Convert key: value lines into a TSV

kv_to_tsv.rb

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# Take a series of key: value lines and output a TSV with a header row made
# up from the set of seen keys.

IN_FILE = 'phiri.txt'
RECORD_DELIMITER = 'Template-Type'
ENCODING = 'ISO-8859-1'

rows = []
# magic hash that returns a column index based on key
col_index = -1
cols = Hash.new { |h, key| h[key] = col_index += 1 }

File.open(IN_FILE, "r:#{ENCODING}") do |f|
  row = []
  while l = f.gets do
    l.strip!
    next if l.empty?
    key, val = l.split(/:\s*/, 2)
    if key == RECORD_DELIMITER
      rows << row
      row = []
    end
    row[cols[key]] = val.gsub /\t/, ' '
  end
end
rows[0] = cols.keys # ruby 1.9 has ordered keys, or try cols.sort {|a, b| a[1] <=> b[1]}.map {|x| x[0]}
rows.each { |row|
  puts row.join("\t")
}

phiri_out.tsv

Template-Type	Author-Name	Author-X-Name-First	Author-X-Name-Last	Title	Abstract	File-URL	File-Format	Creation-date	Number	Handle	Author-Email	Author-Workplace-Name	Author-Person
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Nicoli Nattrass	Nicoli	Nattrass	Unemployment, Employment and Labour-Force Participation in Khayelitsha/Mitchell's Plain	This paper provides a rough guide to the labour force in Khayelitsha/Mitchell's Plain with a particular focus on unemployment. The task is partly conceptual (a discussion is provided on statistical norms for measuring unemployment) and partly empirical. Data is drawn from the 2000/2001 Khayelitsha Mitchell's Plain (KMP) survey, which was designed mainly to explore various dimensions of labour market attachment amongst African and coloured people in Cape Town. This survey covered the magisterial district of Mitchell's Plain which includes the African townships of Khayelitsha, Gugulethu and Langa; it is not a representative sample of the Cape Town metropolitan area but rather of working class (predominantly African and coloured) Cape Town. In the discussion that follows, reference is made to the questionnaire. The Stata 'do file's (which generated the results) are available on request. Part 1 of the paper outlines the standard labour force approach to labour statistics and points to areas where standard definitions can usefully be extended or supplemented. Part 2 continues the discussion, but with reference to employment and unemployment in KMP. A distinction is drawn between the strict and broad definitions of unemployment and an intermediate definition of unemployment (which includes active job seekers and those seeking jobs exclusively through social networks) is introduced. Part 3 examines the nonlabour- force participants. Part 4 expands the scope of the labour force by adjusting some of the statistical requirements used in earlier approaches. Using this expanded approach, Part 5 continues the exploration of different dimensions of unemployment.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,194/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2002	012	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:012
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Anna McCord	Anna	McCord	Public Works as a Response to Labour Market Failure in South Africa	Unemployment has been rising in South Africa for the last three decades, leading to official unemployment rates of 26.4% (37% if the broad definition is used). This implies a jobless total of 7 million, with more than 40% of the rural population unemployed, and the development of a growing pool of workers who are excluded from the labour market. The South African economy is facing labour market failure, with labour supply increasingly outstripping demand. If the economy continues on its current growth path this problem of labour market failure will intensify and the employment situation will continue to deteriorate. The severe levels of unemployment resulting from this market failure are a particular problem in South Africa given the role unemployment plays in exacerbating poverty and inequality in an already highly unequal and segmented society, and the uneven incidence of unemployment among racial groups.� Public works programming offers a response to both poverty and unemployment, while also addressing the linked national priority issue of asset creation. This paper discusses the option of state intervention through public works, reviewing the South African response in the context of global public works experience. The paper examines both project based public works programming, which forms the dominant policy response in South Africa, and the option of large-scale labour intensification of state expenditure, and examines the employment creation and cost implications of each, drawing on a case study from KwaZulu Natal. The paper concludes that public works interventions in South Africa to date have been relatively limited in scope and impact, and that the potential exists for far greater job creation and poverty alleviation through both the labour intensification of public spending, and the rationalization of the project based approach.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,195/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2002	019	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:019
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Richard Walker	Richard	Walker	Reservation Wages-Measurement and Determinants: Evidence from the KMP Survey	This paper investigates the difficulties in measuring reservation wages, models the determinants of reservation wages, and compares reservation wages with predicted wages. Data is drawn from the Khayelitsha/Mitchell's Plain (KMP) survey. Certain factors (e.g. education, labour market status, household income and duration of unemployment) are significant in explaining variation in reservation wages. Importantly, a person's position in the labour market is not as a result of his/her reservation wage. Rather, reservation wages are a function of his/her labour market status: while those in wage-employment report a reservation wage based more on perceived labour market value, those in unemployment report a reservation wage influenced strongly by subsistence requirements. This study concludes that voluntary unemployment does not exist in KMP, with people in general reporting reservation wages well below what they could expect to earn.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,196/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	038	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:038
