Scripts for working with part-of-speech tagsets: describing the morphosyntactic attributes encoded by tags, and converting between different tagsets. Cf. https://gist.github.com/nschneid/4231292

browncompound2twitter.txt

#	Some compound tags from full Brown tag list at http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/ccalas/tagsets/brown.html
#   (plus a few missing from the other POS mapping).
#	Possessive/genitive tags (ending in '$') are included if they don't correspond to a single PTB tag due to tokenization differences.
#	For the purposes of converting to Twitter tags, strip '*' from the tag. Foreign word tags begin with "FW-"; convert these to Twitter POS "G". For any compound tag not in this list, use the first part of the tag.
Brown	Twitter	PTB
QLP	R	RB
NRS	^	NNPS
NIL	G	??
'	,	??
AP$	X	JJ+POS
CD$	S	CD+POS
DO+PPSS	G	VB+PRP
DO+PPSS	G	VBP+PRP
DT$	D	DET+POS
DT+BEZ	L	DT+VBZ
DT+MD	L	DT+MD
DTS+BEZ	L	DT+VBZ
EX+BEZ	Y	EX+VBZ
EX+HVD	Y	EX+VBD
EX+HVZ	Y	EX+VBZ
EX+MD	Y	EX+MD
JJ$	X	JJ+POS
NN$	S	NN+POS
NN+BEZ	L	NN+VBZ
NN+HVD	L	NN+VBD
NN+HVZ	L	NN+VBZ
NN+MD	L	NN+MD
NNS$	S	NNS+POS
NNS+MD	L	NNS+MD
NP$	Z	NNP+POS
NP+BEZ	M	NNP+VBZ
NP+HVZ	M	NNP+VBZ
NP+MD	M	NNP+MD
NPS$	Z	NNPS+POS
NR$	S	NN+POS
NR+MD	L	NN+MD
PN$	S	PRP+POS
PN+BEZ	L	NN+VBZ
PN+HVD	L	NN+VBD
PN+HVZ	L	NN+VBZ
PN+MD	L	NN+MD
PPS+BEZ	L	PRP+VBZ
PPS+HVD	L	PRP+VBD
PPS+HVZ	L	PRP+VBZ
PPS+MD	L	PRP+MD
PPSS+BEM	L	PRP+VBP
PPSS+BER	L	PRP+VBP
PPSS+BEZ	L	PRP+VBZ
PPSS+HV	L	PRP+VB
PPSS+HV	L	PRP+VBP
PPSS+HVD	L	PRP+VBD
PPSS+MD	L	PRP+MD
PPSS+VB	L	PRP+VB
PPSS+VB	L	PRP+VBP
RB$	X	RB+POS
RB+BEZ	X	RB+VBZ
WDT+BER	L	WDT+VBP
WDT+BER+PP	G	??
WDT+BEZ	L	WDT+VBZ
WDT+DO+PPS	G	??
WDT+DOD	L	WDT+VBD
WDT+HVZ	L	WDT+VBZ
WPS+BEZ	L	WP+VBZ
WPS+HVD	L	WP+VBD
WPS+HVZ	L	WP+VBZ
WPS+MD	L	WP+MD
WRB+BER	X	WRB+VBP
WRB+BEZ	X	WRB+VBZ
WRB+DO	X	WRB+VBP
WRB+DOD	X	WRB+VBD
WRB+DOZ	X	WRB+VBZ
WRB+IN	X	WRB+IN
WRB+MD	X	WRB+MD
??	,	#

# Due to PTB bugs
WPS+BEZ	L	WP+POS
??	L	WDT+POS
??	Z	VBP+POS
??	Y	EX+POS
# that's (demonstrative) - should be DT+VBZ
??	L	IN+POS
??	L	IN+VBZ
??	L	DT+POS
# let's
??	V	VB+POS
# Boeing's
??	Z	VBG+POS
# United's
??	Z	VBN+POS

??	G	FW+POS

# Not sure if WPS~WP and WDT~WDT are exact Brown~PTB correspondences. 
# Does WDT+MD (that'll) ever occur in Brown? WPS+HV (who've)?
WDT+MD	L	WDT+MD
WPS+HV	L	WP+VBP

poses.py

'''
Map between POSes from different tagsets.

Currently supports PTB, Brown, and the ARK Twitter tagset, though a 
few conventions of the latter are not yet finalized.

Depends on two map files, POSMappings.txt and browncompound2twitter.txt 
(the latter is a supplement to the former). Some mappings are unclear 
or not yet finalized.

Coverage has been tested for Brown -> Twitter.

