinois territory, supposing Mr. Birkbeck's prices correct, which they are not, being much too high. The vast advantage, therefore, in coming to Upper Canada, must appear manifest. It may by some be said, that the families are too numerous, as there are few that consist of ten persons; but the results will be proportionally the same, whatever the number be; and if we suppose them to consist of persons in comfortable circumstances in their own country, they will commonly bring servants with them, by which the average will be still greater. But this is of no moment; the difference of expense in travelling 500 miles, or 1570, is suf ficiently clear. We must add, to the disadvantage of Mr. Birkbeck's farmer, the dearness of all those articles which he has to purchase; for his distance from the seacoast and market operates in two ways to his disadvantage. 'His produce is low, and the goods from are dear: the shopkeeper, who is at a great distance from the place where the articles he deals in are procured, will add to the price, when he disposes of the, the additional expense of bringing, and the time lost in procuring them. To him who is obliged to take a journey of 1600 miles to procure his articles of merchandize, the cost and trouble must be very great; and all this he makes the consumer pay. The journey which Mr. Birkbeck's merchant is obliged to take is a very serious one, compared to that of the merchant of York or Niagara. The latter, in consequence of this situation, can trade with a smaller capital than the former; because he can at any time procure a fresh supply in a few days, while the former can lay in a stock of goods only once a-year. Now, all these difficulties are to be paid for by the farmers and mechanics, who consume the articles imported; the difference to them, in the course of a twelvemonth, by receiving less for the articles they sell, and paying more for those they purchase will be found to be very great. 'It is not merely the quantum he shall raise, but the sun he shall get for it, which constitutes the farmer's advantage. It is not simply to get enough to eat and drink that is to bound the desires of the farmer; it is to procure the means of converting his log-cabin into a handsome and convenient house– to erect a large barn for his grain, and suitable buildings for his cattle–to educate his children–and, as he grows old, to enjoy the satisfaction of finding that his industry has supplied the comforts of life, and enabled him to satisfy the wants of society– wants to which we are indebted for amelioration of mankind.' In the selection of a place to residence in a new country, it is very important to take into view the ultimate market for the farmer's produce. While the country is settling, there will be no difficulty; for the increasing population will demand all the supplies that can be raised. But the prudent settler will look beyond that period, and consider what he shall do when every one raises more grain than he will be able to consume. In that case, vicinity to market, and facility of transportation, are all important. Now, the produce of Upper Canada can be sent to Montreal, one of the best markets in America in five or six days, at a trifling expense, which is yearly diminishing as the waters are improved. Very different is the case with the farmer in the western division of the United States: the immense distance which grain has to be sent, occasions the expense to be so great, as frequently to equal, and sometimes exceed, the price offered when it reaches the market. The more that this statement is examined, the more correct it will be found, and the superior advantages of Canada will appear in a stronger light; but, having been a landholder, it is time to instruct the emigrant how he is to make his living out of it. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration Among the emigrants proceeding to seek another country on the shores of Southern Africa, four vessels, containing above 600 souls, have sailed from Liverpool, bound to the Cape of Good Hope; three of them under the command and direction of a naval officer, and one under private superintendance. The public agent was instructed to provide every accomodation which could minister to the health or comfort of the families who were to embark Thursday afternoon, the brig Alexander sailed from Greenock with emigrants for Prince Edward's island. This vessel had 85 passengers on board, of which 17 were children. On Friday the ship Alexander, Young, sailed from Greenock for Quebec with 96 passengers. Extract of a letter, dated in Perth, Upper Canada, 18th January – "Liberty and Equality are the predominant principles here. A common labourer from Scotland is entitled to a lot of land. Whenever he finds he can subsist upon his farm, he becomes as high as the best in the township. Every settler, though ever so poor, has a vote for the member for the township, and has full liberty to speak at every meeting. – It is nothing uncommon to see a poor Glasgow weaver, who came among us with scarce a stitch to cover his nakedness, strutting between the stumps of his trees as pompous as an Ediburgh Magistrate." " . | |
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| sap:body "Necessity of Legislative Measures for Relieving the Distress of the Labouring Classes. Salus populi suprema lex. T here wasa time when it was held pure factiousness to doubt whether the prosperity we enjoyed during the first ten or twelve years of the late war, was perfectly sound and natural, and whether it would not ultimately entail upon us a corresponding share of future calamity. But the most gloomy anticipations of those who were most inclined to view the picture on the dark side have certainly come infinitely short of the full measure of distress and misery which have at length fallen upon the country. It would be unjust to charge the Government with any more of these evils than might have been foreseen ; but now that they force themselves on the attention on all sides, it is perfectly fair to hold the Government accountable for all that it can remove or prevent, and yet suffers to exist. This is the first time, we believe, in modern history, when the evil of an excess, of population has come so distinctly under the notice of a Government as to call for a legislative remedy. The case is therefore new, and the course to be pursued is the less obvious ; but the war was a season of bold experiments, in which we surmounted many difficulties once deemed insuperable : and if timidity tie up our hands now, when humanity calls upon us to move, the world may well say, that the boasted energy of the Government has been entirely reserved for the supply of its own wants out of the pockets of the people, but that, when a period of public calamity requiress exertions of a more painful kind, it is startled by the smallest difficulty, and will not even make such a slight effort as might evince its sympathy with the sufferers. During the late war, the industry of the country was stimulated into a state of unprecedented activity, by the monopoly we obtained of the commerce of the world–by thirty or forty millions of the capital of the country being annually melted down and consumed–and by the continual rise of prices produced by the depreciation of the currency. The great demand for labour, arising out of this state of things, with the consequent increase of wages, caused a rapid augmentation in the numbers of the people. In the ten years ending 1811, the rate of increase in Britain was such as would have doubled the population in fifty-two years; and in the great manufacturing districts it probably equalled what takes place in a new colony. When the peace came, and was followed by the destruction of our commercial monopoly, the cessation of the annual loans, and the diminuition of the paper issues, the sources of our fictitious prosperity were dried up at once : a vast reduction took place in the demand for labour ; profits and wages fell with prices ; while the pressure of the taxes were doubled, and onethird added to their real amount by the rise in the value of money. The laws, however, which regulate the multiplication of human beings, cannot instantly bend to circumstances : a long period necessarily elapses before the population accommodates itself to the diminished demand for labour, and during this period the labouring classes must suffe extreme misery. In this state we are at present, and time, from which we hoped relief, has only aggravated the evil. There are but three remedies upon which any dependence can be placed – a reduction of taxation – a change in our commercial system – and emigration. We have little hopes as to the first, since this would require a sacrifice on the part of the Government of its own interest, real or supposed, which we see no disposition to make. A relaxation in our restrictive commercial system has not the same obstacles to encounter, and we have repeated shewn that it would be highly beneficial. The reluctance of Ministers to attempt a change that may prejudice the interest of some particular classes, might be considered as a prudent caution, were it not observed, that when, instead of relieving the distress of the people, the object is to suppy the necessities of the Treasury, none of this caution appears, but the complaints of the sufferers are disregarded as vulgar clamour. But the crisis is now such, that tenderness to the interests of a few individuals may be cruelty to the public at large. Though we shall preach free trade to other nations rather with a bad grace, when we can no longer hold our monopoly, it is so far well that our misfortunes are at last likely to open our eyes to truths whch were familiar to philosophers half a century ago. In our present circumstances, we may perhaps almost be thankful, that a systematic error, which has impeded our career, has kept this one resource open to us. Emigration suggests itself so naturally as a remedy for a redundant population, that we are rather surprised there should be much reluctance to have recourse to it. We need not be afraid that the practise will continue longer than the necessity which produces it. " The vis intertiae of people in general, says Malthus, and their attachment to their homes, are qualities so strong and general, that we may rest assured they will not emigrate, unless, from political discontents or extreme poverty, they are in such a state, as will make it as much for the advantages of their country as of themselves that they should go out of it. " We by no means underrate the difficulties that attend emigration upon a large scale, but these are partly occasioned by the absurd practise of directing it exclusively to our own colonies. We have vast multitudes, whom we can neither feed nor employ ; and surely the first and most pressing object is to send them where they will find the means of subsistence. There are many parts of the world besides our own colonies open to receive them. And whether they go to the United States, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, or to Canada, New Holland, or the Cape of Good Hope, the advantage to this country will be nearly the same. Among so many countries of such extent, it would not be very difficult to dispose of half a million of persons (young and old) within the course perhaps of two years. But upon whatever scale emigration is conducted it must be gradual; and this renders it the more important to fix upon a plan early. Ministers have lately announced that Canada cannot receive more emigrants at present without inconvenience. But had the intention of sending great numbers to that colony been made public two years ago, corn would have been raised for them, and men of some capital, assured of finding abundance of labourers, would have gone out and settled, and provided employment for those who have not the means to establish themselves as farmers. The alarm we feel of seeing manufactures raised up in other countries by the skill of our expatriated artisans is very ill founded. Many other advantges must be combined with the possession of mechanical skill to make manufactures flourish ; and when the former are found, able workmen will not be long wanting. Our capital, our improved means of internal communication, our coal fields, our laws for the protection of industry and property, the free, enlightened and active spirit of our people, with the powers of combination resulting from the union of so many advantages within so small a space, are better securities for our superiority in manufactures, than attempts, which must be nugatory, to retain a monopoly of operative skill and talent. But the opinion which exists in foreign countries, as to the superiority of our people in every branch of industry, will have this good effect, that it will secure out emigrants a favourable reception. Though the emigration, to afford any sensible relief to the whole country, would require to be upon an extensive scale, it is yet obvious, that even upon the smallest scale it is beneficial. If six labourers are withdrawn from a small village, or fifty from a country town, the situation of either will be improved. The plan hitherto acted on by Government of givingassistance to those only who could raise ten on fifteen pounds, is chiefly objectionable, because it must restrict the emigration within very narrow limits. If by sending away men who are still able to subsist by their labour, others now living on charity get employment, we are in effect relieved of so many paupers. But the former are less disposed to leave the country ; and with regard to those who are or must soon become paupers, it will certainly be found more economical to pay ten or fiften pounds each to send them abroad, than to maintain them permanently home. It is in vain, however, to look to private charity for the funds necessary for such an undertaking. These must be raised by the country at large ; and whether a tax be imposed for the special purpose, or money destined for other objects be applied to this, the country, we have no doubt, is ready to make the sacrifice. Suppose that even so great a sum as five millions were required, this is but the half of what England alone pays every year for poor rates ; and what is such a sum, if it were to afford certain relief on an emergency lke the present? If the French and Dutch should again disagree about the navigation of the Scheldt, or if we should quarrel with the French or Americans about the traffic in a few hundred wild cat-skins on the other side of the globe, how easily would a sum ten times as large be found? Nothing more is requisite than to take on half of the sum for two years, which Mr Vansittart allots for paying off the national debt. We not only conceive that it would be wise and creditable to divert a part, or the whole of the actual Sinking Fund to this purpose ; but we go so far as to think, that it is little less than disgraceful to pay off any debt at all at this crisis with funds wrung from the earnings of a starving population. Whatever is done, it is of vast importance to understand, that the most pressing evil, though not absolutely permanent in its nature, cannot be expected to subside of itself for many years. We have not only an excess of population to dispose of, but we have to check the principle of increase, which is rapidly aggravating the evil. In the five years ending 1810, the population of England added one-seventieth part to its numbers annually ; and if we suppose the ratio to have been the same for the whole empire, each year must have had 250,000 individuals more to provide for than the preceding. Till the whole of this vast annual inrease is got rid of, the present excess of numbers will not diminish but augment. And how is it to be got rid of? Either the annual births must diminish more than one-third, or famine and disease must destroy a quarter of a million of human beings annually beyond the usual rate of mortality, or these two causes must operate together. Notwithstanding, therefore, the misery of the labouring classes at this moment, we doubt whether the population is not still on the increase, and whether still more afflicting scenes are not awaiting us. Indeed, unless measures are taken to do away the factitious stimulus which the English poorlaws give to the increase of population, the most abundant e migration will prove but a feeble palliative. These are rather discouraging circumstances ; but the evil must be dealt with in some way, or it will ultimately overwhelm us. It has now become rather a question of humanitiy than of policy. One or two millions of human beings have been suddenly deprived of their means of subsistence by events over which they had no control. With such a mass of individuals goaded to desperation by want–a deficient crop,–a sudden revulsion in trade– a more general exclusion of our manufactures by the Americans,–any of those numerous casualties, in short to which every nation is exposed, would place us in a situation frightful to contemplate. Plots and insurrections will keep up a continual alarm. Neither persons nor property will be safe, and capital will gradually leave the country. If theory were silent, experience must now convince us, that time alone will produce no material amelioration in our circumstances ; and the relief which is may ultimately bring, will be obtained only through the destruction of vast multitudes by famine and disease. In the fifth year of peace, it is now time to look the evil in the face, and either to make some great sacrifices for its removal, or to brace our minds to bear the dreadful alternative. It is in vain to disguise the matter to our own consciences. Those who propose to leave things to what they call the course of nature, are in substance recommending that thousands of their fellow-creatures should be suffered to rot away from the effect of absolute want. That such a thing should take place in the " . | |
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| sap:body " Extract of a letter received from Calcutta, dated 22d November, 1819:--"An afflicting circumstance has recently taken place. The Captain of the Bengal, a Liverpool trader, very lately gave a ball on board his ship, which was about to sail for England. The party was very small, and more than half were taken ill with a violent fever immediately afterwards. I buried the Captain and the Surgeon a few days after it; not less than ten of the part died within as many days, all younger persons. Only one officer survives of those who left England in the ship, and he is just recovering in the Hospital. All sorts of conjectures were made, but it turns out that there were 17,000 undressed buffalo horns in the hold, in a complete state of putrefaction. This vessel has sailed for England in this state without a Surgeon. I question whether it will ever arrive; it ought not to be admitted among other shipping if it does;–the opening of the hold will be death to him who does it, and perhaps to many more."--In consequence of this disastrous information, Ministers have issued an order for the vessel, on her arrival at Liverpool, or any other part, to undergo quarantine.– London Paper. All apprehension on the above subject is completely done away by the following letter from Liverpool, May 14:– "I noticed a paragraph in the London papers, respecting the Bengal, of this port, at Calcutta, stating that a number of deaths had taken place, supposed in consequence of the Infectious vapours arising from some buffalo horns.–The Bengal arrived here April 5, and has been discharged without any of those dreadful consequences which the medical gentlemen of Calcutta prognosticated.–I should rather suppose that the fatal consequences which ensued to those individuals who attended the ball given on board this vessel at Calcutta, would be none justly attributed to the exposure to night air." " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada The following is an extract of a private letter dated "Halifax, May 22 "At two o'clock this day the Earl of Dalhousie, Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of British North America, attended by the Admiral, his Majesty's Council, the staff, naval and military officers, and the principal people of the place, attended to lay the first stone of a new college, to be erected at the north end of the grand parade. The whole of the freemasons of Halifax went in grand procession. They formed in lodges at their hall, and, preceded by a military band, and followed by another, they marched to the places prepared for them on the building. "His Lordship came on the scaffolding at two o'clock, the grenadiers of the 62d regiment being his guard of honour. Detachments from each regiment kept the ground. "After a prayer by the Rev. Mr Twining, Grand Chaplain, Lord Dalhousie addressed the assembly in a speech, of which I have not time to give an outline ; but in it his Lordship mentioned, that the building was intendeed as a college upon the plan of that of Edinburgh, where all students who professed the Christian religion were eligible for admittance. Strangers residing here for a short time might also enjoy the benefit of the institution, and gentlemen in the army, the navy, and the military establishments. His Lordship concluded a most eloquent and animated address with his fervent wishes for the welfare and prosperity of the undertaking. "A bottle with coins, and a tin case with parchments, &c. were then severally deposited in the recess made for them, and the stone was lowered into its place with all the requisite and due forms, under a royal salute from fort Charlotte ; after which the Rev. the Grand Chaplain closed the proceedings with a prayer, and the whole assembled multitude gave nine cheers.– The military and masonic processions then returned in the same order, in which they came. The day was beautiful, and a greater assemblage of people was never witnessed in Halifax. "The Countess of Dalhousie and her two sons, Mrs Admiral Griffith and the Misses Wilson, and most of the fashionable ladies here witnessed the ceremony from a convenient scaffolding prepared for them. "Lord Dalhousie purposes to leave Halifax for Quebec in his Majesty's ship Newcastle, on the 1st of June, without waiting for Sir James Kempt." Court of Chancery –June 10. Will of the Late Duke of Queensberry Mr Head stated, that he had to present a petition from the annuitants and legates of the late Duke of Queensberry, praying that a fourth more of their claims might be paid, there now being sufficient funds in the hands of the Accountant-General for that purposes. The Learned Counsel said, that there was no less a sum than L.1,400,000 accumulated and vested in the name of this officer, in Bank stock, for the benefit of the claimants, and he understood it was not intended to oppose the application, although the executors did not say they would give their consent to it. Some consultation had been had on the subject out of doors ; he therefore prayed that the prayer of the petition should be granted. The Attorney-General said, he had not received any instructions, nor had he been consulted. The several King's counsel in Court spoke in behalf of their respective clients. Mr Wingfield appeared for the Earl of Yarmouth, and said his Lordship was anxious that the business should be put in a train of settlement. The Lord Chancellor said, there was not a man existing that had a heart in him but must wish the legacies and annuities to be paid ; but, said his Lordship, the Marquis of Queensberry has commenced an action for the recovery of L.150,000 against the executor, and he certainly had a right so to do it ; it was, therefore, proper that the Court should see that no harm arose to the executors, before the funds were allowed to go out of Court. With respect to their not opposing the petition, that was very different to consenting to it ; it merely said to the Court, " Mind you do right." Mr Heald said, if his Lordship thought that one-fourth was too much, they would take an eight, or any part his Lordship pleased. The Lord Chancellor.–I will order it to stand first on the paper for Tuesday next, and in the mean time I will look over the petition. " . | |
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| sap:body "The New York Daily Advertiser says–"The line of battle ship New York, now finishing at our navy yard, at the Wallabut, is perhaps the most superior vessel ever built. Her tonnage is near 3000[?]: she measures 203 feet keel, and is by 15 feet the largest man of war ever laid down in this country. She will no doubt be rated a 74, but will be equal to a 100 gun-ship, and will carry 120 guns." " . | |
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| sap:body "India We have great pleasure in publishing the following interesting letter from India: – "Madras, Feb. 4, 1820. "I have, thank God, no very brilliant events to communicate to you, but if the happiness of man is the legitimate object of all Government, it is good to learn that British India is at peace, and that a temperate and radical reform is gradually going on under the Marquess of Hastings' administration. The establishment of schools, and a free press, are the moving principles by which this great advancement in the state of society will be accomplished, unless checked by impious powers. "On the subject of these schools, it is not necessary here to dilate. Suffice it to observe, that it is in the power of any Government, abitrary or free, to educate the great bulk of its subjects, and thereby to advance them in knowledge, civilization, and happiness, in the shortest possible period. "The establishment of a free press in Asia is, in my estimation, as useful and magnanimous an art as ever adorned the biography of any Statesman. What, say its detractors, is setting loose a parcel of printer's devils so great an act? No, but setting loose all the intelligence of the age to work upon the public mind and conduct, is an act of unrivalled benevolence. Be it asserted that a free press is only applicable to an advanced state of society, I deny the position ; it is not founded in reason or experience. I contend on the other hand, that where least knowledge and msot evil exist, there is the greatest scope for improvement ; and I offer Scotland as a proof of the efficacy[?] of education and a free press. "The Marquess of Hastings, Governor General of India, has, in the newspapers of Madras and Calcutta, been accused of having sent two persons of the name of Hastings, to unhealthy climates, the one to the East and the other to the West Indies, where they died ; and for the base purpose of securing to his family the title of Huntingdon. This, you must be aware, was touching his sensitive honour to the quick ; and it would seem as if some one inimical to a free press, had introduced the paragraph to irritate him. But this virtuous man, who would not tread on an insect, allowed this shameful slander to pass unnoticed. It stood refuted in every bosom, and his manly forbearance tended but to give further proofs of his attachment to our infant liberty. Attacks have likewise been made on Sir E. East, our Chief Justice. He complained, they say, of these alleged libels to the Chief Magistrate, who desired him to have recourse to the law Conceive not, however, that I am the advocate for a licentious press. My maxim is, that a great power, when mischievously applied, must be hurtful, and when well applied, beneficial, in proportion to its strength. "You will rejoice to learn that Mr Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, has done away with the Censorship of the Press. This wise Statesman, being a friend to freedom, and having experienced the benefits which had arisen in Bengal from the measure (for scarce a day no passes that some abuse is not brought to light by the press), adopted it the moment he came into power, and thus proved himself a public benefactor. "To conclude, it is my firm conviction, that the diffusion of knowledge, through the medium of education and a free press, will more than any other measure accelerate the improvement and heighten the prosperity, not only of British India, but of the surrounding world." " . | |