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Paul Anderson	Paul	Anderson	The 'Risk Gap', Its Determinants and Economic Implications	Demography and economics are linked and it is not possible to look at either discipline in complete isolation from the other. The gap between the time of first sex and first marriage is of particular importance, as this is the time when a person is most vulnerable to infection with HIV/AIDS as well as unwanted pregnancies. This gap is thus referred to as the risk gap. Both these phenomena are extremely costly. The risk gap in South Africa is growing due to the duel impact of delayed marriages and sexual encounters which take place at an increasingly early age. There is a positive relationship between the provincial HIV/AIDS prevalence rate and the provincial risk gap. This suggests that by manipulating the risk gap, government may have a tool that could be used to affect the HIV/AIDS level in South Africa.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,197/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	039	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:039
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Nicoli Nattrass	Nicoli	Nattrass	Unemployment and AIDS: The Social-Democratic Challenge for South Africa	There are two major economic and social security challenges facing South Africa: addressing large-scale unemployment and the AIDS pandemic. As of 2003, an estimated 14% of all South Africans were HIV-positive, with over a thousand people dying each day of AIDS. According to the government household and labour-force surveys conducted from the mid-1990s onwards, about a third of the labour force is without work (Nattrass, 2000a). This amounts to about 4.7 million people and it is, without question, a socio-economic crisis of major proportions. The life-chances and living-standards of entire households are compromised when working-age adults cannot find employment (Seekings, 2003b). Households burdened by AIDS are in an especially difficult position (Desmond et al 2000, Steinberg et al 2002a, 2002b; Booysen, 2002; Booysen et al, 2002). Addressing AIDS and unemployment poses major challenges for social solidarity in South Africa. Over the past decade, the labour-market and industrial-policy environment has benefited relatively high-productivity firms and sectors (Nattrass, 2001). Business thus had strong incentives to reduce dependence on unskilled labour, and once the price of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) started to fall from 2001 onwards, to supply it, either directly or indirectly through medical aids, to their increasingly skilled workforce (Nattrass, 2003). Those without jobs had neither access to earned income nor life-prolonging medication.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,198/task,doc_download/		2003	043	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:043
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Faldie Esau	Faldie	Esau	Young People's Social Networks, Confidants and Issues of Reproductive Health	This qualitative micro study was conducted in the Metropole of Cape Town, the third largest metropole in South Africa during 2002. The study must be seen in relation to the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS) that was conducted in June 2002. CAPS is planned as a longitudinal data collection project aimed at the youth in the Cape Metropole. The panel study broadly aims to supplement existing data sets like the Census, October Household Survey [OHS], Labour Force Survey [LFS] in particular with longitudinal and qualitative data addressing areas not necessarily done by national surveys. It anticipates uncovering determinants of schooling, unemployment and earnings of young adults and youth in this part of the country. Adolescent childbearing is common in South Africa as demonstrated by the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey, where by the age of 19 years, 30 percent of teenage females have had a child, 35 percent have been pregnant and the majority of teenage childbearing is outside of marriage. [Department of Health 1999]  Given the high prevalence of pregnancy and unmarried childbearing among adolescent females, it becomes important to understand the degree to which young people themselves understand how pregnancy and childbearing in adolescence delay or disrupt other life course events such as school completion or entering into marriage or cohabitation. Drawing on focus group discussion data from teenagers in Cape Town on normatively appropriate sequences, we note the degree to which the actual ways teenage males and females move through adolescence depart from the normative sequences.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,199/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	044	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:044
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Anna McCord	Anna	McCord	An Overview of the Performance and Potential of Public Works Programmes in South Africa	In this paper simple models are used to estimate the impact and fiscal feasibility of 'expanded' public works programmes using the limited data available. The employment creation potential of a R1.2 billion investment in labour intensive construction over three-years is found to represent a maximum of 0.5% of unemployed workdays per annum. The cost to the fiscus of an expanded public works programme able to offer part time employment to a significant number of workers (3.2 million) is found to be between R17 and R28 billion per annum.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,200/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	049	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:049
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Celeste Coetzee	Celeste	Coetzee	Hiring Patterns, Firm-Level Dynamics and HIV/AIDS: A Case Study of Small Firms on the Cape Flats	This paper explores firm-level responses to HIV/AIDS. Case studies of seven small manufacturing firms on the Cape Flats failed to record any reported HIV prevalence or any perceived increases in costs due to HIV/AIDS for any of the firms interviewed. However, an interesting picture of labour practices at the bottom end of the formal job market emerged. Small firms look after their skilled workers, but take on and dismiss unskilled workers at a high rate. Small firms do not pay medical benefits and recruit using a well-developed community network to identify good workers. These companies are thus less likely to incur significant AIDS-related costs on the production side. There is anecdotal evidence that the impact of AIDS will be on the demand side with firms perceiving that customers avoid infected workers in service provision.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,201/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	052	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:052
