Just add: android:background="@drawable/image" (in this case fondo_menu):
<android.support.design.widget.NavigationView
android:id="@+id/nav_view"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_gravity="start"
android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
android:background="@drawable/fondo_menu"
app:itemTextColor="#ffffff"
app:headerLayout="@layout/nav_header_principal"
app:menu="@menu/activity_principal_drawer"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"/>
Take in account that Android Studio, oddly, doesn't suggest for this line the drawable directory, neither its content, so you can think mistakenly this is not the way.