ASCII art in the IPython notebook.

ascii_art

{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "ascimage"
 },
 "nbformat": 3,
 "nbformat_minor": 0,
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "ASCII art in the IPython notebook\n",
      "=================================\n",
      "\n",
      "We're going to write a script in Python for generating an ASCII image from a picture."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "First, we need a few imports. We'll use NumPy, SciPy, PIL and Matplotlib here."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from pylab import *\n",
      "import scipy.misc\n",
      "from PIL import Image"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "We will download images directly from the Internet. Here is a function which takes a picture URL as an argument, and returns a NumPy array."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import cStringIO\n",
      "import urllib\n",
      "\n",
      "def download_image(url):\n",
      "    return array(Image.open(cStringIO.StringIO(urllib.urlopen(url).read())))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Here is how the generation is going to work. We will:\n",
      "    \n",
      "  * Reduce the image size so that each pixel corresponds to a single character\n",
      "  * Convert the image in grayscale, so that each pixel corresponds to a single luminance value\n",
      "  * Discretize the luminance values regularly between 0 and 1\n",
      "  * Associate each discretized luminance value to a character, with dark pixels corresponding to rich characters like `@`, and light pixels corresponding to small characters like `.`. To improve the quality of the ASCII art, we can randomly sample a character among several ones for a single luminance value.\n",
      "  * Render the ASCII art in an HTML tag with specific CSS properties like a monospace font.\n",
      "    \n",
      "Here, we first specify the list of characters to use, where the `|` character separates the different luminance values"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "characters = '@|ARE|CLI|+|/|-|.| '.split('|')\n",
      "nbins = len(characters)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "We also specify the size, in characters, of the final text."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "asciisize = 100"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Now, we download a picture and convert it into an array."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "url = \"http://cyrille.rossant.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/photo.jpg\"\n",
      "image = download_image(url)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "We resize the image using SciPy (we could also use PIL)."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "h, w = image.shape[:2]\n",
      "w, h = asciisize, int(h / float(w) * asciisize)\n",
      "image = scipy.misc.imresize(image, (w, h))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "We convert the picture into a grayscale image."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "bins = linspace(0, 1., nbins)\n",
      "grey = image.mean(axis=2)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "To take discrete luminance values of each pixel, we use the NumPy `digitize` function, so that `digitized` contains integer values between 0 and K - 1, where K is the total number of different luminance values."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "m, M = grey.min(), grey.max()\n",
      "grey = (grey - m) / (M - m)\n",
      "digitized = digitize(grey.ravel(), bins).reshape((w, h))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The ASCII generation happens here: we replace every luminance index by a text character, according to the characters list specified above."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ascii = zeros(digitized.shape, dtype='a1')\n",
      "for i in xrange(nbins):\n",
      "    ind = digitized == i\n",
      "    ascii[ind] = array(list(characters[i]))[randint(low=0, high=len(characters[i]), size=ind.sum())]\n",
      "asciistr = '\\n'.join([''.join(row) for row in ascii])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Finally, we render the ASCII art in a `<pre>` tag and we specify some CSS styles. Playing with the CSS parameters might be a good idea, especially when using different pictures."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "fontsize = 5\n",
      "lineheight = 4\n",
      "letterspacing = 1\n",
      "\n",
      "class Ascii(object):\n",
      "    def __init__(self, asciistr):\n",
      "        self.asciistr = asciistr\n",
      "        \n",
      "    def _repr_html_(self):\n",
      "        return \"\"\"<pre style=\"font-size: {0:.1f}pt; font-family: monospace;\n",
      "               line-height: {1:.1f}pt; letter-spacing: {2:.1f}pt;\">{3:s}</pre>\"\"\".format(\n",
      "                    fontsize, lineheight, letterspacing, self.asciistr)\n",
      "Ascii(asciistr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
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 ]
}