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| sap:body "Maritime Intelligence The Jane, Drummond, of Liverpool arrived at Savannah, was plundered on the 22d April in [?], 34, 10. long. 41. 21. of all her specie, 20,500 dollars, stores, provisions, &c. by a Spanish ship, of 300 tons, armed with 14 guns and two stern chasers, and full of men. She was supposed to have been out two or three months from Cuba. She had a yellow waist, woman head, painted black, and was coppered to light water mark. Intelligence from Marseilles, dated 22d inst. states –' An English Captain, who left Oran on the 13th inst. and arrived yesterday in this port, has declared that a squadron of five armed ships, which he was assured were destined for the North Seas, sailed from Algiers at the beginning of the present month." A vessel, the Prompt sailed on Tuesday evening from Greenock for Quebec, having on board emigrants from Anderston, Rutherglen, Lesmahogow, and Lanark, to the number of about 350 persons. The Rev. Mr Easton, of Montreal, goes out with the Prompt. The Hibernia, M'Eachren, from the Clyde to Buenos Ayres, was totally lost the 15th April, near Maldonado. Crew saved. Discovery of a New Island off Cape Horn A new island has been discovered off Cape Horn, in inst. 61 deg. long. 55 deg. by the ship William, on a voyage from Monte Video for Valparaiso. The same having been dispatched by Captain Sheriff, of the Andromache frigate, to survey the coast, had explored it for 200 miles. The captain went ashore found it covered with snow, and uninhabited. Abundance of seals an whales were found in its neighbourhood. He has named the island New Shetland. Accounts from Constantinople, dated May 26, annouce, that the armaments against Ali Pacha are upon the most formidable scale, and are actively pursued.– The latter has obtained hostages of his principal officers, as pledges of their fidelity. On the 14th, two new ships of the line were launched in the presence of the Sultan and his Grand Dignitaries, at the hour fixed by the chief astrologers. The navigation between Bagdad[?] and Bassurah has been free since the defeat of the Arabs by the English. The latter, it is stated, have facilitated the intercourse between those two places by the establishment of parket-boats. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Proposed New Monarchy in South America Accounts have beenreceived from Buenos Ayres, by the Blossom sloop of War, of a curious nature.– They relate to a project said to have been in agitation for placing a Prince of the House of Bourbon at the head of an independent Sovereignty on the River Plate.– The circumstance has been brought to light by the late changes in the Government of Buenos Ayres. From the documents now published, and received by the Blossom, it appears that in June, 1819. Gomez the Envoy from Buenos Ayres, at Paris, was invited to a conference by M. De Cazes, then French Minister for Foreign Affairs, the object of which was to communicate a project of the French Cabinet for the colonsolidation of the Independent Government of South America. This project, the French Minister observed, would meet with the decided approbation of the Continental Powers, especially Russia and Austria. Great Britain might not like it, but yet would not find any good pretence for resisting it ; and his Catholic Majesty would yield to the influence of all Europe with the better grace, as his former dependencies would be only transferred to a branch of his own family. The King of France would furnish assistance of every king, and employ every means, even to the supply of troops, for carrying the affair into execution. On the 26th of October last, when the statement of his conference reached Buenos Ayres, Rondeau, then Director ad interim made a secret communication to the Congress, and transmitted to them the letter of the Envoy, together with the French memorial ; on the following day, and on the 3d of November, the matter was discussed in secret meetings, and the result was an[?] opinion, that the Constitution lately-sworn allowed no alteration to be made in the form of Government till after the meeting of the Chambers. That a branch of the Bourbon family, so closely connected with the reigning Monarch of Spain, was in itself an insuperable objection, as also the consideration that the Prince proposed and supported by the Powers of the European Continent, would naturally more incline towards the views of his protectors than towards those of South America, which ought to avoid all connexion with European continental politics ; and that Great Britain was the power from which South America had most to fear, and most to expect. It was at the same time suggested, that the Envoys in Europe shoud put the communications from Paris into the hands of the British Minstry, whose good opinion and protection South America is most anxious to conciliate. Our Cabinet has always treated the South Americans with the greatest reserve, as if feating contamination by simple contact–a delicacy towards Spanish interests and feelings which appears in itself commendable, but, when measured by the standard of national benefit, may not merit the same praise. As it is, it would seem that the British interest is likely to gain the ascendacy in the river Plate, rather through the disposition of the inhabitants, than from any influence exerted by our Ministers. We shall only add, that thought the negotiation was carried on by the Duke de Cazes, the project did not originate with him, and did not at first apply to the Prince de Lucca. It was intended as an opening for one more nearly allied to the reigning family in France. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. We extract the following statement from the Montreal Herald and an important one it is, to those who are desirous of emigrating, as well as to those, who, from patriotic motives, would wish to turn the tide of emigration into a channel which, while it relieve the mother country now, may hereafter add to her strength and resources : Number of British subjects that emigrated to the United States, who received recommendations for grants of land, and removed to the province of Upper Canada, from James Buchanan, Esq. his Majesty's Consul at New York, in the year 1819 : – English { Farmers..... 180 Women..... 118 Children..... 157 Mechanics..... 117 Women..... 57 Children..... 92 } 1021 Scotch { Farmers..... 50 Women..... 11 Children..... 15 Mechanics..... 30 Women..... 9 Children..... 36 } 131 Irish { Farmers..... 184 Women..... 94 Children..... 319 Mechanics..... 75 Women..... 42 Children..... 98 } 810 Total.........1962 We cannot give publicity to the above return, without observing how eminently calculated such a document is, to open the eyes of our too credulous, yet industrious and loyal countrymen ; many of whom are still disposed to look to the United Statesm, as the abode of independence and the source of affluence. Here we see nearly 2000 British subjects, who, in one season, through the agency alone of one of our Consuls(withoutany pecuniary aid), have removed from the United States to Upper Canada. Their trieal and failure in the former, as well as the trial and failure of the great numbers who have returned to this country, are circumstances well calculated to direct the attention of those who have emigration in view, at once to Upper Canada. We have made enquiry about these hitherto unknown, but truly fertile regions ; and we are informed from a most authentic and satisfactory source, that there there are unlocated lands, fertile beyond the conception of those who have not seen them, capable of receiving ten millions of inhabitants ; that the winters are not so cold, nor the summers so hot, as in the State of New York ; that these regions have proved eminently healthy to the vast numbers that have poured into them of late years ; and that the administration of the laws, the state of education and religious instruction, and above all, the peace and quiet of the inhabitants have found there, have exceed their most sanguine expectations. It may be desirable to state, that grown persons can get by water from Quebec to York, the capital of Upper Canada, for about 28s ; children, half price ; that to all persons properly recommended as to good conduct, a grant of land is given according to their means of cultivation ; that this grant becomes their own for ever, and they may dispose of it as they please. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colony at the Cape of Good Hope (Extract of a Letter, dated off Madeira ) Aurora Transport Ship, Feb 19. "An opportunity having offered for transmitting a hasty account of the Aurora and Brilliant transports, proceeding with settlers to the Cape of Good Hope, I feel happy in availing myself of that circumstance, with a view as well to gratify our friends in England, as to add another confirmation of the liberality of Government in our important undertaking. First, it will be necessary to state, that the two ships sail in company, and are every day within hail of each other ; the former commanded by Captain Pearson, and the latter by Captain Bothwell, who is accompanied by Lieutenant Pritchard, as agent to both vessels. "We sailed from Gravesend on. Our course down Channel was most favourable, and the weather has hitherto been propitious. No death, disease, or serious accident has occurred in either ship and blooming health and vigour now rapidly succeed the langour produced by a sudden transition to a new element. Provisions, consisting of flour, currants, suet[?] oatmeal, peas, butter, cheese, tea, sugar, biscuit, salt pork, and beef, of excellent quality, are liberally supplied, together with a proper allowance of rum, vinegar, mustard and spices. The ships are fitted up in every respect comfortably and commodiously, and the most perfect harmony prevails, if we except bickerings amongst the old women about fractured teapots and mislaid culinary articles. The attention paid to the comfort of the passengers, and more especially to that of the women and children, by the Captains, and the agent (Mr Pritchard), is highly creditable to the instructions received from Government. "Although I do not sail in the same ship Captain Bothwell. I have had ample proofs of the kindness and humane liberality which he shews to the passengers in the Brilliant. Captain Pearson is an active, intelligent officer, who has been 23 years in the Transport Service under Government : he has sailed to almost every part of the world, and Algoa Bay, our place of destination, is quite familiar to him. "It may be egotism to speak of myself; but I trust I may be excused in boasting, that of the crew and 240 passengers, not one is seriously indisposed at present, and wishing, with heartfelt sincerity, to my friends in England, happiness, peace, and tranquility, in as good health as I now enjoy, long may they live, long live the Constitution: and while on Fish River or Orange River we encounter the difficulties incident to new colonists, may England and South Africa be ever united by the ties of mutual friendship–the one affording her parental arms, and the other mindful of her filial duty. P. Campbell., Surgeon. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence We have received letters and papers, from the Cape of Good Hope, to the 22d October, and they are satisfactory in all points of view, but especially with reference to the new settlement at Algoa Bay. His Excellency, the Governor, Sir R. S. Donkin, was taking some effectual measures to place the coinage of the colony upon a better footing, and on the 13th of October he issued a Proclamation for destroying a very large quantity of base money. He has also taken measure to communicate to the new settlers from England the full benefit ofthe Courts of Justice esblished in that quarter of the world. We have received an account of the loss of the Abeona[?] transport, bound to the Cape of Good Hope, with settlers. The following is an extract of a letter from the Agent to Lloyd's, dated Lisbon, 20th Dec. "The Condessa da Ponte, which arrived on the 20th inst. from Marenham[?], has brought 49 persons, who escaped from the Abeona transport, bound to the Cape of Good Hope, which took fire and was burnt on the 25th ult. in lat. 5 N. long–and 113 lives were lost. The Agent, Lieut. Madge, the Captain, Surgeon, 21 men, 16 boys, 4 women, and 5 girls, got into three boats, and fortunately fell in with the Condessa da Ponte, the morning after the fatal event." Demerara Gazettes to a late date have been received, which give detailed accounts of the number and state of the slaves in that part of the West Indies. The report is given by James Robertson, Esq. the new Slave Registrat of the United Colony. It is a triennial statement of the slave population, and the Reporter makes some judicious comparative remarks. It appears that there has been a large decrease of the number by deaths, but the Creoles are greatly increased as compared with the former year. Births have been in the proportion of one to forty-six. The Report defends the [?] of the West India Planters, and observes that the state of the Black population serves[?] to evil for little or no [?] ; so great is the kindness, the liberality, and induglent care of propiertors. It adds, that their own interests is a perpetual[?] evil[?] upon their humanity. In the colony there [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] slaves on the island, [?] Africans[?] and Creoles and there are 38,910 female slaves of the same donomination, making a total of 76,929. The slave population in 1817, amounted in the whole to 77,867.– The number of births which have occurred since that period is 5,317, and deaths 7,140. The Report concludes with some gratifying observations upon the flourishing state of the colony. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration.–Official Enquiries and applications having been addressed to the Colonial Department respecting emigration to His Majesty's foreign possessions, it has been deemed convenient, with a view to the information and guidance of individuals interest in this subject, to state, that, 1 stly, Persons are not provided with passages, at the public expense to any of his Majesty's settlements. 2 dly, Persons proceeding at their own expense to North America, and to the Cape of Good Hope, and desirous of settling there, require no previous authority from his Majesty's Secretary of State to enable them to obtain grants of land, the Governor of those settlements being fully empowered to assign lands to applicants, proportioned to the means which they actually possess for bringing them into a state of cultivation. The extent of these grants must depend upon their quality, position, and other circumstances, which can only be ascertained in the Colony. 3 dly, Persons desirous of settling in New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land must be provided with the sanction of his Majesty's Secretary of State ; and this can only be obtained upon written application, accompanied by references to two or more respectable persons, as to the character of the applicant, and the extent of his capital, which must amount to Five Hundred Pounds, at the least. Colonial Department, London. January, 1822. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Success of the Cutch Expedition against the Sindeans –The following extract of a letter from Bombay bringing this intelligence, we copy from Carrick's Post, which appears to have exclusive means of obtaining information on India affairs:– "Bombay, Sept. 12, 1820. "While I was seeing the last of your goods on board, last night, a vessel arrived in the harbour having on board an officer from Cutch, who was the hearer of the official intelligence of the complete success of Sir Charles Culville's expedition against the Sindeans. The expedition consisted of 12,000 men, commanded by his Excellency the Commander in Chief ; from all I could clean of intellience from the followers, it appeared there had been some hard fighting for five days ; but it ended, as might be anticipated, from the imposing force sent against the Sindeans. The moment the officer (who is one of the Staff, and an Irishman) landed, he set out for the Government House, to inform Lady Colville of the event, as it must be supposed she was in a state og anxiety, her husband being the commander, and her brother, and her uncle, Colonel T. Blair, being also on the expedition. At day-light this morning orders arrived from the Government House, to secure a passage and private cabin for the officer in th ship which takes this to England, but there was no such accomodation, as the cabins were all full ; and as another vessel will not sail from thence about ten days, this and will be off to-day, the chance is, you will have this letter at least six weeks before the officers can reach England with the official intelligence. All kinds of European produce are a drug hee, paricularly fine goods ; and rum, brandy, and geneva, are for a song. The cholera has rather abated, but still rages in a frightful manner." The Rio Janeiro packet arrived on Tuesday with letters to the 21st of November. Advices had been received from Rio Grande, stating that Artigas had been taken prisoner. The Portuguese frigate, Union, had captured two insurgent privateers which had been committing depredations on the coast. The events in Portugal, owing to which, as well as to the idea that the King would be prudent enough to sanction what had taken place in Portugal, the prices of produce had experienced very trifling alteration, though, if the contrary should be the case, a considerable rise was anticipated. The following relates to what is passing in Peru :– Extract of a letter from Rio Janeiro, dated November 20 :–" The Chilians have at length carried into effect their boasted expedition, which left Valparaiso on the 21st August, and arrived at Pisco at the beginning of September. San Martin landed 4,500 men, but the blacks, cattle, &c. had all been previously sent away from the estates in that quarter, so that they will be disappointed in meeting with partisans ; indeed the slaves and lower orders, whom they expected to find favourable to their views, are the most irritated against the insurgents. We have letters from Lima to the 12th September, which speaks of the little apprehensions entertained of San Martin and his troops, the Viceroy having a formidable force, in the capital and vicinity, of 8,000 men, commanded by good officers. The Viceroy, is Commander-in-Chief, La Serna, second, and La Mar and O'Reilly command divisions. They were observin San Martin's movements who already experienced the difficulties of subsisting his men. The Marquis of Vallembrozo was on his flank, with a strong detachment of cavalry, with a view to prevent him from sending emissaries into the interior, and collecting horses. It is thought the insurgents will soon have to re-embark ; for, as soon as they are a little pressed for provisions, and fighting comes on, numbers will desert. Those who have already come over describe their situation as very critical. Two vessels, one an English, and the other a French, were preparing to sail from Callao for this place, and by them we shall receive further particulars. The most enthusiastic preparations were making in Lima to proclaim the constitution in a formal manner, for which purpose orders had been received from Madrid. This of itself is sufficient to defeat all views Cochrane and San Martin may have on the country, except, as before, a little plunder on the open and defenceless parts of the coast. Letters from Sierra Leone, dated the 24th of Nov. mention that the whole squadron was lying there.– The Pheasant, Myrmidon, Snapper, and Thistle, were lying off the Cape, waiting for the Morgiana to complete her water, provisions, &c. which ship was obliged to be assisted by the squadron, in consequence of her very sickly state. She had recently arrived from the River Gambia, whither she had proceeded in dread of attack by the natives on our infant colony there. A letter of thanks had been voted to Captain Finlason, by the merchants of that colony, for the very able manner in which he brought to an amicable conclusion the differences between the Native Chiefs and the British interests in the Gambia. The Morgania brought from the Gambia, Dr Dochard and forty-six men belonging to the mission under Major Gray, for exploring Africa. Dr D. had been at Sago ; but, in consequence of internal wars, he was unable to proceed further. Major Gray was there with very few men ; he will not proceed further for some time. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Sierra Leone Gazettes to the 16th of December have been received. It is satisafactory to learn that some more effectual measures, than any before adopted by the French Government, to prevent slave trading are now in a course of execution. The French brig of war, Le Huron, of 22 guns, Commodore Du Pressit, is employed in cruizing for that purpose. Earthquake at Zante, Jan. 8.–The last week has been a scene of horror and destruction at Zante.– At four o'clock, on the morning of the 29th of Dec. we had a violent shock of an earthquake, which lasted nearly half a minute ; this was followed by eight other shocks, between four and six o'clock, which threw down one thousand three hundred houses. Providentially, the first shock did not throw down many, so that the inhabitants had time to escape before succeeding shocks, otherwise theloss would have been dreadful. Only ten lives have been lost, but not a house in the town has escaped without some injury. The town is still in a complete state of confusion ; one thousand give hundred houses more, being so much injured as to be marked in order to be pulled down ; all the steeples in the place must be taken down. The streets are almost impassable from the fallen houses ; and great caution is required, in walking, to avoid the ruins that are still falling. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to Canada The following is an extract of a letter from a tradesman belonging to Glasgow, who has been six years in Upper Canada, to a friend in this city :– " York, Upper Canada, 14th November, 1820. "You wish to be informed of the encouragement that you might meet with by an emigration to this country; and as you have determined to place the most implicit confidence in what I may advance. I shall therefore state to you the "truth, and nothing but tl[?] truth, so help me God."– In the first place, you wish to know what might be the value of a hundred acres of land, with six or eight acres of improvement. This is a question that I cannot give a decided answer to, as it depends entirely on the situation where you wish to purchase; but I may with safety average wild land, in this Upper Province, say at 4 to 6 dollars per acre, and the clearing or improving of each acre will cost you from 16 to 20dollars.–In the next place, you wish to know the price of cattle. They have never been known to be cheaper than at the present time. A cow can be purchased at 20 dollars, a pair of working oxen at 40 dollars; a good cart horse at 50 dollars,; sheep, 2 dollars apiece. In regard to farming utensils, there are but few used in this country at any time, and a new settler may be some years in the woods before we want any more than an axe, (3 dollars) a plough, (10 dollars) and a harrow, (5 dollars.)–You wish to know the nature of a Government grant; that has now become no object, as the charges made by Government exceed in many cases what you can purchase land for; and by buying land you have the advantage of choosing a situation agreeable to your mind; but the reverse is the case when you accept of a grant from Government, for you must then take your chance by drawing by lottery; and as the land is already taken up for forty miles round this place, you will then be obliged to go back into the woods, and out of the world. You are at liberty to sell it as soon as you receive the grant; formerly you could.–You wish to know what sum you could establish yourself for in this country as a farmer. There is one thing obvious–the more you bring the less miseries and difficulties you will have to undergo. But as a true friend, I would advise you not to think of leaving home with a sum less than t200 sterling with a sum less than this you undoubtedly subject yourself to hardships and troubles that you have no idea of. Though many have settled here for nothing, their fate has been such that it is beyond my pend to describe; and my greatest enemy I should not advise to come to this country, with the intention of farming, with less capital than I have no stated to you. Many may flatter you, and stuff your head with golden dreams about this country; but you must allow the experience that I have had to outweigh the statements of many that you may have had an opportunity of talking with, who may pretend to have some knowledge of this country, for there are but few settlements between Montreal and the falls of Niagara (a distance of nearly 600 miles,) that I have not visited.–As to the necessaries wanted for a family who may think of coming to this country, I should entirely confine myself to wearing apparel, as clothes are the highest article in this country; and should you think of farming, I would advise you to bring but few fine clothes, but principally coarse and stout. Heavy luggage of any kind becomes very expensive and cumbersome bringing you up the river so far as this, and is often liable to be damaged, in consequence of the repeated re-shipping. The rate of charge of the transportation of good from Montreal to Kingston (200 miles) is 2 dollars per cwt.; and from Kingston to York (200 miles) they charge 1 dollar for each barrel bulk; and from Montreal to York you may get a passage for 10 dollars for each grown person.–By the by, you wish to know the population of this town: it is indeed small in comparison to some of your towns; but I might say that the inhabitants of York might amount to 3000 people. But there is no place that I have visited in my travels that is more thriving than this town; and as a proof, I can safely say that it is now twice the size that it was when I came here, (now three years), and still continuing to increase greatly in buildings; but all wood.–You wish to know the different branches of business carried on here. They are principally house carpenters; and various other mechanics are also employed here.–You wish to know if any of the emigrants have arrived in this place. There are but very few I understand come thus far, the greater part of them having stopped at a settlement called Perth, about miles below Kingston. –Since I have now given answers to all your different queries, let me now give my candid opinion respecting this country. In the first instance, a farmer may live by hard labour; that is, he may acquire a livelihood; but cash[?] is a complete hidden treasure, and is as forbidden fruit to the farmer of this country; and in some places you may live for years and not even behold, a silver dollar through a glass darkly, as all is done by barter in the country. The next evil is the mixture of society; a very few good, intermixed with a multitude of a very different character; but in many places you will be divested of all society, either of a good or bad quality; in either of which situations I am afraid you will find yourself uncomfortable, in consequence of its being so much different to what you have been accustomed to; and the opportunity of spending the sabbath in a religious worship you will also find wanting. And above all evils the fever and ague, that none escape, is the ruin of many a family in this country. But should you think of coming to this country, in order to avoid this disease I would advise you to come no farther up the country than Perth settlement, where this loathsome sickness is seldom known. Now, my friend, by what I have stated here I neither mean to advise or dissuade you from coming to this country; but take it into serious consideration before you embark upon this important." " . | |
