bib file for vision related topics

Aprilbib.bib

@article{Atick1992,
author = {Atick, Joseph J. and Redlich, A. Norman},
doi = {10.1162/neco.1992.4.2.196},
issn = {0899-7667},
journal = {Neural Computation},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {196--210},
title = {{What Does the Retina Know about Natural Scenes?}},
url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/neco.1992.4.2.196},
volume = {4},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Atick1990,
author = {Atick, Joseph J. and Redlich, A. Norman},
doi = {10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308},
issn = {0899-7667},
journal = {Neural Computation},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {308--320},
title = {{Towards a Theory of Early Visual Processing}},
url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308},
volume = {2},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Attneave1954,
author = {Attneave, Fred},
doi = {10.1037/h0054663},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Attneave - 1954 - Some informational aspects of visual perception.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0033-295X},
journal = {Psychological Review},
keywords = {information,statistical descriptions,visual perception},
number = {3},
pages = {183--193},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Some informational aspects of visual perception.}},
url = {http://content.apa.org/journals/rev/61/3/183},
volume = {61},
year = {1954}
}
@article{Baddeley1991,
abstract = {A neural net method is used to extract principal components from real-world images. The initial components are a Gaussian followed by horizontal and vertical operators, starting with the first derivative and moving to successively higher orders. Two of the components are 'bar-detectors'. Their measured orientation selectivity is similar to that suggested by Foster {\&} Ward (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 243, 75 (1991] to account for brief-exposure psychophysical data. In tests with noise images, the ratio of sensitivity between the two components is controlled by the degree of anisotropy in the image.},
author = {Baddeley, R J and Hancock, P J},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.1991.0147},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Baddeley, Hancock - 1991 - A statistical analysis of natural images matches psychophysically derived orientation tuning curves.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
month = {dec},
number = {1317},
pages = {219--23},
pmid = {1686086},
publisher = {The Royal Society},
title = {{A statistical analysis of natural images matches psychophysically derived orientation tuning curves.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1686086},
volume = {246},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Bao2012,
author = {Bao, M. and Engel, S. A.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1113503109},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bao, Engel - 2012 - Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {apr},
number = {15},
pages = {5898--5903},
publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
title = {{Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1113503109},
volume = {109},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Bao2013,
author = {Bao, M. and Fast, E. and Mesik, J. and Engel, S. and A., Kohn and B., Ahmed and A., Baccus S. and M., Bao and C., Blakemore and T., Dhruv N. and V., Dragoi and L., Fairhall A. and F., Fang and W., Greenlee M. and N., Grzymacz and T., Hammett S. and M., Hawken and P., Kording K. and G., Kovacs and M., Kwon and G., La Camera and S., Magnussen and S., Magnussen and S., Meese T. and I., Ohzawa and A., Patterson C. and D., Ress and W., Roach N. and G., Sclar and O., Sharpee T. and A., Smith M. and E., Vul and B., Wark and B., Wark and P., Zhang},
doi = {10.1167/13.10.14},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {perceptual aftereffect,recovery of function},
month = {aug},
number = {10},
pages = {14--14},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Distinct mechanisms control contrast adaptation over different timescales}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/13.10.14},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Barlow1989,
author = {Barlow, H.B.},
doi = {10.1162/neco.1989.1.3.295},
issn = {0899-7667},
journal = {Neural Computation},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {295--311},
title = {{Unsupervised Learning}},
url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/neco.1989.1.3.295},
volume = {1},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Berkes2011,
abstract = {The brain maintains internal models of its environment to interpret sensory inputs and to prepare actions. Although behavioral studies have demonstrated that these internal models are optimally adapted to the statistics of the environment, the neural underpinning of this adaptation is unknown. Using a Bayesian model of sensory cortical processing, we related stimulus-evoked and spontaneous neural activities to inferences and prior expectations in an internal model and predicted that they should match if the model is statistically optimal. To test this prediction, we analyzed visual cortical activity of awake ferrets during development. Similarity between spontaneous and evoked activities increased with age and was specific to responses evoked by natural scenes. This demonstrates the progressive adaptation of internal models to the statistics of natural stimuli at the neural level.},
author = {Berkes, Pietro and Orb{\'{a}}n, Gergo and Lengyel, M{\'{a}}t{\'{e}} and Fiser, J{\'{o}}zsef and Kersten, D. and Mamassian, P. and Yuille, A. and Fiser, J. and Berkes, P. and Orb{\'{a}}n, G. and Lengyel, M. and Weiss, Y. and Simoncelli, E. P. and Adelson, E. H. and Wolpert, D. M. and Ghahramani, Z. and Jordan, M. I. and Courville, A. C. and Daw, N. D. and Touretzky, D. S. and Trommersh{\"{a}}user, J. and Maloney, L. T. and Landy, M. S. and Blaisdell, A. P. and Sawa, K. and Leising, K. J. and Waldmann, M. R. and Sobel, D. and Tenenbaum, J. B. and Gopnik, A. and Hoyer, P. O. and Hyvarinen, A. and Ma, W. J. and Beck, J. M. and Latham, P. E. and Pouget, A. and Stocker, A. A. and Simoncelli, E. P. and Nauhaus, I. and Busse, L. and Carandini, M. and Ringach, D. L. and Teh, Y. W. and Welling, M. and Osindero, S. and Hinton, G. E. and Sengpiel, F. and Kind, P. C. and Olshausen, B. A. and Field, D. J. and Karklin, Y. and Lewicki, M. S. and Bell, A. J. and Sejnowski, T. J. and Schneidman, E. and Berry, M. J. and Segev, R. and Bialek, W. and Goldberg, J. A. and Rokni, U. and Sompolinsky, H.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1195870},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Berkes et al. - 2011 - Spontaneous cortical activity reveals hallmarks of an optimal internal model of the environment.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
month = {jan},
number = {6013},
pages = {83--7},
pmid = {21212356},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Spontaneous cortical activity reveals hallmarks of an optimal internal model of the environment.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212356 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3065813},
volume = {331},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Bex2009,
author = {Bex, P. J. and Solomon, S. G. and Dakin, S. C. and J., Atick J. and A., Billock V. and B., Bonds A. and O., Bowker D. and H., Brainard D. and O., Bryngdahl and W., Cannon M. and W., Cannon M. and H., de Lange and J., Field D. and J., Field D. and J., Heeger D. and H., Kelly D. and J., Kulikowski J. and G., Pelli D. and U., Polat and W., Ramirez R. and A., Roufs J. and L., Ruderman D. and L., Ruderman D. and W., Tyler C. and H., van Hateren J. and P., Whittle and M., Balboa R. and M., Balboa R. and B., Barlow H. and Y., Betsch B. and J., Bex P. and J., Bex P. and J., Bex P. and A., Billock V. and C., Blakemore and C., Blakemore and N., Brady and J., Burton G. and W., Campbell F. and W., Campbell F. and W., Cannon M. and W., Cannon M. and W., Cannon M. and M., Carandini and J., Cass and C., Chubb and C., Chubb and M., Coppola D. and V., David S. and M., Derrington A. and W., Dong D. and G., Felsen and J., Field D. and M., Foley J. and H., Foster D. and A., Frazor R. and W., Freeman A. and L., Gallant J. and S., Geisler W. and A., Georgeson M. and A., Georgeson M. and N., Graham and T., Hammett S. and B., Hancock P. J. and C., Hansen B. and B., Henning G. and F., Hess R. and J., Hoekstra and S., Keil M. and A., Kingdom F. and K., Langley and E., Legge G. and P., Lennie and V., Mante and C., Morrone M. and A., Olshausen B. and A., Olshausen B. and U., Polat and U., Polat and L., Ringach D. and L., Ruderman D. and C., Rust N. and D., Sagi and L., Savoy R. and J., Snowden R. and J., Snowden R. and A., Solomon J. and R., St John and E., Switkes and J., Tolhurst D. and A., van der Schaaf and H., van Hateren J. and A., Watanabe and A., Webster M. and B., Wetherill G. and R., Wilson H. and J., Xing and J., Xing},
doi = {10.1167/9.10.1},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bex et al. - 2009 - Contrast sensitivity in natural scenes depends on edge as well as spatial frequency structure.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {contrast sensitivity,natural scenes,perceptual masking,spatial frequency},
month = {sep},
number = {10},
pages = {1--1},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Contrast sensitivity in natural scenes depends on edge as well as spatial frequency structure}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/9.10.1},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Brenner2000,
abstract = {Adaptation is a widespread phenomenon in nervous systems, providing flexibility to function under varying external conditions. Here, we relate an adaptive property of a sensory system directly to its function as a carrier of information about input signals. We show that the input/output relation of a sensory system in a dynamic environment changes with the statistical properties of the environment. Specifically, when the dynamic range of inputs changes, the input/output relation rescales so as to match the dynamic range of responses to that of the inputs. We give direct evidence that the scaling of the input/output relation is set to maximize information transmission for each distribution of signals. This adaptive behavior should be particularly useful in dealing with the intermittent statistics of natural signals.},
author = {Brenner, Naama and Bialek, William and {de Ruyter van Steveninck}, Rob},
doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81205-2},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brenner, Bialek, de Ruyter van Steveninck - 2000 - Adaptive Rescaling Maximizes Information Transmission.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08966273},
journal = {Neuron},
number = {3},
pages = {695--702},
title = {{Adaptive Rescaling Maximizes Information Transmission}},
volume = {26},
year = {2000}
}
@unpublished{Chopin2012,
abstract = {What humans perceive depends in part on what they have previously experienced [1, 2]. After repeated exposure to one stimulus, adaptation takes place in the form of a negative correlation between the current percept and the last displayed stimuli [3–10]. Previous work has shown that this negative dependence can extend to a few minutes in the past [5, 11, 12], but the precise extent and nature of the dependence in vision is still unknown. In two experiments based on orientation judgments, we reveal a positive dependence of a visual percept with stimuli presented remotely in the past, unexpectedly and in contrast to what is known for the recent past. Previous theories of adaptation have postulated that the visual system attempts to calibrate itself relative to an ideal norm [13, 14] or to the recent past [5, 7, 10, 15, 16]. We propose instead that the remote past is used to estimate the world's statistics and that this estimate becomes the reference. According to this new framework, adaptation is predictive: the most likely forthcoming percept is the one that helps the statistics of the most recent percepts match that of the remote past.},
author = {Chopin, Adrien and Mamassian, Pascal},
booktitle = {Current Biology},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.021},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chopin, Mamassian - 2012 - Predictive Properties of Visual Adaptation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09609822},
number = {7},
pages = {622--626},
title = {{Predictive Properties of Visual Adaptation}},
volume = {22},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Christensen2015,
author = {Christensen, Jeppe H. and Bex, Peter J. and Fiser, J{\'{o}}zsef},
doi = {10.1167/15.9.24},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Christensen, Bex, Fiser - 2015 - Prior implicit knowledge shapes human threshold for orientation noise.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {noise},
month = {jul},
number = {9},
pages = {24},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Prior implicit knowledge shapes human threshold for orientation noise}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1167/15.9.24},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Clifford2007,
abstract = {The term visual adaptation describes the processes by which the visual system alters its operating properties in response to changes in the environment. These continual adjustments in sensory processing are diagnostic as to the computational principles underlying the neural coding of information and can have profound consequences for our perceptual experience. New physiological and psychophysical data, along with emerging statistical and computational models, make this an opportune time to bring together experimental and theoretical perspectives. Here, we discuss functional ideas about adaptation in the light of recent data and identify exciting directions for future research.},
author = {Clifford, Colin W.G. and Webster, Michael A. and Stanley, Garrett B. and Stocker, Alan A. and Kohn, Adam and Sharpee, Tatyana O. and Schwartz, Odelia},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.023},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Clifford et al. - 2007 - Visual adaptation Neural, psychological and computational aspects.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {25},
pages = {3125--3131},
title = {{Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects}},
volume = {47},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Coppola1998,
abstract = {In both humans and experimental animals, the ability to perceive contours that are vertically or horizontally oriented is superior to the perception of oblique angles. There is, however, no consensus about the developmental origins or functional basis of this phenomenon. Here, we report the analysis of a large library of digitized scenes using image processing with orientation-sensitive filters. Our results show a prevalence of vertical and horizontal orientations in indoor, outdoor, and even entirely natural settings. Because visual experience is known to influence the development of visual cortical circuitry, we suggest that this real world anisotropy is related to the enhanced ability of humans and other animals to process contours in the cardinal axes, perhaps by stimulating the development of a greater amount of visual circuitry devoted to processing vertical and horizontal contours.},
author = {Coppola, D M and Purves, H R and McCoy, A N and Purves, D},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Coppola et al. - 1998 - The distribution of oriented contours in the real world.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
month = {mar},
number = {7},
pages = {4002--6},
pmid = {9520482},
publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
title = {{The distribution of oriented contours in the real world.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9520482 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC19952},
volume = {95},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Dragoi2000,
abstract = {A key emergent property of the primary visual cortex (V1) is the orientation selectivity of its neurons. The extent to which adult visual cortical neurons can exhibit changes in orientation selectivity is unknown. Here we use single-unit recording and intrinsic signal imaging in V1 of adult cats to demonstrate systematic repulsive shifts in orientation preference following short-term exposure (adaptation) to one stimulus orientation. In contrast to the common view of adaptation as a passive process by which responses around the adapting orientation are reduced, we show that changes in orientation tuning also occur due to response increases at orientations away from the adapting stimulus. Adaptation-induced orientation plasticity is thus an active time-dependent process that involves network interactions and includes both response depression and enhancement.},
author = {Dragoi, Valentin and Sharma, Jitendra and Sur, Mriganka},
doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00103-3},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dragoi, Sharma, Sur - 2000 - Adaptation-Induced Plasticity of Orientation Tuning in Adult Visual Cortex.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08966273},
journal = {Neuron},
number = {1},
pages = {287--298},
title = {{Adaptation-Induced Plasticity of Orientation Tuning in Adult Visual Cortex}},
volume = {28},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Dragoi2001,
abstract = {The primary visual cortex (V1) of higher mammals contains maps of stimulus features; how these maps influence vision remains unknown. We have examined the functional significance of an asymmetry in the orientation map in cat V1, i.e., the fact that a larger area of V1 is preferentially activated by vertical and horizontal contours than by contours at oblique orientations. Despite the fact that neurons tuned to cardinal and oblique orientations have indistinguishable tuning characteristics, cardinal neurons remain more stable in their response properties after selective perturbation induced by adaptation. Similarly, human observers report different adaptation-induced changes in orientation tuning between cardinal and oblique axes. We suggest that the larger cortical area devoted to cardinal orientations imposes stability on the processing of cardinal contours during visual perception, by retaining invariant cortical responses along cardinal axes.},
author = {Dragoi, Valentin and Turcu, Camelia M and Sur, Mriganka},
doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00540-2},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dragoi, Turcu, Sur - 2001 - Stability of Cortical Responses and the Statistics of Natural Scenes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08966273},
journal = {Neuron},
number = {6},
pages = {1181--1192},
title = {{Stability of Cortical Responses and the Statistics of Natural Scenes}},
volume = {32},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Ellemberg2012,
abstract = {The adult visual system is optimally tuned to process the spatial properties of natural scenes, which is demonstrated by sensitivity to changes in the 1/f($\alpha$) amplitude spectrum. It is also well documented that different aspects of spatial vision, including those likely responsible for the perception of natural scenes (e.g., spatial frequency discrimination), do not become mature until late childhood. This led us to hypothesise that the developing visual system is not optimally tuned to process the spatial properties of real-world scenes. The present study investigated how sensitivity to the statistical properties of natural images changes during development. Thresholds for discriminating a change in the slope of the amplitude spectrum of a natural scene with a reference $\alpha$ of 0.7, 1.0, or 1.3 where measured in children aged 6, 8, and 10 years (n=16 per age) and in adults (mean age=23). Consistent with previous studies, adults were least sensitive for the shallowest $\alpha$ (i.e., 0.7) and most sensitive for the steepest $\alpha$ (i.e., 1.3). Six- and 8-year-olds had significantly higher discrimination thresholds compared to the 10-year-olds and adults for $\alpha$'s of 1.0 and 1.3, and 10-year-olds did not differ significantly from adults for any of the $\alpha$'s tested. These data suggest that sensitivity to detecting a change in the spatial characteristics of natural scenes during childhood may not be optimally tuned to the statistics of natural images until about 10 years of age. Rather, is seems that perception of natural images could be limited by the known immaturities in spatial vision (Ellemberg, Lepore, {\&} Turgeon, 2010). The question remains as to whether the adult's exquisite sensitivity to the spatial properties of the natural world is experience driven or whether it is part of our genetic programming that only fully expresses itself in late childhood.},
author = {Ellemberg, Dave and Hansen, Bruce C and Johnson, Aaron},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.018},
issn = {1878-5646},
journal = {Vision research},
month = {aug},
pages = {1--7},
pmid = {22766478},
title = {{The developing visual system is not optimally sensitive to the spatial statistics of natural images.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766478},
volume = {67},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Essock1980,
author = {Essock, Edward A},
doi = {10.1068/p090037},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Essock - 1980 - The oblique effect of stimulus identification considered with respect to two classes of oblique effects.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0301-0066},
journal = {Perception},
number = {1},
pages = {7--46},
title = {{The oblique effect of stimulus identification considered with respect to two classes of oblique effects}},
url = {http://pec.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1068/p090037},
volume = {9},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Essock2009,
abstract = {Broadband oriented-noise masks were used to assess the orientation properties of spatial-context suppression in 'general' viewing conditions (i.e., a fixated, large field of 'naturalistic' noise). Suppression was orientation-tuned with a Gaussian shape and bandwidth of 40 degrees that was consistent across test orientation (0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 135 degrees). Strength of suppression was highly anisotropic following a "horizontal effect" pattern (strongest suppression at horizontal and least suppression at oblique test orientations). Next, the time course of anisotropic masking was investigated by varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). A standard "oblique effect" anisotropy is observed at long SOAs but becomes a "horizontal effect" when a noise mask is present within approximately 50 ms of the test onset. The orientation-tuned masking appears to result from an anisotropic gain-control mechanism that pools the weighted responses to the broadband mask, resulting in a changeover from oblique effect to horizontal effect. In addition, the relative magnitude of suppression at the orientations tested corresponds to the relative magnitudes of the content of typical natural scenes at the same orientations. We suggest that this anisotropic suppression may serve to equalize the visual system's response across orientation when viewing typical natural scenes, 'discounting' the anisotropy of typical natural scene content.},
author = {Essock, Edward A and Haun, Andrew M and Kim, Yeon Jin},
doi = {10.1167/9.1.35},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of vision},
number = {1},
pages = {35.1--15},
pmid = {19271905},
title = {{An anisotropy of orientation-tuned suppression that matches the anisotropy of typical natural scenes.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271905},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Essock1982,
abstract = {Gratings of different orientations were compared in terms of both apparent contrast and detection speed. Magnitude estimates demonstrated that oblique gratings appear perceptually to have lower contrasts than horizontal or vertical gratings of the same physical contrast. This anisotropy of perceived contrast holds across a wide supratheshold range of physical contrasts. Even when gratings of the different orientations are equated in terms of perceived contrast, an oblique effect of detection time remains. The magnitude of this residual anisotropy of detection speed decreases as contrast is increased from threshold, such that this second anisotropy is observed only at a restricted range of lower contrasts.},
author = {Essock, Edward A.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(82)90083-9},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {9},
pages = {1185--1191},
title = {{Anisotropies of perceived contrast and detection speed}},
volume = {22},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Essock2003,
abstract = {People with normal eyesight typically see horizontal and vertical gratings better than oblique gratings (Psychological Bulletin 78 (1972) 266; Perception 9 (1980) 37). In the present study we investigated whether this oblique effect anisotropy is still observed when viewing more complex visual stimuli that better correspond to the content encountered in everyday viewing of the world. We show that the ability to see oriented structure in an image consisting of broadband spatial content is indeed anisotropic, but that the pattern of this orientation bias is completely different from that obtained with simpler stimuli. Horizontal stimuli are seen worst and oblique stimuli are seen best when tested with more realistic broadband stimuli. We suggest that this “horizontal effect” would be useful in an evolutionary capacity by serving to discount the horizon and other oriented content that tends to dominate natural scenes and thereby increase the salience of objects contained in typical outdoor scenes.},
author = {Essock, Edward A. and DeFord, J.Kevin and Hansen, Bruce C. and Sinai, Michael J.},
doi = {10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00142-1},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Essock et al. - 2003 - Oblique stimuli are seen best (not worst!) in naturalistic broad-band stimuli a horizontal effect.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {12},
pages = {1329--1335},
title = {{Oblique stimuli are seen best (not worst!) in naturalistic broad-band stimuli: a horizontal effect}},
volume = {43},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Feldman2013,
abstract = {The idea that perceptual and cognitive systems must incorporate knowledge about the structure of the environment has become a central dogma of cognitive theory. In a Bayesian context, this idea is often realized in terms of "tuning the prior"-widely assumed to mean adjusting prior probabilities so that they match the frequencies of events in the world. This kind of "ecological" tuning has often been held up as an ideal of inference, in fact defining an "ideal observer." But widespread as this viewpoint is, it directly contradicts Bayesian philosophy of probability, which views probabilities as degrees of belief rather than relative frequencies, and explicitly denies that they are objective characteristics of the world. Moreover, tuning the prior to observed environmental frequencies is subject to overfitting, meaning in this context overtuning to the environment, which leads (ironically) to poor performance in future encounters with the same environment. Whenever there is uncertainty about the environment-which there almost always is-an agent's prior should be biased away from ecological relative frequencies and toward simpler and more entropic priors.},
author = {Feldman, Jacob},
doi = {10.1111/tops.12003},
issn = {1756-8765},
journal = {Topics in cognitive science},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {13--34},
pmid = {23335572},
title = {{Tuning your priors to the world.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23335572 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3776441},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Field,
abstract = {The relative efficiency of any particular image-coding scheme should be defined only in relation to the class of images that the code is likely to encounter. To understand the representation of images by the mammalian visual system, it might therefore be useful to consider the statistics of images from the natural environment (i.e., images with trees, rocks, bushes, etc). In this study, various coding schemes are compared in relation to how they represent the information in such natural images. The coefficients of such codes are represented by arrays of mechanisms that respond to local regions of space, spatial frequency, and orientation (Gabor-like transforms). For many classes of image, such codes will not be an efficient means of representing information. However, the results obtained with six natural images suggest that the orientation and the spatial-frequency tuning of mammalian simple cells are well suited for coding the information in such images if the goal of the code is to convert higher-order redundancy (e.g., correlation between the intensities of neighboring pixels) into first-order redundancy (i.e., the response distribution of the coefficients). Such coding produces a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio and permits information to be transmitted with only a subset of the total number of cells. These results support Barlow's theory that the goal of natural vision is to represent the information in the natural environment with minimal redundancy.},
author = {Field, David J},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Field - Unknown - Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells.pdf:pdf},
title = {{Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells}}
}
@article{Field1997,
abstract = {A number of researchers have suggested that in order to understand the response properties of cells in the visual pathway, we must consider the statistical structure of the natural environment. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of that structure, namely, the correlational structure which is described by the amplitude or power spectra of natural scenes. We propose that the principle insight one gains from considering the image spectra is in understanding the relative sensitivity of cells tuned to different spatial frequencies. This study employs a model in which the peak sensitivity is constant as a function of frequency with linear bandwith increasing (i.},
author = {Field, David J and Brady, Nuala},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Field, Brady - 1997 - Visual Sensitivity, Blur and the Sources of Variability in the Amplitude Spectra of Natural Scenes.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Vision Res},
number = {23},
pages = {3367--3383},
title = {{Visual Sensitivity, Blur and the Sources of Variability in the Amplitude Spectra of Natural Scenes}},
volume = {37},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Fiser2001,
author = {Fiser, J. and Aslin, R. N.},
doi = {10.1111/1467-9280.00392},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fiser, Aslin - 2001 - Unsupervised Statistical Learning of Higher-Order Spatial Structures from Visual Scenes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0956-7976},
journal = {Psychological Science},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {499--504},
title = {{Unsupervised Statistical Learning of Higher-Order Spatial Structures from Visual Scenes}},
url = {http://pss.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1111/1467-9280.00392},
volume = {12},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Fiser2005,
abstract = {The authors investigated how human adults encode and remember parts of multielement scenes composed of recursively embedded visual shape combinations. The authors found that shape combinations that are parts of larger configurations are less well remembered than shape combinations of the same kind that are not embedded. Combined with basic mechanisms of statistical learning, this embeddedness constraint enables the development of complex new features for acquiring internal representations efficiently without being computationally intractable. The resulting representations also encode parts and wholes by chunking the visual input into components according to the statistical coherence of their constituents. These results suggest that a bootstrapping approach of constrained statistical learning offers a unified framework for investigating the formation of different internal representations in pattern and scene perception.},
author = {Fiser, J{\'{o}}zsef and Aslin, Richard N},
doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.521},
issn = {0096-3445},
journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. General},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {521--37},
pmid = {16316289},
title = {{Encoding multielement scenes: statistical learning of visual feature hierarchies.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16316289},
volume = {134},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Fiser2010,
abstract = {Human perception has recently been characterized as statistical inference based on noisy and ambiguous sensory inputs. Moreover, suitable neural representations of uncertainty have been identified that could underlie such probabilistic computations. In this review, we argue that learning an internal model of the sensory environment is another key aspect of the same statistical inference procedure and thus perception and learning need to be treated jointly. We review evidence for statistically optimal learning in humans and animals, and re-evaluate possible neural representations of uncertainty based on their potential to support statistically optimal learning. We propose that spontaneous activity can have a functional role in such representations leading to a new, sampling-based, framework of how the cortex represents information and uncertainty.},
