Daily Coding Challenges

Good morning! Here's your coding interview problem for today.

This problem was recently asked by Google.
Given a list of numbers and a number k, return whether any two numbers from the list add up to k.
For example, given [10, 15, 3, 7] and k of 17, return true since 10 + 7 is 17.
Bonus: Can you do this in one pass?

any([(a+b)==k for a in l for b in l])

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This problem was asked by Uber.
Given an array of integers, return a new array such that each element at index i of the new array is the product of all the numbers in the original array except the one at i.
For example, if our input was [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], the expected output would be [120, 60, 40, 30, 24]. If our input was [3, 2, 1], the expected output would be [2, 3, 6].
Follow-up: what if you can't use division?

p = []

for i in l:
	x=1
	for a in l:
		if a!=i:
			x = x*a
	p.append(x)

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This problem was asked by Google.
Given the root to a binary tree, implement serialize(root), which serializes the tree into a string, and deserialize(s), which deserializes the string back into the tree.
For example, given the following Node class
class Node:
    def __init__(self, val, left=None, right=None):
        self.val = val
        self.left = left
        self.right = right
The following test should pass:
node = Node('root', Node('left', Node('left.left')), Node('right'))
assert deserialize(serialize(node)).left.left.val == 'left.left'

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Hope your day is going well! I wrote a tutorial on how to solve hard interview questions and thought you might be interested.
So let's go over the thought process for solving tricky coding interview questions. I often find it's not enough to just be able to solve the problem; you really need to vocalize your thought process. This shows that you're a strong communicator and that you didn't just get lucky solving this one particular problem.
The question we'll work through is the following: return a new sorted merged list from K sorted lists, each with size N. Before we move on any further, you should take some time to think about the solution!
1.	First, go through an example. This buys time, makes sure you understand the problem, and lets you gain some intuition for the problem. For example, if we had [[10, 15, 30], [12, 15, 20], [17, 20, 32]], the result should be [10, 12, 15, 15, 17, 20, 20, 30, 32].
2.	Next, give any solution you can think of (even if it's brute force). It seems obvious that if we just flattened the lists and sorted it, we would get the answer we want. The time complexity for that would be O(KN log KN), since we have K * N total elements.
3.	The third step is to think of pseudocode—a high-level solution for the problem. This is where we explore different solutions. The things we are looking for are better space/time complexities but also the difficulty of the implementation. You should be able to finish the solution in 30 minutes. Here, we can see that we only need to look at K elements in each of the lists to find the smallest element initially. Heaps are great for finding the smallest element. Let's say the smallest element is E. Once we get E, we know we're interested in only the next element of the list that held E. Then we'd extract out the second smallest element and etc. The time complexity for this would be O(KN log K), since we remove and append to the heap K * N times.
4.	Initialize the heap. In Python this this is just a list. We need K tuples. One for the index for which list among the list of lists the element lives; one for the element index which is where the element lives; and the value of the element. Since we want the key of the heap to be based on the value of the element, we should put that first in the tuple.
5.	While the heap is not empty we need to:
o	Extract the minimum element from the heap: (value, list index, element index)
o	If the element index is not at the last index, add the next tuple in the list index.
4. Write the actual code. Ideally, at this point, it should be clear how the code should look like. Here's one example:
def merge(lists):
    merged_list = []

    heap = [(lst[0], i, 0) for i, lst in enumerate(lists) if lst]
    heapq.heapify(heap)

    while heap:
        val, list_ind, element_ind = heapq.heappop(heap)

        merged_list.append(val)

        if element_ind + 1 < len(lists[list_ind]):
            next_tuple = (lists[list_ind][element_ind + 1],
                          list_ind,
                          element_ind + 1)
            heapq.heappush(heap, next_tuple)
    return merged_list
5.	Think of test cases and run them through your interviewer. This shows that you're willing to test your code and ensure it's robust. I like to think of happy cases and edge cases. Our original example would be a happy case. Edge cases might be.
o	lists is [].
o	lists only contains empty lists: [[], [], []].
o	lists contains empty lists and non-empty lists: [[], [1], [1,2]].
o	lists contains one list with one element: [[1]].
o	lists contains lists of varying size: [[1], [1, 3, 5], [1, 10, 20, 30, 40]].
6.	Finally, the interviewer should ask some follow-up questions. One common question is: what other solutions are there? There's actually another relatively simple solution that would use a divide-and-conquer strategy. We could recursively merge each half of the lists and then combine the two lists. This would have the same asymptotic complexities but would require more "real" memory and time.

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This problem was asked by Stripe.
Given an array of integers, find the first missing positive integer in linear time and constant space. In other words, find the lowest positive integer that does not exist in the array. The array can contain duplicates and negative numbers as well.
For example, the input [3, 4, -1, 1] should give 2. The input [1, 2, 0] should give 3.
You can modify the input array in-place.