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| sap:body "Canada Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada Quebec Legislative Council–March 17. This day his Excellency the Governor in Chief made the following[?] speech to both Houses:– "Gentlemen of the Legislative Council and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, "When the Parliament met for the dispatch of public business[?], I did entertain a hope that the experience of the [?] few years would have led you to a mature and serious consideration[?] of the consequences that would inevitably follow[?], if the then state of things should not be remedied ; I[?] cannot therefore be surprised that I should now express[?] not only my disappointment, but great concern that [?] same question of constitutional principle should have [?]ia disturbed the unanimity of your legislative proceedings[?]. "Upon this occasion I think it a duty which I owe to [?] and to your country to call upon you to consider, during[?] this summer, the result of the discussions of the sessesion[?] in all its bearings. "You will see the administration of the civil government[?] left without any pecuniary means but what I shall advance[?] upon my own personal responsibility ; you will [?] individuals suffering under severe and unmerited hardships[?], caused by the wast of that constitutional authority that[?] is necessary for the payment of the expences of the civil[?] government. You will see the interior improvements[?] of the country nearly at a stand ; you will see, in [?]ort, the executive government in a manner palsied and powerless[?]. "When I shall again summon you to meet here in Parliament[?], you will come to decide the important question, whether[?] the Government shall be restored to its constitutional[?[ energy, or whether you are to deplore the prospect [?] lasting misfortune, by a continuance in the present state [?] things. Important as that question is, there can be no difficulty[?[ in the decision. When the blessingsof the British[?] constitution were granted to this province, you re[?]ved with it the recorded experience of centuries of [?]ctise. There is no question of doubt or of difficulty [?]that may not find its precedent in the records of the Im[?]Imperial Parliament ; and I cannot thik that any wiser [?]guide need by desired." After which, the Honourable Speaker of the Legislative [?]council said, that it was the pleasure of his Excellency the [?]Governor in Chief that the Provincial Parliament should [?] prorogued until Thursday, the 26th of April next. " . | |
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| sap:body "We have received letters this morning from New South Wales, which announce that the Skelton from Leith arrived at Hobart Town, Van Dieman's Land, on the 27th of Nov. last, with her numerous settlers, all well, and in good spirits. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence We have received Canada Papers to the 10th May. The active exertions of the Governor to improve the inland navigation had given very general satisfaction. In the course of the Session of the Colonial Parliament, which was prorogued on the 14th April, no less than three Addresses were presented to Earl Dalhousie, to be forwarded to the King ; one respecting the allowance of half-pay to the Militia ; another respecting the duties imposed in British ports on lumber from Canada ; and third related to the losses sustained by the people of Canada, during the late war. His excellency the Governor had intimated, that no objection would be made to the repeal of the grant of 2,500l on account of the Civil List for the Colony, provided the salaray of the Chief retired Justice, the ReceiverGeneral, and that of the Speaker of the House of Assembly, should be continued, in the whole amounting to 1,800l. The grant has for some time been a prominent subject of complaint in the Colonial Parliament. The 37th Regiment for three years stationed in Lower Canada is about to leave the Colony for England. The Staff Corps was to proceed to the Ottawa, to carry into effect the intended plan for removing the obstructions in that river. An article from Montreal, dated May 5, states, that a messenger was leaving that place to announce the union of the North and Hudson's Bay Companies, at their respective establishments. The former of these companies was under control of Lord Selkirk, and the schism that has so long reigned between them, with its fatal consequences, is well know to the Public. By Letters from Bombay we learn that 20 ships have been taken up by the vigilant Governor, on board of which 5000 troops are embarked, destined to the Persian Gulph, to repair the disaster suffered by the surprise of the detachment left by Sir Wm. Kier, under the direction of a young man. The gallant Gen. Lionel Smith has been selected for this important service ; and we have no doubt but that he will convince the Arabs of the impolicy of their treacherous proceedings, and justify the high confidence which the Go vernment of Bombay have in his talents and valour.– His Excellency Mr. Elphinstone, completely recovered, is gone on a tour to Kutch, to settle all disputes, and to ascertain the true situation of the country.– How important it is for the Heads of the Presidencies, thus to judge from actual observation, instead of trusting to mere reports. This proves the benefits of appointing men of experience and energy in the conduct of our Indian Empire–which is now, throuh the admirable conduct of the Governor General, and the two other Presidencies, in a state of unexampled, tranquility and prosperity. " . | |
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| sap:body "Van Dieman's Land We have been favoured with the following extract of a letter from Captain Dixon, of the ship Skelton, dated Hobert Town, Van Dieman's Land, 29th November 1820 :– "We arrived here on the 27th inst. all in good health.– This colony surpasses my expectation–climate very similar to England, soil capable of any thing, where an industrious manhas every thing to hope and nothing to fear ; the assistance given to settlers liberal, and grants of land to the amount of from 400 to 2000 acres given them, generally of excellent quality. This colony in fact is the only country that an Englishman should come to, he neither changes climate not habits, for here every thing hat occurs to him is the same, except burning wood for coals. The country on the sea coast is very woody, but much easier cleared than America and about ten miles in the interior several miles of extent have no wood at all. The ships behaves beautifully, sails well, and is easy ; we have never close reefed and not above twice double reefed, and not strained a rope yarn nor split a sail." Extract of a letter received by My Leyden, R. N. Leith, from his Son, Mate of the ship Skelton, dated Sullivan's Cove, off Hobart Town, 29th November 1820 :– "I take this opportunity of sending you a few lines by the ship Guildford, which is to sail tomorrow for Baravia, and then homewards. We left the Table Bay on 18th October, and arrived here on 28th November, making a very good passage. Did not see any vessel on the passage–made the island of Amsterdam and St Paul's on 28 November–went ashore on the island of Amsterdam for two or three hours, found it to be barren entirely–only inhabited by give or six people from the Isle of France, for the purpose of sealing. When we came near the land, fell in with various winds and calms–made the river on Sunday about twelve o'clock, and brought up off Hobart, at three P M on Monday. The country has a very fine prospect, a great deal of wood, but interspersed with fields all in green, for it is the spring here now–the pease are in full bloom. This town is very irregu larly built, just like a Norwegian village–a deal of wooden houses–the appearance of the country pleases the eye greatly of the passengers, and the visit they had from the Deputy Governor was very favourable. Governor M'Quarrie is to be here from Sidney in the course of a fortnight or three weeks to survey the Government works. The passengers are in great suspense whether they will forward themselves to Sydney, or wait until he comes. Butter sells at 4s, a lb ; coarse ship biscuits 35s. a cwt ; a pair of ashets, middle size, 21s. and every thing in like proportion. Salted pork would have sold very well–could clear L130 a cwt. Beef is about 6d. a lb. If you buy any here, and pay in produce, you pay more than in hard cash. There are few bush rangers now, they were mostly all shot in the woods. No encouragement here for pickpockets. Some of the richest and most powerful men here have once been sent out as convicts, but, from their good behaviour, got their emancipation. The Midship Leith, upon the pier, is here ; he is master of a colonial brig trading between Sydney and here. Our passengers tell me they can chuse what land they like ; but not the quality ; they must apply the saw and the hatchet a great deal. A hatchet costs 7s. 6d. a lb. Very few people have female servants, as they can't trust them ; as those who come out are convicts, and get soon married, so they have all men servants." " . | |
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| sap:body "American Papers. New York, May 8. The sloop Hero, Capt. Palmer, arrived at Stonington, last Tuesday, in seventy-three days from New South Iceland, with a cargo of oil. ON the 28th of March, in lat. 21. S. long. 35. W. spokethe Brig Wilner, of London, from Buenos Ayres, bound to Falmouth, England ; the Captain of which informed Capt. P. that the Chilian army, near Peru, had fought two battles with the Royal army, in both of which the Chilian army was victorious ; and it was supposed would cause the surrender of Peru soon to the Chilians. May 15. The gigantic projects that occupy the attention of our countrymen are truly surprising. A plan is now forming, for example, to establish a settlement at the mouth of the river Columbia, for the purpose of importing teas direct from the East Indies. It is then proposed to transport this article of merchandize up the Columbia, until it reaches the rocky mountains, and then to proceed by land to the navigable branch of the Missouri. This embraces a space of three hundred and forty miles in extent. Of this distance 200 miles are represented by travellers as constituting an excellent road ; the remaining one hundred and forty comprehend the mountain barrier, which must be passed by the intrepidity and labour of man. The merchandize will then, by the aid of the Missouri and its subsidiary streams, supply the whole western continent with the refreshing beverage. This shows the varied changes of commerse ; the Atlantic States have heretofore been the medium of supplying our western States with the productions of China ; but if this plan should be carried into effect, we may receive our supply from that country through the western States. May 16. It is worthy of remark, that among the numerous arrivals at this port yesterday, were three British brigs from Dundee. This makes good the remark of a late Scotch gazette, that Dundee was becoming a place of considerable trade. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Africa. –Extract of a Letter from Capt. Colliver, a Gentlemen belonging to the county of Cornwall, and who is an Officer in the service of the African Comapny:– Cape Coast Castle, April 21, 1821. By the time you have received this, it is probable the African Company will have ceased to exist ; we have received orders to hold ourselves in readiness to deliver up the Forsts and Settlements here to Government. It is understood they are to be put on the same footing as Sierra Leone. A list has been furnished to Government by the Company's Committee, of their Officers, their age, length of service, the situations they fill ; their emoluments[?], &c. We have been blockaded here, since the 10th of February, by the Ashantees[?] (an African tribe), who have commenced hostilities against us. On the day before mentioned, our Governor received intelligence that a black man belonging to Cape Coast, where the people are under our protection, had been cruelly murdered by a Chief of the Fantes[?], at a place about six miles from Cape Coast, called Moree[?]. I was immediately ordered to assemble all the soldiers I could, in five minutes, and proceed to Moree to seize the murderer. I quickly set off with four officers and 85 soliders. A little before we entered the town of Moree, where the savages, between 2 and 3,000 in number, were assembled, we saw the mangled remains of their unforunate victim. The town stands near the top of a hill, on the summit of which is an old Dutch Fort. As soon as we entered the town, a fire was opened upon us ; but as my orders were to seize the murderer, if possible, without bloodshed, I did not for some time allow the men to return the fire. However, perceiving they were resolved to oppose us, I gave directions to my little party to give them a volley and then to charge. The negroes retired as we advanced, and in less than an hour we gained the hill, from which our opponents fled in every firection. We demanded the keys of the fort from the principal man belonging to Moree ; who not being engaged in the affair had remained, and who immediately gave them up. In the fort, which has a draw-bridge, we were perfectly secure from the attack of the negroes. The body we defeated were Fantees, who were assembled to assist the Ashantees in enforcing some very unjust demands made by them on the people of Cape Coast. As soon as the Ashantees, who reside near Cape Coast, learned that the Governor had sent an armed force against their friends, their drum beat to arms, and they hastened after us ; fortunately we had defeated our opponents before they arrived. However, they rallied the Fantees, and took a position about half a mile from the town, with a determination to oppose our little party. The Governor, apprised of our situation, assembled all the forces he could muster, and speedily about 500 of the Cape Coast people, headed by our officers, and carrying the British flag, were seen approaching. The enemy immediatel retired, and we were relieved from our disagreeable situation, after having been from nine in the morning till four in the afternoon exposed to a burning sun, without refreshment. The negroes had 47 killed, and upwards of 100 wounded in this affair ; we had one soldier killed, and four wounded. Since the affair, we have not seen one of the Ashantees or the Fantees here ; and a total stoppage of trade has taken place. We have not learned how the King of Ashantee intends to act, nor is it safe to venture out of our limits, except in large parties. New South Shetland –The Lord Melville, J. Clark, master has arrived in the London Docks from the New South Shetland fishery, which he left on the 31st of March, having on board the following persons, belogning to the crews of the undermentioned vessels, which had been wrecked, and whom he landed at Buenos Ayres, on the 21st of April, viz. From the Hannah, Captain Johnson–J. Knowles (cooper), R. Thompson (joiner), J. Colditch, W. Jones, T. Lewis, H. Pearman, J. Boyd, A. Pringle, R. Richards, and W. Martin. From the Minerva, Captain Burn–J. Stephens, R. Pearson, J. Collilice, W. Wisslock, W. Pile, and J. Wallar. From the Lady Troubridge, Captain Sherrard–J. Forsham (first mate), D. Humphreys (seaman), J. Wolin, G. Martin, G. Inglefield, M. Swallow, T. Williams, J. Parsonage, W. Rome, W. Dead, J. Williams and J. Williams. Captain Clark, also carried to Buenos Ayres the crew of the American schooner Venus, Capt. Nappue. He sailed from the River Plate on the 28th of April, and reached the Downs on the 31st ult. Capt. Clark left a small colony at Easter Harbour, consisting of the following individuals:–R. Gibbs, of London first officer of the Lord Melville ; G. Robertson, of Hamburgh, second officer of the Minerva, a vessel reported lost, but since arrived in the Brazils ; J. Jornan, of Leith, boatswain of the Lord Melville ; P. Howson, of Carron, carpenter ; J. Lockey, of Essex ; J. Semple, of Dundee ; J. Ash, of Liverpool ; J. Wares, a Portuguese ; William South of Aberden ; J. Roberts, of Liverpool ; and J. Havers, of Harwich, seamen.–They were left in good health and spirits, with a stock of twelve months provisions, and all the materials necessary for erecting three or four houses. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence Alarming Fires in the Woods of Main and New Brunswick.–A gentleman, who arrived here on Thursday, in the schooner Active, from Eastport, informs, that the drought in the neighbourhood of St. Croix river, the present season, has been unusually severe, and that the fires in the woods have raged to a more alarming extent than ever before known. Several buildings have been burnt at the parish of St. Stephen's on the British side of the river, others were saved with a great difficulty. From Calais to Eastport, about a fortnight since, the vessel in which our informant took passage was entirely enveloped in smoke.– In various places, the fires have been burning for six weeks ; there had been no rain for eight weeks to wet the ground.– Boston Paper. Extract of a letter to a Lady in the vicinity of Chelmsford, dated New Essex, Graham's Town, on the frontiers of Africa, June 21, 1821:– "I am seven hundred miles from the Cape of Good Hope, and should not receive intelligence of an arrival there for at least three weeks ; but my correspondent at Cape Town will procure comfortable lodgings, &c. until a ship sails for Algoa Bay, which is distant from me one hundred and thirty miles.– Few ships from England proceed farther than the Cape. Good ploughmen are wanted, and good footploughs, with spare wrought-iron shares and coulters, which are very expensive here ; iron-work nothing under 1s. per lb. Ransome's ploughs sell for 14l. each. Ploughmen will find plenty of employers, at from 2l. to 8l. per month and their board. Meat sells at 2d. per lb ; wheat 12s. bushel ; and barley 6s. Other articles of housekeeping are about the same price as in England ; but, on the other hand, we are in one of the healthiest climates in the world, and free from rent, tithes, and taxes of every description. Any one may live here as well with 500l. as in his native land with 5000l. The farming work is still[?] done with oxen, which are very fine, and bought at 3l. each ; cows are 30s. ; and sheep, 6s. a-head (having tails that weight 8lb., a complete lump of fat) ; clothes, linen, and all English goods, very dear.– Good mechanics, of any description, have very high wages. A cargo of Ladies would make a good speculation, in proceeding to the New Settlement ; for all that came out with the settlers have got husbands." By letters received from the Cape of Good Hope, we understand that the Royal African corps was disbanded there on the 26th of June last. By letters from Bombay, dated the 24 of May, we learn that the Governor, the Honourable Mr. Elphinstone, has returned to the Presidency, after a five months' tour to the northward. He must minutely examined all the judicial and revenue systems–furnishing the Collectors and Agents of Government with particular instructions for their guidance. He also sent out strong detachments to reduce some predatory hordes who have long plundered the country, and been a terror to the peaceable natives. Those plunderers are are called Bheels[?]. They live in the hills and woods, and descend in bands to commit their depredations. By these letters we learn, what is essential for young men going out to India to know, that Writers and Cadets now undergo an examination as to their knowledge of the native languages ; and no youth has a chance of success who is ignorant of the Hindoustanee[?]. The highest respect is entertained for the able manner in which the disinterested Dr. Gilchrist prepares young men for the services. We rejoice to learn that the Cholera Morbus has abated its rigour in the Deccan. Batavia journals of the 28th April give an account of a terrible earthquake which took place on the 29th December last, on the south coast of Celebes. It did immense damage, especially at Budekomba[?], where the sea rose several times to a prodigious height, and then falling in with the incredible rapidity, alternately deluged and left the shore, destroying all the plantations from Bontain to Boelekomba[?]. Many hundred have lost their lives. The fort of Boelekom-[?] ba was much damaged, that of Bontain less so. On the 4th of January this year, there was another shock of an earthquake, but we do not learn that it did any damage. It is with much regret we lay before our readers the following details of a most calamitous fire which broke out at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 17th ult. : " Halifax, Sept. 17. "The conflagration this morning was one of the most awful and destructive every witness in Halifax. It originated in Sackville-street, in the Bakery occupied by Shay and Milany, and before it was discovered, had gained an alarming height. It was near two o'clock when the bells were rung. The troops, seamean of his Majesty's ships, and inhabitants, soon assembled ; the engines were judiciously placed, lines formed to different reservoirs of water, and every exertion made to extinguish the fire, but we regret to state, that before any check could be given to it, the whole block of buildings, with the exception of a house situated at the corner of Sackville and Blowers'-streets, occupied by Mr H. Croskill, the houses occupied by Mrs. Neilson and Mr T. Muirhead, on Barringtonstreet, and a stable belonging to J. W. Johnston, Esq. in Granville-street, were consumed. "For some time great apprehensions were entertaintained that the fire would extend to the houses on the opposite side of the streets, but fortunately it did not. Of the property burnt only about t1500 were insured, and the calamity has mostly fallen where it will long be severely felt–upon windows and orphan children– upon industrious tradesmen, whose whole stock of worldly wealth was invested in the tenements they occupied. "To the troops, and the seamen of the ships of war, the town is, as usual, greatly indebted for the exertions made by them. Twenty-one houses were consumed, with other valuable property." America appears to be very unhealthy just now– The accounts from Long Island, Baltimore, Amelia Island, and Norfolk, are extremely calamitous. The whole of Amelia Island is a perfect hospital, not one family being well, and in many instances not one to assist another. So dreadful, indeed, is the disease, that there is not one sentinel to do duty. A New York Paper of the 30th ult. says– We are sorry to perceive from the Franklin Gazette, that the malignant fever continues to make serious ravages among our fellow citizens at Baltimore. Four full victims to it in the 24 hours ending on Sunday morning ; and six during the 24 hours ending Monday morning. " . | |
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| sap:body "Colonial Intelligence In our last paper, we gave, from the Jamaiza Gazettes, an account of the dreadful drought which had prevailed in that island for more than twelve months and the consequences of which had been most calamitous. We are now, however, most happy, in being able to state, upon the authority of a Gentleman who left Jamaica some days subsequently to the date of our preceding advices, that this terible evil, in such a climate particularly, had at length ceased. The following is the substance of the information which has been communicated to us:– "A few hours previous to my going on board the Jamaica packet, on the 3d of September, the rain fell in such torrents as to flood the streets of Kingston to the depth of two feet, and it seemed to be general throughout the district of Liguanea. "Though too late to save the crop of sugar for the present, or, perhaps, the ensuing year, this seasonable change of weather would at least have the effect of staying the mortality among the cattle. As such, those interested in the island will receive the intelligence with gratification. On some properties, the canes had been cut as fodder to save the stock." We have the Cape of Good Hope papers to the 6th August, and as they are unusually barren in their contents, it is fair to infer that every thing was proceeding there in a satisfactory manner. The only article of the slightest interest relates to the change the Governor is gradually effecting in the currency, by removing from it all the base metal, and substituting gold and silver of standard value. The Gazette of Dordrecht publishes accounts from Java to the 29th May. They confirm the statement of the decrease of the malady, and mention, that it was almost wholly subdued in the district of Samarang, but that 18,000 persons, mostly Europeans, had fallen victims. Batavia and Sourabaya were still infected. India –Extract of a letter from Calcutta, dated June 20:– "If the extension of foreign trading be considered with you as a means suited to alleviate the pressure, and ease the difficulties of Old England, which we read of here, we imagine that India can furnish beneficial openings to this kind of remedy. The use of articles of British production and exports is gaining ground rapidly here ; the English printed cottons are now carried in considerable quantities as far as Rajpootha, and find a ready sale, if they be of handsome patterns. The warehouses now are so far from being overstocked, that before the arrival of two vessels from England in the last fortnight, all European articles were exorbitantly high ; mustard flour sold about 20s. a pound ; cheese 1[?] ; ham, three half crowns the ld ; a common round hat, three guineas. These, undoubtedly, were prices arising from an unusual scarcity ; but it surely cannot be so very bad a trading, which admits, even, indicidentally, of such an exaggeration of price and profit. Government bonds are now at six per cent premium, though they bear but half the usual or legal interest of the country. This is a tolerable evidence of the credit of the Company and the Government. There is a great and increasing prosperity in Hindostan. The augmented cultivation of the Upper Provinces within these two years is surprising. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. The following is an extract of a letter dated Louisville, August 12th, 1820, from a Scotchman who has been long settled in America, to his friend, a Scotch Farmer, who rents 500 acres of land in the County of Middlesex. "The circumstances in which this country is placed at present are truly melancholy, when compared to what they have been ; yet still it is a better country to live in than Britain. It is not easy to make money by farming, at present, in the United States, for the want of a market; and I am of opinion that things will not mend, in this respect, for some years, for all are sellers and none buyers. All kinds of produce are selling, or rather offered for sale, at one-third of what prices were two years ago. Land, of course, has fallen in the same ratio. The best of cleared land, within from 5 to 10 miles of this town, is offered for them from 10 to 20 dollars an acre. You will thence conclude that this is a favourable time to purchase – and that for a man who has a little money, and a large family able and willing to labour with their hands, this is a most excellent country, as he can easily raise on this cheap land all the necessaries, and many of the luxuries, of life. He will find it difficult to get gold or silver, or even our own bad bank notes; but a man cannot be badly off with more beef, mutton, pork and grain, than he can dispose of. He has no rent to make up by term day: his taxes are next to nothing, and although he may grumble to have to turn his pigs into his corn field to save the expense of reaping it, or to see his apples rotting under his trees by barn-fulls because he has not room or use for them, yet still these are beatable distresses compared to those of the poor farmers in our native land, and as I suppose in England. To the wealthier farmer the change is not beneficial or desirable. It is true that if he stays long in Britain he will soon become less wealthy; yet still he would for some time regret the change. He would miss many things made necessary by habit; he would find his servants more lazy, and less obedient ; and he would even experience pain because the modes of farming he is accustomed to will not do here; but when he gets over these things, he will find the advantage of the change. To say nothing of the difference of the Government, and the satisfaction of chusing one's own rulers, there are many desirable things here. I estimate, as the greatest, the ease of providing for one's family. A man may, with very little exertion, leave to all his children land enough to make them independent. Hence that sickening anxiety about the future fate of a family is little known here." " . | |
