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Demo VCR.py cassette with 206 response for https://github.com/AndyTheFactory/newspaper4k/issues/617
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.ad-slot-container{clear:left;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-v4ay52 .ad-slot-container
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8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#707070;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-v4ay52
.ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-v4ay52
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.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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.ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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h2:not([data-ignore='global-h2-styling']){font-family:\"GH Guardian Headline\",\"Guardian
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ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']){counter-reset:li;}.dcr-lw02qf ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling'])
li:before{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,\"Guardian Text Egyptian Web\",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:400;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;content:counter(li);counter-increment:li;margin-right:4px;}.dcr-lw02qf
strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-lw02qf a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px
solid var(--article-link-border);color:var(--article-link-text);}.dcr-lw02qf
a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:var(--article-link-text-hover);border-bottom:1px
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.ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.dcr-1g5o3j6 .ad-slot__scroll{font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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.ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1g5o3j6
.ad-slot[data-label-show='true']:not(.ad-slot--interscroller)::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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.ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,\"Guardian
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li p{display:inline;}.dcr-4cudl2 li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:13px;width:13px;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-20px;margin-right:7px;}.dcr-4cudl2
sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-4cudl2 sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-4cudl2 sub,.dcr-4cudl2
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(min-width: 740px){.dcr-15xdhc{font-family:\"GH Guardian Headline\",\"Guardian
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\ }\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (!navInputCheckbox) return; //
Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test.\n\n
\ navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click',function(){\n
\ document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open')\n\n
\ if(!navInputCheckbox.checked) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfirstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded',
'false')\n showMoreButton.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2
: veggie-burger : show')\n veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2
: veggie-burger : show')\n expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){\n
\ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1')\n
\ })\n } else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfirstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded',
'true')\n showMoreButton.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2
: veggie-burger : hide')\n veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2
: veggie-burger : hide')\n expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){\n
\ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0')\n
\ })\n focusOnFirstNavElement()\n
\ }\n })\n var
toggleMainMenu = function(e){\n navInputCheckbox.click()\n
\ }\n // Close hide menu on press
enter\n var keydownToggleMainMenu = function(e){\n
\ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space
key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) {\n
\ e.preventDefault()\n toggleMainMenu()\n
\ }\n }\n showMoreButton.addEventListener('keydown',
keydownToggleMainMenu)\n veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown',
keydownToggleMainMenu)\n // Accessibility to hide Nav
when pressing escape key\n document.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 27 => esc\n if
(e.keyCode === 27) {\n if(navInputCheckbox.checked)
{\n toggleMainMenu()\n if(window.getComputedStyle(veggieBurger).display
=== 'none'){\n showMoreButton.focus()\n }else{\n
\ veggieBurger.focus()\n }\n
\ }\n }\n })\n
\ // onBlur close dialog\n document.addEventListener('mousedown',
function(e){\n if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target)){\n
\ toggleMainMenu()\n }\n
\ });\n })</script><div data-component=\"nav2\"
class=\"dcr-1yaxlqk\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"top-nav-input-checkbox\"
name=\"more\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"
aria-haspopup=\"true\" class=\"dcr-sy54ny\"/><ul data-testid=\"pillar-list\"
class=\"dcr-12nc91l\"><li class=\"dcr-1jvozb1\"><a id=\"navigation\" href=\"/\"
data-link-name=\"nav3 : primary : News\" class=\"dcr-fqcvat\">News</a></li><li
class=\"dcr-1jvozb1\"><a href=\"/commentisfree\" data-link-name=\"nav3 : primary
: Opinion\" class=\"dcr-sapj63\">Opinion</a></li><li class=\"dcr-1jvozb1\"><a
href=\"/sport\" data-link-name=\"nav3 : primary : Sport\" class=\"dcr-10xmijo\">Sport</a></li><li
class=\"dcr-1jvozb1\"><a href=\"/culture\" data-link-name=\"nav3 : primary
: Culture\" class=\"dcr-5wboq0\">Culture</a></li><li class=\"dcr-1jvozb1\"><a
href=\"/lifeandstyle\" data-link-name=\"nav3 : primary : Lifestyle\" class=\"dcr-hu01ye\">Lifestyle</a></li></ul><div
id=\"expanded-menu-root\"><label id=\"show-more-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle
main menu\" for=\"top-nav-input-checkbox\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : veggie-burger
: show\" tabIndex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-testid=\"nav-show-more-button\"
class=\"dcr-4f36de\"><span class=\"dcr-1nvgr5i\">Show</span><span class=\"dcr-a2u3ka\">More<svg
viewBox=\"-3 -3 30 30\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path
fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m1 7.224 10.498 10.498h1.004L23
7.224l-.98-.954L12 14.708 1.98 6.27 1 7.224Z\"></path></svg></span></label><label
id=\"veggie-burger\" aria-label=\"Toggle main menu\" for=\"top-nav-input-checkbox\"
data-link-name=\"nav3 : veggie-burger : show\" tabIndex=\"0\" role=\"button\"
data-testid=\"veggie-burger\" class=\"dcr-ggozu3\"><span class=\"dcr-1nvgr5i\">Show
More</span><span class=\"dcr-120u0k1\"></span></label><div id=\"expanded-menu\"
