1000_people_have_middle_names.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveMiddleNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "middle_name", :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "middle_name"
  end
end

1_create_articles.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
  end

  def self.down
  end
end

1_currencies_have_symbols.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true
# coding: ISO-8859-15

class CurrenciesHaveSymbols < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    # We use € for default currency symbol
    add_column "currencies", "symbol", :string, default: "€"
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "currencies", "symbol"
  end
end

1_give_me_big_numbers.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class GiveMeBigNumbers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table :big_numbers do |table|
      table.column :bank_balance, :decimal, precision: 10, scale: 2
      table.column :big_bank_balance, :decimal, precision: 15, scale: 2
      table.column :world_population, :decimal, precision: 20
      table.column :my_house_population, :decimal, precision: 2
      table.column :value_of_e, :decimal
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :big_numbers
  end
end

1_people_have_hobbies.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveHobbies < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "hobbies", :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "hobbies"
  end
end

1_people_have_last_names.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "last_name", :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "last_name"
  end
end

1_unscoped.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Unscoped < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.change
    create_table "unscoped"
  end
end

1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "last_name", :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "last_name"
  end
end

1_we_need_things.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class WeNeedThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("things") do |t|
      t.column :content, :text
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "things"
  end
end

20090101010101_create_articles.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
  end

  def self.down
  end
end

20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveHobbies < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "hobbies", :text
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "hobbies"
  end
end

20090101010202_create_comments.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
  end

  def self.down
  end
end

20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveDescriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "description", :text
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "description"
  end
end

20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "last_name", :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "last_name"
  end
end

20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("reminders") do |t|
      t.column :content, :text
      t.column :remind_at, :datetime
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "reminders"
  end
end

20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
      t.column :reminder_id, :integer
      t.column :person_id, :integer
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "people_reminders"
  end
end

20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    raise "incorrect migration version" unless version == 20131219224947
  end

  def self.down
  end
end

20210716122844_add_people_description.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AddPeopleDescription < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  add_column :people, :description, :string
end

20210716123013_add_people_number_of_legs.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AddPeopleNumberOfLegs < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  add_column :people, :number_of_legs, :integer
end

230_add_people_hobby.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AddPeopleHobby < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  add_column :people, :hobby, :string
end

231_add_people_last_name.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AddPeopleLastName < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  add_column :people, :last_name, :string
end

2_create_comments.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
  end

  def self.down
  end
end

2_mysql_only.mysql.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class MysqlOnly < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.change
    create_table "mysql_only"
  end
end

2_people_have_descriptions.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class PeopleHaveDescriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    add_column "people", "description", :text
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column "people", "description"
  end
end

2_rename_things.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class RenameThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    rename_table "things", "awesome_things"
  end

  def self.down
    rename_table "awesome_things", "things"
  end
end

2_we_need_reminders.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("reminders") do |t|
      t.column :content, :text
      t.column :remind_at, :datetime
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "reminders"
  end
end

3_innocent_jointable.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
      t.column :reminder_id, :integer
      t.column :person_id, :integer
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "people_reminders"
  end
end

3_we_need_reminders.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("reminders") do |t|
      t.column :content, :text
      t.column :remind_at, :datetime
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "reminders"
  end
end

4_innocent_jointable.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
      t.column :reminder_id, :integer
      t.column :person_id, :integer
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "people_reminders"
  end
end