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| sap:body "SOUTH AMERICA. Extract of a letter from an Englishman, dated Lima, September 10, 1821. "Lima is what an Englishman would call a dirty colonial town; 6000 inhabitants is the outside of its population; the whites are about 1200 Europeans, and not as many born in the country; the rest are blacks and mulattoes. Of the mulattoes there are eight various shades. I never saw such a wretched herd as Lima incloses; more poverty and miserty than in any town of the size in the world.– There are some few splendid houses, but the rest so disgustingly filthy that you cannot go into them without being covered with dust and vermin. The streets, as in all American towns, run at right angles; a powerful stream of water in each : the town is capable of great improvement. The climate must be bad, for the whole population look as if turned out of the hospitals for a day's air; a half-born race–melancholy in their faces. On the whole coast of Peru we made the same observation; the ague very general, with fever–their habits and manner of living increase the evil: thin clothing and vegetable diet–nights very cold –I sleep under a heavy blanket, and could bear another; a thick fog prevents the sun from coming out in winter; the heat however is not excessive during summer; on the whole not an oppressive climate, if the people had any idea of living in a rational way. Very few families cook at home–they buy their greasy messes boiled in the streets, in pulperias, and in the squares: not six families in Lima that have wine on their tables: they drink brandy at all hours, and excuse themselves for not having any thing that is expensive, by saying it gives the ague; the same person who denies himself a glass of wine will lay twenty doubloons on a card in the evening. Their money goes in gambling, debauchery, and dress; every woman, high and low, has her price; a lady take no offence at her frailty being exposed; she tells you she is quite as good as her neighbours, and needs be no better. The Spanish nation and Government are the cause of all the degradation of South America: every Viceroy, from Pizarro to Pezuela, was a plunderer, a teacher of immorality in words and deeds. The miserable state of this people seems incredible–one must see to believe it : scarcely a young lady can read or write, or use a needle; few houses that the Devil has not appeared in; and a devout lady is accompanied in her carriage by the Virgin Mary. Thus is ignorance imposed upon by knaves : as to priestcraft, it reigns here in all its glory : a third part of Lima is covered with churches, some of them very splendid. The whole trade of this part of Peru depends on the single mine of the mountain of Pasco for returns : if this is worked to advantage, it will produce six millions of produce. Mining may be carried to any extent, it is true; but this requires tranquility and good government. People in Europe have the most erroneous ideas of Peru; every traveller and historian who has written or talked about it ought to be made to stand in the pillory for a liar. "Arica, the second port of Peru, and the great outlet to Upper Peru, is a wretched village of hovels covered with mud–about 400 Mulattoes and Indians–placed on a sand bank–the pepole all in the ague–not a boat or ship of any sort. The harbour-master came off on a bulsa, (two bladders lashed together,) paddled by an Indian. We could not get a basket of fruit or vegetables for money. Their cultivation was three leagues off, but they were too lazy to fetch any thing, though a seventy-four and a frigate lay-to twenty hours, offering them any price for their tropical fruits. "I hire a small room for 12 dollars a month, and sleep on the ground; borrowed a chair, and bought some crockery No such thing as a tavern : never was. Letters of no use; no one asks me to his house. I go to bed at eight o'clock to kill time. A play twice a week : the most fashionable ladies stand up in the front boxes, and light a segar by the chandlier; the house filled with smoke. "There are 82 titled familes, mostly idiots–all reduced to poverty by the emancipation of their slaves. If the war be continued a year, Peru will be the most wretched country on the globe; indeed the Indians will regain their empire, and exterminate all other colours. The number of blacks in the viceroyalty is estimated at seventy thousand– 25,000 in Lima and adjacent villages; the total population of Peru about three millions–three-fourths Indians. "About the town there are many fine gardens with pretty country houses. Provisions of all sorts excellent, and in the greatest variety; fruits of all climates in the marketplace, the produce of the sea-shore and the Cordillera.– Beef and mutton excellent–the chief supplies come from Jauja an other vallies in the Cordillera. The sea-shore produce is contiued to little vallies badly cultivated; those about the town would disgrace the free negroes of Carolina. Most valuable land a league from the town, half cultivated and half abandoned; every thing left to starved slaves; such famished objects I never behald; no other hands to cultivate. When emancipation becomes general, they will not work, and famine must ensue. " " . | |
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| sap:body "On Monday 14 instant, the ship Andromeda of London, James Muddle, master, sailed from Leith Roads for New South Wales, with 67 passengers, all of whom are very respectable people. The vessel has on board a full cargo of merchandise, and a great number of agricultural implements. " . | |
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| sap:body "On Monday, 14th instant, the ship Andromeda of London, James Muddle, master, sailed from Leith Roads for New South Wales, with 67 passengers, all of whom are very respectable people. The vessel has on board a full cargo of merchandise, and a great number of agricultural implements. " . | |
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| sap:body "Portsmouth, June 5. –This day the ship William Shand, Captain Kerr, arrived direct from Port Jackson, New South Wales, which place she left on the 1st of February, not having touched any where, and made her voyage round Cape Horn in four months and five days. She has a full cargo of wool and sea oil ; the former principally the produce of the flocks of Mr Macarther, and is much improved in fineness, in better condition for market, and is altogether superior to the first class of Spanish wool.–Trade was toletably brisk at all our settlements in that quarter, and the crops had been productive. " . | |
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| sap:body "Sailed from Leith Roads on Sunday, for Van Dieman's Land and New South Wales, the Australian Company's ship Triton. This vessel takes out fifty-eight settlers, and a full cargo, with a small supply of live stock, for the improvement of the breeds of cattle in those settlements. " . | |
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| sap:body "Naval Intelligence East India Shipping Cowes, August 28–One of our pilor boats landed yesterday at Southampton some passengers out of the ship Triumph, from Bombay ; they reported having fallen in with Daphane, from Batavia to Cowes, with damage to her sails, and having strained much by experiencing a heavy gale off the Cape of Good Hope, which lasted 32 days. Also spoke the Lord Wellington, Bengal to Lisbon, 5th ult. lat. 17. S. lon. 3. W. and the Active of Salem, St Helena to Cowes, 28th, lat. 15. lon. 28. Left the Aurora at Bombay. Portsmouth, August 28.–sailed the James Sibbald, Forbes, for Bombay. Atlas, Clifton, London, to Madras and Bengal, was spoken with on the 5th June, lat. 6. N. by the Mary, arrived at Rio Janeiro. The Princess of Wales, and Marquis Wellington, London to India, was spoken with on the 6th June, lat. 37. lon. 18. by the Albion, Hunter, which arrived at Demerara 27th June from London. The Ajax, Gillett, from the Cape of Good Hope, and David Scott, Bunyan, from Bengal, arrived at Madras on the 28th March. The David Clark, Falconer, from the Cape of Hope, arrived at Bengal on the 26th March, and the Ceres, Pridham, from Madras, on the 28th. The Isabella convict ship sailed from Cork on Thursday week, for New South Wales. She took between three and four hundred culprits, who had been sentenced for various crimes to transportation. Greenland Fishery. The Spencer, Keith, arrived at Montrose from the Greenland seats on Tuesday last, with five small fish and one hundred and fifty seals, supposed to boil fifty tuns of oil. Captain Keith and the crew describe the season as very unfavourable. They saw many whales, but the high winds and great quanities of ice rendered fishing in many instances impossible. There has not been so much ice in Greenland for the last twenty years. The Gleaner, Shand, and Eclipse Sutter, the former with 13 fish, 70 tuns, and the latter with 6 fish, 100 tuns, and the Jean, Stafford, with three fish, 55 tuns, have arrived at Peterhead, from the Greenland whale fishery. On Tuesday last, a whale fishing ship, supposed to belong to Hull, passed a vessel belonging to Aberden, off Redhead, and broomed 9 fish. From Lloyd's List –August 29 Deal, August 28 –The vessels belonging to the Corporation of the Trinity House have this morning placed a buoy, with a staff and vane, near the Goodwin South Sand Head, bearing by compass, from the south end of this town, south by east. Smyrna, July 17–His Majesty's ships Cambrian, Hind, and Medina, are cruising in the Arthes. An Austrian brig of war, arrived here some days ago, with two pirates, a schooner and a large tugsail boat. Another was destroyed by her. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Mariner, Douglas, from New South Wales, was totally lost 1st July, on the Island of Chiloe, and three of the crew drowned. " . | |
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| sap:body "William and James Nisbet, and William Kerr, prisoners in the jail here, accused of housebreaking and theft, have been indicted and are to be tried before the High Court of Justiciary, on the 26th instant. The two Nisbets are brothers. By the arrival of the brig Minerva, from Sydney, New South Wales, which place she left in February last, we learn, that the Morley had arrived there on the 7th of that month, with a detachment of the Buffs regiment, under the command of Lieutenant and Adjutant Mackay. She had previously touched at Hobart Town, Van Dieman's Land, where she landed 170 male convicts, two having died on the passage. " . | |
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| sap:body "Hunt. –It is understood that Hunt will be taken, in a short time, from Hertford gaol, and put on board one of the hulks lying off Woolwich, preparatory to his being transported for his natural life, by the first convict-ship, which will sail from this country to New South Wales. The augmentation of the army consists in the formation of two regiments, the 94th and 95th infantry, and in the intended raising of four others, but which will not be embodied for some time. If we look at the previous strength of the army of this extended Empire, the small increase in question will not only excite no alarm, but it will be considered absolutely necessary for ordinary purposes. The total number of regulars voted for the last year (exclusive of the East Indies) was only 71,000, including officers. These may be said to be distributed in the following manner :– Great Britain, 18,000 Ireland, 24,000 West Indies, 7,000 North America and Africa, 6,500 Gibraltar, Mediterranean, &c. 8,000 Cape of Good Hope, } Ceylon, } Mauritius, } New South Wales, }7,500 71,000 " . | |
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| sap:body "Prison Discipline. The Fifth Report of the Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, &c.–1823. With an Appendix, &c. T his Report only reached us yesterday ; but the Society brings so much benevolence into activity, under the guidance of practical wisdom, aided by very enlightened views of the best interests of society, that we consider any delay improper in calling the attention of the public to their valuable proceedings. The present Report abounds with evidence that they have not relaxed in their exertions. At home, not only are the laws improving, but the magistracy are carrying improvements into all the practical departments. A great many jails, designed on much better principlpes, are in progress in different parts of the country ; and in those which are used, it may be said, generally, that much more attentions is paid to health, cleanliness, diet, employment, and classification. It must not be thought, however, that nothing remains to be done. There are still jails in which prisoners are double ironed, and chained to the floor of their cels from night to morning ; others in which persons committed for trial are fettered with irons of the weight of from seven to nine pounds ; and others in which debtors are exposed to the contaminating society of criminals, in which neither the various classes of prisoners, nor the two sexes, are kept separate from each other, and in which all are allowed to be idle. The Magistrates of Surrey have provided a covered vehicle for conveying prisoners to the Sessions'house ; but in the metropolis, it would appear, the practise still continues of inflicting public degradation on parties arraigned or merely suspected of crime, by marching them handcuffed through the streets of London ; and, very recently, a party of one hun- dred prisoners were marched for a mile handcuffed through the open streets, in order to be formally set at liber- ty by proclamation ! So much for metropolitan decorum ! These shameful exhibitions and practises cannot, however, long maintain their ground ; the publicity given to them, through the proceedings of the Society should, of itself, be enough to do them away ; but while they are continued England should be somewhat chary of her boasts. The views and principles of the Prison Society are attracting notice and gaining ground in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Hanover, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. At Christiana the Magistrates have already resolved on the erection of a new city gaol. In St Petersburgh the prisoners are now furnished with food, clothing, baths, and medical assistance. A Ladies' Association, under the patronage of the Princess Mesthersky, is also in full activity at St Petersburgh ; and there is an auxiliary prison society at Orel, on the very frontiers of Siberia. Seven thousand prisoners passed through Orel last year ; but their chains have been lightened, and their condition meliorated generally, through the exertions of the Russian Society. For details, however, we must refer to the Report itself ; but we cannot take leave of it without making special notice of the benefits conferred on society by the Female Associations and Temporary Refuge. The almost miraculous power of kindness, when accompanied, as genuine kindness often is, with quiet feeling and unobtrusive goodness, continues to be exemplified in the Ladies' Committee, of which Mrs Fry, we believe, is still at the head. In Newgate, idleness, dissipation, and licentiousness, have been succeeded by industry, order, and restraint ; and the same committee accomplish much good by visiting the ships in which convicts are embarked for New South Wales. Arrangements are thus made for the formation of schools for moral and religious instruction during the voyage, and the convicts are furnished not only with suitable clothing and other necessaries, but the means of employment in the manufacture of such articles as may be readily sold for their relief on arriving at the colony. These are truly good works ; and too much praise cannot be bestowed on the Ladies by whom they are performed. It is gratifying to observe that Female Associations for visiting prisons have been established in Bedford, Bristol, Carlisle, Colchester, Derby, Dumfries, Durham, Exeter, Lancaster, Nottingham, Plymouth, York, and Glasgow. We had once thought that, by this time, we might have added Edinburgh ; and we are inclined to hope that the present Lord Provost will yet employ his influence in establishing a Lady's Society for the prisons of our Metropolis.– There, too, we had cherished, and still cherish, the hope, of seeing a House of Refuge. The temporary refuge of the Prison Society is chiefly for affording relief to distressed boys, who, on their discharge from the prisons of the metropolis, have expressed a desire to abandon their criminal courses. Many of these are in circumstances of urgent want ; and " the Committee can now look round wtih pleasure on many who are variously settled, and conducting them- selves exemplarily. In the temporary refuge they are trained up to habits of industry, instructed in moral and religious duty, and after a time are provided with suitable situations." There is a great similarity in the histories of the individuals admitted into this asylum ; but the greater number, obviously, consists of boys, who had been almost driven to commit petty thefts from want of employment or destitution, or who, from neglect or loss of parents, had fallen into the company of professed thieves. The Committee mention that on one recent occasion, no less than eight boys were released from Newgate in one day, and immediately after they had undergone the sentence of flogging, which, upon some insane rule, is usually carried into effect on the day of their discharge. Their persons are thus marked with the stigma of guilt, and, from soreness and want of strength, they are disabled from working, at the very time they ought to go in search of employment. No more effectual plan could have been devised to irritate these boys against society, to prevent them from obtaining employment, though desirous of it, or to impel them to recommence their career of crime. We entreat those who are inclined to look upon what they call a smart whipping as the only corrective for juvenile offences, to reflect a little on the consequences to which their system inevitably tends. We are decidedly, and in all cases, against the deliberate infliction of pain, merely to be felt as such. In the case of children, if not necessary for that purpose, it will certainly give them the idea of power superior to their own, and may thus be the means of constraining more readily than otherwise ; but the law, when it inflicts pain, has always other means of evincing its power, and constraining those who are within its grasp. Its most important function is to prevent crime ; its next is o convince those who comit offences that the means of detection are, on the whole, so sure that nothing is to be gained by the commission ; and its next, to make restitution onerous and complete. There may also be some classes of criminals who ought to be considered and treated as mad –some are curable ; and some as incurably furious, who must either be cut off altogether, or confined for life. We are not opposed to the infliction of punishments, because in our opinion the most effectual of those will be found to consist in the best means of preventing or remedying the evils produced by crime. All exposures, restraints, constraints, and compulsory reparations are punishments. We are only hostile to the infliction of pain for no other purpose but because pain is produced. If it can be made obvious to the sufferers that the pain inflicted protects others, or affords true reparation for the wrongs done to them or society, we shall then grant that such punishments may be both just and expedient. The Prison Society, while they vindicate themselves, temperately but firmly, from the charge of having yielded to a sort of blind and irrational benevolence, and advocated measures which went to raise the condition of prisoners above that of common labourers, do still seem to us to have been too much moved by the coarse jokes and reckless speculations of a clever essayist. If they err at all, they seem now to be somewhat too indulgent to the advocates of hard labour and severe punishments. We are rather inclined to think them too decidely in favour of the tread mill, which they allow has been so worked or constructed at different places as to form very unequal measures of punishment, and they very properly insist that every tread-mill should be provided with " a regulator," by which its rate of revolution may at all times be restrained within safe limits, and a dial-register, (lately invented by Mr Bate, instrumentmaker to the Board of Excise) by which the rate of labour may be, at any time, accurately ascertained, and which ( they think ) should in no case exceed 12,000 feet in ascent for one day. There is an able argument in the report against compelling persons to labour who are merely imrpisoned for trial : and there is a great mass of curious and useful information in the Appendix. " . | |
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| sap:body "Total Charge, t7,856 0 11 In January, 1823, there were 3,031 in the hulks ; 2,138 have been received since ; 1,402 have been sent to New South Wales ; and 300 to Bermuda ; 468 have been discharge by pardon or transferred to other establishments ; 3 have escaped ; 43 have died ; and 2,953 remained in the different hulks on 1st Janury last. The health of these prisoners has been good, their conduct orderly. The Office-bearers of the Refuge for the Destitute have, during the last year, given relief to 424 persons. They have apprenticed to trades, recommended to service or employment, or restored to parents and friends, 214 individuals :–under their charge at present 154. Most of the male culprits require to be kept two years at least. The expenditure has been very considerable. Mr Peel has recommended a grant from Parliament. As we feared, the bill introduced for the purpose of qualifying persons possessed of personal property to serve as juries contains no regulations for the more impartial striking of juries, or returning or making up of those who are to serve on each jury. There does seem to be an improvement on the form of the returns to be made by the Constables to the Sheriffs. " . | |
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| sap:body "Scottish Intelligence. Repeated instances have lately occurred, in whcih dwellinghouses have suffered damage by fire, owing to the carelessnes of servants and others, who, by way of economy, take off fires at night and put the burning coals under the grate, not recollecting that, in the construction of almost every house, the stone placed under the grate is supported by timber, separated from the hearth stone by some lime only. The wood underneath being once ignited, the fire will rapidly spread, and may in a few hours involve the whole tenement in flames. Emigration to Australia. –We understand that the establishment of an Australian Company has suggested to a number of public spirited individuals the idea of forming a society to aid deserving persons in their endeavours to emigrate and settle in New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, and that matters are actually in progress for carrying this benevolent project into effect. On Wednesday a meeting was held in the Freemasons' Hall, Niddry Street, which was respectably attended, the Rev. Mr Lothian in the Chair, when a series of resolutions were moved by William Ellis, Esq. S. S. C., and seocnd by Robert Paul, Esq. of the Commercial Bank. The principal object comprehended in those were the security of the persons and property of emigrants on the voyage–the maintenance of a regular communication with friends left behind, and the insuring a friendly welcome, temporary accommodation, and facilities for permanent settlement in the country of their adoption. It was also proposed to give assistance in money to deserving emigrants, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of freight and passage out–every applicant being first well recommended, and his character subjected to strict scrutiny. Masons, wrights, smiths, and other artisans, schoolmasters, farm servants, and labourers, are the classes to which the principles of the society specially apply. According to the opinion of persons largely engaged in the silktrade, the amount of drawback to be allowed on silk that has paid the duty will be between t300,000 and t400,000. On Sunday evening a disturbance took place in a house in Tobago Street, and the Police were called, who, to make sure of the rioter, secured the door ; at which a young woman, a servant, became so much alarmed, that she leaped out of a window, situated on the third floor, whereby her back was broken. She now lies very ill in the Royal Infirmary. The Army –The several Recruiting Parties throughout Great Britain and Ireland having received their instructions, are now actively employed in raising men for the three new Regiments of the Line, whose establishments, it is expected, will be in a very short time completed. The Head-quarters of the 97th Regiment are changedfrom Gosport to Winchester. " . | |
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| sap:body "House of Commons Thursday, May 6. Mr J. Smith presented a petition from the Australian Company which was founded for the purpose of cultivating lands in New South Wales, praying that they might be incorporated. The petition was ordered to be referred to a Committee. " . | |
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| sap:body "Mr Secretary Peel, in moving the commitment of the Transportation Bill, stated, that the objects of the bill were, first, to continue the laws on transportation, that would expire before the next session ; and next, to cimplify the law. In the last session a bill had been passed to enable the Crown to make an experiment of the union of the hulk and transportation system, by sending convicts to Bermuda. There had been as yet hardly time to decide fully on the experiment, but, as far as it could be judged of, it was satisfactory. It had been hithero complained that transportation was a very esqual punishment, and certainly there was a great different in the effect of the punishment upon a man of settled habits, and with a family, and upon a man of no fixed habits, to whom, as hitherto managed, it had scarcely been a punishment. He wished it to be known, that arrangements had been made in New South Wales, to send some of the convicts to a distant part of the settlement, where the punishment would be more severe. A selection would be made from the convicts, so as to make the punishment efficient against those to whom it had hitherto had no terror.– He gave this statement because it was right the public should know that transportation would be henceforward a real punishment. " . | |
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| sap:body "Press at Cape of Good Hope Mr Greig, after stating the correspondence which took place between him and the Fiscal, which led to the suppression of his journal, gives the following account of his interview with that functionary. "On Monday evening, the Fiscal sent a messenger to me, requesting I would call at his house, in Strand-street; I did so ; he then opened a conversation upon the subject of my paper, The South African Commercial Advertiser, and said he was instructed to inform me that I had departed from the Prospectus – that it was become obnoxious to the Government, and referred more particularly to the last three or four Numbers. I asked him to point out such parts as were immediately objectionable. He then mentioned some leading remarks, which (he said) bore upon the Administration of the Colony. He further pointed out as " ob- noxious, " all quotations which had been made from " De Lolne[?], "Blackstone," and " Civil Servant's"work " Lacon," and, generally all extracts relative to the Liberty of the Press, observing –" Nobody can doubt the obvious tendency of these ; and, as we are not men in this Colony, but merely infants," it was, in his opinion, dangerous to insert such matter. He added, also, that it was expected I should, in future, publish no parts of trials, but wait until the whole were finished ; and, even then, all scurrilous parts (such as the Memorial of Mr L. Cooke to the Treasury), were to be omitted. That I was further to bound down with two sureties, in the penalty of ten thousand rix-dollars, that nothing of the offensive nature pointed out, should appear in any future number ; and, lastly, that I was to take particular care, that the next number (18) contained no matter of the description alluded to, nor any notice of Mr Edward's trial. To all this, I replied, that I would give no promise as to what would appear in the next or any future number. That I required time to consider what was fitting to be done with regard to the security demanded." The Morning Chronicle makes the following remarks on this case :– We cannot say that we are surprised that acts of this description should take place in our Colonies. Uncontrouled power produces every day in Europe the worst effects on men of the best dispositions, and the best talents, and the Governors of our conquered Colonies, and New South Wales, are unfortunately quite absolute. In Europe the people under absolute Governments have this advantage over the people in our colonies, that men in office are generally selected with some reference to abilities and acquirements. But with the exception of the East Indies, the Gonernment of which, with all its faults, generally, we believe, avails itself of talents, our colonies are unfortunately considered as mere places of refuge for the relatives of our Aristocracy, of whom nothing can be made in this country. This is what constitutes fitness for a Colonial Office ; and so far from being astonished at the disgraceful scenes which are constantly taking place in the colonies, every person capable of reflecting at all upon the matter would be astonished were he to find common abilities the holder of a colonial appointment of any value. Of Lord Charles Somerset, the less that is said the better. In fact nothing is more wanted than the perusal of a Cape of Good Hope Almanack, to satisfy the British public what sort of personage he is. Would it be believe, that in a country of boundless extent, with only a settlement here and there, where the greatest enemies the Colonists have to contend with, are the wild animals, it could possible enter in to the head of any rarional being to introduce laws for the preservation of game. One would as soon expect to hear laws in Turkey for the preservation of the plague. Yet it so happens, that a code which would do credit to Sir John Shelley himself, guarding against the possible disinction of the game of Africa, occupies a goodly space in the Cape Almanack. After such a specimen of wisdom, all criticism on this personage would be thrown away. " . | |