data-testid=\"expanded-menu\" class=\"dcr-azg7f5\"><div class=\"dcr-1rogvv6\"><ul
role=\"menubar\" data-testid=\"nav-menu-columns\" class=\"dcr-pequ9o\"><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-u8xy4z\"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',
function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
(!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer
exists for users in test.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolumnInput.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode:
32 => Space key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode
=== 32) {\n e.preventDefault()\n document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click();\n
\ }\n })\n })</script><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"News-checkbox-input\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"
class=\"dcr-1acea34\"/><label id=\"News-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle News\"
for=\"News-checkbox-input\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"newsLinks\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" role=\"menuitem\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-News\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : News\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1ltxrw8\">News</label><ul
role=\"menu\" id=\"newsLinks\" data-testid=\"newsLinks\" class=\"dcr-1apjkx5\"><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : View all News\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-News\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">View all News</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/uk-news\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : UK news\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-UK\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">UK news</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/world\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : World news\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-World\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">World news</a></li><li role=\"none\"
class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/environment/climate-crisis\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Climate crisis\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Climate
crisis\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Climate
crisis</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/world/ukraine\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Ukraine\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Ukraine\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Ukraine</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/football\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Football\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Football\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Football</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/email-newsletters\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Newsletters\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Newsletters</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/business\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Business\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Business\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Business</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/environment\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Environment\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Environment\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Environment</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/politics\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : UK politics\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-UK
politics\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">UK politics</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/education\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Education\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Education\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Education</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/society\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Society\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Society\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Society</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/science\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Science\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Science\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Science</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/technology\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Tech\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Tech\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Tech</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/global-development\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Global development\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Global
development\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Global
development</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/obituaries\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Obituaries\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Obituaries</a></li></ul><div
class=\"dcr-1e7fm6f\"></div></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-u8xy4z\"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',
function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
(!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer
exists for users in test.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolumnInput.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode:
32 => Space key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode
=== 32) {\n e.preventDefault()\n document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click();\n
\ }\n })\n })</script><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"Opinion-checkbox-input\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"
class=\"dcr-1acea34\"/><label id=\"Opinion-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle Opinion\"
for=\"Opinion-checkbox-input\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"opinionLinks\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" role=\"menuitem\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-Opinion\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Opinion\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1jt6jw5\">Opinion</label><ul
role=\"menu\" id=\"opinionLinks\" data-testid=\"opinionLinks\" class=\"dcr-p2o2v8\"><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/commentisfree\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : View all Opinion\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Opinion\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">View all Opinion</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/profile/editorial\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : The Guardian view\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-The