@author: Nathan Schneider (nschneid@cs.cmu.edu)
@since: 2011-02-18
'''
from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals, division
from future_builtins import map, filter

from collections import defaultdict, Counter

MAP_FILE = 'POSMappings.txt'
BROWN_CMPD_MAP_FILE = 'browncompound2twitter.txt'

def read_tabbed_file(filename):
    lineNum = 0   # raw line, 1-based
    clineNum = 0   # content line (not counting comment lines), 0-based
    with open(filename) as f:
        for ln in f:
            lineNum += 1
            if ln.startswith('#'):
                continue
            ln = ln[:-1]    # remove newline
            if ln=='':
                continue
            
            yield (lineNum, clineNum, ln)
            clineNum += 1

# Tag mapping table
tbl = []
tags = defaultdict(list)   # map from a tagset-bound tag (such as 'Brown::VBZ') to a list of indices of rows in the table

# Load main table
header = None
for lnum,clnum,ln in read_tabbed_file(MAP_FILE):
    if clnum==0:
        header = ln.split('\t')
        continue
        
    parts = ln.split('\t')
    tbl.append(parts)
    for tb,tag in zip(header[2:],parts[2:]):
        if tag!='' and tag!='not':
            tags['{}::{}'.format(tb, tag)].append(len(tbl)-1)

# Load supplementary table for converting compound Brown tags to Twitter tags
for lnum,clnum,ln in read_tabbed_file(BROWN_CMPD_MAP_FILE):
    if clnum==0:
        assert ln.split('\t')==['Brown','Twitter','PTB']
        continue
    try:
        brownTag, twitTag, ptbTag = ln.split('\t')
    except:
        print(ln)
        raise
    if brownTag=='' or twitTag=='' or ptbTag=='':
        print('Incomplete entry in tag map:',ln)
    newEntry = [None]*len(header)
    newEntry[header.index('Brown')] = brownTag
    newEntry[header.index('Twitter')] = twitTag
    tbl.append(newEntry)
    tags['Brown::{}'.format(brownTag)].append(len(tbl)-1)
    tags['Twitter::{}'.format(twitTag)].append(len(tbl)-1)
    tags['PTB::{}'.format(ptbTag)].append(len(tbl)-1)

def remove_duplicates(l):
    '''
    Removes duplicate items from the list, preserving the first occurrence of each item in order
    >>> remove_duplicates([4,4,6,3,6,9])
    [4, 6, 3, 9]
    '''
    uniqL = []
    for itm in l:
        if itm not in uniqL:
            uniqL.append(itm)
    return uniqL

def ptb2brown(ptbTag, token=None):
    '''
    Returns a list of Brown tags corresponding to this PTB tag.
    >>> ptb2brown('VBZ')
    [u'VBZ', u'DOZ', u'HVZ', u'BEZ']
    >>> ptb2brown('IN')
    [u'CS', u'IN']
    >>> ptb2brown(':', token='--')
    [u'--']
    '''
    if ptbTag==':':
        if token==':':
            return [':']
        if token=='--':
            return ['--']
    x = [tbl[i][header.index('Brown')] for i in tags['PTB::{}'.format(ptbTag)]]
    x = remove_duplicates(x)
    assert 'not' not in x,('May be ignored, untagged, or tokenized differently',ptbTag,x)
    # TODO: Deal with issue of NR, NRS, NR$
    assert len(x)>0, ptbTag
    return x

def ptb2twit(ptbTag):
    '''
    Returns the Twitter tag corresponding to this PTB tag.
    >>> ptb2twit('VBZ')
    u'V'
    >>> ptb2twit('IN')
    u'P'
    >>> ptb2twit('.')
    u','
    >>> ptb2twit('PRP')
    u'O'
    >>> ptb2twit('NN+VBZ')
    u'L'
    >>> ptb2twit('PRP+VBP')
    u'L'
    >>> ptb2twit('PRP+VB')
    u'L'
    >>> ptb2twit('NNP+MD')
    u'M'
    >>> ptb2twit('NNP+POS')
    u'Z'
    >>> ptb2twit('EX+VBD')
    u'Y'
    
    # TODO: ptb2twit('??')
    '''
    x = [tbl[i][header.index('Twitter')] for i in tags['PTB::{}'.format(ptbTag)]]
    x = remove_duplicates(x)
    assert len(x)==1,(ptbTag,x)
    return x[0]

# TODO: figure out '??' cases
def brown2ptb(brownTag, token=None, infinitive=None):
    '''
    Returns the PTB tag corresponding to this Brown tag.
    >>> brown2ptb('VBZ')
    u'VBZ'
    >>> brown2ptb('BEZ')
    u'VBZ'
    >>> brown2ptb('IN', 'to')
    u'TO'
    >>> brown2ptb('IN', 'for')
    u'IN'
    >>> brown2ptb('VB', infinitive=False)
    u'VBP'
    >>> brown2ptb('VB', infinitive=True)
    u'VB'
    '''
    if brownTag=='IN':
        assert token is not None,'Transformation from Brown IN to PTB is indeterminate without token (could be TO or IN)'
        return 'TO' if token.lower()=='to' else 'IN'
    elif brownTag=='.':
        assert token is not None,'Transformation from Brown . to PTB is indeterminate without token (could be . or :)'
        return ':' if token in (';','...') else '.'
    elif brownTag=='--':
        return ':'
    elif brownTag in ('VB', 'HV', 'DO'):
        assert infinitive is not None,'Transformation from Brown {} to PTB is indeterminate without infinitive flag (could be VB or VBP)'.format(brownTag)
        return 'VB' if infinitive else 'VBP'
    elif brownTag=='NR':
        assert token is not None,'Transformation from Brown NR to PTB is indeterminate without token (could be NN or NNP or RB)'
        if token[0]==token[0].upper():  # capitalized
            return 'NNP'
        assert False,'TODO: NN vs. RB'
    # TODO: same as above, but for NR$ (= NN+POS vs. NNP+POS vs. RB+POS)
    elif brownTag=='NRS':
        return 'NNPS'
    x = remove_duplicates([tbl[i][header.index('PTB')] for i in tags['Brown::{}'.format(brownTag)]])
    assert 'not' not in x, ('May be ignored, untagged, or tokenized differently',brownTag,x)
    