9_add_expressions.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AddExpressions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
  def self.up
    create_table("expressions") do |t|
      t.column :expression, :string
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table "expressions"
  end
end

absence.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Validations
    class AbsenceValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::AbsenceValidator # :nodoc:
      def validate_each(record, attribute, association_or_value)
        if record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
          association_or_value = Array.wrap(association_or_value).reject(&:marked_for_destruction?)
        end
        super
      end
    end

    module ClassMethods
      # Validates that the specified attributes are not present (as defined by
      # Object#present?). If the attribute is an association, the associated object
      # is considered absent if it was marked for destruction.
      #
      # See ActiveModel::Validations::HelperMethods.validates_absence_of for more information.
      def validates_absence_of(*attr_names)
        validates_with AbsenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
      end
    end
  end
end

absence_validation_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/face"
require "models/interest"
require "models/human"
require "models/topic"

class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_non_association
    boy_klass = Class.new(Human) do
      def self.name; "Boy" end
      validates_absence_of :name
    end

    assert_predicate boy_klass.new, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate boy_klass.new(name: "Alex"), :valid?
  end

  def test_has_one_marked_for_destruction
    boy_klass = Class.new(Human) do
      def self.name; "Boy" end
      validates_absence_of :face
    end

    boy = boy_klass.new(face: Face.new)
    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_one association is present"
    assert_equal 1, boy.errors[:face].size, "should only add one error"

    boy.face.mark_for_destruction
    assert boy.valid?, "should be valid if association is marked for destruction"
  end

  def test_has_many_marked_for_destruction
    boy_klass = Class.new(Human) do
      def self.name; "Boy" end
      validates_absence_of :interests
    end
    boy = boy_klass.new
    boy.interests << [i1 = Interest.new, i2 = Interest.new]
    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_many association is present"

    i1.mark_for_destruction
    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_many association is present"

    i2.mark_for_destruction
    assert_predicate boy, :valid?
  end

  def test_does_not_call_to_a_on_associations
    boy_klass = Class.new(Human) do
      def self.name; "Boy" end
      validates_absence_of :face
    end

    face_with_to_a = Face.new
    def face_with_to_a.to_a; ["(/)", '(\)']; end

    assert_nothing_raised { boy_klass.new(face: face_with_to_a).valid? }
  end

  def test_validates_absence_of_virtual_attribute_on_model
    repair_validations(Interest) do
      Interest.attr_accessor(:token)
      Interest.validates_absence_of(:token)

      interest = Interest.create!(topic: "Thought Leadering")
      assert_predicate interest, :valid?

      interest.token = "tl"

      assert_predicate interest, :invalid?
    end
  end
end

abstract_adapter.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "set"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation"
require "active_support/concurrency/load_interlock_aware_monitor"
require "arel/collectors/bind"
require "arel/collectors/composite"
require "arel/collectors/sql_string"
require "arel/collectors/substitute_binds"

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
    # Active Record supports multiple database systems. AbstractAdapter and
    # related classes form the abstraction layer which makes this possible.
    # An AbstractAdapter represents a connection to a database, and provides an
    # abstract interface for database-specific functionality such as establishing
    # a connection, escaping values, building the right SQL fragments for +:offset+
    # and +:limit+ options, etc.
    #
    # All the concrete database adapters follow the interface laid down in this class.
    # {ActiveRecord::Base.connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#connection] returns an AbstractAdapter object, which
    # you can use.
    #
    # Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most
    # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatements are very useful.
    class AbstractAdapter
      ADAPTER_NAME = "Abstract"
      include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
      define_callbacks :checkout, :checkin

      include Quoting, DatabaseStatements, SchemaStatements
      include DatabaseLimits
      include QueryCache
      include Savepoints

      SIMPLE_INT = /\A\d+\z/
      COMMENT_REGEX = %r{(?:--.*\n)*|/\*(?:[^*]|\*[^/])*\*/}m

      attr_accessor :pool
      attr_reader :visitor, :owner, :logger, :lock
      alias :in_use? :owner

      set_callback :checkin, :after, :enable_lazy_transactions!

      def self.type_cast_config_to_integer(config)
        if config.is_a?(Integer)
          config
        elsif SIMPLE_INT.match?(config)
          config.to_i
        else
          config
        end
      end

      def self.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config)
        if config == "false"
          false
        else
          config
        end
      end

      def self.validate_default_timezone(config)
        case config
        when nil
        when "utc", "local"
          config.to_sym
        else
          raise ArgumentError, "default_timezone must be either 'utc' or 'local'"
        end
      end

