$bearerToken=$request->bearerToken();
$tokenId= (new \Lcobucci\JWT\Parser())->parse($bearerToken)->getHeader('jti');
$client = \Laravel\Passport\Token::find($tokenId)->client;
OR
Update your app/Http/Kernel.php to use your custom middleware instead of the build in Passport middleware:
protected $routeMiddleware = [
'client' => \App\Http\Middleware\MyCheckClientCredentials::class,
];
Apply the middleware to your route as normal:
Route::get('/user', function(Request $request) {
// Should show "oauth_client_id" field.
dd($request->all());
})->middleware('client');