    # TODO: "VBG, JJ" and "VBN, JJ" entries in map file present problems. For now:
    if 'VBG, JJ' in x:
        x.remove('VBG, JJ')
    if 'VBN, JJ' in x:
        x.remove('VBN, JJ')
    
    assert len(x)==1,(brownTag,x)
    return x[0]

def brown2twit(brownTag, token=None):
    '''
    Returns the PTB tag corresponding to this Brown tag.
    >>> brown2twit('VBZ')
    u'V'
    >>> brown2twit('BEZ')
    u'V'
    >>> brown2twit('IN')
    u'P'
    >>> brown2twit('VB')
    u'V'
    >>> brown2twit('.')
    u','
    >>> brown2twit('NP+BEZ')
    u'M'
    >>> brown2twit('EX+HVD')
    u'Y'
    >>> brown2twit('FW-*')
    u'G'
    >>> brown2twit('WPS+BEZ')
    u'L'
    >>> brown2twit('NNS$')
    u'S'
    >>> brown2twit('NP$')
    u'Z'
    >>> brown2twit('WDT+BER+PP')
    u'G'
    >>> brown2twit('NP-TL')
    u'^'
    '''
    if brownTag.startswith('FW-'):
        return 'G'  # foreign word
    if '-' in brownTag:
        if brownTag.startswith('--'):
            if '-' in brownTag[2:]:
                brownTag = brownTag[:brownTag.index('-',2)]
        else:
            brownTag = brownTag[:brownTag.index('-')]
    if len(brownTag)>1:
        brownTag = brownTag.replace('*','') # negative marker, doesn't affect Twitter tag category
    
    if '+' in brownTag and 'Brown::{}'.format(brownTag) not in tags:
        brownTag = brownTag[:brownTag.index('+')]
    
    if brownTag=='NR':  # Adverbial nouns. TODO: Revisit this
        if token is not None and token[0].lower()!=token[0]:
            return '^'
        return 'N'
    
    x = [tbl[i][header.index('Twitter')] for i in tags['Brown::{}'.format(brownTag)]]
    x = remove_duplicates(x)
    assert len(x)==1,(brownTag,x)
    return x[0]

def brownSequence2twit(tagged):
    '''
    >>> brownSequence2twit([('The', 'AT'), ('Fulton', 'NP-TL'), ('County', 'NN-TL'), ('Grand', 'JJ-TL'), ('Jury', 'NN-TL'), ('said', 'VBD'), ('Friday', 'NR'), ('an', 'AT'), ('investigation', 'NN'), ('of', 'IN'), ("Atlanta's", 'NP$'), ('recent', 'JJ'), ('primary', 'NN'), ('election', 'NN'), ('produced', 'VBD'), ('``', '``'), ('no', 'AT'), ('evidence', 'NN'), ("''", "''"), ('that', 'CS'), ('any', 'DTI'), ('irregularities', 'NNS'), ('took', 'VBD'), ('place', 'NN'), ('.', '.')])
    [(u'The', u'D'), (u'Fulton', u'^'), (u'County', u'N'), (u'Grand', u'A'), (u'Jury', u'N'), (u'said', u'V'), (u'Friday', u'^'), (u'an', u'D'), (u'investigation', u'N'), (u'of', u'P'), (u"Atlanta's", u'Z'), (u'recent', u'A'), (u'primary', u'N'), (u'election', u'N'), (u'produced', u'V'), (u'``', u','), (u'no', u'D'), (u'evidence', u'N'), (u"''", u','), (u'that', u'P'), (u'any', u'D'), (u'irregularities', u'N'), (u'took', u'V'), (u'place', u'N'), (u'.', u',')]
    '''
    return [(tkn, brown2twit(tag, token=tkn)) for tkn,tag in tagged]

def brownSequence2ptb(tagged):
    ptbtagged = []
    for i,(w,bt) in enumerate(tagged):
        infin = False
        # Heuristics for deciding if this is a bare verb (VB) or present tense (but not 3rd person singular) (VBP).
        # Can predict VBP where it should be VB due to coordination of bare verbs, e.g. "will/MD [ go/VB ... and take/VB ... ]"
        if i>0:
            infin = (tagged[i-1][1][:2] in ('MD','TO','VB'))
            if i>1:
                infin = (infin or (tagged[i-2][1][:2] in ('MD','TO','VB') and tagged[i-1][1]=='RB'))
        ptbtagged.append((w, brown2ptb(bt, token=w, infinitive=infin)))
    return ptbtagged