author = {Fiser, J{\'{o}}zsef and Berkes, Pietro and Orb{\'{a}}n, Gergo and Lengyel, M{\'{a}}t{\'{e}}},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.003},
issn = {1879-307X},
journal = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {119--30},
pmid = {20153683},
title = {{Statistically optimal perception and learning: from behavior to neural representations.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153683 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2939867},
volume = {14},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Foley1994,
author = {Foley, John M.},
doi = {10.1364/JOSAA.11.001710},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Foley - 1994 - Human luminance pattern-vision mechanisms masking experiments require a new model.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1084-7529},
journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America A},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1710},
publisher = {Optical Society of America},
title = {{Human luminance pattern-vision mechanisms: masking experiments require a new model}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-11-6-1710},
volume = {11},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Furmanski2004,
abstract = {Training can significantly improve performance on even the most basic visual tasks, such as detecting a faint patch of light or determining the orientation of a bar (for reviews, see ). The neural mechanisms of visual learning, however, remain controversial. One simple way to improve behavior is to increase the overall neural response to the trained stimulus by increasing the number or gain of responsive neurons. Learning of this type has been observed in other sensory modalities, where training increases the number of receptive fields that cover the trained stimulus. Here, we show that visual learning can selectively increase the overall response to trained stimuli in primary visual cortex (V1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural signals before and after one month of practice at detecting very low-contrast oriented patterns. Training increased V1 response for practiced orientations relative to control orientations by an average of 39{\%}, and the magnitude of the change in V1 correlated moderately well with the magnitude of changes in detection performance. The elevation of V1 activity by training likely results from an increase in the number of neurons responding to the trained stimulus or an increase in response gain.},
author = {Furmanski, Christopher S and Schluppeck, Denis and Engel, Stephen A},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2004.03.032},
issn = {0960-9822},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
month = {apr},
number = {7},
pages = {573--8},
pmid = {15062097},
title = {{Learning strengthens the response of primary visual cortex to simple patterns.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15062097},
volume = {14},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Furmanski2000,
author = {Furmanski, Christopher S. and Engel, Stephen A.},
doi = {10.1038/75702},
issn = {10976256},
journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {535--536},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{An oblique effect in human primary visual cortex}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/75702},
volume = {3},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Girshick2011,
author = {Girshick, Ahna R and Landy, Michael S and Simoncelli, Eero P},
doi = {10.1038/nn.2831},
issn = {1097-6256},
journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
month = {jun},
number = {7},
pages = {926--932},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Cardinal rules: visual orientation perception reflects knowledge of environmental statistics}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nn.2831},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Graham2006,
abstract = {To account for the spatial and temporal response properties of the retina, a number of studies have proposed that these properties serve to "whiten" the visual input. In particular, it has been argued that the sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells is matched to the spatial frequency spectrum of natural scenes, resulting in a flattened or "whitened" response spectrum across a range of frequencies. However, we argue that there are two distinct hypotheses regarding the flattening of the spectrum. The decorrelation hypothesis proposes that the magnitude of each ganglion cell tuning curve rises with spatial frequency, resulting in a flattened response spectrum for natural scene stimuli. With appropriate sampling, this scheme allows neighboring neurons to be uncorrelated with each other. The response equalization hypothesis proposes that the overall response magnitude of neurons increases with spatial frequency. The proposed goal of this model is to allow neurons with different receptive field sizes to produce the same average response to natural scenes. The response equalization hypothesis proposes an explanation for the relative gain of different ganglion cells and we show that this proposal fits well with published data. We suggest that both hypotheses are important in understanding the tuning and sensitivity of ganglion cells. However, using a simulation, both models are shown to be insufficient to explain the center-surround receptive field organization of ganglion cells. We discuss other factors, including representational sparseness, which could be related to the goals of ganglion cell spatial processing. We suggest three constraints needed to describe the basic linear properties of P-type ganglion cells: decorrelation, response equalization, and a minimal wiring or minimal size constraint.},
author = {Graham, Daniel J and Chandler, Damon M and Field, David J},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.03.008},
issn = {0042-6989},
journal = {Vision research},
month = {sep},
number = {18},
pages = {2901--13},
pmid = {16782164},
title = {{Can the theory of "whitening" explain the center-surround properties of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields?}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782164 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1575921},
volume = {46},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Gutnisky2008,
author = {Gutnisky, Diego A. and Dragoi, Valentin},
doi = {10.1038/nature06563},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {mar},
number = {7184},
pages = {220--224},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Adaptive coding of visual information in neural populations}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature06563},
volume = {452},
year = {2008}
}
@unpublished{Haak2014,
abstract = {Sensory systems continuously adjust their function to match changes in the environment. Such adaptation produces large perceptual effects, and its pervasiveness makes it a key part of understanding cortical function generally [1–3]. In visual contrast adaptation, for example, brief exposure to vertical stripes can dramatically alter the apparent orientation and intensity of similarly oriented patterns (e.g., [4–7]). However, many environmental changes are long lasting. How does the visual system adjust to such challenges? Most past work on contrast adaptation has adapted subjects for just a few minutes. Only a few studies have examined durations greater than 1 hr [8–12], and none have exceeded 1 day. Here, we measured perceptual effects of adaptation in humans who viewed a world lacking vertical information for 4 days continuously. As expected, adaptation increased in magnitude during the first day, but it then showed a drop in strength. The decrease in adaptation is surprising because the adapting environment remained constant, and in short-term work, adaptation always strengthens or at least is maintained under such conditions. It indicates that the classical effects of contrast adaptation, which arise largely in primary visual cortex [13–18], are not maintained after approximately 1 day. Results from day 2 through day 4 further showed that slower adaptive processes can overcome this limit. Because adaptation is generally beneficial overall, its limits argue that the brain is sensitive to costs that arise when the neural code changes [19, 20]. These costs may determine when and how cortex can alter its function.},
author = {Haak, Koen V. and Fast, Elizabeth and Bao, Min and Lee, Michael and Engel, Stephen A.},
booktitle = {Current Biology},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.027},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haak et al. - 2014 - Four Days of Visual Contrast Deprivation Reveals Limits of Neuronal Adaptation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09609822},
number = {21},
pages = {2575--2579},
title = {{Four Days of Visual Contrast Deprivation Reveals Limits of Neuronal Adaptation}},
volume = {24},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hansen2004,
author = {Hansen, B. C. and Essock, E. A. and S., Appelle and B., Barlow H. and B., Bonds A. and B., Bonds A. and G., Deriugin N. and A., Essock E. and J., Field D. and J., Heeger D. and R., Kretzmer E. and W., Mansfield R. J. and P., Simoncelli E. and G., Albrect D. and G., Albrecht D. and C., Annis R. and J., Atick J. and J., Baddeley R. and N., Brady and N., Brady and W., Campbell F. and M., Carandini and M., Carandini and B., Chapman and B., Chapman and D., Creelman C. and M., Coppola D. and M., Coppola D. and L., De Valois R. and A., Essock E. and A., Essock E. and S., Furmanski C. and S., Geisler W. and B., Hancock P. J. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and J., Haung and S., Keil M. and H., Kennedy and C., Knill D. and B., Li and L., Maffei and W., Mansfield R. J. and E., Mitchell D. and A., Olshausen B. and A., Orban G. and A., P{\'{a}}rraga C. and A., P{\'{a}}rraga C. and O., Schwartz and P., Simoncelli E. and P., Simoncelli E. and E., Switkes and R., Tailor D. and Y.-C., Tiao and N., Timney B. and J., Tolhurst D. and J., Tolhurst D. and J., Tolhurst D. and B., Yu H.- and A., van der Schaaf and H., van Hateren J. and J., Wainwright M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and R., Wilson H. and V., Zemon},
doi = {10.1167/4.12.5},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hansen et al. - 2004 - A horizontal bias in human visual processing of orientation and its correspondence to the structural components o.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {anisotropy,natural scenes,visual processing},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {5--5},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{A horizontal bias in human visual processing of orientation and its correspondence to the structural components of natural scenes}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/4.12.5},
volume = {4},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Hansen2003,
abstract = {The amplitude spectra of natural scenes are typically biased in terms of the amount of content at the cardinal orientations relative to the oblique orientations. This anisotropic distribution has been related to the 'oblique effect' (the greater visual sensitivity for simple line/grating stimuli at cardinal compared to oblique orientations). However, we have recently shown that with complex visual stimuli possessing broadband spatial content (i.e. random phase noise patterns), sensitivity for detecting oriented manipulations of amplitude is best for oblique orientations, and worst for horizontal orientations (the 'horizontal effect'). Here we investigated this effect with respect to the phase spectra of natural scenes. Oriented manipulations of both amplitude and phase were made on a set of natural scene images that were dominated by naturally occurring structure at one of four orientations in order to determine whether the presence of predominant scene content, carried by the Fourier phase spectra, altered the ability to detect an oriented increment of amplitude. The horizontal effect was observed regardless of any scene's content bias. In addition, a content-dependent effect was observed which could be related to the presence of spatial structure conveyed by the phase spectra of this set of natural scenes. Results are evaluated in the context of a divisive normalization model.},
author = {Hansen, Bruce C and Essock, Edward A and Zheng, Yufeng and DeFord, J Kevin},
issn = {0954-898X},
journal = {Network (Bristol, England)},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {501--26},
pmid = {12938769},
title = {{Perceptual anisotropies in visual processing and their relation to natural image statistics.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12938769},
volume = {14},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Hansen2006,
abstract = {A number of studies have investigated whether human visual performance can be related to the general form of the amplitude spectra (i.e., 1/f(alpha)) of natural scenes. Here, it is argued that there are some discrepancies in the data between some of those studies and that one possible explanation for the discrepancies may be related to differences in methodology (e.g., stimuli presented to the fovea as opposed to the parafovea). We sought to resolve some of the discrepancies with two psychophysical paradigms involving alpha discrimination with visual noise and natural scene image patches presented to the fovea or parafovea. Fovea-parafovea threshold differences were apparent for stimuli possessing alpha values {\textless} 1.0, with the parafovea typically showing highest thresholds for reference alpha values in the 0.74-0.85 range. Both fovea and parafovea thresholds were lowest in the 1.2-1.4 range. In addition, we conducted a local amplitude distribution analysis (i.e., assessed local alpha) with a large set of high-resolution natural scene imagery and found that the results of that analysis provided a better account of the alpha discrimination thresholds for stimuli presented to the fovea as opposed to the parafovea.},
author = {Hansen, Bruce C and Hess, Robert F},
doi = {10.1167/6.7.3},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of vision},
number = {7},
pages = {696--711},
pmid = {16895453},
title = {{Discrimination of amplitude spectrum slope in the fovea and parafovea and the local amplitude distributions of natural scene imagery.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895453},
volume = {6},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Hansen2007,
abstract = {The Fourier phase spectrum plays a central role regarding where in an image contours occur, thereby defining the spatial relationship between those structures in the overall scene. Only a handful of studies have demonstrated psychophysically the relevance of the Fourier phase spectrum with respect to human visual processing, and none have demonstrated the relative amount of local cross-scale spatial phase alignment needed to perceptually extract meaningful structure from an image. We investigated the relative amount of spatial phase alignment needed for humans to perceptually match natural scene image structures at three different spatial frequencies [3, 6, and 12 cycles per degree (cpd)] as a function of the number of structures within the image (i.e., "structural sparseness"). The results showed that (1) the amount of spatial phase alignment needed to match structures depends on structural sparseness, with a bias for matching structures at 6 cpd and (2) the ability to match partially phase-randomized images at a given spatial frequency is independent of structural sparseness at other spatial frequencies. The findings of the current study are discussed in terms of a network of feature integrators in the human visual system.},
author = {Hansen, Bruce C and Hess, Robert F},
issn = {1084-7529},
journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1873--85},
pmid = {17728809},
title = {{Structural sparseness and spatial phase alignment in natural scenes.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728809},
volume = {24},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Hansen2006a,
abstract = {Visual ability for sine waves and other narrowband stimuli shows an oblique effect—worst performance at obliques, best at horizontal and vertical orientations. Recently, we have shown that with broadband stimuli (either 1/f$\alpha$ visual noise or natural scenes), performance for detecting oriented content is worst at horizontal, best at the obliques, and intermediate at vertical orientations (a “horizontal effect”). This horizontal effect has been explained by a cortical contrast normalization model that is both local (over orientation and spatial frequency) and anisotropic (due to a numerical bias of neurons with different preferred orientations). Here, the bandwidth of content at which an oblique effect or horizontal effect occurs was assessed in two suprathreshold matching experiments conducted with 1/f$\alpha$ noise stimuli filtered with a triangle increment function of varied bandwidth (16 levels of orientation and spatial frequency bandwidth). The results provided further support for the local anisotropic normalization model in that an oblique effect was observed when a fairly small range of orientations and high spatial frequencies were tested and the horizontal effect was observed for broadband increments ⩾20° orientation bandwidth and ⩾1-octave in frequency. At intermediate spatial frequency and orientation increment bandwidths, a blend of the two anisotropies was observed.},
