nateberkopec/demo.rb Secret

## demo.rb
# Inspired by:
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/32923610/why-doesnt-this-ruby-program-return-off-heap-memory-to-the-operating-system

require 'objspace'

# Try changing this to any number < 23 to see what happens when all of the
# strings generated can be stored in a single heap slot (one RVALUE).
STRING_SIZE = 23
# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*1)    #=> 40
# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*23)    #=> 40
# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*24)    #=> 65
# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*250)   #=> 291
# Note that the exact values are system-dependent.
# See: http://patshaughnessy.net/2012/1/4/never-create-ruby-strings-longer-than-23-characters

# This is always 408 slots per heap page
SLOTS_PER_HEAP_PAGE = GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT]

# Depends on 32 or 64 bit address space
RVALUE_SIZE = ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*1)

def print_stats(msg)
  puts '-------------------'
  puts msg
  puts '-------------------'
  puts "RSS: #{`ps -eo rss,pid | grep #{Process.pid} | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $1,"KB";}'`}"
  # This is not actually the *size* of the heap in memory, I need to fix this!
  puts "HEAP SIZE: #{(GC.stat[:heap_sorted_length] * SLOTS_PER_HEAP_PAGE * RVALUE_SIZE)/1024} KB"
  puts "SIZE OF ALL OBJECTS: #{ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all/1024} KB"
end

def run
  print_stats('START WORK')
  @data=[]
  600_000.times do
    @data <<  " "  * STRING_SIZE
  end
  print_stats('END WORK')
  @data=nil
end

run
GC.start
print_stats('AFTER FORCED MAJOR GC')

10.times { GC.start }

print_stats('AFTER 11 FORCED MAJOR GC')
puts GC.stat

## ruby_mem.md

      
        

                
      Raw
    
  

        
        
          
            
          
          
            
              ruby_mem.md
            
          
        
      
      
    Dial back instance counts
Discover true steady-state memory usage per instance. Aim for 300MB per.
Avoid major allocations
A good goal would be 300k allocations maximum per controller action. Average
allocations per action should be less than 20k. Minimize the number and size
of allocations.

Use an APM. Skylight and Scout are strongest in tracking memory allocation.
If you don't want to pay for an APM, look at memory_profiler, oink.
Build your own profiling with ObjectSpace and GC.stat from stdlib.
If all else fails, move heavy allocations to Rake tasks.

Audit Gemfile with deraied
bundle exec derailed bundle:mem and you're done! Remember that every gem in your Gemfile is immediately required upon startup, so look for opportunities to "require: false". Sprockets will require most asset gems if it needs them, you don't have to require them. This will reduce production memory usage because asset gems aren't needed (since you precompiled your assets).
gem 'sass', require: false
Use jemalloc
It's just a better malloc with better fragmentation avoidance. I prefer to compile
Ruby with jemalloc, but you can also use the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.
brew install jemalloc
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/Cellar/jemalloc/4.2.0/lib/libjemalloc.dylib ruby myscript.rb

or
./configure --with-jemalloc
make
make install

Use a forking webserver
Puma, Unicorn, Passenger all work. Be sure to use whatever "preload" options are
available. Copy-on-write increases shared memory usage, which decreases overall
memory usage. Remember that you may not see any improvement in RSS, because shared
memory is sometimes included in how tools display the resident set.
Use a threaded webserver
Threads are lighter memory-wise than processes. Many webapps can benefit from
threads, especially those that have lots of database I/O or interact with external
webservices. Puma and Passenger Enterprise are threaded webservers.
Keep Ruby and Rails up-to-date
Ruby 2.2 and Rails 4.2 include very important performance improvements. Watch
out for Ruby 2.4, which looks like it will include a faster Hash, faster Regex and
better control over free slots.
Tune malloc
When using a threaded webserver, you may experience a major growth in memory usage.
This is due to malloc's arena implementation, which can get pretty greedy in an
effort to reduce thread contention for memory. If you see huge memory bloat with
threads, try setting the MALLOC_ARENA_MAX environment variable to a number like 2 or 3.
This will slow down your program slightly, be sure to benchmark.
For more environment variables to tune malloc behavior, see mallopt.
mallopt() option	         Env var	              Default value	Notes
M_TRIM_THRESHOLD	         MALLOC_TRIM_THRESHOLD_	128KB

M_TOP_PAD	                 MALLOC_TOP_PAD_	      0
M_MMAP_THRESHOLD	         MALLOC_MMAP_THRESHOLD_	128KB	        0 disables
M_MMAP_MAX	               MALLOC_MMAP_MAX_	      64	          0 disables
Tune GC
If you can't read gc.c and understand these variables yourself, don't touch them (yet)
GC Tuning can fix:

Too many free slots
Slow startup
Too many or too few GCs

Be careful. Fix one problem and you may make another worse.