      DEFAULT_READ_QUERY = [:begin, :commit, :explain, :release, :rollback, :savepoint, :select, :with] # :nodoc:
      private_constant :DEFAULT_READ_QUERY

      def self.build_read_query_regexp(*parts) # :nodoc:
        parts += DEFAULT_READ_QUERY
        parts = parts.map { |part| /#{part}/i }
        /\A(?:[(\s]|#{COMMENT_REGEX})*#{Regexp.union(*parts)}/
      end

      def self.quoted_column_names # :nodoc:
        @quoted_column_names ||= {}
      end

      def self.quoted_table_names # :nodoc:
        @quoted_table_names ||= {}
      end

      def initialize(connection, logger = nil, config = {}) # :nodoc:
        super()

        @raw_connection      = connection
        @owner               = nil
        @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
        @logger              = logger
        @config              = config
        @pool                = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullPool.new
        @idle_since          = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
        @visitor = arel_visitor
        @statements = build_statement_pool
        @lock = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::LoadInterlockAwareMonitor.new

        @prepared_statements = self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(
          config.fetch(:prepared_statements, true)
        )

        @advisory_locks_enabled = self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(
          config.fetch(:advisory_locks, true)
        )

        @default_timezone = self.class.validate_default_timezone(config[:default_timezone])

        @raw_connection_dirty = false

        configure_connection
      end

      EXCEPTION_NEVER = { Exception => :never }.freeze # :nodoc:
      EXCEPTION_IMMEDIATE = { Exception => :immediate }.freeze # :nodoc:
      private_constant :EXCEPTION_NEVER, :EXCEPTION_IMMEDIATE
      def with_instrumenter(instrumenter, &block) # :nodoc:
        Thread.handle_interrupt(EXCEPTION_NEVER) do
          previous_instrumenter = @instrumenter
          @instrumenter = instrumenter
          Thread.handle_interrupt(EXCEPTION_IMMEDIATE, &block)
        ensure
          @instrumenter = previous_instrumenter
        end
      end

      def check_if_write_query(sql) # :nodoc:
        if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
          raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
        end
      end

      def replica?
        @config[:replica] || false
      end

      def use_metadata_table?
        @config.fetch(:use_metadata_table, true)
      end

      def default_timezone
        @default_timezone || ActiveRecord.default_timezone
      end

      # Determines whether writes are currently being prevented.
      #
      # Returns true if the connection is a replica.
      #
      # If the application is using legacy handling, returns
      # true if +connection_handler.prevent_writes+ is set.
      #
      # If the application is using the new connection handling
      # will return true based on +current_preventing_writes+.
      def preventing_writes?
        return true if replica?
        return ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.prevent_writes if ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
        return false if connection_class.nil?

        connection_class.current_preventing_writes
      end

      def migrations_paths # :nodoc:
        @config[:migrations_paths] || Migrator.migrations_paths
      end

      def migration_context # :nodoc:
        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths, schema_migration)
      end

      def schema_migration # :nodoc:
        @schema_migration ||= begin
                                conn = self
                                spec_name = conn.pool.pool_config.connection_specification_name

                                return ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration if spec_name == "ActiveRecord::Base"

                                schema_migration_name = "#{spec_name}::SchemaMigration"

                                Class.new(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration) do
                                  define_singleton_method(:name) { schema_migration_name }
                                  define_singleton_method(:to_s) { schema_migration_name }

                                  self.connection_specification_name = spec_name
                                end
                              end
      end

      def prepared_statements?
        @prepared_statements && !prepared_statements_disabled_cache.include?(object_id)
      end
      alias :prepared_statements :prepared_statements?

