pubmed xml

gistfile1.txt

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<PubmedArticleSet>
   <PubmedArticle>
      <MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM">
         <PMID Version="1">24714850</PMID>
         <DateCreated>
            <Year>2014</Year>
            <Month>6</Month>
            <Day>11</Day>
         </DateCreated>
         <DateRevised>
            <Year>2016</Year>
            <Month>10</Month>
            <Day>4</Day>
         </DateRevised>
         <Article PubModel="Print-Electronic">
            <Journal>
               <ISSN IssnType="Print">1060-0280</ISSN>
               <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                  <Volume>48</Volume>
                  <Issue>7</Issue>
                  <PubDate>
                     <Year>2014</Year>
                     <Month>Jul</Month>
                  </PubDate>
               </JournalIssue>
               <Title>The Annals of pharmacotherapy</Title>
               <ISOAbbreviation>Ann Pharmacother</ISOAbbreviation>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Extravasation of Noncytotoxic Drugs: A Review of the Literature.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
               <MedlinePgn>870-886</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
               <AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">Extravasation is a potential complication associated with intravenous therapy administration. Inadvertent leakage of medications with vesicant properties can cause severe tissue necrosis, which can lead to devastating long-term consequences. Recognizing potential agents is an essential step in mitigating the risk of extravasation.</AbstractText>
               <AbstractText Label="DATA SOURCE">A literature search was carried out using PubMed with the following key words: extravasation, soft tissue injury, phlebitis, and infiltration, from January 1961 through January 2014.</AbstractText>
               <AbstractText Label="STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION">The publications were screened manually and reviewed to identify reports for medications that included synonyms of the International Nonproprietary Name, while excluding antineoplastic agents, radiographic contrast material, investigational or nonmarketed drugs, and animal data, to yield 70 articles. Furthermore, reference citations from publications were also reviewed for relevance and yielded 4 articles.</AbstractText>
               <AbstractText Label="DATA SYNTHESIS">We discovered 232 cases of extravasation involving 37 agents (in order of frequency): phenytoin, parenteral nutrition, calcium gluconate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, dopamine, dextrose solutions, epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, nafcillin, propofol, norepinephrine, mannitol, arginine, promethazine, vancomycin, tetracycline, dobutamine, vasopressin, sodium thiopental, acyclovir, amphotericin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, oxacillin, penicillin, amiodarone, albumin, furosemide, lipids, lorazepam, immunoglobulin, morphine, and sodium valproate. Potential properties contributing to extravasation include the following: pH, osmolarity, diluent, vasoactive properties, and inactive ingredients. Antidotes and supportive care agents used in the management of these cases of extravasation include hyaluronidase, phentolamine, terbutaline, topical anesthetics (such as lidocaine and prilocaine cream), topical antimicrobials (such as silver sulfadiazine and chlorhexidine), topical debridement agents (collagenase ointment), topical steroids, and topical vasodilators (nitroglycerin).</AbstractText>
               <AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION">Data on the management of noncytotoxic extravasations is sparse, consisting primarily of case reports and anecdotal evidence. Fortunately, this adverse outcome is preventable and identification of vesicant agents plays a pivotal role. The intent of this review is to provide a reference identifying noncytotoxic vesicants and the management of extravasations associated with specific agents.</AbstractText>
               <CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s) 2014.</CopyrightInformation>
            </Abstract>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y" Type="authors">
               <Author ValidYN="Y">
                  <LastName>Le</LastName>
                  <ForeName>Ann</ForeName>
                  <Initials>A</Initials>
                  <AffiliationInfo>
                     <Affiliation>Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
                  </AffiliationInfo>
               </Author>
               <Author ValidYN="Y">
                  <LastName>Patel</LastName>
                  <ForeName>Samit</ForeName>
                  <Initials>S</Initials>
                  <AffiliationInfo>
                     <Affiliation>Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA SaPatel@stanfordmed.org.</Affiliation>
                  </AffiliationInfo>
               </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>ENG</Language>
            <DataBankList CompleteYN="Y" />
            <GrantList CompleteYN="Y" />
            <PublicationTypeList>
               <PublicationType UI="">REVIEW</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
            <VernacularTitle />
            <ArticleDate DateType="Electronic">
               <Year>2014</Year>
               <Month>Apr</Month>
               <Day>8</Day>
            </ArticleDate>
         </Article>
         <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>United States</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Ann Pharmacother</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>9203131</NlmUniqueID>
            <ISSNLinking>1060-0280</ISSNLinking>
         </MedlineJournalInfo>
         <CommentsCorrectionsList />
         <KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM">
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">extravasation</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">infiltration</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">noncytotoxic</Keyword>
         </KeywordList>
         <InvestigatorList />
      </MedlineCitation>
      <PubmedData>
         <History>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez">
               <Year>2014</Year>
               <Month>4</Month>
               <Day>10</Day>
               <Hour>6</Hour>
               <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
               <Year>2014</Year>
               <Month>4</Month>
               <Day>10</Day>
               <Hour>6</Hour>
               <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
               <Year>2014</Year>
               <Month>4</Month>
               <Day>10</Day>
               <Hour>6</Hour>
               <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
         </History>
         <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
         <ArticleIdList>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24714850</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pii">1060028014527820</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1177/1060028014527820</ArticleId>
         </ArticleIdList>
      </PubmedData>
   </PubmedArticle>
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