mirror of The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to GPU Passthrough (Proxmox, Windows 10) by /u/cjalas
Welcome all, to the first installment of my Idiot Friendly tutorial series! I'll be guiding you through the process of configuring GPU Passthrough for your Proxmox Virtual Machine Guests. This guide is aimed at beginners to virtualization, particularly for Proxmox users. It is intended as an overall guide for passing through a GPU (or multiple GPUs) to your Virtual Machine(s). It is not intended as an all-exhaustive how-to guide; however, I will do my best to provide you with all the necessary resources and sources for the passthrough process, from start to finish. If something doesn't work properly, please check /r/Proxmox, /r/Homelab, /r/VFIO, or /r/linux4noobs for further assistance from the community.
This guide wouldn't be possible without the fantastic online Proxmox community; both here on Reddit, on the official forums, as well as other individual user guides (which helped me along the way, in order to help you!). If I've missed a credit source, please let me know! Your work is appreciated.
Disclaimer: In no way, shape, or form does this guide claim to work for all instances of Proxmox/GPU configurations. Use at your own risk. I am not responsible if you blow up your server, your home, or yourself. Surgeon General Warning: do not operate this guide while under the influence of intoxicating substances. Do not let your cat operate this guide. You have been warned.
It's important to make note of all your hardware/software setup before we begin the GPU passthrough. For reference, I will list what I am using for hardware and software. This guide may or may not work the same on any given hardware/software configuration, and it is intended to help give you an overall understanding and basic setup of GPU passthrough for Proxmox only.
Your hardware should, at the very least, support: VT-d, interrupt mapping, and UEFI BIOS.
My Hardware Configuration:
Motherboard: Supermicro X9SCM-F (Rev 1.1 Board + Latest BIOS)
CPU: LGA1150 Socket, Xeon E3-1220 (version 2) ^(1)
Memory: 16GB DDR3 (ECC, Unregistered)
GPU: 2x GTX 1050 Ti 4gb, 2x GTX 1060 6gb ^(2)
My Software Configuration:
Latest Proxmox Build (5.3 as of this writing)
Windows 10 LTSC Enterprise (Virtual Machine) ^(3)
Notes:
1On most Xeon E3 CPUs, IOMMU grouping is a mess, so some extra configuration is needed. More on this later.
2It is not recommended to use multiple GPUs of the same exact brand/model type. More on this later.
3Any Windows 10 installation ISO should work, however, try to stick to the latest available ISO from Microsoft.
This guide assumes you already have at the very least, installed Proxmox on your server and are able to login to the WebGUI and have access to the server node's Shell terminal. If you need help with installing base Proxmox, I highly recommend the official "Getting Started" guide and their official YouTube guides.
Step 1: Configuring the Grub
Assuming you are using an Intel CPU, either SSH directly into your Proxmox server, or utilizing the noVNC Shell terminal under "Node", open up the /etc/default/grub file. I prefer to use nano, but you can use whatever text editor you prefer.
nano /etc/default/grub
Look for this line:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"
Then change it to look like this:
For Intel CPUs:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet intel_iommu=on"
For AMD CPUs:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet amd_iommu=on"
IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL COMMANDS
You might need to add additional commands to this line, if the passthrough ends up failing. For example, if you're using a similar CPU as I am (Xeon E3-12xx series), which has horrible IOMMU grouping capabilities, and/or you are trying to passthrough a single GPU.
These additional commands essentially tell Proxmox not to utilize the GPUs present for itself, as well as helping to split each PCI device into its own IOMMU group. This is important because, if you try to use a GPU in say, IOMMU group 1, and group 1 also has your CPU grouped together for example, then your GPU passthrough will fail.
Here are my grub command line settings:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet intel_iommu=on iommu=pt pcie_acs_override=downstream,multifunction nofb nomodeset video=vesafb:off,efifb:off"
For more information on what these commands do and how they help:
A. Disabling the Framebuffer: video=vesafb:off,efifb:off
B. ACS Override for IOMMU groups: pcie_acs_override=downstream,multifunction
When you finished editing /etc/default/grub run this command:
update-grub
Step 2: VFIO Modules
You'll need to add a few VFIO modules to your Proxmox system. Again, using nano (or whatever), edit the file /etc/modules
nano /etc/modules
Add the following (copy/paste) to the /etc/modules file:
vfio
vfio_iommu_type1
vfio_pci
vfio_virqfd
Then save and exit.