def ptbSequence2twit(tagged):
    '''
    >>> ptbSequence2twit([('Pierre', 'NNP'), ('Vinken', 'NNP'), (',', ','), ('61', 'CD'), ('years', 'NNS'), ('old', 'JJ'), (',', ','), ('will', 'MD'), ('join', 'VB'), ('the', 'DT'), ('board', 'NN'), ('as', 'IN'), ('a', 'DT'), ('nonexecutive', 'JJ'), ('director', 'NN'), ('Nov.', 'NNP'), ('29', 'CD'), ('.', '.')])
    [(u'Pierre', u'^'), (u'Vinken', u'^'), (u',', u','), (u'61', u'$'), (u'years', u'N'), (u'old', u'A'), (u',', u','), (u'will', u'V'), (u'join', u'V'), (u'the', u'D'), (u'board', u'N'), (u'as', u'P'), (u'a', u'D'), (u'nonexecutive', u'A'), (u'director', u'N'), (u'Nov.', u'^'), (u'29', u'$'), (u'.', u',')]
    >>> ptbSequence2twit([('Although', 'IN'), ('preliminary', 'JJ'), ('findings', 'NNS'), ('were', 'VBD'), ('reported', 'VBN'), ('*-2', '-NONE-'), ('more', 'RBR'), ('than', 'IN'), ('a', 'DT'), ('year', 'NN'), ('ago', 'IN'), (',', ','), ('the', 'DT'), ('latest', 'JJS'), ('results', 'NNS'), ('appear', 'VBP'), ('in', 'IN'), ('today', 'NN'), ("'s", 'POS'), ('New', 'NNP'), ('England', 'NNP'), ('Journal', 'NNP'), ('of', 'IN'), ('Medicine', 'NNP'), (',', ','), ('a', 'DT'), ('forum', 'NN'), ('likely', 'JJ'), ('*', '-NONE-'), ('to', 'TO'), ('bring', 'VB'), ('new', 'JJ'), ('attention', 'NN'), ('to', 'TO'), ('the', 'DT'), ('problem', 'NN'), ('.', '.')])
    [(u'Although', u'P'), (u'preliminary', u'A'), (u'findings', u'N'), (u'were', u'V'), (u'reported', u'V'), (u'more', u'R'), (u'than', u'P'), (u'a', u'D'), (u'year', u'N'), (u'ago', u'P'), (u',', u','), (u'the', u'D'), (u'latest', u'A'), (u'results', u'N'), (u'appear', u'V'), (u'in', u'P'), (u"today's", u'S'), (u'New', u'^'), (u'England', u'^'), (u'Journal', u'^'), (u'of', u'P'), (u'Medicine', u'^'), (u',', u','), (u'a', u'D'), (u'forum', u'N'), (u'likely', u'A'), (u'to', u'P'), (u'bring', u'V'), (u'new', u'A'), (u'attention', u'N'), (u'to', u'P'), (u'the', u'D'), (u'problem', u'N'), (u'.', u',')]
    '''
    seq = []
    for tkn,tag in tagged:
        if tag=='-NONE-' or (tkn=="n't" and tag=='RB'): # negative clitic doesn't matter in terms of the base tag
            continue
        
        if len(tkn)>2 and tag[0]=='-' and tag[-1]=='-':
            tag = {'-LRB-': '(', '-RRB-': ')'}[tag]
            
        if tkn[0]=="'" and tag in ('POS','MD','VBZ','VBP','VBD'):  # join contracted/possessive forms to the previous token
            assert len(seq)>0
            ptkn,ptag = seq[-1]
            seq[-1] = (ptkn+tkn, ptag+'+'+tag)
        else:
            if "'" in tkn and tag not in ("''", 'CD', 'CC'):
                print((['']+seq)[-1],tkn,tag)
            seq.append((tkn,tag))
    return [(tkn, ptb2twit(tag)) for tkn,tag in seq]


def describe(tag):
    '''
    Returns a tuple of 2 strings describing the tag: the first is the full name, and the second is a list of examples.
    >>> describe('JJ')
    (u'Adjective', u'happy, bad')
    '''
    pass

'''
List of NR ("adverbial noun") words in Brown:

downtown
home
today
to-day
tomorrow
to-morrow
tonight
yesterday

left
right

east
north(west|east)?
south(west|east)?
west
nawth

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sundays

>> 'home' and 'right' are also very frequent as NN

('home', 'NR'): 301, 
  ('home', 'NR-NC'): 1, 
  ('home', 'NR-HL'): 1, 
  ('Home', 'NR'): 2, 
  ('Home', 'NR-TL'): 2, 
  ('Home', 'NR-HL'): 1

('home', 'NN'): 217
  ('home', 'NN-HL'): 1, 
  ('home', 'NN-NC'): 4
  ('Home', 'NN'): 2, 
  ('Home', 'NN-TL'): 13

('Home', 'NP'): 1

For 'home', PTB appears to be inconsistent, with a tag of either RB or NN.