author = {Hansen, Bruce C. and Essock, Edward A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.07.016},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {26},
pages = {4398--4415},
title = {{Anisotropic local contrast normalization: The role of stimulus orientation and spatial frequency bandwidths in the oblique and horizontal effect perceptual anisotropies}},
volume = {46},
year = {2006}
}
@article{HANSEN2015,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Human contrast sensitivity for narrowband Gabor targets is suppressed when superimposed on narrowband masks of the same spatial frequency and orientation (referred to as overlay suppression), with suppression being broadly tuned to orientation and spatial frequency. Numerous behavioral and neurophysiological experiments have suggested that overlay suppression originates from the initial lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) inputs to V1, which is consistent with the broad tuning typically reported for overlay suppression. However, recent reports have shown narrowly tuned anisotropic overlay suppression when narrowband targets are masked by broadband noise. Consequently, researchers have argued for an additional form of overlay suppression that involves cortical contrast gain control processes. The current study sought to further explore this notion behaviorally using narrowband and broadband masks, along with a computational neural simulation of the hypothesized underlying gain control processes in cortex. Additionally, we employed transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in order to test whether cortical processes are involved in driving narrowly tuned anisotropic suppression. The behavioral results yielded anisotropic overlay suppression for both broadband and narrowband masks and could be replicated with our computational neural simulation of anisotropic gain control. Further, the anisotropic form of overlay suppression could be directly modulated by tDCS, which would not be expected if the suppression was primarily subcortical in origin. Altogether, the results of the current study provide further evidence in support of an additional overlay suppression process that originates in cortex and show that this form of suppression is also observable with narrowband masks.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {HANSEN, BRUCE C. and RICHARD, BRUNO and ANDRES, KRISTIN and JOHNSON, AARON P. and THOMPSON, BENJAMIN and ESSOCK, EDWARD A.},
doi = {10.1017/S0952523815000255},
issn = {0952-5238},
journal = {Visual Neuroscience},
month = {sep},
pages = {E023},
title = {{A cortical locus for anisotropic overlay suppression of stimuli presented at fixation}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0952523815000255},
volume = {32},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Haun2010,
author = {Haun, A. M. and Essock, E. A. and T., Blackwell K. and H., Brainard D. and G., Daugman J. and D., Field and M., Foley J. and A., Georgeson M. and J., Heeger D. and J., Mansfield R. and G., Pelli D. and G., Pelli D. and J., Wainwright M. and A., Berkley M. and J., Bex P. and J., Bex P. and M., Boynton G. and N., Brady and J., Camisa and W., Campbell F. and W., Cannon M. and C., Chen C. and C., Chen C. and C., Chen C. and F., Clarke A. D. and M., Coppola D. and M., Coppola D. and C., Dakin S. and A., Essock E. and A., Essock E. and A., Essock E. and A., Essock E. and S., Furmanski C. and S., Geisler W. and A., Georgeson M. and T., Goris R. L. and W., Greenlee M. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and J., Holmes D. and Q., Huang L. and C., Kayser and H., Kennedy and S., Kiel M. and Y., Kim and M., Kwon and E., Legge G. and G., Leventhal A. and W., Li B. and L., Lu Z. and L., Maffei and J., Mansfield R. and S., Meese T. and G., Pelli D. and G., Pelli D. and Y., Petrov and H., Press W. and U., Rajashekar and J., Ross and H., Sasaki and A., Schofield and O., Schwartz and P., Series and E., Switkes and A., Tavassoli and J., Tolhurst D. and B., Watson A. and B., Watson A. and R., Wilson H. and J., Yang and C., Yu and B., Yu H. and V., Zemon},
doi = {10.1167/10.10.1},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haun et al. - 2010 - Contrast sensitivity for oriented patterns in 1f noise Contrast response and the horizontal effect.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {continuing professional development,contrast sensitivity,masks,noise,perceptual masking,spatial frequency},
month = {aug},
number = {10},
pages = {1--1},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Contrast sensitivity for oriented patterns in 1/f noise: Contrast response and the horizontal effect}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/10.10.1},
volume = {10},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Haun2013,
author = {Haun, A. M. and Peli, E. and H., Brainard D. and W., Cannon M. and H., Elder J. and J., Field D. and M., Foley J. and V., Graham N. and M., Henderson J. and J., Kulikowski J. and E., Peli and E., Peli and E., Peli and E., Peli and G., Pelli D. and J., Tolhurst D. and W., Tyler C. and P., Whittle and P., Whittle and A., Ahumada and L., Beard B. and J., Bex P. and J., Bex P. and B., Blakeslee and M., Boynton G. and A., Bradley and N., Brady and N., Brady and H., Brainard D. and W., Campbell F. and W., Cannon M. and W., Cannon M. and J., Cass and M., Chandler D. and C., Chen C. and C., Chubb and C., Chubb and J., Dai and C., Dakin S. and L., Elliott S. and A., Essock E. and A., Essock E. and M., Foley J. and A., Garcia-Perez M. and A., Georgeson M. and A., Georgeson M. and A., Gilchrist and N., Graham and W., Greenlee M. and W., Greenlee M. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and C., Hansen B. and M., Haun A. and M., Haun A. and M., Haun A. and D., Haynes J. and P.-C., Huang and J., Kim Y. and A., Kingdom F. and A., Kingdom F. A. and S., Klein and J., Komban S. and L., Kontsevich L. and L., Kontsevich L. and Y., Kwon M. and E., Legge G. and M., Levi D. and R., Loftus G. and J., Lubin and D., Marr and S., Meese T. and S., Meese T. and S., Meese T. and S., Meese T. and J., Nachmias and V., Oppenheim A. and E., Peli and G., Pelli D. and P., Reinagel and J., Ross and J., Schofield A. and H., Swanson W. and P., Taylor C. and C., Teo P. and S., To M. P. and B., Watson A. and J., Watt R. and A., Webster M. and R., Wilson H. and R., Wilson H. and J., Yang and I., Yeh C.},
doi = {10.1167/13.13.3},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haun et al. - 2013 - Perceived contrast in complex images.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {luminance,natural scenes,perception,spatial frequency},
month = {nov},
number = {13},
pages = {3--3},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Perceived contrast in complex images}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/13.13.3},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Jehee2012,
author = {Jehee, J. F. M. and Ling, S. and Swisher, J. D. and van Bergen, R. S. and Tong, F.},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6112-11.2012},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jehee et al. - 2012 - Perceptual Learning Selectively Refines Orientation Representations in Early Visual Cortex.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0270-6474},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
month = {nov},
number = {47},
pages = {16747--16753},
title = {{Perceptual Learning Selectively Refines Orientation Representations in Early Visual Cortex}},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6112-11.2012},
volume = {32},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Johnson2011,
abstract = {Recent studies explored the sensitivity of human perception to natural images, in particular the sensitivity of the visual system to discriminate changes in the amplitude spectrum slope. Previous slope discrimination experiments were carried out with stimuli presented either in the fovea or the parafovea/periphery and show that both yield poor discrimination at very steep or relatively shallow slopes. We verified if the well-known center-surround spatial interactions that operate early on in the visual processing stream influence the perception of real-world images. The results show that amplitude slope discrimination is greatly reduced (i.e., flat) when the stimulus is viewed in isolation. However, when a 2° target is placed within a surround containing an amplitude spectrum slope of 1 or 1.3, we see significant facilitation in detecting variations in the slope of the amplitude spectrum, particularly when the target contains an amplitude spectrum slope of 1 and 1.3. The results suggest that our visual system is sensitive to contextual interactions for stimuli that have the characteristics of natural images.},
author = {Johnson, Aaron P and Richard, Bruno and Hansen, Bruce C and Ellemberg, Dave},
doi = {10.1167/11.7.14},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of vision},
number = {7},
pages = {14},
pmid = {21700565},
title = {{The magnitude of center-surround facilitation in the discrimination of amplitude spectrum is dependent on the amplitude of the surround.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700565},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Keil2000,
abstract = {The oblique effect refers to a better perception of horizontal and vertical image features as compared with the perception at oblique angles. This effect can be observed in both animals and humans. Recent neurophysiological data suggest that the basis of this effect lies in the structure of the primary visual cortex, where more cortical area is devoted to processing contours with angles at horizontal and vertical orientations (cardinal orientations). It has been suggested that this cortical feature has developed according to the statistical properties of natural scenes. To examine this hypothesis in more detail, we established six image classes and categorized the images with respect to their semantical contents. From the images the oriented energy was calculated by using the corresponding power spectra. We defined simple measures for the degree (cardinal versus oblique energy ratio) and the skewness or anisotropy (aligned energy ratio) of the alignment of energy at horizontal and vertical orientations. Our results provide evidence that (1) alignment depends strongly on the environment, (2) the degree of alignment drops off characteristically at higher frequencies, and (3) in natural images there is on the average an anisotropy in the distribution of energy at the cardinal orientations (i.e., a difference between the amounts of vertical energy and horizontal energy). In light of our results, we further discuss whether the observed cortical anisotropy has its origin in phylogeny or ontogeny.},
author = {Keil, M S and Crist{\'{o}}bal, G},
issn = {1084-7529},
journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {697--710},
pmid = {10757177},
title = {{Separating the chaff from the wheat: possible origins of the oblique effect.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10757177},
volume = {17},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Kelly2013,
abstract = {Egocentric distances in virtual environments are commonly underperceived by up to 50 {\%} of the intended distance. However, a brief period of interaction in which participants walk through the virtual environment while receiving visual feedback can dramatically improve distance judgments. Two experiments were designed to explore whether the increase in postinteraction distance judgments is due to perception-action recalibration or the rescaling of perceived space. Perception-action recalibration as a result of walking interaction should only affect action-specific distance judgments, whereas rescaling of perceived space should affect all distance judgments based on the rescaled percept. Participants made blind-walking distance judgments and verbal size judgments in response to objects in a virtual environment before and after interacting with the environment through either walking (Experiment 1) or reaching (Experiment 2). Size judgments were used to infer perceived distance under the assumption of size-distance invariance, and these served as an implicit measure of perceived distance. Preinteraction walking and size-based distance judgments indicated an underperception of egocentric distance, whereas postinteraction walking and size-based distance judgments both increased as a result of the walking interaction, indicating that walking through the virtual environment with continuous visual feedback caused rescaling of the perceived space. However, interaction with the virtual environment through reaching had no effect on either type of distance judgment, indicating that physical translation through the virtual environment may be necessary for a rescaling of perceived space. Furthermore, the size-based distance and walking distance judgments were highly correlated, even across changes in perceived distance, providing support for the size-distance invariance hypothesis.},
author = {Kelly, Jonathan W and Donaldson, Lisa S and Sjolund, Lori A and Freiberg, Jacob B},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-013-0503-4},
issn = {1943-393X},
journal = {Attention, perception {\&} psychophysics},
month = {oct},
number = {7},
pages = {1473--85},
pmid = {23839015},
title = {{More than just perception-action recalibration: walking through a virtual environment causes rescaling of perceived space.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839015},
volume = {75},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Mannion2010,
abstract = {Representing the orientation of features in the visual image is a fundamental operation of the early cortical visual system. The nature of such representations can be informed by considering anisotropic distributions of response across the range of orientations. Here we used functional MRI to study modulations in the cortical activity elicited by observation of a sinusoidal grating that varied in orientation. We report a significant anisotropy in the measured blood-oxygen level-dependent activity within visual areas V1, V2, V3, and V3A/B in which horizontal orientations evoked a reduced response. These visual areas and hV4 showed a further anisotropy in which increased responses were observed for orientations that were radial to the point of fixation. We speculate that the anisotropies in cortical activity may be related to anisotropies in the prevalence and behavioral relevance of orientations in typical natural environments.},
author = {Mannion, Damien J and McDonald, J Scott and Clifford, Colin W G and Appelle, S. and Barlow, HB. and Brainard, DH. and Bruce, ND. and Tsotsos, JK. and Clifford, CW. and Mannion, DJ. and McDonald, JS. and Coppola, DM. and Purves, HR. and McCoy, AN. and Purves, D. and Dan, Y. and Atick, JJ. and Reid, RC. and DeYoe, EA. and Carman, GJ. and Bandettini, P. and Glickman, S. and Wieser, J. and Cox, R. and Miller, D. and Neitz, J. and Dragoi, V. and Turcu, CM. and Sur, M. and Engel, SA. and Glover, GH. and Wandell, BA. and Essock, EA. and DeFord, JK. and Hansen, BC. and Sinai, MJ. and Essock, EA. and Haun, AM. and Kim, YJ. and Field, DJ. and Furmanski, CS. and Engel, SA. and Furmanski, CS. and Schluppeck, D. and Engel, SA. and Geisler, WS. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Zheng, Y. and DeFord, JK. and Hansen, KA. and Kay, KN. and Gallant, JL. and Heeger, DJ. and Heeley, DW. and Timney, B. and Jenkins, B. and Kamitani, Y. and Tong, F. and Kay, KN. and Naselaris, T. and Prenger, RJ. and Gallant, JL. and Larsson, J. and Heeger, DJ. and Lee, DN. and Leventhal, AG. and Levick, WR. and Thibos, LN. and Li, B. and Peterson, MR. and Freeman, RD. and Logothetis, NK. and Ludbrook, J. and Manj{\`{o}}n, JV. and Lull, JJ. and Carbonell-Caballero, J. and Garca-Marti, G. and Marti-Bonmati, L. and Robles, M. and Mannion, DJ. and McDonald, JS. and Clifford, CWG. and O'Carroll, DC. and Bidwell, NJ. and Laughlin, SB. and Warrant, EJ. and Pelli, DG. and Raemaekers, M. and Lankheet, MJM. and Moorman, S. and Kourtzi, Z. and Wezel, RJA. Van and Rothkopf, CA. and Weisswange, TH. and Triesch, J. and Rovamo, J. and Virsu, V. and Laurinen, P. and Hyvrinen, L. and Sasaki, Y. and Rajimehr, R. and Kim, BW. and Ekstrom, LB. and Vanduffel, W. and Tootell, RB. and Schira, MM. and Wade, AR. and Tyler, CW. and Serences, JT. and Saproo, S. and Scolari, M. and Ho, T. and Muftuler, LT. and Sereno, MI. and Dale, AM. and Reppas, JB. and Kwong, KK. and Belliveau, JW. and Brady, TJ. and Rosen, BR. and Tootell, RB. and Simoncelli, EP. and Singh, KD. and Smith, AT. and Greenlee, MW. and Swisher, JD. and Gatenby, JC. and Gore, JC. and Wolfe, BA. and Moon, CH. and Kim, SG. and Tong, F. and Teller, DY. and Teo, PC. and Sapiro, G. and Wandell, BA. and Vandenbussche, E. and Vogels, R. and Orban, GA. and Wandell, BA. and Dumoulin, SO. and Brewer, AA. and Webster, MA. and Miyahara, E. and Westheimer, G. and Westheimer, G. and Williams, LJ. and Wilson, HR. and Loffler, G. and Wilkinson, F. and Thistlethwaite, WA. and Yacoub, E. and Harel, N. and Ugurbil, K. and Yushkevich, PA. and Piven, J. and Hazlett, HC. and Smith, RG. and Ho, S. and Gee, JC. and Gerig, G.},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00190.2010},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mannion et al. - 2010 - Orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1522-1598},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {3465--71},
