Block as Plugin Example

block.json

{
  "$schema": "https://json.schemastore.org/block.json",
  "apiVersion": 2,
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "title": "Core Query Block with Menu Order Extender.",
  "name": "namespace/extensions",
  "editorScript": "file:index.js"
}

index.js

/**
 * WordPress dependencies
 */
import { __ } from '@wordpress/i18n';
import { addFilter } from '@wordpress/hooks';
import { select } from '@wordpress/data';
import { createHigherOrderComponent } from '@wordpress/compose';
import { useLayoutEffect } from '@wordpress/element';

const ORDER_OPTIONS = [
	{
		/* translators: label for ordering posts by menu_order in ascending order */
		label: __( 'Order 0 → 9', 'text-domain' ),
		value: 'menu_order/asc',
	},
	{
		/* translators: label for ordering posts by menu_order in descending order */
		label: __( 'Order 9 → 1', 'text-domain' ),
		value: 'menu_order/desc',
	},
];

const createOption = ( { label, value } ) => {
	const option = document.createElement( 'option' );

	option.value = value;
	option.innerText = label;

	return option;
};

const toggleOptions = ( { hasSupport = false } ) => {
	const parentSelector = document.querySelector(
		'.block-editor-block-inspector select option[value="date/desc"]'
	)?.parentElement;

	if ( ! parentSelector ) {
		return;
	}

	const extraOrders = parentSelector.querySelectorAll(
		'option[value^="menu_order"]'
	);

	if ( hasSupport && ! extraOrders.length ) {
		ORDER_OPTIONS.forEach( value => {
			parentSelector.appendChild( createOption( value ) );
		} );
	} else {
		extraOrders.forEach( option => {
			parentSelector.removeChild( option );
		} );
	}
};

const withExtendedOrder = createHigherOrderComponent(
	BlockEdit => props => {
		const { name, isSelected, attributes, setAttributes } = props;

		if ( 'core/query' === name && isSelected ) {
			const { query = {} } = attributes;
			const { postType, orderBy } = query;

			const { getPostType } = select( 'core' );

			const postTypeObject = getPostType( postType );

			const hasSupport = postTypeObject?.supports?.[ 'page-attributes' ];

			useLayoutEffect( () => {
				toggleOptions( { hasSupport } );

				// Reset the order for those who don't support it,
				// otherwise rest throws 400.
				if ( 'menu_order' === orderBy && ! hasSupport ) {
					setAttributes( {
						query: { ...query, orderBy: 'date' },
					} );
				}
			}, [ isSelected, hasSupport ] );
		}

		return <BlockEdit key="edit" { ...props } />;
	},
	'withExtendedOrder'
);

addFilter( 'editor.BlockEdit', 'namespace/query', withExtendedOrder );