('right', 'RB'): 75,   e.g. all right, treated right. PTB uses JJ, at least for 'all right'.
  ('Right', 'RB'): 4

('right', 'NR'): 56    spatial location/direction

('right', 'NN'): 122,  e.g. right to bear arms, the political right. PTB uses NN.
  ('Right', 'NN'): 1, 
  ('Right', 'NN-TL'): 3, 
  ('right', 'NN-HL'): 1

('right', 'QL'): 121,  e.g. right away, right now. PTB uses RB.
  ('Right', 'QL'): 6




Souths, Wednesdays = NRS
yesterday's, Wednesday's = NR$
today'll = NR+MD
'''

if __name__=='__main__':
    # List NR... tags/tokens in Brown
    
    #import doctest
    #doctest.testmod()
    
    
    
    # Check robustness of Brown-to-PTB conversion
    from nltk.corpus import treebank
    for i,s in enumerate(treebank.tagged_sents()):
        if i in (44,54,147): continue    # CC before VB
        #if i in (23,99): continue   # CC before VBP
        s1 = [(w,pt) for w,pt in s if pt!='-NONE-']
        s2, s3 = None, None
        
        try:
            s2 = [(w, ptb2brown(pt, token=w)[0]) for w,pt in s1]
            s3 = brownSequence2ptb(s2)
            
        except:
            print('skipping',i)
            continue
        assert s1==s3,(s1,s2,s3)
        print('OK',i)
    assert False
    # Create PTB-tagged file for Brown corpus 
    from nltk.corpus import brown
    with open('brown-converted-ptb-tags.txt') as f:
        for s in brown.tagged_sents():
            for w,bt in s:
                try:
                    pt = brownSequence2ptb(s)
                    f.write('{}\t{}\t{}\t-\n'.format(w, pt, bt))
                except:
                    print(s)
                    raise
            f.write('\n')
    
    '''
    twitter = defaultdict(set)
    for t in tags.keys():
        if t.startswith('PTB::'):
            tt = ptb2twit(t[5:])
            twitter[tt].add(t)
        elif t.startswith('Brown::'):
            tt = brown2twit(t[7:])
            twitter[tt].add(t)
            continue
            if t=='Brown::IN' or t=='Brown::HV' or t=='Brown::DO' or t=='Brown::.' or t=='Brown::??' or t=='Brown::VB': continue
            print(t)
            print(brown2ptb(t[7:]))
    for t in sorted(twitter.keys()):
        print(t,' '.join(iter(twitter[t])))
    '''

