| Layer | Implementation | 
|---|---|
| Legal Structure | SEC-registered funds (Rule 506(c) offerings) | 
| Custody | Morgan Stanley, Coinbase Custody | 
| Asset Backing | Direct holdings in BlackRock SHV ETF, U.S. Treasuries | 
| On-Chain Layer | ERC-20 (Ethereum), SPL (Solana), Mantle, Aptos | 
| Source | Mechanism | Contribution | 
|---|---|---|
| Management Fees | 0.15–0.50% annual on AUM | ~60% | 
| Yield Spread | Delta between Treasury yield & distributed yield | ~25% | 
| Partnership Deals | Integration incentives(e.g., Mantle liquidity mining) | ~10% | 
| Token Emissions | ONDO used to bootstrap liquidity | Cost, not revenue | 
| Category | % Allocation | Unlock | 
|---|---|---|
| Team & Early Contributors | 30% | 4-year linear | 
| Private Sale Investors | 24% | 2-year vest, 6-month cliff | 
| Ecosystem & Community | 20% | DAO-controlled | 
| Liquidity Mining | 18% | 5-year emissions | 
| Public Sale | 8% | Fully unlocked | 
| Protocol | TVL | Key Differentiator | Risk Profile | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Ondo (USDY/OUSG) | ~$600M | Institutional infra, U.S. compliance | Low-Medium | 
| Franklin Templeton (BENJI) | ~$500M | TradFi giant, brand trust | Low | 
| Matrixdock (STBT) | ~$400M | Asia-focused, faster redemptions | Medium | 
| Mountain Protocol (USDM) | ~$150M | Permissionless, Bermuda-regulated | Medium | 
| OpenEden (TBILL) | ~$80M | Singapore-based, EM access | Medium-High | 
| Layer | What It Controls | USDe Outcome | Who Owns Risk | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Protocol | Smart contract logic, collateral | ✅ Passed | Ethena | 
| Execution | Exchange oracles, API stability | ❌ Failed | Binance | 
| Liquidity | Market depth under stress | ❌ Failed | Market makers | 
| Perception | Reflexive panic dynamics | ❌ Failed | Market psychology | 
| Asset | Mechanism | Worst Depeg | Recovery | Failure Type | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terra (UST) | Algorithmic | $0.10 | Never | Death spiral | 
| USDC | Fiat-backed | $0.88 (SVB) | 72 hours | Bank counterparty | 
| USDe | Delta-neutral | $0.65 (Binance only) | 8 hours | Infrastructure | 
| FRAX | Hybrid | $0.95 | 2 hours | Stress-tested | 
| Stablecoin | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 | Overall | Why | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDC | A | A | A+ | A | A | Most operationally resilient | 
| DAI | A- | A | A | A- | A- | Strong infrastructure, diversified | 
| USDe | A | C | B- | B | B- | Design works, execution fragile | 
| USDT | C | A | A+ | A | B | Terrible transparency, survives on liquidity | 
| Tier | Focus | USDe Grade | Why | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Protocol | Mechanism soundness, collateral | A | 110% collateralized, processed $3B redemptions | 
| Execution | Oracle design, exchange reliability | C | Worked on Curve/Bybit, failed on Binance | 
| Liquidity | Market depth under stress | B- | Passed $3B test but Binance mismatch (0.09% ratio) | 
| Credibility | Crisis response, trust dynamics | B | Fast PoR release, but $3B panic redemption | 
| Stablecoin | Overall | Key Strength | 
|---|---|---|
| USDC | A | Operational maturity (Circle controls execution) | 
| DAI | A- | Diversified collateral + deep DEX liquidity | 
| USDe | B- | Superior yield mechanics, fragile execution | 
| USDT | B | Liquidity dominance trumps transparency issues | 
| Scenario | Probability | USDe Supply | ENA Outcome | What Triggers It | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | 45% | $15B–$25B | $3B–$5B (sideways) | Time + competition. Protocol becomes infrastructure. Token stays boring (like Curve). | 
| Bear | 35% | Caps at $10B | $500M–$1B (–85%) | Fed cuts <3%, funding arbitrage dies. Or another multi-venue failure. | 
| Bull | 20% | $50B+ | $10B–$15B (3–5x) | DeFi explodes, USDe becomes default collateral, Ethena enables fee sharing, rates stay high, no failures 18+ months. | 
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