      def prepared_statements_disabled_cache # :nodoc:
        ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState[:active_record_prepared_statements_disabled_cache] ||= Set.new
      end

      class Version
        include Comparable

        attr_reader :full_version_string

        def initialize(version_string, full_version_string = nil)
          @version = version_string.split(".").map(&:to_i)
          @full_version_string = full_version_string
        end

        def <=>(version_string)
          @version <=> version_string.split(".").map(&:to_i)
        end

        def to_s
          @version.join(".")
        end
      end

      def valid_type?(type) # :nodoc:
        !native_database_types[type].nil?
      end

      # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex
      def lease
        if in_use?
          msg = +"Cannot lease connection, "
          if @owner == ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
            msg << "it is already leased by the current thread."
          else
            msg << "it is already in use by a different thread: #{@owner}. " \
                   "Current thread: #{ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context}."
          end
          raise ActiveRecordError, msg
        end

        @owner = ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
      end

      def connection_class # :nodoc:
        @pool.connection_class
      end

      # The role (e.g. +:writing+) for the current connection. In a
      # non-multi role application, +:writing+ is returned.
      def role
        @pool.role
      end

      # The shard (e.g. +:default+) for the current connection. In
      # a non-sharded application, +:default+ is returned.
      def shard
        @pool.shard
      end

      def schema_cache
        @pool.get_schema_cache(self)
      end

      def schema_cache=(cache)
        cache.connection = self
        @pool.set_schema_cache(cache)
      end

      # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex
      def expire
        if in_use?
          if @owner != ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
            raise ActiveRecordError, "Cannot expire connection, " \
              "it is owned by a different thread: #{@owner}. " \
              "Current thread: #{ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context}."
          end

          @idle_since = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
          @owner = nil
        else
          raise ActiveRecordError, "Cannot expire connection, it is not currently leased."
        end
      end

      # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex (and a desire for segfaults)
      def steal! # :nodoc:
        if in_use?
          if @owner != ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
            pool.send :remove_connection_from_thread_cache, self, @owner

            @owner = ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
          end
        else
          raise ActiveRecordError, "Cannot steal connection, it is not currently leased."
        end
      end

      # Seconds since this connection was returned to the pool
      def seconds_idle # :nodoc:
        return 0 if in_use?
        Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - @idle_since
      end

      def unprepared_statement
        cache = prepared_statements_disabled_cache.add?(object_id) if @prepared_statements
        yield
      ensure
        cache&.delete(object_id)
      end

      # Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one
      # can always use downcase if needed.
      def adapter_name
        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
      end

      # Does the database for this adapter exist?
      def self.database_exists?(config)
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?
      def supports_ddl_transactions?
        false
      end

      def supports_bulk_alter?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support savepoints?
      def supports_savepoints?
        false
      end

      # Do TransactionRollbackErrors on savepoints affect the parent
      # transaction?
      def savepoint_errors_invalidate_transactions?
        false
      end

      def supports_restart_db_transaction?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support application-enforced advisory locking?
      def supports_advisory_locks?
        false
      end

      # Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding
      # sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value
      # is called before each insert to set the record's primary key.
      def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
        false
      end

      def supports_partitioned_indexes?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support index sort order?
      def supports_index_sort_order?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support partial indices?
      def supports_partial_index?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support expression indices?
      def supports_expression_index?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support explain?
      def supports_explain?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support setting the isolation level for a transaction?
      def supports_transaction_isolation?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support database extensions?
      def supports_extensions?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support creating indexes in the same statement as
      # creating the table?
      def supports_indexes_in_create?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support creating foreign key constraints?
      def supports_foreign_keys?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support creating invalid constraints?
      def supports_validate_constraints?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support creating deferrable constraints?
      def supports_deferrable_constraints?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support creating check constraints?
      def supports_check_constraints?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support views?
      def supports_views?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support materialized views?
      def supports_materialized_views?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support datetime with precision?
      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support json data type?
      def supports_json?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support metadata comments on database objects (tables, columns, indexes)?
      def supports_comments?
        false
      end

