In Clojure you can fetch items from a map three different ways. Which should you use when?

core.clj

(ns maps.core)

;; In Clojure you can fetch items from a map three different ways.  Which should
;; you use when?

(= "bar" ({:foo "bar"} :foo))     ; map as function
(= "bar" (:foo {:foo "bar"}))     ; key as function
(= "bar" (get {:foo "bar"} :foo)) ; `get` as function

;; <INCIDENTALLY>
;; Incidentally, all three of these can take a default value to return if the
;; key is not present in the map.

(= "not-here" ({:foo "bar"} :psych "not-here"))
(= "not-here" (:psych {:foo "bar"} "not-here"))
(= "not-here" (get {:foo "bar"} :psych "not-here"))

;; <INCIDENTALLY>
;; Incidentally, using a default may not be what you want; you probably want to
;; use `or`:

(not= "not-here" (:psych {:psych nil} "not-here"))
(= "not-here" (or (:psych {:psych nil}) "not-here"))

;; </INCIDENTALLY>
;; </INCIDENTALLY>

;; There are two factors in choosing how to access items in a map: 1) the nature
;; of the map and/or key, and 2) the semantics of the map and key.

;; == NATURE OF THE MAP AND/OR KEY

;; Could the map be nil?  You want to use either 'key as function' or '`get` as
;; function':

(let [m nil]
  (m :foo))
;; => NullPointerException ...

;; Could the key be anything other than a keyword?  You want to use either 'map
;; as function' or '`get` as function':

(let [k nil]
  (k {:foo "bar"}))
;; => NullPointerException ...

(let [k "foo"]
  (k {:foo "bar"}))
;; => ClassCastException java.lang.String cannot be cast to clojure.lang.IFn ...

;; Could either the map or the key be nil? Could the key also be not-a-keyword?
;; Use '`get` as function'.

;; == SEMANTICS OF THE MAP AND KEY

;; Is the map a 'function'?  For example, is it a transform:

(let [m {"ping" "pong"}]
  (get m "ping"))

;; Realizing that it is a function and treating it semantically like a function
;; will help you later when you realize you want to do some more complicated
;; transform, or provide some default.  In this case you should use 'map as
;; function':

(let [ping->pong {"ping" "pong"}]
  (ping->pong "ping"))

;; Now you can make `ping->pong` into an arbitrary function.

;; Is the key a 'function'? For example, is it accessing data:

(let [k :height-in-cm]
  (:height-in-cm {:height-in-cm 180.34}))

;; Realizing that accessing data and calculating data are equivalent (in a
;; purely functional sense) and treating the key as a function will help you
;; later.

(let [height-in-cm (fn [m] (* 2.54 (:height-in-inches m)))]
  (height-in-cm {:height-in-inches 71}))

;; Now you can make `height-in-cm` into an arbitrary function.

;; This is function punning, and Clojure allows it in many ways.

;; == CONCLUSION

;; Which method of accessing a map you choose depends on whether the map and/or
;; key could be nil (in which case don't treat either as a function), and
;; whether semantically your code wants a function (in which case treat a map or
;; a keyword as a function, but make sure that your code could take an arbitrary
;; function just as easily).

find is worth mentioning as an often-overlooked but very useful way to look up items in a map when you need to know whether or not there is indeed a key present, even if its value is nil:

(if (first (find {:a 1 :b nil} :b))
  ":b is a key in this map"
  ":b is NOT a key in this map")