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Sten Dieden	Sten	Dieden	Integration into the South African Core Economy: Household Level Covariates	The aim of this paper is to further improve the understanding of income generation among the formerly underprivileged and often impoverished majority of households in South Africa. This study uses household survey data for the analysis of households' integration into the South African core economy. The emerging picture of household income generation is one that disputes common perceptions of the multitude of means by which African households are assumed to generate their income. The majority of households rely to a large extent on one income source and one income earner. Verbal contextual information and descriptive statistics justify the estimation of separate multinomial logit models for urban and non-urban households with the probabilities for having either of five main income source categories as outcomes. Results from the regression analyses indicate that prominent covariates of low core-economy integration are earners who are female, either old or young earners of working-age, who have low levels of education. A non-urban household's location in either a former 'homeland' or in an agriculturally or commercially developed area yields disparate implications for the main income source probabilities. The study also finds associations between main income sources and households' demographic compositions which are compatible with findings in previous research on both private transfer behaviour and endogenous household formation in South Africa.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,202/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	054	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:054
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Ross Esson	Ross	Esson	Savings and Savers: An Analysis of Saving Behaviour among Cape Town's Poor	This paper analyses the characteristics of low-income savers in a working class residential area of Cape Town. It uses the Khayelitsha and Mitchell's Plain Survey that was conducted in 2000. The survey was done at both a household and individual level for all adults over 18 years old. These household and individual datasets were merged to form the dataset used in this study. There were 4984 respondents of which 2644 were adults .The KMPS data set is a good foundation for analysing the characteristics of savers in a low income area characterised by high unemployment and poverty. Economic theory defines savings as that part of disposable	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,203/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2003	059	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:059
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	James Levinsohn	James	Levinsohn	Savings, Insurance and Debt over the Post-Apartheid Period: A Review of Recent Research	Sustainable poverty reduction requires that poor households effectively manage risk. The absence of basic financial services is a major obstacle to poverty reduction in South Africa. This paper reviews available South African literature on utilisation of formal and informal risk management instruments. The centrality of income in accessing the complementary bundle of formal financial services excludes households in the lower deciles from formal financial services. Rural households and households without formally employed household members are also denied access. Strong complementarities with informal channels of finance mean that these same households have limited access to even informal financial services. Promoting the use of savings accounts in pension and social grant payouts and the growth of village banks have been suggested as means to increase formal access for the poor.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,204/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	065	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:065	murray.leibbrandt@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	ple386
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Murray Leibbrandt	Murray	Leibbrandt	Financial Services and the Informal Economy	This paper examines the impact of formality of employment on the utilisation of financial services, using data from the October 2000 Income and Expenditure Survey and the September 2000 Labour Force Survey. The presence of an employed member in the household is seen to be important for the utilisation of both bank accounts and funeral insurance, even after controlling for income. Furthermore there are strong links between the nature of this employment and utilisation of financial services. Employees are more likely to utilise financial services than the self-employed. Among employees, the probability of utilising financial services increases with the degree of formality of employment. These effects are stronger for formal banking services than for funeral insurance which includes informal burial societies.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,205/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	066	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:066	murray.leibbrandt@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	ple227
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Faldie Esau	Faldie	Esau	The Links Between Migration, Poverty and Health: Evidence From Khayelitsha and Mitchell's Plain	In the mid-1950s, the City of Cape Town was part of a wider area demarcated as a Coloured Labour Preference Area. The free movement of African people into the city was strictly controlled and the residential areas were segregated along racial lines. In terms of Apartheid's grand design, an area designated Mitchell's Plain was demarcated for occupation by Coloured people in 1973 while another designated Khayelitsha was allocated for African people. The two areas were incorporated in one magisterial district, Mitchell's Plain, in the mid-1980s. A sample survey of the area was conducted in late November and early December 2000 with a focus on labour market issues. Its aim was to capture occupants of households aged 18 or older. The survey data has been interrogated to describe the connections between migration, poverty and health in a city where recent rapid urbanisation is changing the demographic profile significantly. As a consequence, the need to provide adequate infrastructure, decent housing and employment poses a daunting challenge ten years after the new democracy has been ushered in.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,206/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	073	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:073