      # Can comments for tables, columns, and indexes be specified in create/alter table statements?
      def supports_comments_in_create?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support virtual columns?
      def supports_virtual_columns?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support foreign/external tables?
      def supports_foreign_tables?
        false
      end

      # Does this adapter support optimizer hints?
      def supports_optimizer_hints?
        false
      end

      def supports_common_table_expressions?
        false
      end

      def supports_lazy_transactions?
        false
      end

      def supports_insert_returning?
        false
      end

      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
        false
      end

      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
        false
      end

      def supports_insert_conflict_target?
        false
      end

      def supports_concurrent_connections?
        true
      end

      def async_enabled? # :nodoc:
        supports_concurrent_connections? &&
          !ActiveRecord.async_query_executor.nil? && !pool.async_executor.nil?
      end

      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
      def disable_extension(name)
      end

      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
      def enable_extension(name)
      end

      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support custom enum types
      def create_enum(*) # :nodoc:
      end

      def advisory_locks_enabled? # :nodoc:
        supports_advisory_locks? && @advisory_locks_enabled
      end

      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support advisory
      # locks
      #
      # Return true if we got the lock, otherwise false
      def get_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
      end

      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support advisory
      # locks.
      #
      # Return true if we released the lock, otherwise false
      def release_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
      end

      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them.
      def extensions
        []
      end

      # A list of index algorithms, to be filled by adapters that support them.
      def index_algorithms
        {}
      end

      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================

      # Override to turn off referential integrity while executing <tt>&block</tt>.
      def disable_referential_integrity
        yield
      end

      # Override to check all foreign key constraints in a database.
      def all_foreign_keys_valid?
        true
      end

      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================

      # Checks whether the connection to the database is still active. This includes
      # checking whether the database is actually capable of responding, i.e. whether
      # the connection isn't stale.
      def active?
      end

      # Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a
      # new connection with the database. Implementors should call super
      # immediately after establishing the new connection (and while still
      # holding @lock).
      def reconnect!(restore_transactions: false)
        reset_transaction(restore: restore_transactions) do
          clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
          configure_connection
        end
      end

      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
      # method does nothing.
      def disconnect!
        clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
        reset_transaction
      end

      # Immediately forget this connection ever existed. Unlike disconnect!,
      # this will not communicate with the server.
      #
      # After calling this method, the behavior of all other methods becomes
      # undefined. This is called internally just before a forked process gets
      # rid of a connection that belonged to its parent.
      def discard!
        # This should be overridden by concrete adapters.
        #
        # Prevent @raw_connection's finalizer from touching the socket, or
        # otherwise communicating with its server, when it is collected.
        if schema_cache.connection == self
          schema_cache.connection = nil
        end
      end

      # Reset the state of this connection, directing the DBMS to clear
      # transactions and other connection-related server-side state. Usually a
      # database-dependent operation.
      #
      # If a database driver or protocol does not support such a feature,
      # implementors may alias this to #reconnect!. Otherwise, implementors
      # should call super immediately after resetting the connection (and while
      # still holding @lock).
      def reset!
        clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
        reset_transaction
        configure_connection
      end

      # Removes the connection from the pool and disconnect it.
      def throw_away!
        pool.remove self
        disconnect!
      end

      # Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing.
      def clear_cache!(new_connection: false)
        if @statements
          @lock.synchronize do
            if new_connection
              @statements.reset
            else
              @statements.clear
            end
          end
        end
      end

      # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
      def requires_reloading?
        false
      end

      # Checks whether the connection to the database is still active (i.e. not stale).
      # This is done under the hood by calling #active?. If the connection
      # is no longer active, then this method will reconnect to the database.
      def verify!
        reconnect! unless active?
      end

      # Provides access to the underlying database driver for this adapter. For
      # example, this method returns a Mysql2::Client object in case of Mysql2Adapter,
      # and a PG::Connection object in case of PostgreSQLAdapter.
      #
      # This is useful for when you need to call a proprietary method such as
      # PostgreSQL's lo_* methods.
      def raw_connection
        disable_lazy_transactions!
        @raw_connection_dirty = true
        @raw_connection
      end

      def default_uniqueness_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
        attribute.eq(value)
      end

      def case_sensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
        attribute.eq(value)
      end

      def case_insensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)

        if can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
          attribute.lower.eq(attribute.relation.lower(value))
        else
          attribute.eq(value)
        end
      end

      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
        true
      end
      private :can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?