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| sap:body "London. Saturday, February 7 Hunt. –Since the arrival of Hunt, on board the Justitia hulk, at Woolwich, he has been sent to work, along with the rest of the convicts, in Woolwich Warren. He will be conveyed on board the Countess of Harcourt, convict-ship, from Woolwich, about three weeks hence, to New South Wales, his future destination. Petersburgh.–On the 6th of January the anniversary of the deliverance of Russia, from the invasion of the French, and twenty nations in alliance with them, was commenced with the usual religious solemnity. The city was illuminated in the evening.– German paper. Prosperity of the Iron Trade. –At a quarterly meeting of the iron masters of Yorkshire, and Derbyshire, held on Wednesday the 21st ultimo, atthe Tontine Inn, in this town, we are happy to learn that the important branch of trade fully keeps pace with the increasing prosperity of the country. The general orders for metal are represented to be equal to some of those brisk periods of demand which so frequently occurred during the late war, when a much heavier price was readily realized han it now bears.– Sheffield Iris. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Skelton, Captain Dixon, arrived in Leith Roads, on Saturday, the 21st inst, from Van Dieman's Land and New South Wales, with a general cargo. " . | |
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| sap:body "Wesleyan Methodist Missions. –The twelfth anniversary of the Methodist Missionary Society for the Leeds District, commenced in Brunswick Chapel, on Monday forenoon. Mr James Musgrave was called to the chair. The Rev. Valentine Ward, on the Secretaries to the Society read the report, from which it appears that in Ireland, the Society has 21 missionaries : in France, Gibraltar, and Malta, eight missionaries, and 230 members ; in Ceylon and Continental India, 27 missionaries, 511 members ; New South Wales, Van Dieman's Land, New Zealand, and Tongataboo, 10 missionaires, 142 members ; Western and Southern Africa, 16 missionaries, 1109 members ; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 18 missionaries, 2134 members, exclusive of upwards of 20 missionaries whom the Committee have resolved to send out as soon as possible. The regular hearers of the missionaries are two-thirds more than the members, and there are 12,000 children educated in the schools. The Report goes on to give every animating views of missionary success, and concludes by recommending its interest to public support. " . | |
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| sap:body "Commercial Intercourse Between The United States and the Bri- tish Colonies. The following is a copy of an important document, received this morning at the North and South American Coffeehouse, dated Washington, 23d January viz. –" A bill to regulate the Commercial Intercourse between the United States and the Colonies of Great Britain." Be it enacted, by the Senate the House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that from and after the 30th day of September next, the Ports of the United States shall be, and remain, closed against any and every vessel coming or arriving from any port or place in the British colonies or possessions hereinafter mentioned, viz:–the British Possessions in the West Indies and on the Continent of South America, the Bahama Islands, the Islands called Buicos, the Bermuda or Summer Islands, the British possessions on the coast of Africa, the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, and the islands, settlements, and territories, belonging thereto, and dependent thereupon, the islands of Mauritius and Ceylon, and the several islands and territories belonging thereto, and dependent on each respectively–the British Settlements in New Holland, and the several islands and territories belonging thereto, and dependent thereon–Lower Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the islands of Newfoundland, St John's, Cape Breton, and the dependencies of them, or any other colony or possession under the dominion of Great Britain, in the West Indies, or on the Continent of America–and any vessel which shall have cleared from any port or place in the Colonies above described, and afterwards taking in a cargo at any port or place in any of the colonies or possessons aforesaid, or which having cleared from any port or place in the colonies or possessions aforesaid, with a cargo, shall afterwards, in the same voyage, have touched at, or again cleared, from any port or place, shall, nevertheless, be deemed to come from a port or place in the colonies or possessions aforesaid, within the meaning of this act ; and every vessel so excluded, as aforesaid, from the ports of the United States, that shall enter, or attempt to enter, the same, in violation of this Act, shall, with her tackle, apparel, and furniture, together with her carg on board, be forefeited to the United States. Sec. 2d. And be it further enacted, that, from and after the 30th day of September next, the owner, consignee, or agent, of every vessel owned wholly, or in part, by a subject or subjects of his Britannic Majesty, which shall have been duly entered in any port of the United States, and on board of which shall have been there laden, for exportation, any article or articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, other than provisions and sea stores necessary for the voyage, shall, before such vessel be cleared outward at the Custom-house, give bond in a sum double the value of such articles with one or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the Collector, that the article or articles so laden on board such vessels, for exportation, shall be landed in some port or place, other than any port or place in the above-mentioned colonies or possessions ; and any such vessel that shall sail, or attempt to sail, from any port of the United States, without having given bond as aforesaid, shall, with her tackle, apparel, and furniture, together with the article or articles aforesaid, laden on board the same, as aforesaid, be forefeited to the United States ; provided always that nothing in this act contained shall be so constructed as to violate any provision of the Conventions, to regulate the commerce the territories of the United States, and of his Brittanic Majesty, which were concluded respectively, on the third of July, 1815, and on the twentieth day of October, 1818. Sec. 3. And be it farther enacted, that the form of the bond aforesaid shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Department of the Treasury, and the same shall and may be discharged, and otherwise, by producing, within one year after the date thereof, a like certificate to that required by, and under, the regulations contained in the eighty-first section of the act, to regu late the collection of duties on imports, passed the 2d day or March 1799,–that the articles of the growth, produce, and manufacture, of the United States, laden, as aforesaid, were unladen and landed, comfortably to the provisions of this act ; or, in the case of loss by sea, by capture, or other unavaoidable accident, by the production of such other proofs as the nature of the case will admit, according to the provisions of the eighty-first section of the act aforesaid. Sec. 4. And be it farther enacted that all penalties and forfeitures incurred by force of this act shall be sued for, recovered, distributed and accounted for, and may be mitigated or remitted in the manner and according to the provisions of the revenue laws of the United States. Sec. 5. Provided nevertheless, and be it farther enacted, that this act shall not take effect, nor go into operation, if, before the said 13th day of September next, the President of the United States shall receive satisfactory evidence that the said Colonies and possessions aforesaid, are open to the admission of vessels of the United States coming from the said United States; that neither such vessels nor their cargoes are subjected to any other or higher duties or charges than British vessels, and their cargoes arriving from the United States in the said Colonies and possessions, are subjected to; that the vessels of the United States may import into said Colonies and possessions from the United States any article or articles which a British vessel could by law import from the United States into the said Colonies or possessions; and that the vessels of the United States may export to any country whatever, other than to the dominions or possesions of Great Britain, any article or articles from the said Colonies or possessions, which vessels of Great Britain may export therefrom ; and if the President of the United States shall receive such satisafactory evidence as aforesaid, on or before the said 13th day of September next, he is hereby authorised to issue his proclamation, declaring, that the said colonies or possessions, are opened to the admission of the vessels of the United States, on the conditions aforesaid, and thereupon, from the date of the said proclamation, the ports of the United States shall be open to vessels of the United States, and British vessels coming from the said colonies and provinces, and also to the vessels of other nations, coming therefrom, which, by Treaty, or according to the Navigation Act of the United States, may be entitled to bring merchandize from said colonies and possessions into the United States ; and British vessels arriving in the United States therefrom, shall be subject, neither on their tonnage, nor on their cargoes, to any other or higher duties or charges of any kind than vessels of the United States. From the date of the said proclamation of the President the act passed on the 1st day of March 1823, entitled, " An act to regulate the Commercial Intercourse between the United States and certain British ports;" the act passed on the 15th day of May 1820, entitled, " An act supplementary to any act, entitled, An act concerning Navigation," passed on the 18th of April 1818 shall be, and are hereby declared, severally to be repeated[?] ; and provided farther, that if, on or bebefore the said 13th day of September next, the President of the United States shall receive satisfactory evidence, that the Colonies and possessions aforesaid, are opened to the admission of vessels of the United States, coming from the said United States, that neither such vessels nor their cargoes are subjected to any other or higher duties or charges than are levied or exacted on British vessels and their cargoes arriving from the United States in the said colonies or possessions, and that the vessles of the United States may import into the said colonies and possessions from the United States, any article or articles which a British vessel could by law import from the United States to issue his proclamation, declaring that the ports of the United States are open to vesels of the United States, and to British vessels coming directly form the said colonies and possessions, and also to vessels of other nations coming therefrom, which by treaty, or according to the Navigation act of the United States may be entitled to bring merchandize from the said colonies and possessions into the United States, and that British vessels arriving in the ports of the United States from the Colonies or possessions aforesaid, shall not, after the date of the proclamation last mentioned, be subjected, either on their tonnage or their cargoes, to any other or higher duties or charges of any kind than are levied on vessels of the United States and their cargoes of similar merchandize imported from the same colonies and possessions ; and from and after the date of such proclamation, the first and second reactions of this act shall be suspended. This Bill was wtice read, and commited to the committee of the whole on the State of the Union. " . | |
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| sap:body "New South Wales. –As a proof of the increasing trade betwixt Leith and New South Wales, it may be mentioned that the Australian Company have chartered a fine new brig the Mary of Alloa, about 300 tons register, in addition to their regular traders, which vessel sailed from the Road on Saturday afternoon, at three o'clock for that colony, with a full general cargo, and a number of passengers. Another vessel, the Margaret, a brig, also about 300 tons, is now loading for the same place, chartered by a merchant in Leith. " . | |
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| sap:body "Love in a Prison. –We have all heard that "Love rules the court, the camp, the grove" but we have rarely heard that the little god delighted to dwell in prisoned solitude ; true it is and of verity, nevertheless, that he seems, if not to have fixed his dwelling in, at least to be a very constant visitor of, our jail. It is not long since a couple, who had imbided the tender passion, were linked in the bonds of matrimony in it ; and a like consumnation, most devoutly to be wished for by another pair of inmates, would ere now have taken place, did not envious bolts and bars intervene, for a petition has been presented by two delinquents of different sexes, both under sentence of transportation, to the Magistrates, praying that they may be allowed to marry before setting out for New South Wales. The fond pair never saw each other till inclosed in the same vehicle on their way to stand trial at last Perth Circuit, for capital offences ; yet, in this situation, love–omnipotent love–took the captives captive, and rendered them in its enjoyment, even in their perilous plight, "o'er a' the ills o' life victorious." But, alas! " the course of true love never did run smooth;" and no less a personage than the Secretary of State for the Home Department has in this case crossed the path of the hapless couple, and doomed them to single blessedness for many a year, by ordering the "fair penitent" to be removed to Penitentiary at Millbank for seven years, instead of transportation for fourteen ; leaving the forlorn lover to seek consolation in the charms of some sterling or currency damsel in the land of promise, to which he must now wend his solitary way.– Fife Hld. " . | |
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| sap:body "House of Commons.–June 19. The Speaker took the Chair at a few minutes before four o'clock, and was shortly afterwards summoned by the Deputy Usher of the Black Rod, to attend the House of Lords. The Speaker stated, on his return, that the Royal Assent had been given by Commission to several public and private bills. Mr C. Dundas presented a petition from Newbury, in the county of Berks, praying for the abolition of slavery in the West Indies. Mr Planta moved for a new writ for the election of a member to serve in Parliament, in the room of Lord Leveson Gower, who had accepted the office of ChiefSecretary for Ireland.–Ordered. Ale-House Licensing Bill. On the motion of Mr Estcourt, the house resolved itself into a committee on this bill. On the clause that no brewer who should himself supply public houses with beer, should be allowed to act or assist as a Magistrate at any meeting or session for the granting of licenses, Mr Bernal moved that this clause be struck out altogether. Mr R. Gordon supported the clause. Mr Monck thought this the most valuable clause in the bill, and that it was no infringemnt, but a salutary interference with the jurisdiction of borough magistrates. Strangers were ordered to withdraw, and the committee divided, when there were–Ayes 46–Noes 53– Majority against the clause 7. Several amendments, verbal and otherwise, were then agreed to, amongst which was the omission of the words " Cinque Ports," thus excluding that class of places from the operation of the bill. On the clause being proposed relative to the hours during which public houses should be kept open on Sundays. Mr Estcourt said, the original clause was to the effect that public-houses should be closed during the hours of morning and afternoon's divine service, but he thought it would be better not to permit publicans to allow drinking or tippling on their premises till after the usual hour of the conclusion of morning service (one o'clock.) After a conversation, in which several hon. members participated, the clause was agreed to. Several other clauses having been then read and agreed to, the house resumed ; the report was brought up, ordered to be taken into further consideration on Monday next, and printed. The Usury Laws. Mr P. Thompson moved the second reading of the usury laws amendment bill. Mr Davenport said he should oppose the bill, as he considered it to be highly injurious both to the landed and commercial interests. The hon. members moved an amendment, that the bill be read a second time that day three months. The question on th amendment having been put, The Chancellor of the Exchequer suggested the propriety of postponing this bill until the next session of parliament. He made this suggestion from no unfriendly feeling towards the bill, but merely because this was not, he conceived, the most convenient time to consider it. The subject ought to be fully considered, with a view to get rid of evils that existed, without interfering with long-continued prejudices. If the discussion were postponed he would give the subject the best attention in his, ( hear.) Mr Heathcote approved of the suggestion of the right hon. gentleman, and wished the discussion on the question to be postponed till the next session of parliament. Mr L. Foster thought that, between the total repeal, or the continued existence of the Usury Laws, in their present shape, a middle course might be steered. Of the bill before the house he thought that, under the guise of a simple enactment, it covered one of the greatest illusion ever held forth to Parliament or the country, for he was convinced that it would effect as complete and as practicable a repeal of the usury laws as could be proposed. It became necessary, therefore, to consider the probable operation of that repeal upon all the great interest of the country. The bill might give relief to few, but would bring injury to many. Lord Palmerston thought the house indebted to the hon. member for Dover for bringing in the bill. It might be possible to form a bill better than that of the hon. member, but his bill was better than the present law, and as such he should vote for it. The gallery was then cleared, and the house divided, when there appeared for the second reading,–Ayes, 52; Noes, 40 : majority in favour of the second reading, 12. Voters' Registration Bill. Lord Nugent moved the second reading of the voters' registration bill, and said that his object in carrying it through the present stage was, that the bill might be committed pro forma, for the purpose of having certain amendment introduced into it. It would then be printed with its amendments, in order that the house and the country might have the opportunity of considering its details between this and the next session of Parliament. Sir R. Wilson moved, as an amendment, that the bill might be read a second time that day six months. Mr H. Gurney seconded the amendment. The question was then put on the amendment, which was agreed to, and the bill was ordered to be read a second time this day six months. Salmon Fisheries Preservation Bill. On the motion of the Chancellor of Exche- quer, the house resolved itself into a committee on the salmon fisheries preservation bill. Mr Ferguson proposed the insertion of a clause, exempting from the operation of the bill the salmon fisheries in the River and Bay of Thurso, in the county of Caithness, which are the exclusive property of Sir John Sinclair. After some conversation the gallery was cleared, and the committee divided, when the clause was lost. The bill having passed through the committee, the report was ordered to be received this day. The other orders were then disposed of, and the house adjourned at half-past two o'clock. Friday, June 20. Sir G. Murray took the oaths and his seat, on his re-election for the county of Perth. A number of petitions were presented against the continuance of Negreo Slavery. Irish Currency. Sir G. Hill presented a petition from the Chamber of Commerce of the city of Londonderry, praying that the bill for amending the laws relating to Banks in Ireland might not be allowed to make further progress for the present. The petition was laid on the table. Sir A. Chichester presented a petition from Belfast, praying a reduction of the duty on coals in Ireland, which was laid upon the table. Scotch Gaols' Bill. The Lord Advocate, in moving that this bill be read a second time and printed, observed, that it was not his intention to press it further during the present Session. No man could, however, deny that the object of the Bill was of great importance, and he proposed, therefore, to have its provisions made generally known throughout the country, in order that it might be again presented to the house in as perfect a shape as possible. The bill was then read a second time, and ordered to be printed. Committee of Supply. In the committee of supply, a number of grants of minor importance were agreed to. Sir H. Hardinge said, he had another resolution to propose, but it was in which he expected that a reduction would be made next year. It was, that a sum of L283,199, 8s 1d be granted for the expenses of the disembodied[?] militia of the united kingdom. Mr Spring Rice said, that within the last twelve years there had been two millions and a half expended on this body, and that the subject was one which few gentlemen took the trouble to look at. He begged to say a word upon the Irish militia. There the whole of the staff, which was larger than that of England, was without a private man. Nothing could a more outrageous job than that of the milita in Ireland. The colonels kept the whole patronage of the regiment, and kept up the bands for the amusemen of themselves and friends. The militia might have been of service at one time in Ireland ; but since that time the present effective police had been established, and quite superseded it. He trusted Ministers would not suffer this to remain if they really wished to be economical, and curtail, if not abolish it. The Chancellor of the Exchequer begged to assure his hon. friend that he wanted no prompting to make any economical reduction. When, however, a plan for the reduction of the staff was ready, and it was in contemplation, it would be laid before Parliament, and he should then be the friend of the definite and limited powers to which he had alluded. Mr Hume said, the militia had been defended as though the country were in hourly danger of invasion –as if the country could be taken by surprise. If that were so, he would gladly learn of what use were the spies, who cost us L450,000 a-year. We had ambassadors–they were very little better than spies–at an expense of L450,00a-year ; and if their cautious observance were not sufficient to save the country from sudden invasion, he knew no better means, and he certainly knew no other advantage which ambassadors and consuls could be of. New South Wales Bill–Committee. On the order of the day having been read for the house resolving itself into committee on the New South Wales bill. Mr Huskisson moved that the Speaker do leave the chair. Sir J. Mackintosh said, the object of his present motion, of which he had previously given notice, was, to propose two instruction to the committee on the bill which the right hon. gentleman (Mr Huskisson) had introduced–first, to the effect that the committee should recommend the introduction of a clause for the establishment of a trial by jury in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land; and secondly, that it should recommend that a clause be introduced, providing for the election of one-third of the Legislative Council from among persons enjoying an income of L100 a year, and having been free inhabitants of the colonies for the space[?] of three years. The best local authories in favour of his proposition. Among these he might mention the names of Governor Hunter, Governor Bligh, Mr Bent, the Judge Advocate, Governor Macquarrie, and his successor Sir Thomas Brisbane, who had gone out to the colony prejudiced against the introduction into it of these institutions ; but, after two years careful investigation of the subject, wrote home in Oct. 1825, stating, that there was now no longer any doubt about its perfect ripeness for them.–( Hear, hear.)– The partial introduction of English institutions into immediate practise was the only pledge of a real intention on the part of government to introduce them more completely in the end. The right hon. gent. concluded by moving that instruction be given to the committee to recommend the introduction of Trial by Jury into the colony, and to allow the inhabitants a voice in the legislative councils. Mr Huskisson said, in the bill which he had introduced, it was intended to extend the privilege to the government of the country of granting trial by jury in all civil cases. His right hon. friend would find, if he examined, that the foundation would be laid of granting the inhabitants of that colony a share in managing their own concerns. At present the legislature proposed, by way of a first step, to appoint a legislative committee for the purpose of watching and controuling every measure of the state. All trials should be public, under the inspection of a free press, and a population jealous of their rights. They should now be prepared in the course of a few years for the regular introduction of a legislative assembly ; not had he any fears when such a change should take place, that it would lead to any political convulsion. Mr Hume had every reason to believe, that if, instead of inflicting a military governemtn, they would introduce a portion of representation and the privileges of British subjects into New South Wales, it would be the most flourishing of the colonies. Mr Horace Twiss said, the knowledge of one fact might obviate the necessity for one at least of the right hon. gent.'s propsitions, namely, that the governor of the colony had the power of extending to the colonists the right of trial by jury if he should deem it expedient. Sir James Mackintosh here intimated that he should not press his amendments. They were accordingly negatived. The house then resolved itself into the Committee when several verbal amendments were proposed and agreed to. The bill then went through the committee, and the report, with the amendments, was ordered to be brought up on Monday. The other orders of the day were then disposed of, and the house adjourned at half-past two o'clock. " . | |
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| sap:body "Bervic. –There has been raised this season on the high lands of the farm of Hallgreen, belonging to Mr Blair, a few acres of Rib-grass, a native plant of New South Wales. It was imported to this country two years ago by a man who had served his time in Van Dieman's Land. Its[?] favourite soil seems to be high land or muir country, and is so rapid in growth, that it appears not only to choke but to extirpate[?] every weed with which it comes in contact. It is said to be the best plant in the world both for feeding cattle, and for producing mik from cows, of the best and richest quality. Were the propiertors and tenants of the Highland country to follow the enterprising conduct of Mr Blair, we would soon see their hills covering with a truly useful plant, instead of the useless heath, with at present, even at best, only adorns them. " . | |
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| sap:body "A vessel of 800 tons burden has been taken up by government for the conveyance of the settlers to Oyster Harbour, New South Wales, and the command given to Lieut. Wm. Geary. " . | |