pmid = {20410358},
publisher = {American Physiological Society},
title = {{Orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410358},
volume = {103},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Appelle1972,
abstract = {A review of both behavioral and neurophysiological studies of orientation preferences indicates that performance for a large variety of perceptual tasks is superior for stimuli aligned in horizontal or vertical orientations, as compared to stimuli in oblique orientations. This phenomenon appears in the human adult and child and throughout the animal kingdom. Neurophysiological mechanisms for orientation analysis have been found in the higher visual pathways of many animals, and the suggestive evidence is compelling that these mechanisms underlie the orientation preferences reported behaviorally. Additional methods for determining the cause of these effects are suggested. (11 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Appelle, Stuart},
doi = {10.1037/h0033117},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Appelle - 1972 - Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation The {\&}quotoblique effect{\&}quot in man and animals.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {4},
pages = {266--278},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation: The "oblique effect" in man and animals.}},
url = {http://content.apa.org/journals/bul/78/4/266},
volume = {78},
year = {1972}
}
@incollection{Barlow2012,
author = {Barlow, H. B.},
booktitle = {Sensory Communication},
doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.003.0013},
month = {sep},
pages = {216--234},
publisher = {The MIT Press},
title = {{Possible Principles Underlying the Transformations of Sensory Messages}},
url = {http://mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.001.0001/upso-9780262518420-chapter-13},
volume = {1},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kenet2003,
author = {Kenet, Tal and Bibitchkov, Dmitri and Tsodyks, Misha and Grinvald, Amiram and Arieli, Amos},
doi = {10.1038/nature02078},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {oct},
number = {6961},
pages = {954--956},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature02078},
volume = {425},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Kim2010,
abstract = {When a pattern of broad spatial content is viewed by an observer, the multiple spatial components in the pattern stimulate detecting-mechanisms that suppress each other. This suppression is anisotropic, being relatively greater at horizontal, and least at obliques (the "horizontal effect"). Here, suppression of a grating by a naturalistic (1/f) broadband mask is shown to be larger when the broadband masks are temporally similar to the target's temporal properties, and generally anisotropic, with the anisotropy present across all spatio-temporal parings tested. We also show that both suppression from within the region of the test pattern (overlay suppression) and from outside of this region (surround suppression) show the horizontal-effect anisotropy. We conclude that these suppression effects stem from locally-tuned and anisotropically-weighted gain-control pools.},
author = {Kim, Yeon Jin and Haun, Andrew M and Essock, Edward A},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2010.01.020},
issn = {1878-5646},
journal = {Vision research},
month = {apr},
number = {9},
pages = {838--49},
pmid = {20123107},
title = {{The horizontal effect in suppression: Anisotropic overlay and surround suppression at high and low speeds.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123107},
volume = {50},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Knill1990,
abstract = {In order to transmit information in images efficiently, the visual system should be tuned to the statistical structure of the ensemble of images that it sees. Several authors have suggested that the ensemble of natural images exhibits fractal behavior and, therefore, has a power spectrum that drops off proportionally to 1/f beta (2 less than beta less than 4). In this paper we investigate the question of which value of the exponent beta describes the power spectrum of the ensemble of images to which the visual system is optimally tuned. An experiment in which subjects were asked to discriminate randomly generated noise textures based on their spectral drop-off was used. Whereas the discrimination-threshold function of an ideal observer was flat for different spectral drop-offs, human observers showed a broad peak in sensitivity for 2.8 less than beta less than 3.6. The results are consistent with, but do not provide direct evidence for, the theory that the visual system is tuned to an ensemble of images with Markov statistics.},
author = {Knill, D C and Field, D and Kersten, D},
issn = {0740-3232},
journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1113--23},
pmid = {2362228},
title = {{Human discrimination of fractal images.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362228},
volume = {7},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Koelewijn2011,
abstract = {Orientation discrimination is much better for patterns oriented along the horizontal or vertical (cardinal) axes than for patterns oriented obliquely, but the neural basis for this is not known. Previous animal neurophysiology and human neuroimaging studies have demonstrated only a moderate bias for cardinal versus oblique orientations, with fMRI showing a larger response to cardinals in primary visual cortex (V1) and EEG demonstrating both increased magnitudes and reduced latencies of transient evoked responses. Here, using MEG, we localised and characterised induced gamma and transient evoked responses to stationary circular grating patches of three orientations (0, 45, and 90° from vertical). Surprisingly, we found that the sustained gamma response was larger for oblique, compared to cardinal, stimuli. This "inverse oblique effect" was also observed in the earliest (80 ms) evoked response, whereas later responses (120 ms) showed a trend towards the reverse, "classic", oblique response. Source localisation demonstrated that the sustained gamma and early evoked responses were localised to medial visual cortex, whilst the later evoked responses came from both this early visual area and a source in a more inferolateral extrastriate region. These results suggest that (1) the early evoked and sustained gamma responses manifest the initial tuning of V1 neurons, with the stronger response to oblique stimuli possibly reflecting increased tuning widths for these orientations, and (2) the classic behavioural oblique effect is mediated by an extrastriate cortical area and may also implicate feedback from extrastriate to primary visual cortex.},
author = {Koelewijn, Loes and Dumont, Julie R and Muthukumaraswamy, Suresh D and Rich, Anina N and Singh, Krish D},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.045},
issn = {1095-9572},
journal = {NeuroImage},
month = {feb},
number = {4},
pages = {2983--93},
pmid = {21112405},
title = {{Induced and evoked neural correlates of orientation selectivity in human visual cortex.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112405},
volume = {54},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Kording2004,
author = {K{\"{o}}rding, Konrad P. and Wolpert, Daniel M.},
doi = {10.1038/nature02169},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {jan},
number = {6971},
pages = {244--247},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature02169},
volume = {427},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Kwon2009,
abstract = {How does prolonged reduction in retinal-image contrast affect visual-contrast coding? Recent evidence indicates that some forms of long-term visual deprivation result in compensatory perceptual and neural changes in the adult visual pathway. It has not been established whether changes due to contrast adaptation are best characterized as "contrast gain" or "response gain." We present a theoretical rationale for predicting that adaptation to long-term contrast reduction should result in response gain. To test this hypothesis, normally sighted subjects adapted for four hours by viewing their environment through contrast-reducing goggles. During the adaptation period, the subjects went about their usual daily activities. Subjects' contrast-discrimination thresholds and fMRI BOLD responses in cortical areas V1 and V2 were obtained before and after adaptation. Following adaptation, we observed a significant decrease in contrast-discrimination thresholds, and significant increase in BOLD responses in V1 and V2. The observed interocular transfer of the adaptation effect suggests that the adaptation has a cortical origin. These results reveal a new kind of adaptability of the adult visual cortex, an adjustment in the gain of the contrast-response in the presence of a reduced range of stimulus contrasts, which is consistent with a response-gain mechanism. The adaptation appears to be compensatory, such that the precision of contrast coding is improved for low retinal-image contrasts.},
author = {Kwon, MiYoung and Legge, Gordon E and Fang, Fang and Cheong, Allen M Y and He, Sheng},
doi = {10.1167/9.2.20},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of vision},
number = {2},
pages = {20.1--16},
pmid = {19271930},
title = {{Adaptive changes in visual cortex following prolonged contrast reduction.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271930 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2758613},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Li2003,
abstract = {The details of oriented visual stimuli are better resolved when they are horizontal or vertical rather than oblique. This "oblique effect" has been confirmed in numerous behavioral studies in humans and to some extent in animals. However, investigations of its neural basis have produced mixed and inconclusive results, presumably due in part to limited sample sizes. We have used a database to analyze a population of 4,418 cells in the cat's striate cortex to determine possible differences as a function of orientation. We find that both the numbers of cells and the widths of orientation tuning vary as a function of preferred orientation. Specifically, more cells prefer horizontal and vertical orientations compared with oblique angles. The largest population of cells is activated by orientations close to horizontal. In addition, orientation tuning widths are most narrow for cells preferring horizontal orientations. These findings are most prominent for simple cells tuned to high spatial frequencies. Complex cells and simple cells tuned to low spatial frequencies do not exhibit these anisotropies. For a subset of simple cells from our population (n = 104), we examined the relative contributions of linear and nonlinear mechanisms in shaping orientation tuning curves. We find that linear contributions alone do not account for the narrower tuning widths at horizontal orientations. By modeling simple cells as linear filters followed by static expansive nonlinearities, our analysis indicates that horizontally tuned cells have a greater nonlinear component than those tuned to other orientations. This suggests that intracortical mechanisms play a major role in shaping the oblique effect.},
author = {Li, Baowang and Peterson, Matthew R and Freeman, Ralph D},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00954.2002},
issn = {0022-3077},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
month = {jul},
number = {1},
pages = {204--17},
pmid = {12611956},
title = {{Oblique effect: a neural basis in the visual cortex.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611956},
volume = {90},
year = {2003}
}
@incollection{Mamassian2002,
author = {Mamassian, Pascal and Landy, Michael and Maloney, Laurence T},
booktitle = {Probabilistic Models of the Brain: Perception and Neural Function.},
editor = {{R.P.N. Rao, B.A. Olshausen}, {\&} M.S. Lewicki},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mamassian, Landy, Maloney - 2002 - Bayesian Modelling of Visual Perception.pdf:pdf},
pages = {13--36},
title = {{Bayesian Modelling of Visual Perception}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Mannion,
abstract = {Perception of the spatial structure of the environment results from visual system processes which integrate local information to produce global percepts. Here, we investigated whether particular global spatial arrangements evoke greater responses in the human visual system, and how such anisotropies relate to those evident in the responses to the local elements that comprise the global form. We presented observers with Glass patterns; images composed of randomly positioned dot pairings (dipoles) spatially arranged to produce a percept of translational or polar global form. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to infer the magnitude of neural activity within early retinotopic regions of visual cortex (V1, V2, V3, V3A/B, and hV4) while the angular arrangement of the dipoles was modulated over time to sample the range of orientations. For both translational and polar Glass patterns, V1 showed an increased response to vertical dipole orientations and all visual areas showed a bias towards dipole orientations that were radial to the point of fixation. However, areas V1, V2, V3, and hV4 also demonstrated a bias, only present for polar Glass patterns, towards dipole orientations that were tangential to the point of fixation. This enhanced response to tangential orientations within polar form indicates sensitivity to curvature or more global form characteristics as early as primary visual cortex.},
author = {Mannion, Damien J and Mcdonald, J Scott and Clifford, Colin W G},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mannion, Mcdonald, Clifford - Unknown - The influence of global form on local orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {V1,computational neuroimaging,fMRI,orientation,spatial vision},
title = {{The influence of global form on local orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex}}
}
@article{Mannion2010a,
abstract = {Representing the orientation of features in the visual image is a fundamental operation of the early cortical visual system. The nature of such representations can be informed by considering anisotropic distributions of response across the range of orientations. Here we used functional MRI to study modulations in the cortical activity elicited by observation of a sinusoidal grating that varied in orientation. We report a significant anisotropy in the measured blood-oxygen level-dependent activity within visual areas V1, V2, V3, and V3A/B in which horizontal orientations evoked a reduced response. These visual areas and hV4 showed a further anisotropy in which increased responses were observed for orientations that were radial to the point of fixation. We speculate that the anisotropies in cortical activity may be related to anisotropies in the prevalence and behavioral relevance of orientations in typical natural environments.},