Guardian view\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">The
Guardian view</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/index/contributors\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Columnists\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Columnists\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Columnists</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/tone/cartoons\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Cartoons\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Cartoons</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/type/video+tone/comment\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Opinion videos\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Opinion
videos\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Opinion
videos</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/tone/letters\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Letters\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Letters\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Letters</a></li></ul><div
class=\"dcr-nnicp7\"></div></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-u8xy4z\"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',
function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
(!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer
exists for users in test.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolumnInput.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode:
32 => Space key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode
=== 32) {\n e.preventDefault()\n document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click();\n
\ }\n })\n })</script><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"Sport-checkbox-input\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"
class=\"dcr-1acea34\"/><label id=\"Sport-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle Sport\"
for=\"Sport-checkbox-input\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"sportLinks\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" role=\"menuitem\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-Sport\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Sport\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1gd3jod\">Sport</label><ul
role=\"menu\" id=\"sportLinks\" data-testid=\"sportLinks\" class=\"dcr-18ceucy\"><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/sport\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : View all Sport\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Sport\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">View all Sport</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/football\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Football\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Football\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Football</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/cricket\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Cricket\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Cricket\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Cricket</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/rugby-union\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Rugby union\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Rugby
union\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Rugby union</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/tennis\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Tennis\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Tennis\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Tennis</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/cycling\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Cycling\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Cycling\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Cycling</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/formulaone\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : F1\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-F1\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">F1</a></li><li role=\"none\"
class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/golf\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Golf\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Golf\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Golf</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a
href=\"/sport/boxing\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary
: Boxing\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Boxing\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Boxing</a></li><li role=\"none\"
class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/rugbyleague\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Rugby league\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Rugby league\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Rugby league</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/horse-racing\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Racing\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Racing\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Racing</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/sport/us-sport\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : US sports\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-US
sports\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">US sports</a></li></ul><div
class=\"dcr-wr5umd\"></div></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-u8xy4z\"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',
function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
(!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer
exists for users in test.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolumnInput.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode:
32 => Space key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode
=== 32) {\n e.preventDefault()\n document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click();\n
\ }\n })\n })</script><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"Culture-checkbox-input\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"
class=\"dcr-1acea34\"/><label id=\"Culture-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle Culture\"
for=\"Culture-checkbox-input\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"cultureLinks\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" role=\"menuitem\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-Culture\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Culture\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-lhudgd\">Culture</label><ul