Step 3: IOMMU interrupt remapping
I'm not going to get too much into this; all you really need to do is run the following commands in your Shell:
echo "options vfio_iommu_type1 allow_unsafe_interrupts=1" > /etc/modprobe.d/iommu_unsafe_interrupts.conf
echo "options kvm ignore_msrs=1" > /etc/modprobe.d/kvm.conf
Step 4: Blacklisting Drivers
We don't want the Proxmox host system utilizing our GPU(s), so we need to blacklist the drivers. Run these commands in your Shell:
echo "blacklist radeon" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
echo "blacklist nouveau" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
echo "blacklist nvidia" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
Step 5: Adding GPU to VFIO
Run this command:
lspci -v
Your shell window should output a bunch of stuff. Look for the line(s) that show your video card. It'll look something like this:
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP104 [GeForce GTX 1070] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP104 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
Make note of the first set of numbers (e.g. 01:00.0 and 01:00.1). We'll need them for the next step.
Run the command below. Replace 01:00 with whatever number was next to your GPU when you ran the previous command:
lspci -n -s 01:00
Doing this should output your GPU card's Vendor IDs, usually one ID for the GPU and one ID for the Audio bus. It'll look a little something like this:
01:00.0 0000: 10de:1b81 (rev a1)
01:00.1 0000: 10de:10f0 (rev a1)
What we want to keep, are these vendor id codes: 10de:1b81 and 10de:10f0.
Now we add the GPU's vendor id's to the VFIO (remember to replace the id's with your own!):
echo "options vfio-pci ids=10de:1b81,10de:10f0 disable_vga=1"> /etc/modprobe.d/vfio.conf
Finally, we run this command:
update-initramfs -u
And restart:
reset
Now your Proxmox host should be ready to passthrough GPUs!
Now comes the 'fun' part. It took me many, many different configuration attempts to get things just right. Hopefully my pain will be your gain, and help you get things done right, the first time around.
Step 1: Create a VM
Making a Virtual Machine is pretty easy and self-explanatory, but if you are having issues, I suggest looking up the official Proxmox Wiki and How-To guides.
For this guide, you'll need a Windows ISO for your Virtual Machine. Here's a handy guide on how to download an ISO file directly into Proxmox. You'll want to copy ALL your .ISO files to the proper repository folder under Proxmox (including the VirtIO driver ISO file mentioned below).
Example Menu Screens
General => OS => Hard disk => CPU => Memory => Network => Confirm
IMPORTANT: DO NOT START YOUR VM (yet)
Step 1a (Optional, but RECOMMENDED): Download VirtIO drivers
If you follow this guide and are using VirtIO, then you'll need this ISO file of the VirtIO drivers to mount as a CD-ROM in order to install Windows 10 using VirtIO (SCSI).
For the CD-Rom, it's fine if you use IDE or SATA. Make sure CD-ROM is selected as the primary boot device under the Options tab, when you're done creating the VM. Also, you'll want to make sure you select VirtIO (SCSI, not VirtIO Block) for your Hard disk and Network Adapter.
Step 2: Enable OMVF (UEFI) for the VM
Under your VM's Options Tab/Window, set the following up like so:
Boot Order: CD-ROM, Disk (scsi0)
SCSI Controller: VirtIO SCSI Single
BIOS: OMVF (UEFI)
Don't Forget: When you change the BIOS from SeaBIOS (Default) to OMVF (UEFI), Proxmox will say something about adding an EFI disk. So you'll go to your Hardware Tab/Window and do that. Add > EFI Disk.