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Nicoli Nattrass	Nicoli	Nattrass	Income inequality after apartheid	This paper investigates changes in and patterns of income inequality in South Africa during the post-apartheid period 1994 to 2004. While findings show a rapidly growing high-income African population (a trend that began before 1994 and continued thereafter) as well as rising real wages for workers in formal employment, overall levels of income inequality have not been declining This is due to rising unemployment and a small informal sector that have therefore left unchanged South Africa's high level of income inequality. If anything, overall inequality has worsened. Inter-racial inequality has decreased while intra-racial inequality has increased. Opportunities have improved for some African people in South Africa, but not for all: a lack of human and social capital leaves many with little chance of rising out of poverty; AIDS-related mortality and morbidity are likely to exacerbate stratification and further increase inequality.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,207/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	075	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:075	murray.leibbrandt@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	ple227
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Justine Burns	Justine	Burns	Race and trust in post-apartheid South Africa	I examine the impact of racial identity on behavior in trust games played by White, Black and Colored high school students in South Africa. There is a systematic pattern of distrust towards Black partners, even by Black proposers, partially attributable to mistaken expectations. White proposers are significantly less likely to engage in a strategic interaction at all when paired with a Black partner, while Colored and Black proposers engage in exchange but at lower levels than when paired with nonBlacks. However, greater racial diversity in schools and friendship groups is positively and significaantly associated with greater trust towards Black partners.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,208/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	078	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:078	justine.burns@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Anna McCord	Anna	McCord	Public works: Policy expectations and programme realities	This paper explores the ability of public works programmes (PWPs) to promote employment and reduce poverty. Public works are a key component of the current social protection framework in South Africa, constituting the only significant form of social support for the able-bodied working age unemployed, and are ascribed considerable potential in terms of addressing the central challenges of unemployment and poverty. Despite this policy prominence, the targeting of public works programmes and their micro-economic and labour market impacts have not been studied systematically in South Africa, rendering evidence-based policy development in this area problematic. This paper attempts to provide some initial responses to these questions in order to establish an evidence base for future policy development, and to identify some of the key policy lessons arising, drawing evidence from two case studies, the Gundo Lashu programme in Limpopo, and the Zibambele programme in KwaZulu Natal. The paper also reviews the policy context, and the characterisation of the unemployment problem in the policy discourse. The paper concludes that while PWPs can offer a partial response to the problems of poverty and unemployment if appropriately designed, the gap between policy expectation and programme reality is significant, and that PWPs cannot offer an adequate social protection response to the growing problem of the working age poor. The paper asserts that there is a need to recognise that PWPs can have only a limited role in the context of entrenched and structural unemployment, and that supply-side interventions are of limited value in response to poverty and unemployment among the low-skilled, given ongoing structural shifts in the South African economy and the delinking of economic growth and employment.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,209/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	079	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:079			pmc67
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Malcolm Keswell	Malcolm	Keswell	The impact of health on poverty: Evidence from the South African integrated family survey	This paper examines the impact of health status on poverty status, accounting for the endogeneity of health status. Using exogenous measures of health status from the South African Integrated Health Survey, we instrument for health status while allowing for covariation among the unobservables influencing both health and household poverty status. Health status, as captured by the body mass index, is shown to strongly influence poverty status. Households that contain more unhealthy individuals are 60% more likely to be income poor than households that contain fewer unhealthy individuals, and this finding appears invariant to the choice of poverty line.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,210/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	081	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:081
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Ingrid Woolard	Ingrid	Woolard	Measuring recent changes in South African inequality and poverty using 1996 and 2001 census data	The paper analyses poverty and inequality changes in South Africa for the period 1996 to 2001 using Census data. To gain a broader picture of wellbeing in South Africa, both income-based and access-based measurement approaches are employed. At the national level, findings from the income-based approach show that inequality has unambiguously increased from 1996 to 2001. As regards population group inequality, within-group inequality has increased; while between-group inequality has decreased (inequality has also increased in each province and across the rural/urban divide). The poverty analysis reveals that poverty has worsened in the nation, particularly for Africans. Provincially, the Eastern Cape and Limpopo have the highest poverty rates while the Western Cape and Gauteng have the lowest poverty rates. Poverty differs across the urban-rural divide with rural areas being relatively worse off than urban areas. However, due to the large extent of rural-urban migration, the proportion of the poor in rural areas is declining. The access-based approach focuses on type of dwelling, access to water, energy for lighting, energy for cooking, sanitation and refuse removal. The data reveal significant improvements in these access measures between 1996 and 2001. The proportion of households occupying traditional dwellings has decreased while the proportion of households occupying formal dwellings has risen slightly (approximately two-thirds of households occupy formal dwellings). Access to basic services has improved, especially with regard to access to electricity for lighting and access to telephones. On a provincial level, Limpopo and the Eastern Cape display the poorest performance in terms of access to basic services. The paper concludes by contrasting the measured changes in well being that emerge from the income and access approaches. While income measures show worsening well being via increases in income poverty and inequality, access measures show that well being in South Africa has improved in a number of important dimensions.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,211/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	084	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:084	ingrid.woolard@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwo24