author = {Mannion, Damien J and McDonald, J Scott and Clifford, Colin W G and Appelle, S. and Barlow, HB. and Brainard, DH. and Bruce, ND. and Tsotsos, JK. and Clifford, CW. and Mannion, DJ. and McDonald, JS. and Coppola, DM. and Purves, HR. and McCoy, AN. and Purves, D. and Dan, Y. and Atick, JJ. and Reid, RC. and DeYoe, EA. and Carman, GJ. and Bandettini, P. and Glickman, S. and Wieser, J. and Cox, R. and Miller, D. and Neitz, J. and Dragoi, V. and Turcu, CM. and Sur, M. and Engel, SA. and Glover, GH. and Wandell, BA. and Essock, EA. and DeFord, JK. and Hansen, BC. and Sinai, MJ. and Essock, EA. and Haun, AM. and Kim, YJ. and Field, DJ. and Furmanski, CS. and Engel, SA. and Furmanski, CS. and Schluppeck, D. and Engel, SA. and Geisler, WS. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Hansen, BC. and Essock, EA. and Zheng, Y. and DeFord, JK. and Hansen, KA. and Kay, KN. and Gallant, JL. and Heeger, DJ. and Heeley, DW. and Timney, B. and Jenkins, B. and Kamitani, Y. and Tong, F. and Kay, KN. and Naselaris, T. and Prenger, RJ. and Gallant, JL. and Larsson, J. and Heeger, DJ. and Lee, DN. and Leventhal, AG. and Levick, WR. and Thibos, LN. and Li, B. and Peterson, MR. and Freeman, RD. and Logothetis, NK. and Ludbrook, J. and Manj{\`{o}}n, JV. and Lull, JJ. and Carbonell-Caballero, J. and Garca-Marti, G. and Marti-Bonmati, L. and Robles, M. and Mannion, DJ. and McDonald, JS. and Clifford, CWG. and O'Carroll, DC. and Bidwell, NJ. and Laughlin, SB. and Warrant, EJ. and Pelli, DG. and Raemaekers, M. and Lankheet, MJM. and Moorman, S. and Kourtzi, Z. and Wezel, RJA. Van and Rothkopf, CA. and Weisswange, TH. and Triesch, J. and Rovamo, J. and Virsu, V. and Laurinen, P. and Hyvrinen, L. and Sasaki, Y. and Rajimehr, R. and Kim, BW. and Ekstrom, LB. and Vanduffel, W. and Tootell, RB. and Schira, MM. and Wade, AR. and Tyler, CW. and Serences, JT. and Saproo, S. and Scolari, M. and Ho, T. and Muftuler, LT. and Sereno, MI. and Dale, AM. and Reppas, JB. and Kwong, KK. and Belliveau, JW. and Brady, TJ. and Rosen, BR. and Tootell, RB. and Simoncelli, EP. and Singh, KD. and Smith, AT. and Greenlee, MW. and Swisher, JD. and Gatenby, JC. and Gore, JC. and Wolfe, BA. and Moon, CH. and Kim, SG. and Tong, F. and Teller, DY. and Teo, PC. and Sapiro, G. and Wandell, BA. and Vandenbussche, E. and Vogels, R. and Orban, GA. and Wandell, BA. and Dumoulin, SO. and Brewer, AA. and Webster, MA. and Miyahara, E. and Westheimer, G. and Westheimer, G. and Williams, LJ. and Wilson, HR. and Loffler, G. and Wilkinson, F. and Thistlethwaite, WA. and Yacoub, E. and Harel, N. and Ugurbil, K. and Yushkevich, PA. and Piven, J. and Hazlett, HC. and Smith, RG. and Ho, S. and Gee, JC. and Gerig, G.},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00190.2010},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mannion et al. - 2010 - Orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {1522-1598},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {3465--71},
pmid = {20410358},
publisher = {American Physiological Society},
title = {{Orientation anisotropies in human visual cortex.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410358},
volume = {103},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Mayer1983,
abstract = {Adults who were initially less sensitive to a diagonal, 10 c/deg sinusoidal grating, practiced detecting it for 3000 yes-no signal detection trials. Following practice all observers had improved their relative sensitivity to the diagonal and most were as sensitive to the diagonal as to cardinal (horizontal or vertical) orientations. Practicing a cardinal axis, on the other hand, caused no improvement in sensitivity unless the pre-practice threshold for that orientation was elevated with respect to other orientations. Three hypotheses are proposed to account for the improved sensitivity. The results are also related to the typical pattern of adult anisotropic contrast sensitivity which favors the cardinal orientations.},
author = {Mayer, M J},
issn = {0042-6989},
journal = {Vision research},
number = {5},
pages = {547--50},
pmid = {6880052},
title = {{Practice improves adults' sensitivity to diagonals.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880052},
volume = {23},
year = {1983}
}
@article{McDonald2012,
abstract = {A recent intrinsic signal optical imaging study in tree shrew showed, surprisingly, that the population response of V1 to plaid patterns comprising grating components of equal contrast is predicted by the average of the responses to the individual components (MacEvoy SP, Tucker TR, Fitzpatrick D. Nat Neurosci 12: 637-645, 2009). This prompted us to compare responses to plaids and gratings in human visual cortex as a function of contrast and orientation. We found that the functional MRI (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses of areas V1-V3 to a plaid comprising superposed grating components of equal contrast are significantly higher than the responses to a single component. Furthermore, the orientation response profile of a plaid is poorly predicted from a linear combination of the responses to its components. Together, these results indicate that the model of MacEvoy et al. (2009) cannot, without modification, account for the fMRI BOLD response to plaids in human visual cortex.},
author = {McDonald, J Scott and Mannion, Damien J and Clifford, Colin W G},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00616.2011},
issn = {1522-1598},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {2570--80},
pmid = {22378166},
title = {{Gain control in the response of human visual cortex to plaids.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22378166},
volume = {107},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Morgan1991,
author = {Morgan, M. J. and Ross, J. and Hayes, A.},
doi = {10.1007/BF00202386},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Morgan, Ross, Hayes - 1991 - The relative importance of local phase and local amplitude in patchwise image reconstruction.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0340-1200},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {113--119},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
title = {{The relative importance of local phase and local amplitude in patchwise image reconstruction}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00202386},
volume = {65},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Muller1999,
abstract = {Complex cells in striate cortex of macaque showed a rapid pattern-specific adaptation. Adaptation made cells more sensitive to orientation change near the adapting orientation. It reduced correlations among the responses of populations of cells, thereby increasing the information transmitted by each action potential. These changes were brought about by brief exposures to stationary patterns, on the time scale of a single fixation. Thus, if successive fixations expose neurons' receptive fields to images with similar but not identical structure, adaptation will remove correlations and improve discriminability.},
author = {M{\"{u}}ller, J R and Metha, A B and Krauskopf, J and Lennie, P and Lennie, P. and Krauskopf, J. and Sclar, G. and Lankheet, M. J. M. and Lennie, P. and Krauskopf, J. and Hawken, M. J. and Shapley, R. M. and Grosof, D. H. and Tolhurst, D. J. and Walker, N. S. and Thompson, I. D. and Dean, A. F. and Chance, F. S. and Nelson, S. B. and Abbott, L. F. and Hawken, M. J. and Shapley, R. M. and Grosof, D. H. and Vautin, R. G. and Berkley, M. A. and Movshon, J. A. and Lennie, P. and Albrecht, D. G. and Farrar, S. B. and Hamilton, D. B. and Sclar, G. and Lennie, P. and DePriest, D. D. and Bonds, A. B. and Nelson, S. B. and Movshon, J. A. and Lennie, P. and Bonds, A. B. and Ohzawa, I. and Sclar, G. and Freeman, R. D. and Lennie, P. and Lankheet, M. J. M. and Krauskopf, J. and Ohzawa, I. and Sclar, G. and Freeman, R. D. and Geisler, W. S. and Albrecht, D. G. and Heeger, D. J. and Carandini, M. and Heeger, D. J. and Movshon, J. A. and Geisler, W. S. and Albrecht, D. G. and Bonds, A. B. and Heeger, D. J. and DeAngelis, G. C. and Robson, J. G. and Ohzawa, I. and Freeman, R. D. and Movshon, J. A. and Lennie, P. and Saul, A. B. and Cynader, M. S. and Poirson, A. B. and Movshon, J. A. and Barlow, H. B. and MacLeod, D. I. A. and van Meeteren, A. and Regan, D. and Beverley, K. I. and Greenlee, M. W. and Heitger, F. and Bahill, A. T. and Adler, D. and Stark, L. and Maffei, L. and Fiorentini, A. and Nelson, J. I. and Frost, B. J. and DeAngelis, G. C. and Freeman, R. D. and Ohzawa, I. and Sillito, A. M. and Grieve, K. L. and Jones, H. E. and Cudeiro, J. and Davis, J. and Levitt, J. B. and Lund, J. S. and Nelson, J. I. and Frost, B. J. and Blakemore, C. and Tobin, E. A. and Gilbert, C. D. and Wiesel, T. N. and Bahill, A. T. and Adler, D. and Stark, L. and Land, M. F. and Furneaux, S. and Carandini, M. and Ferster, D. and Markram, H. and Tsodyks, M. and Chance, F. S. and Nelson, S. B. and Abbott, L. F. and Abbott, L. F. and Varela, J. A. and Sen, K. and Nelson, S. B.},
doi = {10.1126/science.285.5432.1405},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/M{\"{u}}ller et al. - 1999 - Rapid adaptation in visual cortex to the structure of images.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
month = {aug},
number = {5432},
pages = {1405--8},
pmid = {10464100},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Rapid adaptation in visual cortex to the structure of images.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464100},
volume = {285},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Ohzawa1985,
abstract = {We have examined the idea that the adaptation of cortical neurons to local contrast levels in a visual stimulus is functionally advantageous. Specifically, cortical cells may have large differential contrast sensitivity as a result of adjustments that center a limited response range around a mean level of contrast. To evaluate this notion, we measured contrast-response functions of cells in striate cortex while systematically adapting them to different contrast levels of stimulus gratings. For the majority of cortical neurons tested, the results of this basic experiment show that contrast-response functions shift laterally along a log-contrast axis so that response functions match mean contrast levels in the stimulus. This implies a contrast-dependent change in the gain of the cell's contrast-response relationship. We define this process as contrast gain control. The degree to which this contrast adjustment occurs varies considerably from cell to cell. There are no obvious differences regarding cell type (simple vs. complex) or laminar distribution. Contrast gain control is almost certainly a cortical function, since lateral geniculate cells and fibers exhibit only minimal effects. Tests presented in the accompanying paper (37) provide additional evidence on the cortical origin of the process. In another series of experiments, the effect of contrast adaptation on physiological estimates of contrast sensitivity was evaluated. Sustained adaptation to contrast levels as low as 3{\%} was capable of nearly doubling the thresholds of most of the cells tested. Adaptation may therefore be an important factor in determinations of the contrast sensitivity of cortical neurons. We tested the spatial extent of the mechanisms responsible for these gain-control effects by attempting to adapt cells using both a large grating and a grating patch limited to that portion of a cell's receptive field from which excitatory discharges could be elicited directly (the central discharge region). Adaptation was found to be an exclusive property of the central region. This held even in the case of hypercomplex cells, which received strong influences from surrounding regions of the visual field. Finally, we measured the time course of contrast adaptation. We found the process to be rather slow, with a mean time constant of approximately 6 s. Once again, there was considerable variability in this value from cell to cell.},
author = {Ohzawa, I and Sclar, G and Freeman, R D},
issn = {0022-3077},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {651--67},
pmid = {4045542},
title = {{Contrast gain control in the cat's visual system.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4045542},
volume = {54},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Oliva2001,
abstract = {In this paper, we propose a computational model of the recognition of real world scenes that bypasses the segmentation and the processing of individual objects or regions. The procedure is based on a very low dimen-sional representation of the scene, that we term the Spatial Envelope. We propose a set of perceptual dimensions (naturalness, openness, roughness, expansion, ruggedness) that represent the dominant spatial structure of a scene. Then, we show that these dimensions may be reliably estimated using spectral and coarsely localized information. The model generates a multidimensional space in which scenes sharing membership in semantic categories (e.g., streets, highways, coasts) are projected closed together. The performance of the spatial envelope model shows that specific information about object shape or identity is not a requirement for scene categorization and that modeling a holistic representation of the scene informs about its probable semantic category.},
author = {Oliva, Aude and Torralba, Antonio},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliva, Torralba - 2001 - Modeling the Shape of the Scene A Holistic Representation of the Spatial Envelope.pdf:pdf},
journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision},
keywords = {energy spectrum,natural images,principal components,scene recognition,spatial layout},
number = {3},
pages = {145--175},
title = {{Modeling the Shape of the Scene: A Holistic Representation of the Spatial Envelope *}},
volume = {42},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Parraga2000,
author = {P{\'{a}}rraga, C.A. and Troscianko, T. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Barlow, H.B. and Marr, D. and Srinivasan, M.V. and Laughlin, S.B. and Dubs, A. and Hateren, J.H. Van and Lythgoe, J.N. and Weckstrom, M. and Laughlin, S.B. and Hancock, P.J.B. and Baddeley, R.J. and Smith, L.S. and Atick, J.J. and Redlich, A.N. and Olshausen, B.A. and Field, D.J. and Hateren, J.H. Van and Schaaf, A. Van Der and Dan, Y. and Atick, J.J. and Reid, R.C. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Laughlin, S.B. and Lauritzen, J.S. and Hubel, D.G. and Weisel, T.N. and Movshon, J.A. and Thompson, I.D. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Thompson, I.D. and DeValois, R.L. and Albrecht, D.G. and Thorell, L.G. and Burton, G.J. and Moorhead, I.R. and Field, D.J. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Tadmor, Y. and Chao, T. and Legge, G.E. and Foley, J.M. and Piotrowski, L.N. and Campbell, F.W. and Thomson, M.G.A. and Foster, D.H. and Benson, P.J. and Tolhurst, D.J. and Troscianko, T. and Benson, P.J. and Parraga, C.A. and Pelli, D.G. and Zhang, L. and Tadmor, Y. and Tolhurst, D.J.},
doi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(99)00262-6},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/P{\'{a}}rraga et al. - 2000 - The human visual system is optimised for processing the spatial information in natural visual images.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09609822},
journal = {Current Biology},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {35--38},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{The human visual system is optimised for processing the spatial information in natural visual images}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982299002626},
volume = {10},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Piotrowski1982,
abstract = {To establish how little information the human visual system requires for recognition, common objects were digitally manipulated in the Fourier domain. The results demonstrate that it is not only possible, but also quite efficient, for a (biological) visual system to exist with very few phase relationships among the component spatial frequencies of the (retinal) image. A visual example is then presented which illustrates how certain phase relationships can hinder, or completely eliminate, the recognition of visual scenes.},
author = {Piotrowski, L N and Campbell, F W},
issn = {0301-0066},
journal = {Perception},
number = {3},
pages = {337--46},
pmid = {7167342},
title = {{A demonstration of the visual importance and flexibility of spatial-frequency amplitude and phase.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7167342},
volume = {11},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Pouget2003,
abstract = {In the vertebrate nervous system, sensory stimuli are typically encoded through the concerted activity of large populations of neurons. Classically, these patterns of activity have been treated as encoding the value of the stimulus (e.g., the orientation of a contour), and computation has been formalized in terms of function approximation. More recently, there have been several suggestions that neural computation is akin to a Bayesian inference process, with population activity patterns representing uncertainty about stimuli in the form of probability distributions (e.g., the probability density function over the orientation of a contour). This paper reviews both approaches, with a particular emphasis on the latter, which we see as a very promising framework for future modeling and experimental work.},
author = {Pouget, Alexandre and Dayan, Peter and Zemel, Richard S},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131112},
issn = {0147-006X},
journal = {Annual review of neuroscience},
pages = {381--410},
pmid = {12704222},
title = {{Inference and computation with population codes.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12704222},
volume = {26},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Sawides2011,
author = {Sawides, Lucie and de Gracia, Pablo and Dorronsoro, Carlos and Webster, Michael A. and Marcos, Susana},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0027031},
editor = {Giugliano, Michele},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sawides et al. - 2011 - Vision Is Adapted to the Natural Level of Blur Present in the Retinal Image.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {e27031},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