role=\"menu\" id=\"cultureLinks\" data-testid=\"cultureLinks\" class=\"dcr-1ghku59\"><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/culture\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : View all Culture\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Culture\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">View all Culture</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/film\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Film\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Film\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Film</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a
href=\"/music\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Music\"
data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Music\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem
dcr-19xl8rm\">Music</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/tv-and-radio\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : TV &amp; radio\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-TV
&amp; radio\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">TV
&amp; radio</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/books\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Books\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Books\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Books</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/artanddesign\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Art &amp; design\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Art
&amp; design\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Art
&amp; design</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/stage\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Stage\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Stage\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Stage</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/games\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Games\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Games\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Games</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a
href=\"/music/classicalmusicandopera\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Classical\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Classical\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Classical</a></li></ul><div
class=\"dcr-8d2t96\"></div></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-u8xy4z\"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',
function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
(!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer
exists for users in test.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolumnInput.addEventListener('keydown',
function(e){\n // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode:
32 => Space key\n if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode
=== 32) {\n e.preventDefault()\n document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click();\n
\ }\n })\n })</script><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"Lifestyle-checkbox-input\" tabIndex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"
class=\"dcr-1acea34\"/><label id=\"Lifestyle-button\" aria-label=\"Toggle
Lifestyle\" for=\"Lifestyle-checkbox-input\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"lifestyleLinks\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" role=\"menuitem\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-Lifestyle\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Lifestyle\" class=\"selectableMenuItem
dcr-f678yr\">Lifestyle</label><ul role=\"menu\" id=\"lifestyleLinks\" data-testid=\"lifestyleLinks\"
class=\"dcr-b7ndus\"><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/lifeandstyle\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : View all Lifestyle\"
data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Lifestyle\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem
dcr-19xl8rm\">View all Lifestyle</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a
href=\"/fashion\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Fashion\"
data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Fashion\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem
dcr-19xl8rm\">Fashion</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/food\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Food\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Food\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Food</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/tone/recipes\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Recipes\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Recipes\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Recipes</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/travel\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : Travel\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Travel\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Travel</a></li><li role=\"none\"
class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing\" role=\"menuitem\"
data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Health &amp; fitness\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Health
&amp; fitness\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Health
&amp; fitness</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/lifeandstyle/women\"
role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Women\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Women\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-19xl8rm\">Women</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-4hq641\"><a href=\"/lifeandstyle/men\" role=\"menuitem\"
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data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Love &amp; sex\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Love
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function(){\n var columnInput = document.getElementById('UK-edition-button');\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif
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role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Search jobs\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Search
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role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2 : secondary : Live events\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-Live
events\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1o75t1y\">Live events</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/about\" role=\"menuitem\" data-link-name=\"nav2
: secondary : About Us\" data-testid=\"column-collapse-sublink-About Us\"
tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1o75t1y\">About Us</a></li><li
role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"https://theguardian.newspapers.com\"
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Archive\" tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-1o75t1y\">Digital
Archive</a></li><li role=\"none\" class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"/artanddesign/series/gnm-print-sales\"