      # Check the connection back in to the connection pool
      def close
        pool.checkin self
      end

      def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
        index.using.nil?
      end

      # Called by ActiveRecord::InsertAll,
      # Passed an instance of ActiveRecord::InsertAll::Builder,
      # This method implements standard bulk inserts for all databases, but
      # should be overridden by adapters to implement common features with
      # non-standard syntax like handling duplicates or returning values.
      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
        if insert.skip_duplicates? || insert.update_duplicates?
          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} should define `build_insert_sql` to implement adapter-specific logic for handling duplicates during INSERT"
        end

        "INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
      end

      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
      end

      def database_version # :nodoc:
        schema_cache.database_version
      end

      def check_version # :nodoc:
      end

      # Returns the version identifier of the schema currently available in
      # the database. This is generally equal to the number of the highest-
      # numbered migration that has been executed, or 0 if no schema
      # information is present / the database is empty.
      def schema_version
        migration_context.current_version
      end

      def field_ordered_value(column, values) # :nodoc:
        node = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(column)
        values.each.with_index(1) do |value, order|
          node.when(value).then(order)
        end

        Arel::Nodes::Ascending.new(node.else(values.length + 1))
      end

      class << self
        def register_class_with_precision(mapping, key, klass, **kwargs) # :nodoc:
          mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
            precision = extract_precision(args.last)
            klass.new(precision: precision, **kwargs)
          end
        end

        def extended_type_map(default_timezone:) # :nodoc:
          Type::TypeMap.new(self::TYPE_MAP).tap do |m|
            register_class_with_precision m, %r(\A[^\(]*time)i, Type::Time, timezone: default_timezone
            register_class_with_precision m, %r(\A[^\(]*datetime)i, Type::DateTime, timezone: default_timezone
            m.alias_type %r(\A[^\(]*timestamp)i, "datetime"
          end
        end

        private
          def initialize_type_map(m)
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(boolean)i,       Type::Boolean
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i,          Type::String
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(binary)i,        Type::Binary
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(text)i,          Type::Text
            register_class_with_precision m, %r(date)i,      Type::Date
            register_class_with_precision m, %r(time)i,      Type::Time
            register_class_with_precision m, %r(datetime)i,  Type::DateTime
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(float)i,         Type::Float
            register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i,           Type::Integer

            m.alias_type %r(blob)i,      "binary"
            m.alias_type %r(clob)i,      "text"
            m.alias_type %r(timestamp)i, "datetime"
            m.alias_type %r(numeric)i,   "decimal"
            m.alias_type %r(number)i,    "decimal"
            m.alias_type %r(double)i,    "float"

            m.register_type %r(^json)i, Type::Json.new

            m.register_type(%r(decimal)i) do |sql_type|
              scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
              precision = extract_precision(sql_type)

              if scale == 0
                # FIXME: Remove this class as well
                Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
              else
                Type::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
              end
            end
          end

          def register_class_with_limit(mapping, key, klass)
            mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
              limit = extract_limit(args.last)
              klass.new(limit: limit)
            end
          end

          def extract_scale(sql_type)
            case sql_type
            when /\((\d+)\)/ then 0
            when /\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/ then $3.to_i
            end
          end

          def extract_precision(sql_type)
            $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/
          end

          def extract_limit(sql_type)
            $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
          end
      end