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| sap:body "Australia. –We understand the celebrated navigator Captain Parry has been appointed the Director of the Australian Agricultural Company. He proceeds to that colony immediately ; the salary is stated to be very handsome. " . | |
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| sap:body "House of Commons. – June 4 Sir J. Mackintosh presented a petition from Mr Charles Buck, complaining that managers of theatres were allowed to perform dramatic pieces without the knowledge or leave of the writer, and without any profit to him. The hon. member said that Lord Byron and Mr Millman had made similar complaints, and that every person who had given that subject consideration admitted that literary property was not sufficiently protected in this country, and that the decline of dramatic writing was to be attributed to the state of the law. Mr G. Lamb thought it a very serious grievance that if a man wrote a tragedy it might be taken by any manager, and performed on the stage, and the writer brought to the miserable condition of a damned author nolens volenns. ( A laugh. ) The decline of dramatic writing in this country was to be ascribed to the unprofitable nature of that description of writing, as compared with other branches of literature ; and it would be very desirable if a dramatic author had power to sell his play like any other description of property, and that no manager should perform it without paying the writer, which was the system in France. The petition was ordered to be printed. Birmingham Petition. Mr Brougham rose to present a petition from a very respectable body. It had been agreed to at a numerous meeting of manufacturers, artisans, and other inhabitants of Birmingham, and was signed by 8000 persons without solicitation. they contended that the distress which now prevailed, not only had reference to that poorer classes of society, but spread itself over the whole system of society. This distress the petitioners ascribed to the tampering that had taken place with the currency. Their opinion was, that too much stress was laid upon the panic which had taken place in 1825 ; for, though it was true that a great number of failures had taken place among the bankers, yet it was no less true, that of about 70 bankers who had failed, as many as 80[?] had subsequently paid 20s in the pound. If such were the case he was very glad to hear it. The opinion of the petitioners rather was, that the present distress arose from the speculations and over-trading which had taken place ; and that such might have been the case topitally[?], there could be no manner of doubt, That a great deal of the distress of the nation had arisen from the depreciation of the currency, by which people were now paying taxes at a rate that had never been intended when they were originally imposed, was extremely likely ; but whether it operated to the extent that the petitioners described was another question. In the year 1819 he had been one of those who had resisted the imposition of new taxes, because he thought that that was the very worst time that Ministers could have chosen for such an object. His opinion, however, had been over-ruled, and the taxes had been increased. That the effect of this must be to cripple the industry of the country no man could doubt ; and what he wished was to see a remedy for t ; but the misfortune was, that after making every possible retrenchment–by reducing salaries, and dealing in the best possible way with all the payments which the nation had to make–the Dead Weight would still remain round the neck of the country, and press it down to the effectual injury of its best interests. How were they to get over the 800 millions of debt, and the 30 or 40 millions of interest annually payable thereon? In the latter part of the petition he entirely agreed, and hoped that every thing would be done to give the people as great relief from the pressure of the taxes as might be consistent with a due regard to the public credit, and the service of the State ; and so far from treating this remedy lightly, the more he thought that the petitioners were wrong in their observations on the tampering of the currency, the more he was inclined to listen to that part of the petition which appeared to him to be founded on truth. Mr Bennett was of opinion that the forced restoration of a metallic currency was one of the principal causes of the present distress. The taxes were now paid in money, and it now required twice the produce to pay them which it did before the year 1819. That was nothing less than a robbery, but how it was to be remedied he really was at a loss to know. He would never break faith with the public creditor, and the only means to pay off our public debt would be to impose an income tax. If the public debt were once removed, then free trade could take place in every branch of trade, but not till then. Such was the opinion of his late friend, Mr Ricardo, and sooner or later he thought some such measure would be resorted to. Mr Alderman Waitham observed that it was strange that while the public distress was admitted to be extreme, no effort was made to reduce the public expenditure. He was ready to prove that the export trade of the country had fallen off to the amount of from nearly nine to thirteen millions, although he knew that in saying this he was encountering serious adversaries. He did not under-rate our export trade ; it was valuable but for a period of thirty-one years it had fallen off at the rate of six millions per annum ; and this could be shewn from Parliamentary documents. With respect to the petition now before the house, he mainly agreed with its statements, while at the same time he could never consent to any thing like a breach of faith with the public creditor. Mr W. Whitmore heard with astonishment that our foreign trade had greatly diminished, the reverse being so notoriously the fact. Since 1814 there was certainly a fall in the value of our manufactures, but so there was in the raw material, and the vast increase of machinery should also be taken into account. It was said that our exports had declined, but facts would prove decidedly the reverse. From 1790 to 1799, the exports were L17,000,000 ; from 1800 to 1809, L,26,000,000; from 1810 to 1819, L36,000,000 ; from 1821 to 1826, L45,000,000 ; in 1827, L51,000,000 ; and in 1828 the amounts of exports rose to L52,000,000– So much for the alleged decrease of our export trade, as stated by the worthy Alderman, ( hear, hear, hear. ) In 1819[?] the currency was in the greatest state of depreciation ; but he begged pardon for having said so much, and he was induced to offer a word in order to counteract the danger which might arise if the statements of the worthy Alderman remained unanswered. Mr Sec. Peel observed, that, whenever any change, however calculated to be ultimately beneficial, was made in the system of our currency, it must be attended in the first instance with considerable inconveniences. The more he considered the subject, the more was he convinced that the best interests of the nation required that we should strictly adhere to the law of our currency now established. ( Hear, hear. ) He hoped he should never see the time when the restrictions on cash payments should be renewed. When, however, the petitioners declared it to be expedient to increase the amount of our currency by an issue of paper, he would ask them what they would, in that case, do with the Exchanges? If the Exchanges fell, the gold would go out of the country. What would they do? They must renew the restriction on cash payments by the Bank. It was not any change in the value of the currency, but the prosperity of Manchester that had occasioned the depression in Spitalfields. In 1820, the number of factories in Manchester were fifty-four, and they were assessed at the annual value of L16,816 ; in 1823 they were 56, assessed at L18,293 ; in 1826, when the small notes bill passed, the numbers were 72, assessed at L24,034 ; in 1828, the year before the small notes bill took effect, the numbers were 73, and they were assessed at L25,245. The hon. gentleman opposite had said that no fresh capital had been employed in this trade, but that persons would work at a loss rather than let their machines stand idle. But if this were the case, it would not account for the erection of 12 new factories, the establishment of which was irreconcileable with the idea of general stagnation. With respect to the silk trade in Manchester, in 1823 there were 2500 looms, and in 1828 there were 8000 ; and there were between 3 and 4000 looms working manufactured articles of silk mixed with cotton. He had had a letter from Manchester, dated 1st of June, upon which he could rely, and it stated that all the silk weavers were, or might be, in active emply. For the last ten years at Manchester, machinery had improved in powers of production in the ratio of 10 per cent, per annum. Few persons had attributed enough to the importation of labourers from Ireland. A greater number of Irish labourers in the manufacturing districts were out of emply than people could imagine, and the Magistrates relieved them rather than pass them to their parishes, reflecting that as they had contributed to the prosperity ot the places, they had a right to relief when in distress. Where the passage was so low, and this country possessed the advantage of a legal provision for the poor, it was impossible to check the influx of Irish labourers, and this fact would suggest important alterations in the state of the law. ( Hear, hear. ) He felt convinced that any alterations with respect to the values of the currency would be attended with the greatest evils to every class. Mr W. Horton observed, that some honourable gentleman considered the distress of our artisans and manufacturers to arise from the state of the currency ; but he (Mr Horton) was at a loss to see how the redundant labour at Shipley could have been affected by the change of the currency. Another class were the antipodes of these–they imputed our distress to the corn laws. But it was idle to talk of altering the corn laws; we should look to practical remedies. As long as a redundancy of labour existed in England, which was aggravated by the condition of the Irish, who flocked to England, and operated a still further prejudice to the labouring class of this country, the distress would continue. The remedy which he proposed for the evil he had pointed out was emigration, in the manner proposed in the report of a committee of which he had the honour to be the chairman, by parishes advancing a sum of money to locate pauper labourers in our North American colonies. The right hon. gentleman then read opinions in approbation of his plan, from Mr Tooke, Mr Malthus, Colonel Torrens, and others, and observed that he had the opinion of the late Mr Ricardo to the same effect, in a lette which had been published. He then entered into a calculation, to show the saving to parishes by this plan, and he challenged any member of the house the show the fallacy of the calculations.– There was, however, an answer so easy, that it was constantly made–" The vacuum would be filled up immediately." This was a delicate subject to touch upon, for he knew not how the vacuum could be filled up but by the introduction of young gentlemen and ladies. ( A laugh.) But was it supposed that fifty labourers would be replaced immediately by fifty children? Or did these objectors suppose that labourers would be brought from Russia or elsewhere ? The right honourable gentleman then adverted to the remarks in Mr Sadler's work, wherein it was stated that is appeared from the official documents that the mor tality amongst the emigrants to North America had been in the unprecedented proportion of 4 in 14, whereas, in Wales, the proportion was 1 in 69, and in England, 1 in 57. This, he would assert, was an incorrect statement. So far from the proportion being 1 in 14, it was only 1 in 40, the same proportion which existed in Carlisle, the healthiest place in England. The emigrants, it should be recollected, carried out children, and the mortality amongst children was in the proportion of 1 in 12, and in London much greater ; for it had been ascertained that out of 1,000 infants amongst the poor, only 542 survived the period of nursing. The right hon. gentleman concluded with reading his last resolution–" That it is expedient that such measures should be adopted in the next Session of Parliament as may furnish the most safe and effectual means of producing the desird improvement, by a judicious application of both these principles, and at the same time under conditions which will prevent the probability of a recurrence of similar evils, and also effect a material saving of the national income, instead of producing an increased charge thereon." Mr Huskisson contended that colonization ought to be encouraged. Had it not been for emigration, this country could never have reached its present state of importance and prosperity, nor would our language have been extended to the United States, and been adopted in more distant countries. If there were one circumstance more striking than another, it was the prodigious increase of consumption, a proof of the growing wealth and resources of the country. In the year 1814, the exchange in trade was against us ; now it was in our favour. This country would carry on its great affairs with as small a portion of metallic currency as possible, but let them guard against a system which had led to depreciation of the currency, and the panic which was felt in 1825. He had heard somewhere a metaphor respecting paper currency. Like a skyrocket, it rose with splendour, but lost its brightness, and when its fire was extinguished it fell in darkness, like the shaft of the rocket, upon the heads of those who had raised it. Mr Secretary Peel said, in consequence of the course of policy which he had deemed it advisable to adopt in the previous Session, a series of unfounded calumnies had been levelled at him, which, however, he had despised too much to condescend to notice. But there was one which, as it reflected on his public and official character, he would, with permission of the house, allude to on that occasion. The report to which he alluded was, that he had used his influence as Secretary of State to procure an enormous grant of land for a relative of his. ( Hear, hear, hear. ) In consequence of seeing this report in the public newspapers, he had requested his right honourable friend to move in that house, for the production of certain papers calculted to explain the whole matter. Those papers had in consequence been produced, and were now printed ; he trusted, however, that the house would excuse him for again alluding to the subject. ( Hear, hear, hear. ) He hoped that the consequence of those papers being printed would have been, that some member would have asked some questions on the subject ; but though this was not the case, he had received a communication which made him think that some one out of doors had been imposed upon by the calumny, though no member of that house had been so deceived, ( cheering.) He begged in the first place, to state most distinctly that he had procured no grant of land for any brother of his, ( hear ) A gentleman, whose name was the same as his, and who was his second cousin, had had a grant made him by his right hon. friend ; but in that grant he begged to state to the house, upon his word of honour, as a gentleman, he had had no participation whatever, ( hear.) With respect to the settlement on the Swan River, he was ashamed to say that he had neither heard nor knew of it, till he received a letter from his cousin, announcing to him that he had abandoned the idea of going to New South Wales ; and that from the circumstances of Mr Twiss informing him that government would be disposed to afford assistance to any settlers going to the Swan River, he and three other gentlemen had been induced to send in a proposal to that effect. With respect to the other calumnies which had been promulgated against him, they rather went to private matters, and he had therefore not condescended to notice them ; but as this one had reference to the public department in which he officiated, he had thought it so far a public concern, as to venture to ask the attention of the house while he trespassed on it to disclaim any participation in the grant that had been made, ( hear.. Sir Geo. Murray –The house would probably think, after the statement of his right honourable friend, that it would be unnecessary for him to rise to address them, ( hear.) He was satisfied that the house knew that his right hon. friend was incapable of proposing anything that would come under the designation of what was vulgarly called a job, ( hear.) Adjournment. Mr Secretary Peel gave notice that he should tomorrow move the adjournment of the house to that day week. The right hon. gentleman at the same time presented a petition from the Apothecaries Company of London, in favour, as we understood, of the bill regarding dissection. Mr Wilmot Horton rose to propose the resolutions of wich he had given notic relative to the state of the labouring poor. The firt resolution having been put from the chair, The Chancellor of the Exchequer moved as an amendment that the order of the day be now read. Mr Bennett opposed the resolutions. The amendement was agreed to without a division. Mr Labouchere postponed until to-morrow his motion respecting Canada. Slave Trade. Mr Otway Cave moved the following resolutions: "Resolved, 1st. That no human legislature has any lawful power to abridge or destroy the natural rights of life and liberty, unless the owner shall himself commit some criminal act that amounts to a forfeiture. "2d, That although neither the government nor the legislature of the county have arrogated to themselves the power of destroying the natural rights of innocent British subjects, or of delegating any such power to other authorities, it is a notorious fact, that in many British Colonies lying remote from the immediate observation of the Government, innocent British born subjects are, from the time of their birth, robbed of their natural rights, and converted into slaves. "3. That it is the especial duty of this House, as the Representatives of the people, to take effectual measures for protecting all British subjects that shall be born henceforward in the West Indian Colonies, from similar violations of their natural, inherent, and paramount rights as human beings." The motion being seconded by Mr Lumley, Mr W. Smith said, he could not give his support to these resolutions, because they were connected with a question of too much importance to be agitated in such a manner, and at such a period of the Session. Mr Huskisson was of opinion that resolutions of such a description as those brought forward by the hon. member, ought to be met by a direct negative. Strangers were then ordered to withdraw. The resolutions were declared to be negatived without a division. The other orders of the day were then disposed of, and the house adjourned at half-past one o'clock. " . | |
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| sap:body "Swan River. –The fine ship Gilmore, purchased by Mr T. Peel, brother to the Secretary of State for the Home Department, proceeded down the river on Saturday, on her voyage to Swan River. The Gilmore quitted the St Catherine Docks in the course of Friday, having on board an excellent assortment of every requisite which may be required to form the new settlement. Mr Thomas Peel has had the Gilmore, which is of 500 tons burthen, under his own inspection, as well as the selection of the agricultural and other implements to convey to the Swan River. There were many passengers on board. Mr Peel and his family, it is understood will join the vessel at Plymouth. In the vessel there are also going out other settlers. The Hooghly, another ship of 500 tons burthen, chartered by the same individual, is not yet quite ready for her voyage. Among the valuables sent out to Swan River are some fine race-horses, intended for breeding in the settlement, from whence India will be supplied, should the settlement answer.– Sunday Times. " . | |
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| sap:body "London, Saturday, August 15, 1829 The King. –We are happy to learn from a private source of unquestionable authenticity, that the King has seldom, if ever, in his whole life, enjoyed better health than at the present moment. From the same quarter we have received a confirmation of what we mentioned some time back, that according to the present arrangements of the Court, it is certainly his Majesty's intetion to visit Brighton before the expiration of the year.– Brighton Gazette. The Revenne. –Ever since the beginning of the quarter, symptoms of progressive improvement have manifested themselves in the revenue. Of late they have assumed a more decided and promising character, and if the seven weeks that remain prove as productive as the first month has been, not only will thre be no falling off at the close, but a considerable increase may confidently be anticipated. We understand that the general return of duties paid at Custom-house in the port of London, for the month o July last, amounts to one million one hundred and ten thousand pounds. The returns from the out-ports have not all yet been received, but, on a fair calculation, it is supposed that they will amount to above one million sterling.– Courier. It is certainly true that Laurent made an offer of L8000 a year for Covent Garden ; but when asked to put his offer into writing, he withdrew, and nothing more has been heard of it.– Court Journal. The new musical entertainment forthcoming at the English Opera House, to be called The Spring Lock, is founded upon one of the fictions of an early Italian novelist (Lasca), the incidents of which almost include the romatic and eventful interest of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Peake is the accredited author–Keeley is to be the hero, and Wood the principal vocalist ; G. H. Rodwell is the composer. It is stated in a recent French paper, that during the last eight months not fewer than twenty political and literary journals have been started in the French provinces. It is stated in a French newspaper than an inhabitant of Lyon grafted upon the same stem red and white grapes, and peaches, and apricots, which all flowered at the same time, and gave ripe fruit with a few days of each other. A carriage, containing 60 persons, was this day seen to traverse Paris. It was drawn by six horses, merely by way of trial. This carriage and several similat ones are building in the square of St Salpier. They are to run between Paris and Lyons.– Paris Paper. Steam Navigation. –Information has reached the India House, that the East India Company's steamvessel Enterprise will leave Bombay on the 15th of November next, for Suez, where she may be expected to arrive early in December. Another steam-vessel is to leave Bombay for the same destination in January next. A communication by steam between this country and the Mediterrarean has already been opened, and might, we suppose, be easily extended to Egpyt. The expense of such a speculation would probably be amply compensated by the profit of conveying by so desirable a route passengers to and from the East Indies. His Majesy the King of Prussia has honoured Mr by presenting him with a splendid gold snuffbox, as a token of his Majesty's approbation of Belshazzar's Feast." the "Dalage."&c. Swan River. –That beautiful ship, the Gilmour, sailed on Monday evening for the Swan River. She has upwards of 200 passengers on board, the whole of whom are highly respectable, and many of them are in opulent circumstances. When Mr Peel came alongside (accompanied by Mr Soltau), just before the ship got under weigh, the passengers and crew gave him three cheers, and his reception altogether was of the most gratifying description. The property on board the Gilmore alone amounts to the more than L60,000. We understand also, that the Minstrel will call at this port in about a fortnight to take out other settlers on account of Mr Peel. We are informed that Government have increased Mr Peel's grant of land from 350,000 to 1,000,000 acres.– Plymouth Journal. Gurney's Steam Carriage. –Yesterday afternoon Mr Gurney's steam carriage was exhibited, at the request of the Duke of Wellington, in the Houslow Barrack yard, before his Grave, the Ladies Percy, Dance, and Murray ; Lords Fitzroy Somerset, Rosslyn, and Thomas Cecil ; Lieut. General Sir W. Gordon, QuarterMaster General ; Sir George Murray, Sir Charles Dance, and a large number of military and scientific gentlemen. His Grace, Sir W. Gordon, the Ladies Percy, &c. had a carriage attacked, and rode round the yard with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. Afterwards a waggon was fastened to the steam carriage containing 27 soldiers besides Mr Gurney and two or three men on the engine, and though the road was very disadvantageous, being a rough loose sand and gravel, it drew them round without the least diminuition of its speed, between nine and ten miles an hour. In these experiments Mr Gurney applied his steam generally but to one wheel in order to give the company full proof of the power and practicability of the invention. Having satisfied them as to this, and as to its manageability, by a variety of involutions and evolutions, he gave them a specimen of its speed, and drove seven or eight times round at the rate of 16 or 17 miles an hour. It is difficult to say whether the company was more pleased or surprised at these unequivocal proofs of Mr Gurney's success. The Duke of Wellington observed that it was scarcely possible to calculate the benefits we should derive from the introduction of such an invention as this. The French papers of Tuesday state that the Emperor Nicholas was preparing to make a new levy at the rate of 4 upon every 500 male individuals, which would give about 160,000 fresh soldiers. He is said, however, to have deferred promulgating the ukase until he should have ascertained that the Porte had definitely rejected the terms of peace which he had proposed. On the other hand, we are told that the Sultan has rejected those terms, and that, notwithstanding the successes gained by the Russians, he was resolved to run all the chances of a desperate struggle rather than submit to conditions which he deemed insulting. The English Bench. –There are two vacancies at present on the judicial Bench ;–one occasioned by the death of Mr Baron Hullock ; the other by the more recent decease of Mr Charles Warren, Chief Justice of Chester, who expired at his house in Bedford Square, on Wednesday afternoon, in the 66th year of his age. Mr Campbell is spoken of as the successor of the former ; and the choise, we supposem will be generally deemed to be a proper one. With respect to the Chief Justiceship of Chester, an evening paer, the Sun, very properly recalls to public recollection the fact, that "the Commissioners on the Common Law had recommended in their report, the abolition of the Welsh judgeships altogether;" and adds an opinion, in which we perfectly coincide, tht " the present seems a fair opportunity for carrying the recommendation into effect." Indeed, in our mind, every opportunity is a fair one for reducing public expences, when public burdens are oppressive. Platina Coin. –We have seen a specimen of the new Russian platina coinage. The coin is about the size of a shilling, but heavier than a sovereign, and of three roubles value. On one side are the Russian eagle and imperial arms; on the other the value of the coin, and date– Globe. Ugly Wives Fittest for Poets. –The spouses of the living British poets are well known to be among the plainest of the sect, as Mr Slinslop would say.–is wedded to the head of a gorgon, – – is not much better off, – – has eloped from his mate. We might run through the whole catalogue, without discovering a handsome woman, yet none have exceleed these writers in descriptions of female beauty. The truth is, that the contemplation of a bottle or peaked nose, a wide mouth, goggle eyes, and a spare body, causes an author to set out with more enthusiasm in search of the ideal of womanly perfections, and affords the widest scope to the imagination. Nothing impedes the fancy more domestic intercourse with a celestial shape and divine face ; in which case a fatal uxoriousness supersedes the poet's diligence, and he ceases impotently to describe what he can well enjoy. Milton's Eve was not copied from Mrs Milton grilling his dinner at the kitchen fire–but from some unattainable damsel of his fancy. Plurality of women is only allowed to a poet– one lawful, plain, household wife–and as many airy mistresses as he can embody. " . | |