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class=\"dcr-9ra8aa\"><a href=\"https://patrons.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=header_patrons\"
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dcr-14omeyx\">Patrons</a></li><li class=\"dcr-nnfu1a\"><a href=\"https://licensing.theguardian.com/\"
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tabIndex=\"-1\" class=\"selectableMenuItem dcr-14omeyx\">Guardian Licensing</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></nav><aside
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media=\"(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=700&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 740px)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=660&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=660&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 660px)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=645&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=645&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 480px)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=465&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=465&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 320px)\"/><img alt=\"Blake Scholl in front of Boom jet\"
src=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b281431ab3b1f106c8688d789af70aeff3e8c01a/0_117_3500_2100/master/3500.jpg?width=465&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
width=\"465\" height=\"279\" loading=\"eager\" class=\"dcr-evn1e9\"/></picture><span
class=\"dcr-v822l1\"><div class=\"dcr-gup2gr\"><div class=\"dcr-zy1nbx\"><label
for=\"the-checkbox\" class=\"dcr-1xgwz8b\"><svg width=\"6\" height=\"14\"
fill=\"white\" viewBox=\"0 0 6 14\"><path d=\"M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3
.6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9
0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z\"></path></svg></label><input
type=\"checkbox\" id=\"the-checkbox\"/> <div id=\"the-caption\"><figcaption
class=\"dcr-18o4zko\"><span class=\"dcr-1inf02i\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"13\"
viewBox=\"0 0 18 13\"><path d=\"M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2
2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5
1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z\"></path></svg></span><span class=\"dcr-1qvd3m6\">Blake Scholl:
No one else was reviving supersonic travel, so I decided to.\u2019</span>
Photograph: Alyson Mcclaran/Reuters</figcaption></div></div></div></span><a
href=\"#img-1\" data-ignore=\"global-link-styling\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
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viewBox=\"0 0 18 13\"><path d=\"M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2
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1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z\"></path></svg></span><span class=\"dcr-1qvd3m6\">Blake Scholl:
No one else was reviving supersonic travel, so I decided to.\u2019</span>
Photograph: Alyson Mcclaran/Reuters</figcaption></span></figure></div></div></div><aside
data-gu-name=\"title\" class=\"dcr-ien304\"><div class=\"dcr-10355cg\"><div
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href=\"/tone/interview\" class=\"dcr-1uyjdvr\">Interview</a></div></div><h1
class=\"dcr-cxzgoi\"><span class=\"dcr-19anx8e\">Boom founder Blake Scholl:
from high school dropout to supersonic high-flyer</span></h1><div class=\"dcr-1nvgr5i\">This
article is more than 1 year old</div><div class=\"dcr-16on7cv\"><div class=\"dcr-1eos3vf\"><a
rel=\"author\" data-link-name=\"auto tag link\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/rupertneate\">Rupert
Neate</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-gu-name=\"standfirst\"
class=\"dcr-1yi1cnj\"><div class=\" dcr-1teqwow\"><p>The man who aims to bring
a \u2018son of Concorde\u2019 to the skies \u2013 and do it sustainably \u2013
found his project tapped into the passions of employees and investors alike</p></div></div><div
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info\" data-component=\"meta-byline\" data-link-name=\"byline\"></address><details
style=\"--mobile-color:inherit;\" class=\"dcr-1d52k2r\"><summary class=\"dcr-1ybxn6r\"><span
class=\"dcr-u0h1qy\">Sat 27 Aug 2022 16.00 BST</span></summary>Last modified
on Mon 29 Aug 2022 19.13 BST</details></div></div><div data-print-layout=\"hide\"
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dcr-1co5za7\"><div class=\"dcr-14baf59\"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span
class=\"dcr-1lhv23l\"></span></div></aside><div data-gu-name=\"body\" class=\"dcr-ch7w1w\"><div
class=\"dcr-v4ay52\"><div id=\"maincontent\" class=\"dcr-lw02qf\"><div class=\"article-body-commercial-selector
article-body-viewer-selector dcr-1g5o3j6\"><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Blake
Scholl has been a plane geek since he was a baby, when his parents took him
to watch turboprop Cessnas taking off near their home in Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">\u201CI had a Fisher-Price toy plane, and my parents
say I held it up and knew it was like those in the sky,\u201D he says in a
video chat from his car in Denver, Colorado. \u201CAfter that I was always
sketching pictures of airplanes and thinking about how to build them.\u201D</p><div
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class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">While he remained fascinated, he never seriously considered
a career in aviation, instead working as a software engineer. But now Scholl,
41, is founder and chief executive of what could be one of the most exciting
new aviation companies.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Boom Supersonic, which
Scholl founded in 2014, is <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/16/american-becomes-third-airline-to-place-order-for-boom-supersonic-jets\"
data-link-name=\"in body link\">promising to launch \u201Cson of Concorde\u201D
supersonic commercial passenger flights as soon as 2026</a> \u2013 some 23
years after Concorde was decommissioned.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Scholl
says the fact that he never got the chance to fly on Concorde is part of his
motivation for reviving supersonic air travel. \u201CI was waiting but no
one was doing it, so eventually I decided to,\u201D he says. \u201CMy kids
had a grandfather who lived in Hong Kong, an 18-hour flight from here. It
was just too far for them as young children and him as an old man. If supersonic
flights had been available, they would have seen their grandfather more often.\u201D</p><aside
class=\"dcr-15xdhc\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 22 14\" style=\"fill:var(--pullquote-icon);\"
class=\"dcr-scql1j\"><path d=\"M5.255 0h4.75c-.572 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297
13.941H0C.792 9.104 2.44 4.53 5.255 0Zm11.061 0H21c-.506 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297