Step 3: Edit the VM Config File
Going back to the Shell window, we need to edit /etc/pve/qemu-server/.conf, where is the VM ID Number you used during the VM creation (General Tab).
nano /etc/pve/qemu-server/<vmid>.conf
In the editor, let's add these command lines (doesn't matter where you add them, so long as they are on new lines. Proxmox will move things around for you after you save):
machine: q35
cpu: host,hidden=1,flags=+pcid
args: -cpu 'host,+kvm_pv_unhalt,+kvm_pv_eoi,hv_vendor_id=NV43FIX,kvm=off'
Save and exit the editor.
Step 4: Add PCI Devices (Your GPU) to VM
Under the VM's Hardware Tab/Window, click on the Add button towards the top. Then under the drop-down menu, click PCI Device.
Look for your GPU in the list, and select it. On the PCI options screen, you should only need to configure it like so:
All Functions: YES
Rom-Bar: YES
Primary GPU: NO
PCI-Express: YES (requires 'machine: q35' in vm config file)
Here's an example image of what your Hardware Tab/Window should look like when you're done creating the VM.
Oopsies, make sure “All Functions” is CHECKED.
Step 4a (Optional): ROM File Issues
In the off chance that things don't work properly at the end, you MIGHT need to come back to this step and specify the ROM file for your GPU. This is a process unto itself, and requires some extra steps, as outlined below.
Step 4a1:
Download your GPU's ROM file
OR
Dump your GPU's ROM File:
cd /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:00.0/
echo 1 > rom
cat rom > /usr/share/kvm/<GPURomFileName>.bin
echo 0 > rom
Alternative Methods to Dump ROM File:
Step 4a2: Copy the ROM file (if you downloaded it) to the /usr/share/kvm/ directory.
You can use SFTP for this, or directly through Windows' Command Prompt:
scp /path/to/<romfilename>.rom myusername@proxmoxserveraddress:/usr/share/kvm/<romfilename>.rom
Step 4a3: Add the ROM file to your VM Config (EXAMPLE):
hostpci0: 01:00,pcie=1,romfile=<GTX1050ti>.rom
NVIDIA USERS: If you're still experiencing issues, or the ROM file is causing issues on its own, you might need to patch the ROM file (particularly for NVIDIA cards). There's a great tool for patching GTX 10XX series cards here: https://github.com/sk1080/nvidia-kvm-patcher and here https://github.com/Matoking/NVIDIA-vBIOS-VFIO-Patcher. It only works for 10XX series though. If you have something older, you'll have to patch the ROM file manually using a hex editor, which is beyond the scope of this tutorial guide.
Example of the Hardware Tab/Window, Before Windows 10 Installation.
Step 5: START THE VM!
We're almost at the home stretch! Once you start your VM, open your noVNC / Shell Tab/Window (under the VM Tab), and you should see the Windows installer booting up. Let's quickly go through the process, since it can be easy to mess things up at this junction.
Copyright(c) Jon Spraggins (https://jonspraggins.com)
If you followed the guide so far and are using VirtIO SCSI, you'll run into an issue during the Windows 10 installation, when it tries to find your hard drive. Don't worry!
Copyright(c) Jon Spraggins (https://jonspraggins.com)
Step 1: VirtIO Driver Installation
Simply go to your VM's Hardware Tab/Window (again), double click the CD-ROM drive file (it should currently have the Windows 10 ISO loaded), and switch the ISO image to the VirtIO ISO file.
Copyright(c) Jon Spraggins (https://jonspraggins.com)
Tabbing back to your noVNC Shell window, click Browse, find your newly loaded VirtIO CD-ROM drive, and go to the vioscsi > w10 > amd64 sub-directory. Click OK.
Now the Windows installer should do its thing and load the Red Hat VirtIO SCSI driver for your hard drive. Before you start installing to the drive, go back again to the VirtIO CD-Rom, and also install your Network Adapter VirtIO drivers from NetKVM > w10 > amd64 sub-directory.
Copyright(c) Jon Spraggins (https://jonspraggins.com)
IMPORTANT #1: Don't forget to switch back the ISO file from the VirtIO ISO image to your Windows installer ISO image under the VM Hardware > CD-Rom.
When you're done changing the CD-ROM drive back to your Windows installer ISO, go back to your Shell window and click Refresh. The installer should then have your VM's hard disk appear and have windows ready to be installed. Finish your Windows installation.