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| sap:body "Swan River. –The ship Warrior, Stone, commander, bound to Swan River, Sydney, and the East Indies, sailed for her destination on Friday, from Portsmouth, with prospects of favourable weather in her progress down the Channel. The Warrior is a fine vessel of about 700 tons burden, and carried out upwards of 250 passengers to the new settlement. Several of the passengers are persons of independent fortune, who have embarked considerable property in the speculation ; and and two ofthem, named Byrne and Molloy, paid the enormous sum of L1,000 for the best accommodation the vessel could afford their families and suite. Six pianos are on board the Warrior, and a proportionate number of fair and accomplished vocalists and musicians of course accompany the instruments to their destination. The Warrior has also on board fifty dogs of the choicest breed, several pens of sheep, considerable number of swine, two milch cows, and three valuable horses ; but, as tempestuous weather may be anticipated on the vessel reaching the Bay of Biscay, apprehensions are entertained that a portion of the live cargo must be consigned to the ocean before the termination of the voyage. It is calculated that, from the advantageous arrangements entered into by the commander and a gentleman named Semple, who has chartered the Warrior, and gone out in her, they will clear the enormous sum of L10,000 by the voyage. " . | |
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| sap:body "The King's Health. It will be seen from our private letter, that unfavourable accounts respecting his Majesty's health were circulating in London at 7 o'clock on Wednesday evening. In our last we alluded to the suspicions which the non-appearance of bulletins for four days after the first, gave rise to. On Monday a second bulletin appeared, certainly not of a character to remove the public anxiety, and this has been followed by two days' silence. Every one naturally puts the question, "If his Majesty is better, why not state this in a bulletin, that the thousand discouraging rumours in circulation may be put to rest?" The Morning Chronicle says, that the high officers of State are not much better informed on the subject than others, and that a knowledge of his Majesty's real condition is confined to the very few immediately around his person. In the absence of correct information, inferences are drawn from every passing circumstance. It was observed that Sir Henry Halford very shortly after his return from Windsor on Tuesday morning had a long interview with the Duke of Wellington ; and it has not escaped notice, that his Majesty's sister, the Duchess of Gloucester, had been sent for to visit him. The Globe says, that according to reports which are circulated in high quarters, his Majesty's illness excites considerable alarm, and that gout in the stomach is complicated with dropsical symptoms. What credit may be due to these statements, we cannot tell; but whether they be true or false, they furnish a reason for the publication of official intelligence. The King's health is a matter which concerns the public deeply, and all mystery and deception on the subject are most reprehensible. We refer to our London head for a variety of articles upon the subject ; and if this night's mail bring any additional information of importance we shall publish it in a secoond edition. The two Houses of Parliament meet again on Monday. We publish the address of the Birmingham Union to day, and meant to accompany it with some remarks, but have only time at present to express out regret that so masterly a paper, dealing in great and immutable principles, should have its value lessened by being so much mixed up with ephemeral matters, and with false or questionable doctrines respecting currency. The passion for emigrating to Swan River has not received any check. There are four ships now at London, and as many more at other ports, which are preparing to sail for the settlement with passengers. Indeed the numbers who are flying from the country at this moment who are, we believe, quite unprecedented. Within the last ten days we have seen notices of fifteen ships that were loading with emigrants at Hull, twelve at Waterford, and several at Bristol, Liverpool, and Greenock, all destined, we think, for the United States, or British America. The exportation of human beings from the British Isles, to different quarters of the world, must now be proceeding at the rate of one or two thousand per week. It will be remembered, that according to reports from India received some time ago, Lord William Bentick had issued an order, abolishing those horrid human sacrifices, the Suttees. Doubts were thrown upon this intelligence when the subject was lately talked of in Parliament ; but we are happy to say, that its accuracy is confirmed by the arrival of the official document. It is disgraceful to the British Indian Government, that it has been hitherto either so callous, that it overlooked this enormity, or so ignorant of its own resources, and the true state of the people under its authority, as to believe that it had not power to effect its abolition. The report of a revolution having taken place in Chili, is confirmed in letters from Bogota. The constitutional Director, Pinto, has been driven out of the capital by General Prieto with an armed force, and great excesses are said to have been committed. A small fleet sailed lately from Cadiz for Havannah, with 2000 soldiers on board. The expedition is supposed by some to be intended for the invasion of Mexico ; but it is more likely to find employment in keeping down the elements of insurrection in Cuba– The plot to which we alluded in our last, seems to have excited much alarm. Some of the most opulent families in the island, with several lawyers and official persons, were concerned in it. Their object was, as we conjectured, to convert the island into an independent republic. From a detailed list published in the French papers, it appears that the expedition against Algiers is to be composed of 34,000 men, infantry, cavalray, and artillery. Farther intelligence has been received from the capital of Colombia to the 14th of February. A warm address had been presented by the Congress to Bolivar, entreating him not to abandon the republic at a moment when its existence was menaced by conspiracies; and he seems to have once more consented to remain in office. Commissioners had been appointed to proceed to Valentia, and endeavour to accomodate the differences between the people of Venezuela and the central government, by peaceable means. If these failed it was determined to employ force. The Congress was in session at Bogota, and was proceeding to fulfil the object for which it had been assembled, by drawing up a new constitution. The bases are published, and though the present only an imperfect sketch of its plan, they disclose one or two features which seem to be characteristic. The government is to be central, as it has hitherto been, not federal like that of the United States, which has served as a model to Mexico, Guatemala, and La Plata. In the one case the supreme authority is vested in a single legislature, which meets in the capital ; in the other it is divided among a number of local assemblies, while the general congress representing the whole, wields no other powers than what is necessary to hold the separate members in a state of union. The federal system, which leaves to every province the management of its own concerns, has advantages for a settled and enlightened community ; but whether it is equally adapted to the circumstances of an ignorant people newly escaped from political convulsions, is very questionable. There seems, however, to be a partiality for the federal system in the new world ; and to humour this feeling, the new constitution provides, that "Chambers of Districts" shall be established, with powers to decide on all municipal and local affairs. The difficulty will be, to give these bodies the powers necessary to develope the industry and resources of the country, without permitting them to impose taxes, and exercise other legislative functions, which will interfere with the business of the general government. Another articl state, that the members of the Senate and House of Representatives are to hold their seats for a considerable time, in order " to avoid the inconveniences resulting from frequent changes, or the repeated election of the same person." In the mouth of an English statesman, we should consider this vile sophistry ; but allowance must be made for the res dur? novitas regni, in a new state like Colombia, formed of heterogenous elements, among which it is not easy to establish any principle of cohesion. One the same grouns, the Columbian legislators may be pardoned for resolving that the Catholic religion is that of the state, and that no other shall be permitted. This is merely a concescession for the sake of peace, to prejudice which the government is not strong enough to subdue, and cannot defy without great danger. Nothing is said about the mode of election, or the power of the President, two points of vital consequence, which may give a new complexion to the whole scheme. We have made these remarks on the proposed constitution, because it probably holds out the last chance of composing the trouble of Columbia. If it does not satisfy the people other provinces will soon follow the example of Venezuela, and all the address and influence of Bolivar will not prevent the republic from splitting into four or five independent communities, whose mutual jealousness and wars will crush the librties, and destroy the prosperity of the whole. Private Correspondence. London, Wednesday Evening. The King's Health We are sorry to state that the private accounts received from Windsor this afternoon, do not speak so favourably of his Majesty's health as the Court Circular, and most of the assertions of the papers published this afternoon. There having, however, been no bulletin issued up to the present hour (7 o'clock) must " . | |
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| sap:body "Swan River Settlement. –On the 13th inst. the Swedish ship Sterling, Captain D. E. Hogan, with a Swedish crew, sailedfrom Gottenburgh, Sept. 22, for the settlement in Swan River. Among the cargo are eleven wooden houses, built here, and consisting of four to ten rooms, which have been taken to pieces and will be easily put up again, all the pieces being marked. It is probable that many similar cargoes will follow, as timber and labour are so cheap in this country. " . | |
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| sap:body "Messrs Marshall have made a most interesting addition to their beautiful Panorama of Botany Bay, Algiers, &c. of several Views illustrative of the principal events of the late Revolution in Paris, and from the brilliant and effective style in which they are got up, must draw the attention of the Public in no ordinary manner. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Wool Trade.–London, Thursday Night.– This afternoon the first sale of wools for a long time past took place at Garraway's Coffee-house. The quantity announced for sale to-day was nearly 200 bales, consisting of about 100 bales of New South Wales wool, 50 bales of Van Dieman's Land wools, &c. The New South Wales wool was first put up and went off very briskly at prices averaging from 1s 4 1/2d to 1s 10d per lb., which quotations are higher than those last obtained. The Van Dieman's Land wools were sold by order of the Van Dieman's Land Company, being a portion of the last arrivals from the Company's flocks. They met a very ready sale, and the average prices obtained were from 1s 5d to 2s 1d per lb. The arrivals from Germany and other places this year are expected to be very great. " . | |
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| sap:body "The brig Stirling Castle, Captain Fraser, sailed from Greenock on Wednesday morning, for Sidney, New South Wales, having on board the Rev. J. D. Lang, minister of the Scots Church, in Sydney, and two other Presbyterian Ministers ordained to new stations in that colony ; also three Professors, intended for which a liberal Government grant has been obtained. There are also on board above 40 respectable mechanics with their families, consisting chiefly of joiners, masons, and others required for the building of the College, and a good many of whom are fromthis town, making the number of passengers in all about 140, of whom above 20 and cabin passengers. " . | |
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| sap:body "THE EQUALITY OF SEXES.–The Examiner of Saturday las has some witty remarks on the plaint which appeared in our paper on the excess of females over males in the census, which he assures us is entirely owing to the lives of females being prolonged by their better regularity. This is a sly censure upon the habit of our countrymen, one-fifth, or sixth part of whom we were supposed by implication to be cut off permanently by intemperance! We admit that a few hearty fellows do go off in apoplexy; but we deny that the number bears any proportion to the amount supposed; we have two other remarks to make on his statement. First, since our manners were corrupted by imitating English fashions, it is whispered, we hope un, that there are such things as tippling women in country, some of whom do disappear suddenly–no matter how; and secondly, we wish our London friend inform us how it happens, that while all Broad England has only an excess of 11 1/2 per cent females, Edinburgh should have no less than 24! We understand that since this astounding fact was brought out, there has been a great efflux of ladies from the city to the adjoining counties. We know a number who have or are flying to Fife and the north. A friend, who careful observer, compares it to the dispersion of the Jews. The ladies, he says, attribute their flight to Cholera Maribus! " . | |
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| sap:body "The Ann Jameson, Alexander, sailed from Leith Roads on Tuesday morning for Bombay, Van Diemen's Land, and New South Wales, with a full cargo, between twenty and thirty passengers, consisting mostly of young ladies. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Machine Breakers. –A convict ship at Portsmouth is on the point of sailing for Van Diemen's Land, with between two and three hundred convicts on board, who have been lately convicted for machinebreaking, extorting money, and other offences committed in the disturbed counties. Another ship, with convicts of the same description, will be dispatched for New South Wales, in about a fortnight. These convicts have been kept entirely separate from all other prisoners, and an accurate report will be made to the Governors of the Colonies, as to their former character, their trades and employments, and the recommendations which have been made in their favour subsequently to their trials. The capital convicts whose lives have been spared, are to be transported for life; and the convicts, sentenced and recommended by the Judges for transportation, are to be transported according to their respective sentences. " . | |
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| sap:body "Leith Extensive preparations are already begun amongst e[?] shipping, for the various Spring voyages to distant ports[?]. Six vessels are advertised for America, one for Van Dieman's Land and New South Wales, and the whalers[?] are unfurling their canvass, and will sail for the [?] regions on Monday or Tuesday first. The departure of these ships will give the docks a naked appearance, the more apparent from the few foreign vessels present here. " . | |
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| sap:body "Mr Hume differed from the view taken of the subject by the right hon. baronet. He was of opinion that it was the duty of Government to give commutation allowance to pensioners anxious to emigrate either to New South Wales or to Canada. He could not forebear complaining of the large increase of pensions which had taken place since the year 1814. It was impossible to doubt that much misconduct had existed somewhere. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Penal Colonies. Botany Bay serves as a recipient for criminals whose reformation is hopeless, and whom it is therefore desirable to remove from the Society to whose peace and security they are sworn enemies. This is the sole value of the colony. If it did not exist, recourse would be had more frequently to perpetual imprisonment and the gibbet. Experience shews, however, that transportation does not produce the intended effect of terrifying the guilty. Its monitory operation depends greatly on the situation of the criminal. "Agricultural labourers with families dread it extremely, while to single men, mechanics who are sure of receiving high wages, and generally to all those who feel a desire of change, and a vague expectation of pushing their fortunes, it appears to hold out no terrors whatever." In the colony there is a competition among settlers to obtain convinct servants, and those who get them, endeavour, from a regard to their own interest to render the situation of the convicts as little irksome as possible. The evidence proves, that when the feeling degradation is once overcome, the situation of the Australian convict "is, in many respects, preferable to that of the agricultural labourer in this country :" He has better clothing, more abundant food, and enjoys a finer climate. The hardship, too, of compulsory labour is but for a limited time. The convict who is transported for 7 years, is allowed a Ticket of Leave, at the end of 8years. Once possessed of this ticket he is allowed to work on his own account, and with high wages, easily acquires capital. The committee see little chance of rendering punishment effective in the colony. They recommend various subordinate regulations, and among others, they suggest as a remedy for the great expense attending transportation, that no convict be assigned to a settler until he shall have paid, or given security for the payment by instalments, of the expense incurred in the conveyance of the convict from the mother country. We are satisfied that the true check to the increase of crime is to be found, first, in the diffusion of education and sound knowledge ; and, second, in the improvement of our judicial and municipal institutions. Law, in all its important branches, should be dispensed by paid and responsible persons. A judge ought to be stationed in each small district, and keep open court every day of the year. He should be chosen by some popular constituency, which would faithfully represent the feelings of the mass of suitors; and as a guarantee for his diligence, he should hold his office only for seven years, and be re-eligible. Justices of Peace, if retained at all, should be elected as in most of the American states, by the householders for three, four, or seven years. Jails also, should be placed under the controul of popular bodies, and thrown open to the improving efforts of private benevolence. In this, as in other points, we have much to learn from the Americans, who never forget that the criminal is still a man. The grand defect in our legislation has been, that the rich made laws for the poor, of whose situation they had scarcely any knowledge, and with whose feelings, wants, and moral condition, they had of course no sympathy. The unpaid Magistracy of Britain is a barbarism belonging to the tenth century. Thirty years hence men will wonder how their forefathers tolerated so monstrous a system. " . | |
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| sap:body "Trade Wool –The accounts received in Lond from New South Wales to the 8th of January, state that the produce of the last year's clip of wool in Australia will be greatest than that of the preceding year, and the the quality has also considerably improved. From Van Dieman's Land it is now ascertained that the supply this year will be short, but the general quality is very superior. In the course of about a week or ten days, large arrivals of wool are looked for from New South Wales and the private contract business is expected to be very active. The public sales of wools went off on Friday very well, and at full prices. The arrivals of this week have consisted of about 708 bales, of which about 292 bales were Van Dieman's Land wools, and the rest German. There is a steady demand, and as it is understood that the manufacturers are short of stock, the anticipations are that trade will son be greatly improved. York Wool Market, May 23.–The market commenced here for this season this day, with only a small show of wool, and not many buyers. The holders asking very high prices caused part to be left unsold. The following are the prices ; Hogs from 18s to 19s ; Hogs and Ewes 16s 6d to 17s 6d ; Locks 11s to 12s, 6d per stone of 16lbs. Bradford Market –The supply of Merinos in the markets on Thursday evening, was by no means equal to the demand–all qualities in six quarter wide Merinoes were eagerly bought up, and in some instances a farther advance was obtained ; three quarter wide Merinoes run much in demand, but a very scanty supply ; the advance on six quarter wide Merinoes is from 4s to 6s per piece, compared with what was given at the beginning of the year, and three quarter wide are proportionably higher. Unless a reduction takes place in the price of wool, the manufacturers state they must have a further advance. Rochdale Flannel Market. –The market today was very lively for this season of the yar ; low goods both for white and for dyeing were of very ready sale, and in some instances a little advance was obtained ; several sales were effected in fine qualities, and if the demand proves permanent, the prospect for the coming season is very promising. Liverpool Cotton Market. –There has been but a limited inquiry for cotton during the week ; the sales are only about 10,000 bugs, at declining prices. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. –Within these few days, other three vessels left Leith for America and Australia with emigrants. The Marjory, Stocks, sailed on Friday for Quebec and Montreal, with about 30 passengers ; and the Economist, Slocombe, on Sunday for Piciou and Quebec, with about 70. The Scotis, Watson, also sailed on Sunday for Van Diemen's Land, &c. with about 40 passengers. " . | |
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| sap:body "We have received Sydney papers to the 26th Feb., They contain reports of themost satisfactory nature as to the harvest at the Swan River Settlement; the promise of abundance had been fully realized, and the result is that the settlers have obtained from their own land five months' consumption of agricultural produce; thus affording well founded hopes that in two or three years they will be independent of foreign supply.– Globe. " . | |
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| sap:body "On Tuesday thirty-one male convicts were embarked at Leith for the hulks in the Thames, preparatory to their transhipment for New South Wales, except those in whose cases a commutation of punishment may take place. " . | |
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| sap:body "Edward Thorpe, a young lad, was remitted to the Sheriff, for having, broken into the New Market at Stocksbridge, and stolen a quantity of meat and other articles. He pled guilty; and we understand he has stated that he is anxious to get a free passage to New South Wales, as he is tired of living in this country. " . | |
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| sap:body "The Wool Trade. –The whole of the London public sales of Colonial and other woold having now been gone through, the wool trade is in a more settled state, and transactions by private contract are conducted on a more extensive scale. The total amount of the late sales, the last of which took place on Tuesday, was 4,000 bales, and the colonial wools were taken by the manufactures at the extreme advance realized at the previous sales in July. In some cases, indeed, quotations from 2d to 3d per lb. in advance were obtained. The sales on Saturday was most fully attended, and increased boldness was observed. The colonial wools offered on that day fetched excellent prices. Some few bales were also offered, forming a part of the second clip of wools in the new colony on the Swan River. They were much better in quality than those last received. Some German lambs' wool also commanded attention, and sold as high as 3s 10d to 4s per lb. The sale on Tuesday (the last of the series,) was not quite so fully attended as those of last wekk, but, according to quality, full prices were obtained. The sale consisted of 437 bales New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land wool, 96 bales of Portugal wool, 54 Spanish, and 72 bales of Cape, German, Russian, and other wools. The best fleece of Amsterdam offered fetched 2s 10d to 3s 2d, and seconds 2s 3d to 2s 7 1/2d per lb ; the best Portugal 1s 2d to 1s 11d ; the best Spanish 2s 5d to 2s 8d ; the best Cape 1s 4d to 1s 8d ; the best Van Diemen's Land 1s 8d to 1s 10d ; and the best German 2s to 2s 3d per lb. The result of these sales is to establish a much firmer market for wools of all descriptions than previously existed. The arrivals of wool are limited, and this week only 575 bales of German wool, and abotu 375 bales of Neapolitan wool have been entered at the custom house. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. The returns to the House of Commons, on the motion of Mr Stewart Mackenzie, relative to emigration, contain some curious and important information. The returns are three in number. 1. Return of the number of person who have emigrated from Great Britain and Ireland to the British colonies and to the United States of America, in each year from 1827 to the 31st of December 1832 ; distinguishing the ports from which they have sailed, and the countries to which such emigration took place. Of this return the following is the result:– 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. To the British Colonies in America,. 12,646 12,081 13,307 30,574 59,067 66,339 To the Cape of Good Hope,. 114 135 197 201 114 196 To the Australian Colonies, 715 1,056 2,010 1,242 1,561 3,733 To the United States, 14,526 12,817 15,678 24,887 23,418 32,872 Total, 28,003 26,092 31,198 56,907 83,160 103,410 2. Return of the number of families who emigrated to New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land since the formation of the Board of Emigration up to the present time, having received loans from Government to enable them to emigrate ; specifying, first, the colony to which such emigration took place ; second, the number of persons in each family ; third the amount of assistance granted. To New South Wales, the number of families is 397, of persons 1,538, amount of money expended t7,831. To Van Dieman's Land–number of families, 422 ; of persons 1,571 ; amount of money expended, t8406. 3. Return of the number of young unmarried females, not forming part of the above return, who have emigrated to New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, during the same time, having accepted assistance by way of loan from Government ; specifying, first, the colony to which such emigration took place ; second, the amount of assistance granted :–To New South Wales–number of females, 761 ; amount of money granted to them, t9,812. To Van Dieman's Land –number of females, 509 ; amount of money granted to them, t7,114. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration T he subject of emigration is rising in importance from year to year, and cannot lose its interest as long as much misery or much discontent exists among our working classes. Upper Canada, the great recipient of our surplus population, is 4000 miles from Britain, a distance which looks extremely formidable ; but such is the amazing economy of water carriage, when seconded by good arrangements, that the voyage by sea to Montreal can be made at as small expense as the journey by land to Manchester ! The passage money from Dublin to Montreal or Quebec (exclusive of food) has been as low as 30s ; and it would not be higher probably from Leith or Greenock, if the emigrants were in sufficient numbers, and so prompt in their arrangements, that the vessel lost no time beyond what was strictly necessary for taking her full compliment aboard. If the ship is detained a month before this is got, the owners must, of course, be indemnified for the detention by a higher fare. Four stone of oatmeal, with a little ham or salt fish for variety, will subsist a man or woman on the voyage ; and thus a human being can be conveyed over a distance equal to one-sixth part of the circumference of the globe, and six times longer, we dare say, than the wanderings of Ulysses, at the small coast of 45s ! In an article in May 1832, we pointed out the rapid strides with which emigration was advancing ; and some Parliamentary papers we have received since, exhibit new proofs of its extraordinary progress. It has, in fact, outstripped the expectations of the most sanguine. The following table shows the number of person who have emigrated in the last eight years to North America, the Cape, and Australia :– British America. United States. Cape of G. Hope. Australia. Total. 