13.941h-8.686c.902-4.837 2.485-9.411 5.3-13.941Z\"></path></svg><blockquote
class=\"dcr-zzndwp\">Concorde was a technological marvel for the 1960s. But
they weren\u2019t focused on the economics. It became too expensive to fly
</blockquote><footer><cite>Blake Scholl</cite></footer></aside><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">He
founded Boom in 2014 after selling an e-commerce firm he had founded. But
first he wrote a list of possible things he could do next: \u201CI realised
that I wanted to work on the most important thing [for society] that\u2019s
not impossible.\u201D Scholl rated the ideas according to how happy he would
be if they worked out. \u201CAt the top was supersonic flight. It was time
to figure out why everyone thought it was such a bad idea.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">After
a fortnight of intense research he concluded that it was possible, and went
about hiring aerospace engineers to help turn his vision into reality. The
first six or seven people he hired were paid with money he had made from selling
his apps platform Kima Labs to Groupon. \u201CI had put about half of my life
savings into the business before I realised I was playing chicken with my
bank account, and we launched a funding round.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Investors,
many of whom had backed his previous venture, pumped almost $1m into the fledgling
business \u2013 while it was still operating from the basement of Scholl\u2019s
home. \u201CThey [the previous investors] were saying, we think you\u2019re
probably crazy but we will always back you.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Other
investors were, he says, driven by their own desire to see a successor to
Concorde. \u201CThey were saying you\u2019re probably crazy but we really
want it to work.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">So far, it appears he has
been proved right. The company, which now employs about 250 people, has <a
href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/xb-1\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">built
a prototype called XB-1, </a>which Scholl says is \u201Cthe world\u2019s only
operational, non-military supersonic jet\u201D.</p><figure id=\"b9c887db-4183-43b9-a8d1-d2dda884e960\"
data-spacefinder-role=\"inline\" data-spacefinder-type=\"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement\"
class=\" dcr-173mewl\"><div id=\"img-2\" class=\"dcr-1t8m8f2\"><picture class=\"dcr-evn1e9\"><source
srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=620&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=620&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 660px)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=605&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=605&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 480px)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=445&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width:
320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\"/><source srcSet=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=445&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
media=\"(min-width: 320px)\"/><img alt=\"The Boom Supersonic Overture in flight\"
src=\"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c8b4a963ecbb5af0044720b33928ce90f378ccdf/120_0_2813_1688/master/2813.jpg?width=445&amp;dpr=1&amp;s=none\"
width=\"445\" height=\"267.03163881976536\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"dcr-evn1e9\"/></picture><a
href=\"#img-2\" data-ignore=\"global-link-styling\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabIndex=\"-1\"
class=\"open-lightbox dcr-13fd1ms\"><button data-element-id=\"b9c887db-4183-43b9-a8d1-d2dda884e960\"
type=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" class=\"open-lightbox dcr-4tmywn\"><svg
viewBox=\"-3 -3 30 30\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path
fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M23 8.75V1.5l-.5-.5h-7.25v1.25l4.5.6L14
8.575 15.4 10l5.75-5.725.6 4.475H23Zm-22 6.5v7.25l.475.5h7.25v-1.25l-4.475-.6
5.725-5.775L8.6 14l-5.775 5.725-.575-4.475H1Z\"></path></svg><span class=\"dcr-194i6pr\">View
image in fullscreen</span></button></a></div><figcaption class=\"dcr-10c8vbz\"><span
class=\"dcr-1inf02i\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 13\"><path
d=\"M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9
7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z\"></path></svg></span><span
class=\"dcr-1qvd3m6\">The Boom Supersonic Overture: American Airlines has
a possible order for 60 aircraft.</span> Photograph: AP</figcaption></figure><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Later this year, Boom will break ground on a factory
producing<a href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/overture\" data-link-name=\"in
body link\"> a commercial version called Overture</a>. The jets, which promise
speeds of up to Mach 1.7 over water \u2013 twice the speed of today\u2019s
fastest commercial aircraft, though below Concorde\u2019s top speed of Mach
2.04 \u2013 are expected to roll off the production line from 2025 and carry
their first passengers in 2029. The factory is in Greensboro, North Carolina,
the state where the Wright brothers made the first flight in 1903.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Earlier
this month, American Airlines became the third airline to place an order for
Boom jets. <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jun/03/united-airlines-boom-supersonic-overture-airliner-concorde\"
data-link-name=\"in body link\">United Airlines</a> ordered 15 last year,
and <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/mar/23/boom-supersonic-jet-travel-affordable-business-class\"
data-link-name=\"in body link\">Virgin Atlantic</a> reached a partnership
deal in 2016. American Airlines agreed to buy up to 20 of the planes \u2013
with an option for 40 more.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">The Overture will carry
fewer passengers than subsonic jets, with 65 seats, initially priced at business-class
rates. <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/mar/08/50th-anniversary-of-concordes-maiden-flight-in-pictures\"
data-link-name=\"in body link\">Concorde</a> had a capacity of between 90
and 128 passengers.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Scholl says the aircraft is
designed for a range of 4,250 nautical miles, and could fly about 600 routes
around the world. It estimates that flying from London to New York would take
three and a half hours, compared with six and a half now.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">He
reckons Boom can succeed where Concorde failed because his jets will be far
lighter, and therefore much more efficient. Eventually, he says, tickets will
cost about the same as standard airline tickets cost now.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">\u201CConcorde
was a technological marvel for the 1960s,\u201D he says. \u201CBut they weren\u2019t