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Frikkie Booysen	Frikkie	Booysen	Determinants of the choice of health care facility utilised by individuals in HIV/AIDS-affected households in the Free State province of South Africa	This paper analyses differences in the choice of health care facility by individuals in HIV/AIDS-affected households in the Free State province of South Africa. Illness is more prevalent and severe amongst poorer affected households. The probability that individuals seek private versus public health care conditional on individual and household specific socio-economic variables is investigated. Significant determinants of choice of health care facility are income, severity of illness, the burden of illness and death in the household, the number of people in the household with access to medical aid, and secondary education. The demand for private health care over public health care is sensitive to income, with those from the lowest income quintile on average being less likely to switch to private health care than those in the highest income quintile. The planned roll-out of anti-retroviral treatment in public health care facilities in South Africa therefore will be crucial in enabling infected persons from poor households access to treatment. The provision of free treatment at public facilities may also see health care shift from private to public providers in the longer term.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,212/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	087	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:087	martine.visser@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pvi81
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Beatrice Conradie	Beatrice	Conradie	Wages and wage elasticities for wine and table grapes in South Africa	A survey of 190 wine and table grape farmers in the Western Cape puts the average wage for farm labour at R928 per month in 2003 and R1123 per month in 2004. Output per worker has doubled since 1983. On farms with grape harvesters, labour is 30 per cent more productive (48 ton/worker) than on farms where wine grapes are picked by hand (37 ton/worker). At 9.75 tons per worker, table grapes are four times as labour-intensive as wine grapes. Resident men dominate the workforce on wine farms, while the resident female workforce is 20 per cent larger than the resident male workforce on table grape farms. Seasonal workers contribute a third of labour in table grapes, and brokers less than ten per cent in either case. In a single-equation short-run Hicksian demand function, wage, output, capital levels and mechanisation intensities are highly significant determinants of employment. Higher wages decrease employment and larger output increases employment. More mechanisation, measured by the number of tractors used to produce a ton of fruit, raises labour intensity too. Grape harvesters could not be shown to reduce jobs. The ten per cent rise in the minimum wage planned for March 2005 could reduce employment by 3.3 per cent in the wine industry and 5.9 per cent in the table grape industry, but it is more likely that the wage increase will be offset against fewer benefits. The average expected impact is about the same as for all agriculture and manufacturing as a whole.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,213/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	090	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:090	beatrice.conradie@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Dirk Ernst van Seventer	Dirk	van Seventer	The economy-wide impacts of the labour intensification of infrastructure expenditure in South Africa	This paper examines the performance of public works in addressing both micro and macroeconomic policy objectives relating to growth, employment and poverty reduction in South Africa. The microeconomic analysis suggests that while participation in a public works programme may contribute to a reduction in the depth of poverty, with improvements in participation in education and nutrition, and have positive psychosocial benefits, the impact of a short-term programme may not be significant in terms of a reduction in headcount poverty or improvements in asset ownership (material or financial). In this case the public works programme income may function essentially as a temporary wage shock, since the insurance function of the transfer is limited by the short duration of the employment period. From a macroeconomic perspective, a social accounting matrix (SAM) is used to estimate the impact of shifting R3 billion expenditure from machine to labour based infrastructure provision over a one year period. The SAM indicates that the impact would be to increase employment by 1%, the income of the poorest quintile by 2% (if employment were exclusively targeted to this group) and GDP by 0.1%. While these are positive outcomes, they are not significant in terms of South Africa's overall economic and employment performance. The conclusion is drawn that from both a macro and microeconomic perspective, there is reason to be cautious about the potential of a national public works programme based on shifting the labour intensity of infrastructure provision, and offering short-term employment opportunities, to have a significant impact on poverty, employment or growth.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,214/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	093	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:093
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Martin Wittenberg	Martin	Wittenberg	The mystery of South Africa's ghost workers in 1996: measurement and mismeasurement in the manufacturing census, population census and October Household Surveys	This paper compares estimates of total manufacturing employment from South Africa's 1996 manufacturing census, the 1996 population census and the October Household Surveys from 1995, 1996 and 1997. Findings show that there are 300 000 too few manufacturing workers recorded in the 1996 population census. Furthermore there are other inconsistencies between these data sources. Several possible explanations for the deficit in manufacturing workers are put forward, but none are compelling. It is concluded that aggregate employment series constructed from household surveys should be treated with caution.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,215/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	095	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:095	martin.wittenberg@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwi125
