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Consistent hash implementation in Python.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
hash_ring
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Implements consistent hashing that can be used when
the number of server nodes can increase or decrease (like in memcached).
Consistent hashing is a scheme that provides a hash table functionality
in a way that the adding or removing of one slot
does not significantly change the mapping of keys to slots.
More information about consistent hashing can be read in these articles:
"Web Caching with Consistent Hashing":
http://www8.org/w8-papers/2a-webserver/caching/paper2.html
"Consistent hashing and random trees:
Distributed caching protocols for relieving hot spots on the World Wide Web (1997)":
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/legacymapper?did=38148
Example of usage::
memcache_servers = ['192.168.0.246:11212',
'192.168.0.247:11212',
'192.168.0.249:11212']
ring = HashRing(memcache_servers)
server = ring.get_node('my_key')
:copyright: 2008 by Amir Salihefendic.
:license: BSD
"""
import math
import sys
from bisect import bisect
if sys.version_info >= (2, 5):
import hashlib
md5_constructor = hashlib.md5
else:
import md5
md5_constructor = md5.new
class HashRing(object):
def __init__(self, nodes=None, weights=None):
"""`nodes` is a list of objects that have a proper __str__ representation.
`weights` is dictionary that sets weights to the nodes. The default
weight is that all nodes are equal.
"""
self.ring = dict()
self._sorted_keys = []
self.nodes = nodes
if not weights:
weights = {}
self.weights = weights
self._generate_circle()
def _generate_circle(self):
"""Generates the circle.
"""
total_weight = 0
for node in self.nodes:
total_weight += self.weights.get(node, 1)
for node in self.nodes:
weight = 1
if node in self.weights:
weight = self.weights.get(node)
factor = math.floor((40*len(self.nodes)*weight) / total_weight);
for j in xrange(0, int(factor)):
b_key = self._hash_digest( '%s-%s' % (node, j) )
for i in xrange(0, 3):
key = self._hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x+i*4)
self.ring[key] = node
self._sorted_keys.append(key)
self._sorted_keys.sort()
def get_node(self, string_key):
"""Given a string key a corresponding node in the hash ring is returned.
If the hash ring is empty, `None` is returned.
"""
pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)
if pos is None:
return None
return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos] ]
def get_node_pos(self, string_key):
"""Given a string key a corresponding node in the hash ring is returned
along with it's position in the ring.
If the hash ring is empty, (`None`, `None`) is returned.
"""
if not self.ring:
return None
key = self.gen_key(string_key)
nodes = self._sorted_keys
pos = bisect(nodes, key)
if pos == len(nodes):
return 0
else:
return pos
def iterate_nodes(self, string_key, distinct=True):
"""Given a string key it returns the nodes as a generator that can hold the key.
The generator iterates one time through the ring
starting at the correct position.
if `distinct` is set, then the nodes returned will be unique,
i.e. no virtual copies will be returned.
"""
if not self.ring:
yield None, None
returned_values = set()
def distinct_filter(value):
if str(value) not in returned_values:
returned_values.add(str(value))
return value
pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)
for key in self._sorted_keys[pos:]:
val = distinct_filter(self.ring[key])
if val:
yield val
for i, key in enumerate(self._sorted_keys):
if i < pos:
val = distinct_filter(self.ring[key])
if val:
yield val
def gen_key(self, key):
"""Given a string key it returns a long value,
this long value represents a place on the hash ring.
md5 is currently used because it mixes well.
"""
b_key = self._hash_digest(key)
return self._hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)
def _hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):
return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)
|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)
|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)
| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )
def _hash_digest(self, key):
m = md5_constructor()
m.update(key)
return map(ord, m.digest())
####################
# memcache_ring.py #
####################
import memcache
import types
from hash_ring import HashRing
class MemcacheRing(memcache.Client):
"""Extends python-memcache so it uses consistent hashing to
distribute the keys.
"""
def __init__(self, servers, *k, **kw):
self.hash_ring = HashRing(servers)
memcache.Client.__init__(self, servers, *k, **kw)
self.server_mapping = {}
for server_uri, server_obj in zip(servers, self.servers):
self.server_mapping[server_uri] = server_obj
def _get_server(self, key):
if type(key) == types.TupleType:
return memcache.Client._get_server(key)
for i in range(self._SERVER_RETRIES):
iterator = self.hash_ring.iterate_nodes(key)
for server_uri in iterator:
server_obj = self.server_mapping[server_uri]
if server_obj.connect():
return server_obj, key
return None, None
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