  

  

## slides.txt
# [fit] Halve Your Memory Usage
# With These
# [fit] 12 Weird
# [fit] Tricks

Heroku and AWS hate him!
@nateberkopec

---

![speedshop](speedshop_s.png)

---

---

![](cats.gif)

---

# Ruby is a garbage collected language.
# But my memory is growing.
# Therefore, memory leak.

---

![fit](pumaleak.png)

---

# Solution 1:
# [fit] Dial Back
# [fit] The Instance Counts

## Discover true steady-state memory usage per instance

---

![autoplay](sinking.mp4)

---

# [fit] Myth:
# Memory usage should look like a long, flat line

---

![fit](flat.jpeg)

---

![fit](log.jpeg)

---

![fit](workerkiller.jpeg)

---

# [fit] Aim for
# [fit] 300MB
# [fit] per instance

## This also applies to Sidekiq

---

# Solution 2:
# [fit] Stop allocating
# [fit] so many
# [fit] objects at once

---

# [fit] Myth:
# "Shouldn't GC clean the unused objects up after the job completes?"

---

# [fit] Translated:
# [fit] Memory goes down,
# [fit] right?

---

![](lazy.gif)

---

# [fit] Thresholds
# [fit] Heap frag
# [fit] free isn't free

---

# [fit] Thresholds,
# [fit] not timers.

---

# [fit] Slots run out
# [fit] oldmalloc
# [fit] malloc

---

# [fit] Heap
# [fit] fragmentation

---

![](ark.gif)

---

![fit](objspace.jpeg)

---

![fit](heapall.jpeg)

---

# [fit] GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS

```ruby
{
	:RVALUE_SIZE=>40,
	:HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT=>408,
	:HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE=>56,
	:HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES=>4
}
```

---

# [fit] Malloc and free
# [fit] are suggestions,
# [fit] not commands

---

![fit](heapfrag.jpeg)

---

![fit](frenchheap.jpg)

---

# [fit] Heap fragmentation
# [fit] can cause long-term
# [fit] slow "leaks"

---

![](smallleak.jpg)

---

# End result:
# Ruby Memory usage =
# Maximum Memory Pressure

---

![fit](mempress.jpeg)

---

# [fit] Allocating
# [fit] less

Or, fix your god damn N+1s

---

# Solution 2a: Use an APM - Scout, Skylight, New Relic

---

# Solution 2b: Use
## `memory_profiler`
# or `oink`

---

![autoplay](pig.mp4)

---

# oink

```
-- SUMMARY --
Worst Requests:
1. Feb 02 16:26:06, 157524 KB, SportsController#show
2. Feb 02 20:11:54, 134972 KB, DashboardsController#show
3. Feb 02 19:06:13, 131912 KB, DashboardsController#show
4. Feb 02 08:07:46, 115448 KB, GroupsController#show
5. Feb 02 12:19:53, 112924 KB, GroupsController#show
6. Feb 02 13:03:00, 112064 KB, ColorSchemesController#show
7. Feb 02 13:01:59, 109148 KB, SessionsController#create
8. Feb 02 06:11:17, 108456 KB, PublicPagesController#join
9. Feb 02 08:43:06, 94468 KB, CommentsController#create
10. Feb 02 20:49:44, 82340 KB, DashboardsController#show
```

---

# memory_profiler

```
allocated memory by gem
-----------------------------------
rubygems x 305879

allocated memory by file
-----------------------------------
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb x 285433
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/basic_specification.rb x 18597
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems.rb x 2218
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/specification.rb x 1169
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/defaults.rb x 520
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb x 80
/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/version.rb x 80
```

---

# [fit] Make your own:
# [fit] objectspace &
# [fit] gc.stat

---

# GC.stat - log it!

```ruby
{
:count => 9,
:heap_allocated_pages => 74,
:heap_sorted_length => 75,
:heap_allocatable_pages => 0,
:heap_available_slots => 30164,
:heap_live_slots => 29863,
:heap_free_slots => 301,
:heap_final_slots => 0,
# etc etc
}
```

---

# ObjectSpace.count_objects

```ruby
{
        :TOTAL => 30164,
         :FREE => 235,
     :T_OBJECT => 297,
      :T_CLASS => 944,
     :T_MODULE => 45,
      :T_FLOAT => 4,
# etc etc
}
```