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Cally Ardington	Cally	Ardington	The impact of parental death on school enrollment and achievement: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa	We analyse longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in KwaZulu-Natal, to examine the impact of parental death on children's outcomes. We find significant differences in the impact of mothers' and fathers' deaths. The loss of a child's mother is a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school, and have completed significantly fewer years of schooling, conditional on age, than children whose mothers are alive. Less money is spent on their educations on average, conditional on enrolment. Moreover, children whose mothers have died appear to be at an educational disadvantage when compared to non-orphaned children with whom they live. We use the timing of mothers' deaths relative to children's educational shortfalls to argue that mothers' deaths have a causal effect on children's educations. The loss of a child's father is a significant predictor of household socioeconomic status. Children whose fathers have died live in significantly poorer households, measured on a number of dimensions. However, households in which fathers died were poor prior to fathers' deaths. The death of a father between waves of the survey has no significant effect on subsequent household economic status. While the loss of a father is correlated with poorer educational outcomes, this correlation arises because a father's death is a marker that the household is poor. Evidence from the South African 2001 Census suggests that the estimated effects of maternal deaths on children's school attendance and attainment in the Africa Centre DSA reflect the reality for orphans throughout South Africa.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,216/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	097	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:097	cally.ardington@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Alberto Behar	Alberto	Behar	Estimates of labour demand elasticities and elasticities of substitution using firm-level manufacturing data	Using firm-level manufacturing data supplemented with wages from household survey data, this paper estimates translog cost functions to calculate labour demand elasticities and Allen Elasticities of Substitution between capital and four occupation types. It finds that own-price labour demand elasticities range from -0.56 to -0.8 , that capital and all occupation types are substitutes and that most occupation types are themselves complements.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,217/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2004	098	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:098
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Matthew Welch	Matthew	Welch	The Sensitivity of Estimates of Post-Apartheid Changes in South African Poverty and Inequality to key Data Imputations	We begin by summarising the literature that has assessed medium-run changes in poverty and inequality in South Africa using census data. According to this literature, over the 1996 to 2001 period both poverty and inequality increased. In this paper we assesses the robustness of these results to the large percentage of individuals and households in both censuses for whom personal income data is missing and to the fact that personal income is collected in income bands rather than as point estimates. First, we use a sequential regression multiple imputation approach to impute missing values for the 2001 census data. Relative to the existing literature, the imputation results lead to estimates of mean income and inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) that are higher and estimates of poverty that are lower. This is true even accounting for the wider confidence intervals that arise from the uncertainty that the imputations bring into the estimation process.  Next we go on to assess the influence of dubious zero values by setting them to missing and re-doing the multiple imputation process.   This increases the uncertainty associated with the imputation process as reflected in wider confidence intervals on all estimates and only the Gini coefficient is significantly different from the first set of estimated parameters. The final imputation exercise assesses the sensitivity of results to the practice of taking personal incomes recorded in bands and attributing band midpoints to them.  We impute an alternative set of intra-band point incomes by replicating the intra-band empirical distribution of personal incomes from a national income and expenditure survey undertaken in the year before each census. Using the empirical distributions increases estimated inequality although the differences are relatively small. We finish our empirical work with a discussion of provincial poverty shares as a policy relevant illustration of the importance of dealing with missing values. Overall our results for 1996 and 2001 confirm the major findings from the existing literature while generating more reliable confidence intervals for the key parameter of interest than are available elsewhere.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,218/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	106	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:106	welchmat@gmail.com	DataFirst, University of Cape Town	pwe232
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Ingrid Woolard	Ingrid	Woolard	Asset-based versus money metric poverty indices in South Africa: An assessment using the Chronic Poverty Research Centre RSA 2002 Survey	Using data from a detailed chronic poverty survey of three South African communities, this paper compares the correlations between traditional (i.e. income and expenditure) and wealth-based measures of poverty in ranking households as poor as well as their ability to explain additional qualitative measures of persistent poverty such as household hunger. We find significant locational differences in terms of the composition of household wealth measures and this complicates the derivation of appropriate wealth indices. Traditional money-metric measures of poverty that abstract from location appear to explain short-term measures of deprivation like household hunger relatively well, and consistently capture the bottom and top deciles of the distribution. On their own wealth-based measures appear less suited to explaining household hunger, suggesting more liquid based measures for short-term indicators are more appropriate.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,317/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	109	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:109	ingrid.woolard@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwo24