IMPORTANT #2: When Windows asks you to restart, right click your VM and hit 'Stop'. Then go to your VM's Hardware Tab/Window, and Unmount the Windows ISO from your CD-Rom drive. Now 'Start' your VM again.
Step 2: Enable Windows Remote Desktop
If all went well, you should now be seeing your Windows 10 VM screen! It's important for us to enable some sort of remote desktop access, since we will be disabling Proxmox's noVNC / Shell access to the VM shortly. I prefer to use Windows' built-in Remote Desktop Client. Here's a great, simple tutorial on enabling RDP access.
NOTE: While you're in the Windows VM, make sure to make note of your VM's Username, internal IP address and/or computer name.
Step 3: Disabling Proxmox noVNC / Shell Access
To make sure everything is properly configured before we get the GPU drivers installed, we want to disable the built-in video display adapter that shows up in the Windows VM. To do this, we simply go to the VM's Hardware Tab/Window, and under the Display entry, we select None (none) from the drop-down list. Easy. Now 'Stop' and then 'Start' your Virtual Machine.
NOTE: If you are not able to (re)connect to your VM via Remote Desktop (using the given internal IP address or computer name / hostname), go back to the VM's Hardware Tab/Window, and under the PCI Device Settings for your GPU, checkmark Primary GPU**. Save it, then 'Stop' and 'Start' your VM again.**
Step 4: Installing GPU Drivers
At long last, we are almost done. The final step is to get your GPU's video card drivers installed. Since I'm using NVIDIA for this tutorial, we simply go to http://nvidia.com and browse for our specific GPU model's driver (in this case, GTX 10XX series). While doing this, I like to check Windows' Device Manager (under Control Panel) to see if there are any missing VirtIO drivers, and/or if the GPU is giving me a Code 43 Error. You'll most likely see the Code 43 error on your GPU, which is why we are installing the drivers. If you're missing any VirtIO (usually shows up as 'PCI Device' in Device Manager, with a yellow exclamation), just go back to your VM's Hardware Tab/Window, repeat the steps to mount your VirtIO ISO file on the CD-Rom drive, then point the Device Manager in Windows to the CD-Rom drive when it asks you to add/update drivers for the Unknown device.
Sometimes just installing the plain NVIDIA drivers will throw an error (something about being unable to install the drivers). In this case, you'll have to install using NVIDIA's crappy GeForce Experience(tm) installer. It sucks because you have to create an account and all that, but your driver installation should work after that.
After a reboot or two, you should now be able to see NVIDIA Control Panel installed in your Windows VM, as well as Device Manager showing no Code 43 Errors on your GPU(s). Pat yourself on the back, do some jumping jacks, order a cake! You've done it!
Multi-GPU Passthrough, it CAN be done!
- https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Pci_passthrough
- https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/gpu-passthrough-tutorial-reference.34303/
- https://vfio.blogspot.com/2014/08/iommu-groups-inside-and-out.html
- https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/nvidia-single-gpu-passthrough-with-ryzen.38798/
- https://heiko-sieger.info/iommu-groups-what-you-need-to-consider/
- https://heiko-sieger.info/running-windows-10-on-linux-using-kvm-with-vga-passthrough/
- http://vfio.blogspot.com/2014/08/vfiovga-faq.html
- https://passthroughpo.st/explaining-csm-efifboff-setting-boot-gpu-manually/
- http://bart.vanhauwaert.org/hints/installing-win10-on-KVM.html
- https://jonspraggins.com/the-idiot-installs-windows-10-on-proxmox/
- https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Windows_10_guest_best_practices
- https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/creating-windows-virtual-machines-using-virtio-drivers/index.html
- https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4188/~/extracting-the-geforce-video-bios-rom-file
- https://www.overclock.net/forum/69-nvidia/1523391-easy-nvflash-guide-pictures-gtx-970-980-a.html
- https://medium.com/@konpat/kvm-gpu-pass-through-finding-the-right-bios-for-your-nvidia-pascal-gpu-dd97084b0313
- https://www.groovypost.com/howto/setup-use-remote-desktop-windows-10/
Thank you everyone!