POSMappings.txt

# http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/wiki/corpuswg/AnnotationCompatibilityReport
# Table 1: Part of Speech Compatibility					
# (Initial Version from Manning and Schutz 1998, pp. 141-142)					
# Extended to cover Claws1 and ICE
# cf. http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/ccalas/tagsets/brown.html
# Nathan Schneider, 2011-02-19:
# * Fixed some errors in brown column, e.g.: DT1 => DTI, PP0 => PPO, NRS => NPS
# * Added last column (Twitter tagset) and several special tags at the end
Category	Examples	Claws c5, Claws1	Brown	PTB	ICE	Twitter
Adjective	happy, bad	AJ0	JJ	JJ	ADJ.ge	A
Adjective, ordinal number	sixth, 72nd, last	ORD, OD	OD	JJ	NUM.od	A
Adjective, comparative	happier, worse	AJC	JJR	JJR	ADJ.comp	A
Adjective, superlative	happiest, worst	AJS	JJT	JJS	ADJ.sup	A
Adjective, superlative, semantically	chief, top	AJ0	JJS	JJ	ADJ.ge	A
Adjective, cardinal number	3, fifteen	CRD, CD	CD	CD	NUM.cd	$
Adjective, cardinal number, one	one	PNI, CD1	CD	CD	NUM.cd	$
Adjective, past-part of verb	surprised	JJ	VBN	VBN, JJ	ADJ.edp	V
Adjective, pres-part of verb	refreshing	JJ	VBG	VBG, JJ	ADJ.ingp	V
Adverb	slowly, sweetly	AV0	RB	RB	ADV.ge	R
Adverb, negative	not, n't	XX0	*	RB	ADV.ge	R
Adverb, comparative	faster	AV0	RBR	RBR	ADV.comp	R
Adverb, superlative	fastest	AV0	RBT	RBS	ADV.sup	R
Adverb, particle	up, off, out	AVP, RP, RI	RP	RP	ADV.phras or ADV.ge	T
Adverb, question	when, how, why	AVQ	WRB	WRB	ADV.wh	R
Adverb, degree & question	how, however	AVQ	WQL	WRB	ADV.wh	R
Adverb, degree	very, so, too	AV0, QL	QL	RB	ADV.intens	R
Adverb, degree, postposed	enough, indeed	AV0	RN	RB	ADV.intens, ADV.ge	R
Adverb, nominal	here, there, now	AV0, RB	RN	RB	ADV.ge, EXTHERE	R
Adverb, conjunctive	therefore, however	AV0,RB	RN	RB	CONNEC.ge	R
Conjunction, coordination	and, or	CJC, CC	CC	CC	CONJUNC.coord	&
Conjunction, subordinating	although, when	CJS, CS	CS	IN	CONJUNC.subord,	P
Conjunction, complementizer 'that'	that, WP, WPA, WPO	CJT	CS	IN	PRON.rel, CONJUNC.subord	P
Determiner	this, each, another	DT0, DT	DT	DT	PRON.dem.sing, PRON(recip)	D
Determiner, pronoun	any, some	DT0, DTI	DTI	DT	PRON.nonass, PRON.ass	D
Determiner, pronoun, plural	these, those	DT0, DTS	DTS	DT	PRON.dem.plu	D
Determiner, prequalifier	quite	DT0, aBL	ABL	PDT	ADV.intens	X
Determiner, prequalifier	all, half	DT0, ABN	ABN	PDT	PRON.univ, PRON.quant	X
Determiner, pronoun or double conj.	both	DT0, ABX	ABX	DT (CC)	PRON.univ.plu	D
Determiner, pronoun or double conj.	either, neither	DT0, DTX	DTX	DT (CC)	PRON.neg PRON.nonass.sing	D
Determiner, article	the, no	AT0, ATI, DTX	AT	DT	ART.def, PRON.neg	D
Determiner, article	a, an	AT0, AT	AT	DT	ART.indef	D
Determiner, postdeterminer	many, same	DT0, AP,APS	AP	JJ	PRON.quant.{sing,plu}, ADJ.ge	A
Determiner, possessive	their, your	DPS, PP$, PP$$	PP$	PRP$	PRON.poss	D
Determiner, possessive, second	mine, yours	DPS, PP$	PP$$	PRP	PRON.poss	O
Determiner, question	which, whatever	DTQ, WDT	WDT	WDT	PRON.{inter, rel}	D
Determiner, possessive & question	whose	DTQ, WP$	WP$	WP$	PRON.rel	D
Noun	aircraft, data	NN0	NN	NN	N.com.sing	N
Noun, singular	woman, book	NN1	NN	NN	N.com.sing	N
Noun, plural	women, books	NN2	NNS	NNS	N.com.plu	N
Noun, proper, singular	London, Michael	NP0	NP	NNP	N.prop.sing	^
Noun, proper, plural	Australians, Methodists	NP2	NPS	NNPS	N.prop.plu	^
Noun, adverbial	tomorrow, home	NN0	NR	NN, NNP, RB	N.com.sing	N, ^, R
Noun, plural from post-determiner	others	NN2, APS	NNS	NNS	PRON.quant.plu	N
Pronoun, nominal (indefinite)	none, everything, one	PNI,PN	PN	NN	PRON(neg), PRON.univ.{sing,plu}, NUM(card,sing)	N
Pronoun, personal, subject	you, we	PNP, PP2	PPSS	PRP	PRON.pers.{sing,plu}	O
Pronoun, personal, subject, 3SG	she, he, it	PNP, PP1A, PP1AS, PP3, PP3A, PP3AS	PPS	PRP	PRON.{antit,cleftit},	O