title = {{Vision Is Adapted to the Natural Level of Blur Present in the Retinal Image}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027031},
volume = {6},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Schwartz2001,
abstract = {We describe a form of nonlinear decomposition that is well-suited for efficient encoding of natural signals. Signals are initially decomposed using a bank of linear filters. Each filter response is then rectified and divided by a weighted sum of rectified responses of neighboring filters. We show that this decomposition, with parameters optimized for the statistics of a generic ensemble of natural images or sounds, provides a good characterization of the nonlinear response properties of typical neurons in primary visual cortex or auditory nerve, respectively. These results suggest that nonlinear response properties of sensory neurons are not an accident of biological implementation, but have an important functional role.},
author = {Schwartz, O and Simoncelli, E P},
doi = {10.1038/90526},
issn = {1097-6256},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {819--25},
pmid = {11477428},
title = {{Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11477428},
volume = {4},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Schweinhart2013,
abstract = {Natural scenes tend to be biased in both scale (1/f) and orientation (H {\textgreater} V {\textgreater} O; horizontal {\textgreater} vertical {\textgreater} oblique), and the human visual system has similar biases that serve to partially 'undo' (ie whiten) the resultant representation. The present approach to investigating this relationship considers content in works of art-scenes produced for processing by the human visual system. We analyzed the content of images by a method that minimizes errors inherent in some prior analysis methods. In the first experiment museum paintings were considered by comparing the amplitude spectrum of landscape paintings, natural scene photos, portrait paintings, and photos of faces. In the second experiment we obtained photos of paintings at the time they were produced by local artists and compared structural content in matched photos which contained the same scenes that the artists had painted. Results show that artists produce paintings with both the 1/f bias of scale and the horizontal-effect bias of orientation (H {\textgreater} V {\textgreater} O). More importantly, results from both experiments show that artists overregularize the structure in their works: they impose the natural-scene horizontal effect at all structural scales and in all types of subject matter even though, in the real world, the pattern of anisotropy differs considerably across spatial scale and between faces and natural scenes. It appears that artists unconsciously overregularize the oriented structure in their works to make it conform more uniformly to the 'expected' canonical ideal.},
author = {Schweinhart, April M and Essock, Edward A},
issn = {0301-0066},
journal = {Perception},
number = {12},
pages = {1311--32},
pmid = {24649634},
title = {{Structural content in paintings: artists overregularize oriented content of paintings relative to the typical natural scene bias.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649634},
volume = {42},
year = {2013}
}
@incollection{Shapley1990,
author = {Shapley, Robert and Caelli, Terrence and Grossberg, Stephen and Morgan, Michael and Rentschler, Ingo},
booktitle = {Visual perception: The neurophysiological foundations},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shapley et al. - 1990 - Computational Theories of Visual Perception.pdf:pdf},
pages = {417--448},
title = {{Computational Theories of Visual Perception}},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Simoncelli2001,
abstract = {It has long been assumed that sensory neurons are adapted, through both evolutionary and developmental processes, to the statistical properties of the signals to which they are exposed. Attneave (1954)Barlow (1961) proposed that information theory could provide a link between environmental statistics and neural responses through the concept of coding efficiency. Recent developments in statistical modeling, along with powerful computational tools, have enabled researchers to study more sophisticated statistical models for visual images, to validate these models empirically against large sets of data, and to begin experimentally testing the efficient coding hypothesis for both individual neurons and populations of neurons.},
author = {Simoncelli, E P and Olshausen, B A},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1193},
issn = {0147-006X},
journal = {Annual review of neuroscience},
pages = {1193--216},
pmid = {11520932},
title = {{Natural image statistics and neural representation.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520932},
volume = {24},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Song2010,
abstract = {The adult brain shows remarkable plasticity, as demonstrated by the improvement in most visual discrimination tasks after intensive practice. However, previous studies have demonstrated that practice improved the discrimination only around oblique orientations, while performance around cardinal orientations (vertical or horizontal orientations) remained stable despite extensive training. The two experiments described here used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural substrates underlying different training effects in the two kinds of orientation. Event-related potentials were recorded from subjects when they were trained with a grating orientation discrimination task. Psychophysical threshold measurements were performed before and after the training. For oblique gratings, psychophysical thresholds decreased significantly across training sessions. ERPs showed larger P2 and P3 amplitudes and smaller N1 amplitudes over the parietal/occipital areas with more practice. In line with the psychophysical thresholds, the training effect on the P2 and P3 was specific to stimulus orientation. However, the N1 effect was generalized over differently oriented gratings stimuli. For cardinally oriented gratings, no significant changes were found in the psychophysical thresholds during the training. ERPs still showed similar generalized N1 effect as the oblique gratings. However, the amplitudes of P2 and P3 were unchanged during the whole training. Compared with cardinal orientations, more visual processing stages and later ERP components were involved in the training of oblique orientation discrimination. These results contribute to understanding the neural basis of the asymmetry between cardinal and oblique orientation training effects.},
author = {Song, Yan and Sun, Li and Wang, You and Zhang, Xuemin and Kang, Jing and Ma, Xiaoli and Yang, Bin and Guan, Yijie and Ding, Yulong},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.11.007},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Song et al. - 2010 - The effect of short-term training on cardinal and oblique orientation discrimination An ERP study.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01678760},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
number = {3},
pages = {241--248},
title = {{The effect of short-term training on cardinal and oblique orientation discrimination: An ERP study}},
volume = {75},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Stocker2006,
author = {Stocker, Alan A and Simoncelli, Eero P},
doi = {10.1038/nn1669},
issn = {1097-6256},
journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {578--585},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Noise characteristics and prior expectations in human visual speed perception}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nn1669},
volume = {9},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Stocker2006a,
author = {Stocker, Alan and Simoncelli, Eero P.},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Stocker, Simoncelli - 2006 - Sensory Adaptation within a Bayesian Framework for Perception.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
pages = {1289--1296},
title = {{Sensory Adaptation within a Bayesian Framework for Perception}},
volume = {18},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Sun2013,
abstract = {Evidence has been accumulated for over a century indicating that the visual system of humans and many animals is more sensitive to contour stimulation at vertical or horizontal orientations than oblique orientations. However, the neural basis for this orientation anisotropy is still a subject of debate. In the present study, we recorded brain activity over the parietal-occipital and frontal lobes with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) when human participants were presented with gratings in different orientations. The oblique gratings induced a much larger change in the oxygenated hemoglobin concentration than vertical and horizontal gratings in the left occipital lobe. However, we did not find any significant orientation anisotropy in the frontal lobe. Our study showed that different quantitative changes in the hemoglobin concentrations occurred in response to differently oriented stimuli in the visual cortex and that fNIRS could potentially be a valuable tool in the assessment of the hemodynamic responses of the visual system.},
author = {Sun, Meirong and Huang, Jing and Wang, Fang and An, An and Tian, Fenghua and Liu, Hanli and Niu, Haijing and Song, Yan},
doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835f680b},
issn = {1473-558X},
journal = {Neuroreport},
month = {may},
number = {7},
pages = {354--8},
pmid = {23528283},
title = {{Quantitative comparison of the hemodynamic activation elicited by cardinal and oblique gratings with functional near-infrared spectroscopy.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23528283},
volume = {24},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Sun2013a,
abstract = {Cells in the animal early visual cortex are sensitive to contour orientations and form repeated structures known as orientation columns. At the behavioral level, there exist 2 well-known global biases in orientation perception (oblique effect and radial bias) in both animals and humans. However, their neural bases are still under debate. To unveil how these behavioral biases are achieved in the early visual cortex, we conducted high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments with a novel continuous and periodic stimulation paradigm. By inserting resting recovery periods between successive stimulation periods and introducing a pair of orthogonal stimulation conditions that differed by 90° continuously, we focused on analyzing a blood oxygenation level-dependent response modulated by the change in stimulus orientation and reliably extracted orientation preferences of single voxels. We found that there are more voxels preferring horizontal and vertical orientations, a physiological substrate underlying the oblique effect, and that these over-representations of horizontal and vertical orientations are prevalent in the cortical regions near the horizontal- and vertical-meridian representations, a phenomenon related to the radial bias. Behaviorally, we also confirmed that there exists perceptual superiority for horizontal and vertical orientations around horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively. Our results, thus, refined the neural mechanisms of these 2 global biases in orientation perception.},
author = {Sun, Pei and Gardner, Justin L and Costagli, Mauro and Ueno, Kenichi and Waggoner, R Allen and Tanaka, Keiji and Cheng, Kang},
doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs149},
issn = {1460-2199},
journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
keywords = {fMRI,oblique effect,orientation,primary visual cortex,radial bias},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1618--29},
pmid = {22661413},
title = {{Demonstration of tuning to stimulus orientation in the human visual cortex: a high-resolution fMRI study with a novel continuous and periodic stimulation paradigm.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22661413 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3673175},
volume = {23},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Swisher2010,
author = {Swisher, J. D. and Gatenby, J. C. and Gore, J. C. and Wolfe, B. A. and Moon, C.-H. and Kim, S.-G. and Tong, F.},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4811-09.2010},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Swisher et al. - 2010 - Multiscale Pattern Analysis of Orientation-Selective Activity in the Primary Visual Cortex.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0270-6474},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {325--330},
title = {{Multiscale Pattern Analysis of Orientation-Selective Activity in the Primary Visual Cortex}},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4811-09.2010},
volume = {30},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Switkes1978,
abstract = {Optical Fourier analysis of photographic samples of three visual environments—indoor carpentered, outdoor carpentered, and pastoral—showed that in the 1–25 c/deg spatial frequency range, carpentered environments contained more information in horizontal (H) and vertical (V) orientations. However, in the 5–25 c/deg range the V orientation dominated, and the pastoral environment had the greatest anisotropy. Thus, a spatial-frequency-specific influence of carpentered environments on anisotropic acuity, which favors both H and V at higher frequencies, is not substantiated.},
author = {Switkes, Eugene and Mayer, Melanie J. and Sloan, Jeffrey A.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(78)90232-8},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {10},
pages = {1393--1399},
title = {{Spatial frequency analysis of the visual environment: Anisotropy and the carpentered environment hypothesis}},
volume = {18},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Tadmor1994,
abstract = {It has been suggested that the second-order statistics of different natural images are all remarkably similar and that neurones and channels in the visual system may exploit this similarity. We have measured the ability of human observers to discriminate changes in these statistics using different natural and synthetic stimulus images and have found that the dependence of their discrimination thresholds upon the reference second-order statistics is similar in form, for both kinds of stimuli. However, there is some variety in the magnitudes of the thresholds for the natural stimulus images; in fact, the second-order statistics of different natural images are more diverse than previously suggested. The discrimination task can be modelled as the discrimination of changes in local contrast within restricted spatial frequency bands and is similar to the discrimination of blur.},
author = {Tadmor, Y. and Tolhurst, D.J.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(94)90167-8},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {4},
pages = {541--554},
title = {{Discrimination of changes in the second-order statistics of natural and synthetic images}},
volume = {34},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Tolhurst2007,
author = {Tolhurst, D. J. and Tadmor, Y. and Chao, Tang},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00296.x},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tolhurst, Tadmor, Chao - 2007 - Amplitude spectra of natural images.pdf:pdf},
issn = {02755408},
journal = {Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics},
month = {dec},
number = {2},
pages = {229--232},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{Amplitude spectra of natural images}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00296.x},
volume = {12},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Turk-Browne2009,
abstract = {Our environment contains regularities distributed in space and time that can be detected by way of statistical learning. This unsupervised learning occurs without intent or awareness, but little is known about how it relates to other types of learning, how it affects perceptual processing, and how quickly it can occur. Here we use fMRI during statistical learning to explore these questions. Participants viewed statistically structured versus unstructured sequences of shapes while performing a task unrelated to the structure. Robust neural responses to statistical structure were observed, and these responses were notable in four ways: First, responses to structure were observed in the striatum and medial temporal lobe, suggesting that statistical learning may be related to other forms of associative learning and relational memory. Second, statistical regularities yielded greater activation in category-specific visual regions (object-selective lateral occipital cortex and word-selective ventral occipito-temporal cortex), demonstrating that these regions are sensitive to information distributed in time. Third, evidence of learning emerged early during familiarization, showing that statistical learning can operate very quickly and with little exposure. Finally, neural signatures of learning were dissociable from subsequent explicit familiarity, suggesting that learning can occur in the absence of awareness. Overall, our findings help elucidate the underlying nature of statistical learning.},