---

# Solution 2c: If all else fails, move to Rake tasks
## Throwaway VMs are better than bloated VMs

---

![autoplay](trash.mp4)

---

# [fit] Solution 3:
# [fit] Gemfile audit
# [fit] with `derailed`

---

```
$ bundle exec derailed bundle:mem
TOP: 54.1836 MiB
  mail: 18.9688 MiB
    mime/types: 17.4453 MiB
    mail/field: 0.4023 MiB
    mail/message: 0.3906 MiB
  action_view/view_paths: 0.4453 MiB
    action_view/base: 0.4336 MiB
```

---

# [fit] Myth:
# [fit] Dependencies
# [fit] are free!

---

# [fit] require false
# [fit] for assets!

```ruby
gem 'sass', require: false
```

---

# sprockets/lib/sprockets/autoload.rb
```ruby
module Sprockets
  module Autoload
    autoload :Babel, 'sprockets/autoload/babel'
    autoload :Closure, 'sprockets/autoload/closure'
    autoload :CoffeeScript, 'sprockets/autoload/coffee_script'
    autoload :Eco, 'sprockets/autoload/eco'
    #etc etc etc
```

---

# [fit] Solution 4:
# [fit] jemalloc

---

> emphasizes fragmentation avoidance and scalable concurrency support.

---

# [fit] LD_PRELOAD
## [fit] **or**
# [fit] --with-jemalloc

---

# [fit] Solution 5:
# [fit] Use copy-on-write
## Puma, Unicorn or Passenger w/preloading

---

# [fit] Copy-on-write
# [fit] increases shared
# [fit] memory

---

![fit](forking.jpeg)

---

# [fit] Myth:
# [fit] Memory usage =
# [fit] sum of RSS

Memory is surprisingly difficult to measure

---

# [fit] memory can be
# virtual/real
# shared/private
# resident/swapped

---

# [fit] It isn't perfect
# [fit] but it's a start

---

# [fit] Solution 6:
# [fit] Use a threaded
# [fit] webserver

Puma, Passenger Enterprise.
Increase concurrency w/lighter methods

---

# [fit] Mini-Myth:
# [fit] My application
# [fit] isn't thread-safe

---

![autoplay loop](dog.mp4)

---

# [fit] minitest/hell

---

# [fit] Solution 7:
# [fit] Keep Ruby
# [fit] and gems up-to-date

---

# [fit] Ruby 2.2+
# [fit] Rails 4.2+
# [fit] Watch out for Ruby 2.4

---

# [fit] Solution 8:
# [fit] Tune malloc

---

# [fit] `MALLOC_ARENA_MAX`

---

# [fit] `mallopt`

---

# [fit] Solution 9:
# [fit] Tune GC

---

# If you can't read gc.c and understand these variables yourself, don't touch them (yet)

---

# GC Tuning can fix:
# Too many free slots
# Slow startup
# Too many or too few GCs

---

# Performance
# Birds of Feather
# Tomorrow @ 1:15pm

---

# 350+ pages, 18+ hours of video
# [fit] railsspeed.com

---

![fit](blog.png)

---

# 10kb
# [fit] speedshop.co

---

# [fit] Thanks!
## Slides and notes on Twitter
## @nateberkopec
## speedshop.co & railsspeed.com

Tell me your problems!
	# Inspired by:
	# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/32923610/why-doesnt-this-ruby-program-return-off-heap-memory-to-the-operating-system

	require 'objspace'

	# Try changing this to any number < 23 to see what happens when all of the
	# strings generated can be stored in a single heap slot (one RVALUE).
	STRING_SIZE = 23
	# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*1) #=> 40
	# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*23) #=> 40
	# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*24) #=> 65
	# p ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*250) #=> 291
	# Note that the exact values are system-dependent.
	# See: http://patshaughnessy.net/2012/1/4/never-create-ruby-strings-longer-than-23-characters