focused on the economics, and it became too expensive to fly.\u201D A London-New
York return flight cost about $12,000, before <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590\"
data-link-name=\"in body link\">Air France Flight 4590</a> crashed in 2000
and Concorde was decommissioned in 2003. \u201CFast-forward a few decades,
and now all the technology is significantly more efficient, and we can get
the cost right down.\u201D</p><figure id=\"5e51bb12-c7e7-44dc-8ef9-d50e38840632\"
data-spacefinder-role=\"richLink\" data-spacefinder-type=\"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement\"
class=\" dcr-1your1i\"><gu-island name=\"RichLinkComponent\" priority=\"feature\"
deferUntil=\"idle\" props=\"{&quot;richLinkIndex&quot;:18,&quot;element&quot;:{&quot;_type&quot;:&quot;model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement&quot;,&quot;prefix&quot;:&quot;Related:
&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Will Butler-Adams: Brompton Bicycle\u2019s evangelist-in-chief&quot;,&quot;elementId&quot;:&quot;5e51bb12-c7e7-44dc-8ef9-d50e38840632&quot;,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;richLink&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/20/will-butler-adams-brompton-bicycles-evangelist-in-chief&quot;},&quot;ajaxUrl&quot;:&quot;https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk&quot;,&quot;format&quot;:{&quot;display&quot;:2,&quot;theme&quot;:0,&quot;design&quot;:15}}\"
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data-print-layout=\"hide\" data-link-name=\"rich-link-18 | 18\" data-component=\"rich-link\"
data-name=\"placeholder\" class=\"dcr-1kyw41h\"><div data-format-theme=\"5\"
data-format-design=\"0\" data-format-display=\"0\" class=\"dcr-xztv7y\"><a
href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/20/will-butler-adams-brompton-bicycles-evangelist-in-chief\"
class=\"dcr-1m887w9\"><div class=\"dcr-1lhuo3r\"></div><div class=\"dcr-ut4tvs\"><div
class=\"dcr-1h5b6rb\"><div class=\"dcr-1k82b89\">Will Butler-Adams: Brompton
Bicycle\u2019s evangelist-in-chief</div></div><div class=\"dcr-eurq8n\"><svg
width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><g fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><path
d=\"m12 0c-6.627 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12 6.627 0 12-5.373
12-12 0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326h-11.465v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668
6.79 7.158v.685l-6.79 7.157\" class=\"rich-link__arrow-icon\"></path></g></svg><div
class=\"dcr-gsqrei\">Read more</div></div></div></a></div></div></gu-island></figure><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Scholl claims that despite the large amount of fuel needed
to power supersonic flight, Boom aims to achieve net zero carbon dioxide by
2025, and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. The planes will fly on
\u201Cup to 100% sustainable\u201D aviation fuel.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">He
says attracting talented engineers has been easier than he imagined, even
when he was interviewing potential recruits in his basement. \u201CThere are
very few people in aerospace who don\u2019t get excited about either rockets
to go to Mars or supersonic flight \u2013 and back then Boom was the only
one doing this,\u201D he says. \u201CWe were able to convince people to leave
good careers</p><hr class=\"dcr-z9ge1j\"/><h2 id=\"cv\"><strong>CV</strong></h2><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Family</strong> \u201CI was an only child, but
I\u2019m a father of four now.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Education
</strong>\u201CI attended Carnegie Mellon University from 1998 until 2001,
where I graduated with a BSc in computer science with honours.\u201D</p><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Pay</strong> \u201CIf pay is the only reason
you\u2019re at a job, you\u2019re at the wrong job.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Last
holiday</strong> \u201CThis summer, I took my kids on a trip across the western
US in an airplane I flew myself. I\u2019m a trained pilot, so it\u2019s great
to be able to share my passion for flight with my kids.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Best
advice he\u2019s been given </strong> \u201CThe people who are crazy enough
to think they can change the world are the ones that do.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>Word
he overuses</strong> Subsonic. \u201CThat\u2019s what I call anything that\u2019s
too slow.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\"><strong>How he relaxes</strong>
\u201CBy spending time with my family, or flying for fun.\u201D</p><hr class=\"dcr-z9ge1j\"/><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">to join us, and of the first 10 people we hired, two
shut down successful businesses they had founded.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Scholl\u2019s
success is a relief to his mother and father, who worried when, as a teenager,
he dropped out of high school. \u201CMy parents really cared about education,
and sent me to the best public high school in the state,\u201D he says. \u201CBut
I just never felt like I fitted in.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">He did,
however, fit right in at the science summer camps his parents sent him to.
One year he spent six weeks at a theoretical computer sciences camp. \u201CNow
this was exciting and fun, and I was around people who cared about what I
cared about,\u201D he remembers. \u201CI was learning things from people who
were passionate. I had found my place.\u201D</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">With
passion renewed, he went from Blake the high school dropout to Blake the college
kid, after finding a programme at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh
that allows people who haven\u2019t completed high school a chance to apply.</p><p
class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">\u201CYou apply as a junior, and write an essay about
why you didn\u2019t finish high school,\u201D he says. He wrote that high
school had nothing left to teach him. He won an Andrew Carnegie merit scholarship,
and graduated with a BSc in computer science.</p><p class=\"dcr-4cudl2\">Scholl
knew he wanted to be an entrepreneur, and set out to work for arguably the
world\u2019s most successful entrepreneur: Jeff Bezos. \u201CI got in touch
with a recruiter [for Amazon] and said I\u2019m blown away by what you\u2019re
doing on personalising retailing, I want to work for you on that.\u201D It
worked: Scholl was hired as a software engineer in 2001 at the age of 21.
Within a few months he was working on projects directly overseen by Bezos.
\u201CI had to update him and his leadership team every three months,\u201D
he says. \u201CIt was a challenge, but boy was it inspiring.\u201D</p></div></div><gu-island
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