stack upgrade できないやつ． straceから /etc/protocols が無いのが原因ぽいので，apt install netbase で解決する．

Dockerfile

FROM ubuntu:18.04

RUN apt-get update \
 && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
    apt-get upgrade -y \
 && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
      haskell-stack \
 && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/cache/apt/archives/* /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN stack upgrade

log

Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
Step 1/3 : FROM ubuntu:18.04
 ---> 452a96d81c30
Step 2/3 : RUN apt-get update  && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive     apt-get upgrade -y  && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive     apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends       haskell-stack  && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/cache/apt/archives/* /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 ---> Using cache
 ---> d6254ebf6252
Step 3/3 : RUN stack upgrade
 ---> Running in 18b2b260ef70
Exception occured when trying to perform binary upgrade:
HttpExceptionRequest Request {
  host                 = "api.github.com"
  port                 = 443
  secure               = True
  requestHeaders       = [("Accept","application/json"),("Accept","application/vnd.github.v3+json"),("User-Agent","The Haskell Stack")]
  path                 = "/repos/commercialhaskell/stack/releases/latest"
  queryString          = ""
  method               = "GET"
  proxy                = Nothing
  rawBody              = False
  redirectCount        = 10
  responseTimeout      = ResponseTimeoutDefault
  requestVersion       = HTTP/1.1
}
 (ConnectionFailure Network.BSD.getProtocolByName: does not exist (no such protocol name: tcp))
Falling back to source upgrade
Updating package index Hackage (mirrored at https://s3.amazonaws.com/hackage.fpcomplete.com/) ...
Selected mirror https://s3.amazonaws.com/hackage.fpcomplete.com/
Downloading root
SomeRemoteError (HttpExceptionRequest Request {
  host                 = "s3.amazonaws.com"
  port                 = 443
  secure               = True
  requestHeaders       = [("Accept-Encoding",""),("Cache-Control","no-transform")]
  path                 = "/hackage.fpcomplete.com/root.json"
  queryString          = ""
  method               = "GET"
  proxy                = Nothing
  rawBody              = False
  redirectCount        = 10
  responseTimeout      = ResponseTimeoutDefault
  requestVersion       = HTTP/1.1
}
 (ConnectionFailure Network.BSD.getProtocolByName: does not exist (no such protocol name: tcp)))
The command '/bin/sh -c stack upgrade' returned a non-zero code: 1