1825 8,714 5,551 114 485 14,891 1826 12,818 7,063 116 903 20,900 1827 12, 14,526 114 715 28,003 1828 12,084 12,817 135 1,056 26,092 1829 13,307 15,678 197 2,916 31,198 1830 30,574 24,887 204 1,242 56,907 1831 58,067 23,418 11 1,561 83,160 1832 66,339 32,872 196 3,733 103,140 It will be seen from this table how steady the increase of emigration has been, especially to Canada. It must be observed, that a great proportion, probably more than a half of those who sailed for the United States, were destined for the British colonies, and only chose that route as the most eligible, on account of the facilities which the Hudson and its associated canals present for travelling to the upper province. Canada and Nova Scotia must have drawn at least 80,000 settlers from Britain last year ; and yet, such are the capacities of these colonies for absorbing population, that the price of labour was not lowered in the least degree ; and from the previous arrangements made, it is announced that a much larger number of persons could have been received without inconvenience ! Sanguine as we were upon the subject, we did not anticipate that emigration could be conducted on such a scale, with the extraordinary ease, certainty, and economy now exemplified. Those who reflect on the distress and perplexity which would be produced by landing the sixth-part of eighty thousand strangers on the shores of Britain in one summer, will appreciate the extremely dissimilar condition of a colony which, with less than a million inhabitants, can take in eighty-thousand new settlers in the same period without embarassment or confusion. The general result is, that Britain sent off 103,000 souls from her population last year, of whom a[?] number sailed 7000 miles, a number 14,000, and those who made the shortest voyage, 4000 miles. The annals of emigration afford nothing approaching to this in any part of the world ; and yet we may reasonably expect to see still greater things atcheived. It appears from the various census since 1801, that the annual increase in Britain, if no persons left it, would be about 350,000; or we may place the fact in a more striking light by stating, that there are about a thousand persons more in the three kingdoms every day than there was on the day before. If by raising the habits and ideas of the labouring classes, we could get this daily increase reduced one half, and the other half could be carried off by emigration–if we could by this means keep the supply of labour stationary while capital was increasing, a great improvement would be effected in the state of the population. Now from what has been stated it appears that the emigrants who leave our shores annually amount to nearly onethird of the annual excess already ; and in a year or two there is every probability that it will amount to one-half. Of 51,200 emigrants who landed at Quebec and Montreal last year, 17,500 went from England, 28,200 from Ireland, and 5,500 from Scotland. In the year 1831, the numbers were, from England 10,300, Ireland 34,100, Scotland 5,300. Of the emigrants from Scotland last year, 1716 sailed from Greenock, 1145 from Leith, 638 from Cromarty, 478 from Aberdeen, 439 from Dundee, 231 from Alloa, 181 from Islay, 175 from Anna, 160 from Glasgow, 112 from Leven, 110 from Campbeltown, and numbers under 100 from Stanraer, Peterhead, and Irvine. Of the emigrants to the United States last year 15,754 sailed from Liverpool, 5,546 from London 2,742 from Bristol, 2,613 from Londonderry, and 1,711 from Greenock. Mr Buchanan, the Government agent at Quebec, states in his Report, that "the general description of emigrants who arrived last year ; many respectable and wealthy families came from all part of the united kingdom ; and the extent of property and specie brought into the country by them is exceedingly great, fully amounting to from t600,000 to t700,000 sterling." About 5000 persons were sent out by pecuniary aid from parishes or landlords ; and there were 1700 "commuted pensioners" (military, we believe), many of them men of irregular habits, and ill fitted for the situation of settlers. Of these, about 100 returned to Britain. The fear of cholera was a considerable check to emigration. It appeared in Quebec on the 8th of June, and the persons who arrived after that, suffered much from the difficulty of procuring lodgings even for a day ; but Mr Buchanan estimates the whole number of emigrants who fell victims to the disease, at no more than "The demand for all classes of working people (says the Report,) has never been exceeded in the Canadas, particularly since the abatement of the cholera, and I can assure your Lordship that, during my late tour through the districts and settlements of Upper Canada, I did not see an industrious emigrant who could not meet with emplyment. The number of that class arrived this year is not adequate to supply the demand created by the more wealthy emigrants. This was particularly felt in the Western and London districts of the upper province, where the want of labourers was so great that it was found necessary to encourage a number to come over from Ohio and Pennsylvania." This was written on the 12th Dec. 1832, and the arrival of emigrants closed in October. " . | |
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| sap:body "Another cargo of females is now shipping on board the Ann, Captain Herd, in the London Docks, for Sydney. These ladies are going out in serarch of husbands, and to supply the lamentable scarcity of the fair sex in our Australian dominions. There is a bounty of t8 given by government towards defraying the expenses of the voyage ; and the ladies must be between 15 and 30, with good characters and sound constitutions. Ass servants they are much wanting among the respectable inhabitants of Sydney and the other towns in the colony. Emigration. –The governors of the Refuge for the Destitute, in the Hackney Road, have announced that it is their intention to send out a ship to New South Wales in the ensuing spring with 500 unmarried women or widows, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, as emigrants to New South Wales. It is intended to place the emigrants in divers situations, and leave them free and not bound to an employer. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration. –The governors of the Refuge for the Destitute, in the Hackney Road, have announced that it is their intention to send out a ship to New South Wales in the ensuing spring with 500 unmarried women or widows between the age of 18 and 30 years, as emigrants to New South Wales. It is intended to place the emigrants in divers situations, and leave them free and not bound to an employer. " . | |
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| sap:body "Emigration to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land The following document has just been issued from the Colonial Office:– Downing street, April 6, 1834. Numerous applicants have been received from persons desirous of emigrating to New South Wales or Van Dieman's Land, who, after stating their inability to defray the whole charge of their conveyance, solicit aid for that purpose, on condition of repaying the same out of their earnings in the colony where they propose to settle. His Majesty's government has sanctioned the appropriate of a limited sum out of the colonial revenues of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, to assist the private funds of such emigrants as may appear likely to earn the means of repayig that aid, and to become useful settlers. The following are the regulations under which this induglence will be dispensed:– No advance will be made except to young and married agricultural labourers, who intend taking their wives and families with them : and a strict inquiry will be instituted into their character and habits of industry, before the assistance they solicit will be granted to them. No one family will be allowed an advance exceeding t20; and it will be useful therefore for parties, who may not possess the remainder of the sum requisite for defraying the expense of their passage, to apply for assistance. Every person desirous of receiving the proposed advance must fill up, and send back to the Under Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, the return hereto annexed. If the information contained in this return, and the answers to the inquiries which may be addressed to the parties who certify the correctness of the return, shall be considered satisfactory, the applicant will receive notice to that effect. He may then proceed to make his agreement with the owners or masters of ships proceeding to New South Wales or Van Diemen's land, and as soon as any ship-owner or master shall notify (in a form which will be provided for that purpose) that the emigrant has taken the other necessary steps for engaging his passage, and order will be granted for the payment in the colony, of t20 to the agent or master of the vessel in which this emigrant may arrive. The emigrant will of course be able to[?] ob-[?] tain a corresponding deduction from the amount[?] [?] paid by himself in this country. The order for payment will be entrusted [?] ter of the vessel in which the emigrants to pro[?] and will consist of a sealed dispatch to the governor, containing the name and description of the party on whose account the money is to be paid, and encolosing a promissory note, which he will be required to sign in acknowledgement of his debt ; which note must be witnessed by the captain and chief mate of the vessel. But arrangements will be made, by which the payment of this order will not take place in the colony until the captain shall have produced the parties, on whose account it is to be made, before the officer appointed for that purpose, and they shall have entered into a fresh obligation for the repayment of the advance made to them. For it is the intention of his Majesty's Government, and cannot be too clearly understoof by all persons who may accept this loan, that repayments of the debt (in such proportions and at such intervals as may not be unsuitable to the circumstances of each emigrant) shall be strictly enforced, by means of the ample powers which the laws of the colony render available for that purpose. Government agents for emigration have been appointed at Liverpool, Bristol, Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, and Greenock, who have been instructed to afford gratuitous information to all persons applying to them as to the best means of carrying their schemes of emigration into effect. Parties, therefore, who may reside in the neighbourhood of these agents are requested to apply to them either personally (or if by letter post paid) for information on this subject. All application for the assistance of government must be made by letter only, addressed to R. W. Hay, Esq. Under Secretary of State, London ; and should the number of applications be greater than the funds at their disposal will enable them to comply with, priority of date will form the rule of selection among applications in which there shall appear no other groun of distinction. W. R. Hay. " . | |
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| sap:body "The ship, Numa, Captain Day, sailed from Leith road, yesterday forenoon with a full cargo of goods, and 37 passengers, for Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. " . | |
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| sap:body "We understand, from good authority, that Government has decided upon sanctioning the foundation of a new colony on the coast of South Australia. The plan on which this undertaking is to be conducted is explained in a work entitled "England and America." This first act of Mr Stanley's successor is an earnest of his becoming a most valuable Minister for the colonies of this country. " . | |
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| sap:body "A highly respectable and very numerous meeting is holding this Exeter-hall, on the subject of the new Colony in Australia, the establishment of which has recently received the sanction of the Government. " . | |
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| sap:body "Australian Emigration Bill. –Mr W. Whitmore brough in a bill for establishing a colony in Southern Australia. The bill was read a first time, and ordered to be read a second time on Wednesday next. " . | |
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| sap:body "South Australian Emigration Association. A meeting of the members of the South Australian Association was held on Monday, at Exeter Hall, "for the purpose of explaining the principles, objects, plan, and prospects of a new colony," proposed to be founded in South Australia. Mr W. Whitmore in the chair. Upon taking the chair, Mr Whitmore stated, that the first question which the meeting would have to consider would be this–whether there existed or not at present any necessity for a more extended system of colonization. It appeared to him that there was a great defect in our present system of colonication, and that it would be greatly to our advantage if we established it upon a new principle, well and seriously considered. That which struck him as the greatest defect was, that we did not provided that colonization which included within it members of all classes of society. Large numbers of emigrants went out with capital, but not carrying with them that number of the lower class which was necessary to employ their capital to advantage. In other cases, perhaps almost as numerous, the labourer went out without capital which was necessry to enable him to employ his labour to advantage. This was a striking defect. Now the question which they were then called upon to consider, regarded the best means of remedying that defect. Those means, it appeared to him, were quite practicable, and might be accomplished in this manner, vz. by establishing as a system that all the waste lands which they were about to colonize should be sold at a given price, such as the market would command, and that the proceeds of such sales should be employed in sending out to the colonies a sufficient number of labourers to cultivate the lands so sold. If this system could be carried into effect, he apprehended that all the evils of our present system of colonization would be removed, and that we should be enabled to transplant a portion of the community of the mother country with all its various grades into the new country which they now proposed to coloniz. He believed that if we proceeded upon this principle, we should lay the foundation of the greatest colony which England had ever settled. Mr Grote, M.P., moved the first resolution,–"That the wealth and prosperity of this country have been greatly promoted by the establishment of British colonies in various parts of the world, and that colonization, when conducted systematically and upon sound principles, offers the means of extending indefinitely the commercial empire of the united kingdom, and the field of employment for British capital and labour." He would not enter into the recommendations which this undertaking offered to all classes of the community ; but he would venture to state, that to any gentleman who considered the prospectus which had been put out by the association, and who recollected that it was a matter of certainty that the land in the colony was to be used as the means of raising a fund to carry over thither the labour, which was superabundant here, it must be evident that from this important innovation on our colonial system great benefit must be derived[?] both to the new colony and to the mother country. Mr Clay, M.P., in seocnding the resolution, entered at great length into the difficulty of finding employment, which now prevails in all parts of the community, and then, after condemning the corn laws, continued thus–Colonization, if carried on to a considerable extent, would as effectually add millions of fertile acres to our shores as if the Irish sea were filled up with fertile land. If that miracle took place is it not clear that all distress would immediately cease, and that the emplyment which the addition of so many fertile acres would afford must give a new stimulus to the prosperity of the country ? Is it not clear that the miserable compotation[?] for potato-gardens in Ireland would cease, and that the difficulties flowing from an unemployed population would cease ? Does any man doubt that it would be well worth the while of our capitalists to take such land at from 10s to 20s an acre. (Hear.) Yet this plan is in effect the same as if the land were added to our own island, because, if this plan of colonization be adopted, a transplantation of a sufficiency of labourers, now wanting employment, from this country, for its culture, will take place, which is equivalent to the transportation of the land to the labourer. In point of fact, the ocean joins these distant lands, instead of separating them. (Hear.)– There can be no doubt but that a wider comercial code, and the removal of restrictions on labour, would greatly facilitate, extend, and increase the commercial intercourse between the old nation of the world ; but in no case would the increase be in proportion to that which might be calculated on, as the consequence of a connection with newly-formed countries in other climates. As regards the establishment of colonies, it is virtually an extension of the mother country. Colonel Torrens, M.P., proposed the second resolution– "That in establishing colonies, great care ought to be taken to combine labour and capital with land, in such proportions as are best calculated to insure the prosperity of all classes of society, and that, in establishing modern colonies, this important consideration has been so generally overlooked." It was, he said, almost unnecessary for him to state that in all systems of colonization, land, labour, and capital, ought to be combinedin just proportions ; and yet this simple prin ciple had been hitherto greatly neglected by those who had led new colonies from the mother country. In the first place, the whole of the land of this colony was to be public land. No individual was to obtain a single acre by gift. There was to be no patronage, no job–all were to be on a footing of equality, and nobody was to have a single inch of land for nothing. There would also be another advantage in this system, which would arise in the following :–In other colonies, the labourer who had gone out and found that he could get land for nothing, had often fallen into the mistake that land was wealth, instead of it being merely the means of producing wealth. That fatal mistake had often led him to refuse the work of the master with whom he had gone out, and set up for himself as an independent landowner. He had in consequence set up, where he was far away from the market of the colony, where he had no roads over which to convey his produce, and where he had perished miserably. But in this colony the labourers would be compelled for some time to work for hire. Mr Guest, M.P. seconded the resolution. Mr Hutt, M.P. moved the third resolution to the following effect:–"That in order to promote the greatest prosperity of a new colony, it is expedient that all waste land, without any exception, shall be declared public land, and be disposed of to individuals by sale only, and according to an uniform, impartial, and permanent system." Captain Gowan seconded the resolution, and spoke in the highest terms of the salubrity of the climate of Australia. Many of his fellow soldiers in India had gone there for the recovery of their health, and had found something so temperate and soothing in the country, that they had retired there altogeher, preferring its mild and gentle breeze to the chills of their native country, England. Mr P. Scrope, M.P. moved "That it is also desirable that the whole of the purchase money of public land, without any deduction, should be employed in providing a free passage from the mother country to the colony, of young adult persons of the labouring class, who may be willing to emigrate, and in equal proportion of both sexes." As the want of labour was the great difficulty in all infant colonies, the more labour they imported, the greater labour did they give their land ; the more they got for the sale of it, the greater was their power of importing fresh labour. This resolution, therefore, acted in a reciprocal manner upon itself, and when it was once fairly put into operation they would proceed onwards on the road to prosperity with accelerated velocity, meeting with no other obstacle than the unwillingness of England to part with her inhabitants. Mr Wilks, M.P. seconded the resolution. Mr Handson moved –"That amongst the unoccupied portions of the earth which form part of the British dominions, the south coast of Australia appears to be a sport peculiarly suitable for founding a colony upon the principles embodied in the preceding resolutions." The place where this colony was to be founded was one distinguished from every other part of Australia, from its possessing a facility of internal communications prior even to the formation of roads, and the soil would amply repay the labour expended on its cultivation. Mr Robert Owen (not of Lanark) said that the coasts of this colony abounded with whales, and that its whale fisheries might become valuable. Mr M. D. Hill rose to propose the resolution embodying the mode of carrying the principles of this association into effect. No colony could go on without some law. He did not care how little they had of it, provided they made up in quality what was deficient in quantity. The hon. member entered into an elaborate description of the laws intended to be enacted for the colony, and concluded by moving–"That the provisions for the peace, order, and good government of the British Province of South Australia, as contained in the bill now before Parliament, are highly satisfactory." Mr D. Wakefield seconded the resolution. Sir W. Molesworth, M.P. proposed, and Mr Childers, M.P., seconded the following resolution :–"That it is the opinion of this meeting that the thanks of the country are due to Mr Spring Rice for his prompt and enlightened conduct in promoting the beneficial public object of the South Australian Association." The resolutions were carried unanimously. Thanks were given to the Chairman, and the meeting, at which many ladies were present, broke up. The proceedings lasted from twelve o'clock to a quarter before five. " . | |
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| sap:body "House of Commons.–July 28 (Continued from our last.) A message from the Lords announced that their Lordships had agreed to the Amendments to the Ministers Appointment (Scotland) bill ; to the Newspaper Postage bill ; and to the Orkney Statute Labour bill. Affairs of Oude On the order of the day for the third reading of the Universities' Admission bill being moved– Mr Herriks[?] took the occasion of calling on Government to explain the circumstances which had occurred in certain transactions between the Board of Controul and the East India directors. These transactions, the hon. gentleman stated, to be the repeated peremptory commands of the Board of Controul to the Directors of the East India Company to prepare a despatch for the purpose of directing the Indian Government to compel the King of Oude, to pay certain claims made on him on behalf of Calcutta bankers, which commands the Court of Directors refused to obey, on the ground that the interference which the Board of Controul required them to exercise with the King of Oude, was inconsistent with the relations subsisting between the British Government and the King of Oude, and would be most mischievous in effect. On the 31st of January the right jon. gentleman had appliedfor, and obtained a rule to show cause why, under the act of Parliament, a mandamus should not issue to compel the Court of Directors to comply with the desire ofthe Board of Controul. On the 31st of January, 1834, the Court of King's bench was prepared to give its decision upon the application for the mandamus, when, without any reason being assigned, the right hon. President of the Board of Controul withdrew his application. Mr C. Grant said that in the regret which had been expressed respecting the possible collision between the two authorities, he fully concurred; bu, entertaining such a sentiment, he confessed it surprised him not a little to find his Right Hon. Friend endeavouring to open a dispute already composed. The right honourable gentleman then proceeded to give a brief outline of the case, and referred to the various high authorities connected with India, who had declared in favour of the demand. With regard to his having withdrawn the application for the mandamus without explanation, he had to say that he fully explain his opinions to the Directors, he had re-stated them verbally to the chairman, and he did not think himself required, under the circumstances, to reenter into a long discussion upon the point. The effect of the recommendation to the King of Oude was merely to urge the claim upon his attention. Sir R. Peel said it was a perfectly novel doctrine, and in the present state of the world most inconvenient, that the nonpayment of debts due to his subjects should give the King of England a right forcibly to intervene with foreign states, except where sanctioned by positive treaty. Mr Hume contended, that on the whole, the debt was a just one, and ought to be paid. The subject here dropped. Admission of Dissenters to the Universities. On the question that this bill be read a third time, Mr T. Gladstone rose to oppose it. It would, he said, be useless to pass the bill, for it would of necessity be inoperative. If he were asked why he opposed a bill which, if passed, would be inoperative, his answer was that he objected to its principle, the admission of which was equally destructive, whether it effected the object of its promoters or not. Further, they were bound to respect corporate rights as long as the intentions of their founders were fulfilled ; and no one could deny that the Universities did fulfilthe intentions of their founders." (Hear, hear.) Mr V. Smith supported the bill, as one calculated to take away a reproach from the Establishment, and be felt as a compliment by the Dissenters, whose only desire was to exercise their vigorous intellects in the promotion of science and literature. Mr Baines said, that the original statutes showed that there were then no tests, nor did any exist at Oxford, in either the time of the Lollards or of Wickliff. The term University had in it an argument for thegeneral use of these seats of learning, which were meant to be universal, both as to the subjects taught, and the persons to whom they were communicated. In this sense, the term was understood and applied in other countries, and it was an extraordinary fact, deserving of attention, that the Universities of Oxford and of Cambridge were the only universities that were closed to a large proportion of the upper classes of the people in any country in Europe. This the Dissenters of England felt as a grievous indignity, and they thought it unjust that Englishmen should attempt to degrade Englishmen by excluding them from the best seats of literature and science. Mr H. Hughes could not accede to the measure, and therefore moved that it be read that day six months. Mr Goulburn contended that the introduction of the Dissenters, as proposed under the present bill, would be nothing short of the destruction of the present system of education at the Universities. It was indisputable that at a University, religion could only be taught according to some set form : abandon that mode of tuition, and you abandon the religion itself. (Cries of "No, no.") If they let in Dissenters, it was perfectly |
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