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Martin Wittenberg	Martin	Wittenberg	The school day in South Africa	We investigate the time allocation decisions by South African learners using the South African Time Use Survey. We show that punctuality appears to be a problem with around 20% of all learners seeming to arrive late. Punctuality and absenteeism seem to be problems disproportionately among poor learners. Overall time devoted to schooling and homework does not show a consistent income gradient. Poor learners, however, spend considerable time each day on chores. The distribution of this additional work falls disproportionately on girls. Some of the findings can be easily explained in terms of a simple human capital production framework, but some of the social constraints seem to require a broader framework in which choices by some individuals create externalities for others.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,219/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	113	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:113	martin.wittenberg@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwi125
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Thomas Koelble	Thomas	Koelble	Democracy, traditional leadership and the International Economy in South Africa	The paper argues that in order to adequately analyse the development of postcolonial democracy - in this case South Africa - a theoretical model has to take into account the context within which that democratic experiment finds itself in. This context is shaped by the international political economy, the circulation of a democracy discourse at both the level of global and local political culture, and the history of state-formation. The paper explores what might explain the resurgence of purportedly 'traditional' modes of governance, symbolised by the 'chief' across several rural landscapes. It argues that the inability of the state to affect fundamental changes in the social, political and economic conditions of the rural hinterlands has created a situation in which local power holders are able to redefine traditional cultural values. In the process of doing so, these local power holders both shape and are shaped by a global discourse of what democracy might be and mean. The paper highlights the debate concerning notions of 'African' forms of democracy, embodied most starkly by some of Nelson Mandela�s writings, which hold that village level deliberation and chieftaincy based upon community consensus may be more appropriate models of democracy than western versions based upon the notions of electoral contestation. This argument stands in sharp contrast to conventional approaches to democracy which would suggest that traditional leadership is an anachronism of lesser developed countries and stands in contrast to western democratic norms and values.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,220/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	114	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:114
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Stephen Porter	Stephen	Porter	Enhancing rural road policy: the case for the incorporation of the capabilities approach into rural road appraisal in Africa	Infrastructure provisions, especially rural roads, have been highlighted in a number of recent studies and reports as an enabling factor for Africa to achieve 'development'. This paper reviews the current limits of rural road knowledge and appraisal procedures raising critical issues about what is actually known about the impact of rural roads and the extent to which current appraisal methods are able to fully contribute to this debate. An expanded methodology incorporating the capability approach is advocated to help overcome these issues. It is argued here that incorporation of the capability approach may help overcome certain frustrations in our ability to understand the manner in which rural roads impact upon the lives of people. The suggestion is made that the capability approach offers a different angle of analysis that could further contribute to critical questions surrounding the provision of roads, enhancing appraisal and helping to avoid the creation of further infrastructural 'white elephants' that have plagued Africa. Provision of rural roads is after all quite expensive and without a valid appraisal mechanism, money spent on some rural roads may more constructively be utilised elsewhere either on other roads, or on other sectors.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,221/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	115	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:115
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Cally Ardington	Cally	Ardington	Health Seeking Behavior in Northern KwaZulu-Natal	We examine patterns of health seeking behaviour prior to death among 1282 individuals who lived in the Umkhanyakude District of Northern KwaZulu-Natal. Information on the health care choices of these individuals, who died between January 2003 and July 2004, was gathered after their deaths from their primary care-givers. We examine choices made concerning public and private medicine, western and traditional medicine, and non-prescribed self-medication. We find that virtually all adults who were ill prior to death sought treatment from a Western medical provider, visiting either a public clinic or a private doctor. In this district, which is predominantly poor, ninety percent of adults who sought treatment from a public clinic also visited a private doctor. Fifty percent also sought treatment from a traditional healer, suggesting that traditional medicine is seen as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, Western care. Better educated people who were ill for less than a month before dying were significantly more likely to visit a private doctor, while those least well educated were more likely to visit a traditional healer. Controlling for length of illness, better educated and wealthier people sought care from a greater range of providers, and spent significantly more on their treatment.