      TYPE_MAP = Type::TypeMap.new.tap { |m| initialize_type_map(m) }
      EXTENDED_TYPE_MAPS = Concurrent::Map.new

      private
        def reconnect_can_restore_state?
          transaction_manager.restorable? && !@raw_connection_dirty
        end

        def extended_type_map_key
          if @default_timezone
            { default_timezone: @default_timezone }
          end
        end

        def type_map
          if key = extended_type_map_key
            self.class::EXTENDED_TYPE_MAPS.compute_if_absent(key) do
              self.class.extended_type_map(**key)
            end
          else
            self.class::TYPE_MAP
          end
        end

        def translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"

          exception = translate_exception(
            e, message: message, sql: sql, binds: binds
          )
          exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
          exception
        end

        def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], type_casted_binds = [], statement_name = nil, async: false, &block) # :doc:
          @instrumenter.instrument(
            "sql.active_record",
            sql:               sql,
            name:              name,
            binds:             binds,
            type_casted_binds: type_casted_binds,
            statement_name:    statement_name,
            async:             async,
            connection:        self) do
            @lock.synchronize(&block)
          rescue => e
            raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
          end
        end

        def transform_query(sql)
          ActiveRecord.query_transformers.each do |transformer|
            sql = transformer.call(sql)
          end
          sql
        end

        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
          # override in derived class
          case exception
          when RuntimeError
            exception
          else
            ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          end
        end

        def without_prepared_statement?(binds)
          !prepared_statements || binds.empty?
        end

        def column_for(table_name, column_name)
          column_name = column_name.to_s
          columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name } ||
            raise(ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}")
        end

        def column_for_attribute(attribute)
          table_name = attribute.relation.name
          schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute.name.to_s]
        end

        def collector
          if prepared_statements
            Arel::Collectors::Composite.new(
              Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new,
              Arel::Collectors::Bind.new,
            )
          else
            Arel::Collectors::SubstituteBinds.new(
              self,
              Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new,
            )
          end
        end

        def arel_visitor
          Arel::Visitors::ToSql.new(self)
        end

        def build_statement_pool
        end

        # Builds the result object.
        #
        # This is an internal hook to make possible connection adapters to build
        # custom result objects with connection-specific data.
        def build_result(columns:, rows:, column_types: {})
          ActiveRecord::Result.new(columns, rows, column_types)
        end

        # Perform any necessary initialization upon the newly-established
        # @raw_connection -- this is the place to modify the adapter's
        # connection settings, run queries to configure any application-global
        # "session" variables, etc.
        #
        # Implementations may assume this method will only be called while
        # holding @lock (or from #initialize).
        def configure_connection
        end
    end
  end
end

abstract_mysql_adapter.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/column"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements"
require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata"

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
      include MySQL::Quoting
      include MySQL::SchemaStatements

      ##
      # :singleton-method:
      # By default, the Mysql2Adapter will consider all columns of type <tt>tinyint(1)</tt>
      # as boolean. If you wish to disable this emulation you can add the following line
      # to your application.rb file:
      #
      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans = false
      class_attribute :emulate_booleans, default: true

      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
        primary_key: "bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
        string:      { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
        text:        { name: "text" },
        integer:     { name: "int", limit: 4 },
        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
        float:       { name: "float", limit: 24 },
        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
        datetime:    { name: "datetime" },
        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
        time:        { name: "time" },
        date:        { name: "date" },
        binary:      { name: "blob" },
        blob:        { name: "blob" },
        boolean:     { name: "tinyint", limit: 1 },
        json:        { name: "json" },
      }

      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
        private
          def dealloc(stmt)
            stmt.close
          end
      end

      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
        super(connection, logger, config)
      end