	# This is always 408 slots per heap page
	SLOTS_PER_HEAP_PAGE = GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT]

	# Depends on 32 or 64 bit address space
	RVALUE_SIZE = ObjectSpace.memsize_of("a"*1)

	def print_stats(msg)
	puts '-------------------'
	puts msg
	puts '-------------------'
	puts "RSS: #{`ps -eo rss,pid \| grep #{Process.pid} \| grep -v grep \| awk '{ print $1,"KB";}'`}"
	# This is not actually the size of the heap in memory, I need to fix this!
	puts "HEAP SIZE: #{(GC.stat[:heap_sorted_length] * SLOTS_PER_HEAP_PAGE * RVALUE_SIZE)/1024} KB"
	puts "SIZE OF ALL OBJECTS: #{ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all/1024} KB"
	end

	def run
	print_stats('START WORK')
	@data=[]
	600_000.times do
	@data << " " * STRING_SIZE
	end
	print_stats('END WORK')
	@data=nil
	end

	run
	GC.start
	print_stats('AFTER FORCED MAJOR GC')

	10.times { GC.start }

	print_stats('AFTER 11 FORCED MAJOR GC')
	puts GC.stat
	# [fit] Halve Your Memory Usage
	# With These
	# [fit] 12 Weird
	# [fit] Tricks

	Heroku and AWS hate him!
	@nateberkopec

	---

	![speedshop](speedshop_s.png)

	---

	---

	![](cats.gif)

	---

	# Ruby is a garbage collected language.
	# But my memory is growing.
	# Therefore, memory leak.

	---

	![fit](pumaleak.png)

	---

	# Solution 1:
	# [fit] Dial Back
	# [fit] The Instance Counts

	## Discover true steady-state memory usage per instance

	---

	![autoplay](sinking.mp4)

	---

	# [fit] Myth:
	# Memory usage should look like a long, flat line

	---

	![fit](flat.jpeg)

	---

	![fit](log.jpeg)

	---

	![fit](workerkiller.jpeg)

	---

	# [fit] Aim for
	# [fit] 300MB
	# [fit] per instance

	## This also applies to Sidekiq

	---

	# Solution 2:
	# [fit] Stop allocating
	# [fit] so many
	# [fit] objects at once

	---

	# [fit] Myth:
	# "Shouldn't GC clean the unused objects up after the job completes?"

	---

	# [fit] Translated:
	# [fit] Memory goes down,
	# [fit] right?

	---

	![](lazy.gif)

	---

	# [fit] Thresholds
	# [fit] Heap frag
	# [fit] free isn't free

	---

	# [fit] Thresholds,
	# [fit] not timers.

	---

	# [fit] Slots run out
	# [fit] oldmalloc
	# [fit] malloc

	---

	# [fit] Heap
	# [fit] fragmentation

	---

	![](ark.gif)

	---

	![fit](objspace.jpeg)

	---

	![fit](heapall.jpeg)

	---

	# [fit] GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS

	```ruby
	{
	:RVALUE_SIZE=>40,
	:HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT=>408,
	:HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE=>56,
	:HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES=>4
	}
	```

	---

	# [fit] Malloc and free
	# [fit] are suggestions,
	# [fit] not commands

	---

	![fit](heapfrag.jpeg)

	---

	![fit](frenchheap.jpg)

	---

	# [fit] Heap fragmentation
	# [fit] can cause long-term
	# [fit] slow "leaks"

	---

	![](smallleak.jpg)

	---

	# End result:
	# Ruby Memory usage =
	# Maximum Memory Pressure

	---

	![fit](mempress.jpeg)

	---

	# [fit] Allocating
	# [fit] less

	Or, fix your god damn N+1s

	---

	# Solution 2a: Use an APM - Scout, Skylight, New Relic

	---

	# Solution 2b: Use
	## `memory_profiler`
	# or `oink`

	---

	![autoplay](pig.mp4)

	---

	# oink

	```
	-- SUMMARY --
	Worst Requests:
	1. Feb 02 16:26:06, 157524 KB, SportsController#show
	2. Feb 02 20:11:54, 134972 KB, DashboardsController#show
	3. Feb 02 19:06:13, 131912 KB, DashboardsController#show
	4. Feb 02 08:07:46, 115448 KB, GroupsController#show
	5. Feb 02 12:19:53, 112924 KB, GroupsController#show
	6. Feb 02 13:03:00, 112064 KB, ColorSchemesController#show
	7. Feb 02 13:01:59, 109148 KB, SessionsController#create
	8. Feb 02 06:11:17, 108456 KB, PublicPagesController#join
	9. Feb 02 08:43:06, 94468 KB, CommentsController#create
	10. Feb 02 20:49:44, 82340 KB, DashboardsController#show
	```

	---

	# memory_profiler

	```
	allocated memory by gem
	-----------------------------------
	rubygems x 305879

	allocated memory by file
	-----------------------------------
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb x 285433
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/basic_specification.rb x 18597
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems.rb x 2218
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/specification.rb x 1169
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/defaults.rb x 520
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb x 80
	/home/sam/.rbenv/versions/2.1.0-github/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/version.rb x 80
	```