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,222/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	116	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:116	cally.ardington@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Vimal Ranchhod	Vimal	Ranchhod	Labour force withdrawal of the elderly in South Africa	This paper analyses labour market behaviour of the elderly in South Africa, focusing on the Black/African population group. The analysis uses data from the 2001 census and 1996 census, the Labour Force Surveys for September 2000 and 2001, and the Income and Expenditure Survey for 2000. Findings show that participation rates fall fairly rapidly after age 45, with particularly sharp declines in both participation and work at the age of eligibility for the old-age pension. Measures of unused productive capacity demonstrate that South Africa's age profile of labour force withdrawal compares favourably with some OECD countries. The hazard rate indicates that the age of pension eligibility is associated with increased rates of retirement. The paper also examines major determinants of elderly labour supply, including household structure and marital status, public and private pensions and schooling and, finally, calculates probit regressions to gain a clearer picture of the variables affecting the work activity of the elderly.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,223/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	118	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:118	vimal.ranchhod@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town	ple227
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Sean Archer	Sean	Archer	The basic homework on basic income grants	It is important to stress that this paper's aim is not to argue substantively against a basic income grant policy. Rather, it proposes that the necessary homework has to be identified first; then appropriate research conducted as the second step; before, thirdly, any policy advocacy is justified. This paper aims at the first task, to raise the questions judged still outstanding.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,224/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	122	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:122		School of Economics, University of Cape Town
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Ingrid Woolard	Ingrid	Woolard	Surviving unemployment without state support: Unemployment and household formation in South Africa	While in many African countries, open unemployment is largely confined to urban areas and thus overall rates are quite low, in South Africa (and a few other Southern African countries), open unemployment rates hover around 30%, with rural unemployment rates being even higher than that.  This occurs despite the near complete absence of an unemployment insurance system and little labour market regulation that applies to rural labour markets.  This paper examines how unemployment can persist without support from unemployment compensation.  Analysing household surveys from 1993, 1995, and 1998, we find that the household formation response of the unemployed is the critical way in which the unemployed assure access to resources.  In particular, unemployment delays the setting up of an individual household by young persons, in some cases by decades.  It also leads to the dissolution of existing households and a return of constituent members to parents and other relatives and friends.  Access to state transfers (in particular, non-contributory old age pensions) increases the likelihood of attracting unemployed persons to a household.  Some unemployed do not benefit from this safety net, and the presence of unemployed members pulls many households supporting them into poverty.  We also show that the household formation response draw some of the unemployed away from employment opportunities, and thus lowers their employment prospects.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,225/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	129	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:129	ingrid.woolard@uct.ac.za	SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwo24
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Daryl Collins	Daryl	Collins	Financial instruments of the poor: Initial findings from the financial diaries study	A new data set called the Financial Diaries has been produced, based on a sample of 166 households, drawn from three different areas (Langa, Lugangeni and Diepsloot), from a range of dwelling types and wealth categories.  A unique methodology was used to create a year-long daily data set of every income, expense and financial transaction used by these households.  Within this sample, households used, on average, 17 different financial instruments over the course of the study year.  A composite household portfolio, based on all 166 households, has an average of 4 savings instruments, 2 insurance instruments and 11 credit instruments. Of these financial instruments, for the same composite household portfolio, 30% are formal and 70% are informal.  Interestingly, it was found that rural households use as many financial instruments as urban households.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,226/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	130	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:130
ReDIF-Paper 1.0	Martin Wittenberg	Martin	Wittenberg	Testing for a common latent variable in a linear regression: Or how to "fix" a bad variable by adding multiple proxies for it	We analyse models in which additional "controls" or proxies are included in a regression. This might occur intentionally if there is significant measurement error in a key regressor or if a key variable is not measured at all. We develop a test of the hypothesis that a subset of the regressors are all proxying for the same latent variable and we show how an estimate of the structural coefficient might be obtained more efficiently than is available in the current literature. We apply the procedure to the determinants of sleep among young South Africans. We show that the income variable in the time use survey is badly measured. Nevertheless the measured impact of income on sleep is significant and amounts to 35 minutes per day between children with the median income and those in the topmost income bracket. Including a variety of asset proxies increases the estimated size of the coefficient enormously. The specification tests indicate that some of the asset proxies, however, have independent effects. Access to electricity, in particular, is not simply proxying for income. Instead it seems to be capturing access to various forms of entertainment, such as television. Even when this independent effect is properly accounted for, the size of the income coefficient is still 40% to 100% larger than in the specifications without the proxies.	http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,33/gid,227/task,doc_download/	Application/pdf	2005	132	RePEc:ldr:cssrwp:132	martin.wittenberg@uct.ac.za	School of Economics, University of Cape Town	pwi125