Pronoun, personal, object	you, them, me	PNP, PP1O, PP1OS, PP3O, PP3OS	PPO	PRP	PRON.pers.{sing,plu}	O
Pronoun, reflexive	herself, myself	PNX, PPL	PPL	PRP	PRON.ref.sing	O
Pronoun, reflexive, plural	themselves, ourselves	PNX, PPLS	PPLS	PRP	PRON.ref.plu	O
Pronoun, question, subject	who, whoever	PNQ	WPS	WP	PRON.inter, PRON(nom)	O
Pronoun, question, object	who, whoever	PNQ	WPO	WP	PRON.inter, PRON(nom)	O
Pronoun, question, existential there	there	EX0	EX	EX	EXTHERE	X
Verb. base present form (not infinitive)	take, live	VVB	VB	VBP	V.X.{pres,imp}	V
Verb, infinitive	take, live	VVI	VB	VB	V.X.infin	V
Verb, past tense	took, lived	VVD	VBD	VBD	V.X.past	V
Verb, present participle	taking, living	VVG	VBG	VBG	V.X.ingp	V
Verb, past/passive participle	taken, lived	VVN	VBN	VBN	V.X.edp	V
Verb, present 3SG -s form	takes, lives	VVZ	VBZ	VBZ	V.X.pres	V
Verb, auxilliary do, base	do	VDB, DO	DO	VBP	AUX.do.{pres,imp}	V
Verb, auxilliary do, infinitive	do, DO	VDB	DO	VB	AUX.do.infin	V
Verb, auxilliary do, past	did	VDD, DOD	DOD	VBD	AUX.do.past	V
Verb, auxilliary do, present part.	doing	VDG,	VBG	VBG	V.X.ingp	V
Verb, auxilliary do, past part.	done	VDN	VBN	VBN	V.X.edp	V
Verb, auxilliary do, present 3SG	does	VDZ, DOZ	DOZ	VBZ	AUX.do.pres	V
Verb, auxilliary have, base	have	VHB, HV	HV	VBP	V.X.pres, AUX.{perf,semi}.pres	V
Verb, auxilliary have, infinitive	have	VHI, HV	HV	VB	V.X.infin, AUX.{perf,semi}.{imp,infin}	V
Verb, auxilliary have, past	had	VHD, HVD	HVD	VBD	V.X.past, AUX.{perf,semi}.past	V
Verb, auxilliary have, present part.	having	VHG, HVG	HVG	VBG	V.X.ingp, AUX.perf.ingp	V
Verb, auxilliary have, past part.	had	VHN, HVN	HVN	VBN	V.X.edp, AUX.perf.past	V
Verb, auxilliary have, present 3SG	has	VHZ, HVZ	HVZ	VBZ	V.X.pres, AUX.{perf,semi}.{pres}	V
Verb, auxilliary be, infinitive	be	VBI, BE	BE	VB	V.cop.{infin,imp} AUX.prog.infin	V
Verb, auxilliary be, past	were	VBD, BED	BED	VBD	V.cop.{past.subjun}, AUX.prog.past	V
Verb, auxilliary be, past, 3SG	was	VBD, BEDZ	BEDZ	VBD	V.cop.past AUX.prog.past	V
Verb, auxilliary be, present part.	being	VBG, BEG	BEG	VBG	V.cop.ingp AUX.prog.ingp	V
Verb, auxilliary be, past part.	been	VBN, BEN	BEN	VBN	V.cop.edp AUX.prog.edp	V
Verb, auxilliary be, present, 3SG	is, 's	VBZ, BEZ	BEZ	VBZ	V.cop.pres AUX.prog.pres	V
Verb, auxilliary be, present, 1SG	am, 'm	VBB, BEM	BEM	VBP	V.cop.pres AUX.prog.pres	V
Verb, auxilliary be, present	are, 're	VBB, BER	BER	VBP	V.cop.pres AUX.prog.pres	V
Verb, modal	can, could, 'll	VMG, MD	MD	MD	AUX.mod.{past,pres}	V
Infinitive marker	to	TO0, TO	TO	TO	PRTCL.to	P
Preposition, to	to	PRP	IN	TO	PREP.ge	P
Preposition,	for, above	PRP	IN	IN	PREP.ge, PRTCL(for)	P
Preposition, of	of	PRF	IN	IN	PREP.ge	P
Possessive	's, '	POS, not	$	POS	ADV(ge)	not
Interjection (or other isolate)	oh, yes, mmm	ITJ, UH	UH	UH	INTERJEC	!
Punctuation, sentence ender	. ! ?	PUN, .	.	.	PUNC.{qm,per,exm}	,
Punctuation, semicolon	;	PUN, ;	.	:	PUNC.scol	,
Punctuation, colon or ellipsis	: ...	PUN, ...	:	:	PUNC.{ellip,col}	,
Punctuation, comma	,	PUN, ,	,	,	PUNC.com	,
Punctuation, dash	-	PUN, not	--	-	PUNC.dash	,
Punctuation, dollar sign	$	PUN	not	$	not	,
Punctuation, left bracket	( [ {	PUL, (	(	(	PUNC.obrack	,
Punctuation, right bracket	) ] }	PUR, )	)	)	PUNC.cbrack	,
Punctuation, left quotation		PUQ,	``	``	PUNC.oquo	,
Punctuation, right quotation		PUQ,	''	''	PUNC.cquo	,
Foreign words (not in English lexicon)		UNC, &FW	(FW-)	FW	not	G
Symbol	[fj] *		not	SYM	not	G
Symbol, alphabetical	A, B, c, d	ZZ0			not	G
Symbol, list item	A, A, First			LS	not	G
URL or email address	http://www.twitter.com		??	??		U
Emoticon	:), <3		??	??		E
Online discourse marker	RT		??	??		~
Possessive nominal	his, book's		??	??		S
Possessive proper noun	Mark's		??	??		Z
Nominal combined with verbal	he's, you're, book'll		??	??		L
Proper noun combined with verbal	Mark'll		??	??		M
Miscellaneous function word combined with verbal	there's		??	??		Y