	---

	# [fit] Make your own:
	# [fit] objectspace &
	# [fit] gc.stat

	---

	# GC.stat - log it!

	```ruby
	{
	:count => 9,
	:heap_allocated_pages => 74,
	:heap_sorted_length => 75,
	:heap_allocatable_pages => 0,
	:heap_available_slots => 30164,
	:heap_live_slots => 29863,
	:heap_free_slots => 301,
	:heap_final_slots => 0,
	# etc etc
	}
	```

	---

	# ObjectSpace.count_objects

	```ruby
	{
	:TOTAL => 30164,
	:FREE => 235,
	:T_OBJECT => 297,
	:T_CLASS => 944,
	:T_MODULE => 45,
	:T_FLOAT => 4,
	# etc etc
	}
	```

	---

	# Solution 2c: If all else fails, move to Rake tasks
	## Throwaway VMs are better than bloated VMs

	---

	![autoplay](trash.mp4)

	---

	# [fit] Solution 3:
	# [fit] Gemfile audit
	# [fit] with `derailed`

	---

	```
	$ bundle exec derailed bundle:mem
	TOP: 54.1836 MiB
	mail: 18.9688 MiB
	mime/types: 17.4453 MiB
	mail/field: 0.4023 MiB
	mail/message: 0.3906 MiB
	action_view/view_paths: 0.4453 MiB
	action_view/base: 0.4336 MiB
	```

	---

	# [fit] Myth:
	# [fit] Dependencies
	# [fit] are free!

	---

	# [fit] require false
	# [fit] for assets!

	```ruby
	gem 'sass', require: false
	```

	---

	# sprockets/lib/sprockets/autoload.rb
	```ruby
	module Sprockets
	module Autoload
	autoload :Babel, 'sprockets/autoload/babel'
	autoload :Closure, 'sprockets/autoload/closure'
	autoload :CoffeeScript, 'sprockets/autoload/coffee_script'
	autoload :Eco, 'sprockets/autoload/eco'
	#etc etc etc
	```

	---

	# [fit] Solution 4:
	# [fit] jemalloc

	---

	> emphasizes fragmentation avoidance and scalable concurrency support.

	---

	# [fit] LD_PRELOAD
	## [fit] or
	# [fit] --with-jemalloc

	---

	# [fit] Solution 5:
	# [fit] Use copy-on-write
	## Puma, Unicorn or Passenger w/preloading

	---

	# [fit] Copy-on-write
	# [fit] increases shared
	# [fit] memory

	---

	![fit](forking.jpeg)

	---

	# [fit] Myth:
	# [fit] Memory usage =
	# [fit] sum of RSS

	Memory is surprisingly difficult to measure

	---

	# [fit] memory can be
	# virtual/real
	# shared/private
	# resident/swapped

	---

	# [fit] It isn't perfect
	# [fit] but it's a start

	---

	# [fit] Solution 6:
	# [fit] Use a threaded
	# [fit] webserver

	Puma, Passenger Enterprise.
	Increase concurrency w/lighter methods

	---

	# [fit] Mini-Myth:
	# [fit] My application
	# [fit] isn't thread-safe

	---

	![autoplay loop](dog.mp4)

	---

	# [fit] minitest/hell

	---

	# [fit] Solution 7:
	# [fit] Keep Ruby
	# [fit] and gems up-to-date

	---

	# [fit] Ruby 2.2+
	# [fit] Rails 4.2+
	# [fit] Watch out for Ruby 2.4

	---

	# [fit] Solution 8:
	# [fit] Tune malloc

	---

	# [fit] `MALLOC_ARENA_MAX`

	---

	# [fit] `mallopt`

	---

	# [fit] Solution 9:
	# [fit] Tune GC

	---

	# If you can't read gc.c and understand these variables yourself, don't touch them (yet)

	---

	# GC Tuning can fix:
	# Too many free slots
	# Slow startup
	# Too many or too few GCs

	---

	# Performance
	# Birds of Feather
	# Tomorrow @ 1:15pm

	---

	# 350+ pages, 18+ hours of video
	# [fit] railsspeed.com

	---

	![fit](blog.png)

	---

	# 10kb
	# [fit] speedshop.co

	---

	# [fit] Thanks!
	## Slides and notes on Twitter
	## @nateberkopec
	## speedshop.co & railsspeed.com

	Tell me your problems!