author = {Turk-Browne, Nicholas B and Scholl, Brian J and Chun, Marvin M and Johnson, Marcia K},
doi = {10.1162/jocn.2009.21131},
issn = {0898-929X},
journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1934--45},
pmid = {18823241},
title = {{Neural evidence of statistical learning: efficient detection of visual regularities without awareness.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823241 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2773825},
volume = {21},
year = {2009}
}
@article{VanderSchaaf1996,
abstract = {Power spectra of an extensive set of natural images were analysed. Both the total power in a spectrum (corresponding to image contrast) and its dependence on spatial frequency vary considerably between images, and also within images when considered as functions of orientation. A series of probabilistic models for power spectra enabled calculating the information obtained from prior knowledge of parameters describing spectra. Most information is gained from contrast, 1/ f2 spatial frequency behaviour, and contrast as a function of orientation. Variations in spatial frequency behaviour are relatively unimportant. For oriented contrast, a bandwidth of 10–30 deg is sufficient to obtain most information. Copyright {\textcopyright} 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
author = {van der Schaaf, A. and van Hateren, J.H.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(96)00002-8},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {17},
pages = {2759--2770},
title = {{Modelling the Power Spectra of Natural Images: Statistics and Information}},
volume = {36},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Vogels1985,
abstract = {Line orientation discrimination improves with selective practice for oblique orientations and not for principal orientations. This training effect was observed with an identification task as well as with two alternative forced choice tasks. Despite the improvement for oblique orientations, just noticeable differences in orientation are still larger for the practised oblique orientation than for the principal orientations after 5000 practice trials. These findings suggest that the oblique effect in line orientation has at least two sensorial components, one of which is attributed to the meridional variations in the preferred orientation of area 17 S-cells.},
author = {Vogels, Rufin and Orban, Guy A.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(85)90140-3},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {11},
pages = {1679--1687},
title = {{The effect of practice on the oblique effect in line orientation judgments}},
volume = {25},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Wainwright1999,
abstract = {We propose that visual adaptation in orientation, spatial frequency, and motion can be understood from the perspective of optimal information transmission. The essence of the proposal is that neural response properties at the system level should be adjusted to the changing statistics of the input so as to maximize information transmission. We show that this principle accounts for several well-documented psychophysical phenomena, including the tilt aftereffect, change in contrast sensitivity and post-adaptation changes in orientation discrimination. Adaptation can also be considered on a longer time scale, in the context of tailoring response properties to natural scene statistics. From the anisotropic distribution of power in natural scenes, the proposal also predicts differences in the contrast sensitivity function across spatial frequency and orientation, including the oblique effect.},
author = {Wainwright, M J},
issn = {0042-6989},
journal = {Vision research},
month = {nov},
number = {23},
pages = {3960--74},
pmid = {10748928},
title = {{Visual adaptation as optimal information transmission.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10748928},
volume = {39},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Webster2011,
author = {Webster, M. A. and P., Andrews D. and H., Barlow and B., Barlow H. and S., Bartlett M. and M., Boynton G. and G., Clifford C. W. and B., Demb J. and J., Field D. and H., Foster D. and S., Geisler W. and A., Georgeson M. and J., Gibson J. and V., Graham N. and J., Hegde and H., Helson and A., Kohn and A., Kristjansson and S., Laughlin and P., Lennie and D., Mollon J. and F., Rieke and D., Sagi and E., Smithson H. and Y., Teller D. and H., Van Hateren J. and J., Wainwright M. and R., Afraz S. and D., Anderson N. and J., Andrews T. and P., Artal and J., Atick J. and A., Baccus S. and B., Barlow H. and B., Barlow H. and D., Beer and C., Belmore S. and C., Belmore S. and P., Benton C. and G., Bestelmeyer P. E. and J., Bex P. and C., Bilson A. and R., Blake and R., Blake and C., Blakemore and A., Bompas and M., Boynton G. and M., Brown A. and P., Brown S. and J., Calder A. and J., Camp A. and M., Carandini and D., Chander and W., Clifford C. and G., Clifford C. W. and G., Clifford C. W. and G., Clifford C. W. and R., Conway B. and C., Culham J. and Y., Dao D. and N., Davidenko and W., Daw N. and M., DeBruine L. and B., Delahunt P. and M., Derrington A. and T., Dils A. and V., Dragoi and A., Eisner and L., Elliott S. and L., Elliott S. and A., Engel S. and F., Fang and F., Fang and J., Field D. and M., Foley J. and J., Fox C. and J., Galvin S. and G., Ganis and L., Gardner J. and S., Ghuman A. and J., Gibson J. and E., Goddard and E., Goddard and T., Gollisch and J., Golz and R., Greene M. and K., Grill-Spector and K., Grill-Spector and K., Grill-Spector and Q., Haijiang and L., Hardy J. and S., He and S., He and T., Hosoya and M., Hsu S. and C., Huk A. and R., Jackson G. and E., Jaquet and E., Jaquet and F., Jiang and H., Jordan and I., Juricevic and I., Juricevic and H., Kelly D. and A., Kohn and A., Kohn and Z., Kourtzi and Z., Kourtzi and G., Kovacs and J., Krauskopf and B., Krekelberg and B., Krekelberg and B., Krekelberg and M., Kwon and P., Lawson R. and A., Leopold D. and A., Leopold D. and A., Leopold D. and C., Little A. and C., Little A. and G., Loffler and L., Lu Z. and I., MacLeod D. and A., MacLeod D. I. and A., MacLeod D. I. and V., Mante and V., Massey P. and G., Mather and C., McCollough-Howard and C., McDermott K. and M., Mon-Williams and F., Moradi and M., Morgan and J., Morgan M. and I., Motoyoshi and A., Movshon J. and M., Muller K. and M., Mur and I., Naka K. and J., Neitz and M., Ng and M., Ng and S., Nishida and I., Ohzawa and P., Olveczky B. and S., O'Neil and I., Oruc and A., Parraga C. and F., Pestilli and K., Pesudovs and J., Priebe N. and C., Ranganath and D., Regan and A., Rezec and G., Rhodes and G., Rhodes and G., Rhodes and G., Rhodes and G., Rhodes and P., Richters D. and F., Rieke and J., Rivest and R., Robbins and P., Rotshtein and P., Rowe M. and L., Ruderman D. and J., Ryu J. and V., Sanchez-Vives M. and Y., Sasaki and L., Sawides and L., Schacter D. and E., Schefrin B. and O., Schwartz and R., Schweinberger S. and P., Series and S., Shady and M., Shapley R. and O., Sharpee T. and P., Simoncelli E. and M., Smirnakis S. and H., Smithson and G., Solomon S. and L., Spetch M. and V., Srinivasan M. and A., Stockman and T., Susilo and S., Suter P. and S., Suzuki and S., Suzuki and C., Tailby and F., Teich A. and P., Thompson and J., Tolhurst D. and B., Tootell R. and F., Troje N. and H., Tseng C. and B., Turk-Browne N. and A., Vera-Diaz F. and F., Vienot and T., von der Twer and M., Vorobyev and E., Vul and E., Vul and R., Wade A. and J., Walraven and A., Wandell B. and B., Wark and B., Wark and B., Watson A. and L., Watson T. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and A., Webster M. and S., Weigelt and A., Werner and S., Werner J. and J., Winawer and J., Winawer and P., Winkler and H., Xu and A., Yamashita J. and O., Yehezkel and Q., Zaidi and L., Zemany and P., Zhang and L., Zhao},
doi = {10.1167/11.5.3},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Webster et al. - 2011 - Adaptation and visual coding.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1534-7362},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
keywords = {color,perception,perceptual aftereffect,visual system},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {3--3},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Adaptation and visual coding}},
url = {http://jov.arvojournals.org/Article.aspx?doi=10.1167/11.5.3},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Webster2002,
abstract = {Blur is an intrinsic feature of retinal images that varies widely across images and observers, yet the world still typically appears 'in focus'. Here we examine the putative role of neural adaptation in the human perception of image focus by measuring how blur judgments depended on the state of adaptation. Exposure to unfocused images has previously been shown to influence acuity and contrast sensitivity, and here we show that adaptation can also profoundly affect the actual perception of image focus.},
author = {Webster, Michael A and Georgeson, Mark A and Webster, Shernaaz M},
doi = {10.1038/nn906},
issn = {1097-6256},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {839--40},
pmid = {12195427},
title = {{Neural adjustments to image blur.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195427},
volume = {5},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Wei2012,
author = {Wei, Xue-xin and Stocker, Alan},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wei, Stocker - 2012 - Efficient coding provides a direct link between prior and likelihood in perceptual Bayesian inference.pdf:pdf},
pages = {1313--1321},
title = {{Efficient coding provides a direct link between prior and likelihood in perceptual Bayesian inference}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Westheimer2013,
abstract = {Fourteen daily training sessions in orientation discrimination of foveal lines in the 45-deg meridian improved thresholds in the trained meridian by an average of 25 {\%} in five observers. A substantial amount of training transferred to the other obliques, but none to the cardinal meridians, with a consequent reduction in the oblique effect. The data were interpreted as showing perceptual learning at two levels: performance facilitation specific to the trained orientation and improved proficiency globally. The failure of the cardinal orientations to share in the benefit is likely to have its origin in the fact that contour orientation in these meridians is so well established that it had already reached maximum hyperacuity thresholds. The judgment of obliques depends much more than the judgment of cardinals on whether the comparison and test stimuli are shown simultaneously or in succession, but this effect is not changed by perceptual training.},
author = {Westheimer, Gerald and Lavian, Jonathan},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-013-0478-1},
issn = {1943-393X},
journal = {Attention, perception {\&} psychophysics},
month = {aug},
number = {6},
pages = {1252--9},
pmid = {23709066},
title = {{Perceptual learning of orientation judgments in oblique meridians.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709066},
volume = {75},
year = {2013}
}
@unpublished{Wilson2001,
abstract = {In the classic oblique effect contrast detection thresholds, orientation discrimination thresholds, and other psychophysical measures are found to be smallest for vertical or horizontal stimuli and significantly higher for stimuli near the ±45° obliques. Here we report a novel inverse oblique effect in which thresholds for detecting translational structure in random dot patterns [Glass, L. (1969). Moir{\'{e}} effect from random dots. Nature, 223, 578–580] are lowest for obliquely oriented structure and higher for either horizontal or vertical structure. Area summation experiments provide evidence that this results from larger pooling areas for oblique orientations in these patterns. The results can be explained quantitatively by a model for complex cells in which the final filtering stage in a filter–rectify–filter sequence is of significantly larger area for oblique orientations.},
author = {Wilson, Hugh R and Loffler, Gunter and Wilkinson, Frances and Thistlethwaite, William A},
booktitle = {Vision Research},
doi = {10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00089-X},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wilson et al. - 2001 - An inverse oblique effect in human vision.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00426989},
number = {14},
pages = {1749--1753},
title = {{An inverse oblique effect in human vision}},
volume = {41},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Yacoub2008,
author = {Yacoub, E. and Harel, N. and Ugurbil, K.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804110105},
file = {:Users/April/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Yacoub, Harel, Ugurbil - 2008 - High-field fMRI unveils orientation columns in humans.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {jul},
number = {30},
pages = {10607--10612},
publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
title = {{High-field fMRI unveils orientation columns in humans}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0804110105},
volume = {105},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Yang2012,
abstract = {The experiments described here used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural processes of the horizontal effect, in which visual performance is worst for horizontal and best for oblique orientations. EEGs were recorded while human adult subjects performed an orientation identification task with broad-band noise stimuli. The results showed that the difference between cardinal orientations and oblique orientations first occurred at P2 component around 200 ms post-stimulus onset, which is much later than the traditional oblique effect. Additionally, the P3 was much smaller and earlier for oblique orientations than for cardinal orientations. These findings indicated that, compared to the classical oblique effect, the horizontal effect with broad-band noise stimuli might occur at relatively later stages of visual information processing and might involve more complex neural mechanisms.},
author = {Yang, Bin and Ma, Xiaoli and Schweinhart, April M and Wang, Fang and Sun, Meirong and Song, Yan},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2012.03.011},
issn = {1878-5646},
journal = {Vision research},
month = {may},
pages = {95--100},
pmid = {22483935},
title = {{Comparison of event-related potentials elicited by cardinal and oblique orientations with broad-band noise stimuli.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22483935},
volume = {60},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Zhang2009,
abstract = {What happens to neurons in visual cortex when they are deprived of their preferred stimuli? Long-term deprivation during development, spanning weeks, reduces the number of neurons selective for the deprived orientation [1-4]. In contrast, short-term deprivation in adults, for periods of seconds, can increase neural sensitivity relative to a stimulated baseline [5]. Effects over intermediate timescales remain largely unexplored, however. Here we introduce a new method for manipulating the visual environment of adult humans and report effects of four hours of orientation-specific deprivation. Subjects wore a head-mounted video camera that fed into a laptop computer that drove a head-mounted display. Software filtered the video stream in real time, allowing subjects to interact with the world while being deprived of visual input at a specified orientation. Four hours in this environment increased sensitivity to the deprived orientation, which likely reflected an increase in responsiveness of neurons in early visual cortex. Our results help distinguish between two theories of neural adaptation: the response increase optimized the responses of individual neurons, rather than increasing the efficiency of the population code. Our method should be able to produce a wide range of environmental manipulations useful for studying many topics in perception.},
author = {Zhang, Peng and Bao, Min and Kwon, Miyoung and He, Sheng and Engel, Stephen A},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.018},
issn = {1879-0445},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
month = {dec},
number = {22},
pages = {1956--60},
pmid = {19896377},
title = {{Effects of orientation-specific visual deprivation induced with altered reality.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896377},
volume = {19},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ziemer2007,
author = {Ziemer, Christine and Plumert, Jodie and Cremer, James and Kearney, Joseph and C., Ziemer},
doi = {10.1167/7.9.268},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
number = {9},
pages = {268--268a},
publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
title = {{Perceptual adaptation to environmental scale}},
volume = {7},
year = {2007}
}