ptb_poses.py

'''
Maps Penn Treebank POS tags to morphosyntactic attributes. Excerpted from 
wsj.py,
Utilities for working with Penn Treebank Wall Street Journal data.

@author: Nathan Schneider (nschneid@cs.cmu.edu)
@since: 2011-05-01
'''
from __future__ import print_function, division
from future_builtins import map, filter, zip

from collections import defaultdict

def posinfo():
    '''
    >>> dict(posinfo()['VBP'])
    {'finite': True, 'tag': 'VBP', 'description': 'Verb, non-3rd person singular present', 'verbal': True}
    '''
    # http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~acahill/tagset.html
    # tag groups: j = adjective, n = nominal, d = determiner, v = verbal, f = finite, r = adverbial, x = function/closed-class
    #   Aside from f and x, these are mutually exclusive and can be interpreted as coarse tags.
    TABLE = '''
    CC    x Coordinating conjunction    >> and, but, or...
    CD      Cardinal Number
    DT   dx Determiner
    EX    x Existential there
    FW      Foreign Word
    IN    x Preposision or subordinating conjunction
    JJ   j  Adjective
    JJR  j  Adjective, comparative
    JJS  j  Adjective, superlative
    LS      List Item Marker
    MD   vx Modal    >> can, could, might, may...
    NN   n  Noun, singular or mass
    NNP  n  Proper Noun, singular
    NNPS n  Proper Noun, plural
    NNS  n  Noun, plural
    PDT  dx Predeterminer    >> all, both ... when they precede an article
    POS   x Possessive Ending    >> 's
    PRP  nx Personal Pronoun    >> I, me, you, he...
    PRP$ nx Possessive Pronoun    >> my, your, mine, yours...
    RB   r  Adverb    >> Most words that end in -ly as well as degree words like quite, too and very
    RBR  r  Adverb, comparative    >> Adverbs with the comparative ending -er, with a strictly comparative meaning
    RBS  r  Adverb, superlative
    RP    x Particle
    SYM     Symbol    >> Should be used for mathematical, scientific or technical symbols
    TO    x to
    UH      Interjection    >> e.g. uh, well, yes, my...
    VB   v  Verb, base form    >> subsumes imperatives, infinitives and subjunctives
    VBD fv  Verb, past tense    >> includes the conditional form of the verb to be
    VBG  v  Verb, gerund or persent participle
    VBN  v  Verb, past participle
    VBP fv  Verb, non-3rd person singular present
    VBZ fv  Verb, 3rd person singular present
    WDT  dx Wh-determiner    >> e.g. which, and that when it is used as a relative pronoun
    WP   nx Wh-pronoun    >> e.g. what, who, whom...
    WP$  nx Possessive wh-pronoun
    WRB  rx Wh-adverb    >> how, where why
    #
    $
    ''
    (
    )
    -LRB-    (
    -RRB-    )
    -LSB-    [
    -RSB-    ]
    -LCB-    {
    -RCB-    }
    ,
    .
    :
    ``
    '''
    info = {}
    for ln in TABLE.strip().splitlines():
        ln = ln.strip()
        entry = defaultdict(lambda: False)
        if ln[0] in '()[]{}-' or ' ' not in ln:
            if ln[0] in '()[]{}-':
                entry['bracket'] = True
            entry['tag'] = ln.split()[0]
            entry['punct'] = True
            entry['symbol'] = True
            if ln in ("''", "``"): entry['quote'] = True
        else:
        # TODO: traces?
            if '>>' in ln:
                entry['extra'] = ln[ln.index('>> ')+3:]
                ln = ln[:ln.index('>> ')].strip()
            parts = ln.split()
            entry['tag'] = parts[0]
            atts = '' 
            if parts[1][0].islower():
                atts = parts[1]
                del parts[1]
            entry['description'] = ' '.join(parts[1:])
            if 'Possessive' in entry['description']:
                entry['possessive'] = True
            if atts:
                if 'x' in atts: entry['functional'] = True
                if 'n' in atts: entry['nominal'] = True
                if 'nx' in atts: entry['pronominal'] = True
                if 'j' in atts: entry['adjectival'] = True
                if 'v' in atts: entry['verbal'] = True
                if 'r' in atts: entry['adverbial'] = True
                if 'd' in atts: entry['determiner'] = True
                if 'f' in atts: entry['finite'] = True
                coarse = ['n' in atts, 'v' in atts, 'd' in atts, 'r' in atts, 'j' in atts]
                if sum(coarse)==1:
                    entry['coarse'] = 'nvdrj'[coarse.index(True)]
                else:
                    assert sum(coarse)==0
                    entry['coarse'] = entry['tag'] 
            else:
                entry['coarse'] = entry['tag']
                
            if entry['tag'].startswith('W'): entry['wh'] = True
        info[entry['tag']] = entry
        
    info['LS']['symbol'] = True
    info['SYM']['symbol'] = True
    info['NNP']['proper'] = True
    info['NNPS']['proper'] = True
    info['FW']['foreign'] = True
    return info

def poses(**criteria):
    '''
    Retrieves a list of all tags meeting the specified criteria, where criteria are boolean attribute
    names in the entries of the object returned by posinfo().
    
    >>> poses(finite=True)
    set(['VBZ', 'VBP', 'VBD'])
    >>> poses(nominal=True, pronominal=False)
    set(['NNPS', 'NNS', 'NN', 'NNP'])
    >>> poses(functional=True, nominal=False, verbal=False, adverbial=False, determiner=False, possessive=False)
    set(['CC', 'TO', 'RP', 'EX', 'IN'])
    '''
    return {entry['tag'] for entry in posinfo().values() if sum(entry[attn]==v for attn,v in criteria.items())==len(criteria)}

def posAttributes(tag):
    return posinfo()[tag]