      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
        full_version_string = get_full_version
        version_string = version_string(full_version_string)
        Version.new(version_string, full_version_string)
      end

      def mariadb? # :nodoc:
        /mariadb/i.match?(full_version)
      end

      def supports_bulk_alter?
        true
      end

      def supports_index_sort_order?
        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.1"
      end

      def supports_expression_index?
        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.13"
      end

      def supports_transaction_isolation?
        true
      end

      def supports_restart_db_transaction?
        true
      end

      def supports_explain?
        true
      end

      def supports_indexes_in_create?
        true
      end

      def supports_foreign_keys?
        true
      end

      def supports_check_constraints?
        if mariadb?
          database_version >= "10.2.1"
        else
          database_version >= "8.0.16"
        end
      end

      def supports_views?
        true
      end

      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.6.4"
      end

      def supports_virtual_columns?
        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.7.5"
      end

      # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/optimizer-hints.html for more details.
      def supports_optimizer_hints?
        !mariadb? && database_version >= "5.7.7"
      end

      def supports_common_table_expressions?
        if mariadb?
          database_version >= "10.2.1"
        else
          database_version >= "8.0.1"
        end
      end

      def supports_advisory_locks?
        true
      end

      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
        true
      end

      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
        true
      end

      def field_ordered_value(column, values) # :nodoc:
        field = Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new("FIELD", [column, values.reverse])
        Arel::Nodes::Descending.new(field)
      end

      def get_advisory_lock(lock_name, timeout = 0) # :nodoc:
        query_value("SELECT GET_LOCK(#{quote(lock_name.to_s)}, #{timeout})") == 1
      end

      def release_advisory_lock(lock_name) # :nodoc:
        query_value("SELECT RELEASE_LOCK(#{quote(lock_name.to_s)})") == 1
      end

      def native_database_types
        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
      end

      def index_algorithms
        {
          default: "ALGORITHM = DEFAULT",
          copy:    "ALGORITHM = COPY",
          inplace: "ALGORITHM = INPLACE",
          instant: "ALGORITHM = INSTANT",
        }
      end

      # HELPER METHODS ===========================================

      # The two drivers have slightly different ways of yielding hashes of results, so
      # this method must be implemented to provide a uniform interface.
      def each_hash(result) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
      # error number.
      def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================

      def disable_referential_integrity # :nodoc:
        old = query_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")

        begin
          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0")
          yield
        ensure
          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = #{old}")
        end
      end

      #--
      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
      #++

      # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
      def execute(sql, name = nil, async: false)
        raw_execute(sql, name, async: async)
      end

      # Mysql2Adapter doesn't have to free a result after using it, but we use this method
      # to write stuff in an abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it
      # needs to be explicitly freed or not.
      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil, async: false) # :nodoc:
        yield execute(sql, name, async: async)
      end

      def begin_db_transaction # :nodoc:
        execute("BEGIN", "TRANSACTION")
      end

      def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation) # :nodoc:
        execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{transaction_isolation_levels.fetch(isolation)}"
        begin_db_transaction
      end

      def commit_db_transaction # :nodoc:
        execute("COMMIT", "TRANSACTION")
      end

      def exec_rollback_db_transaction # :nodoc:
        execute("ROLLBACK", "TRANSACTION")
      end

      def exec_restart_db_transaction # :nodoc:
        execute("ROLLBACK AND CHAIN", "TRANSACTION")
      end

      def empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key = nil) # :nodoc:
        "VALUES ()"
      end

      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================

      # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
      # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
      def recreate_database(name, options = {})
        drop_database(name)
        sql = create_database(name, options)
        reconnect!
        sql
      end

      # Create a new MySQL database with optional <tt>:charset</tt> and <tt>:collation</tt>.
      # Charset defaults to utf8mb4.
      #
      # Example:
      #   create_database 'charset_test', charset: 'latin1', collation: 'latin1_bin'
      #   create_database 'matt_development'
      #   create_database 'matt_development', charset: :big5
      def create_database(name, options = {})
        if options[:collation]
          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT COLLATE #{quote_table_name(options[:collation])}"
        elsif options[:charset]
          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET #{quote_table_name(options[:charset])}"
        elsif row_format_dynamic_by_default?
          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4`"
        else
          raise "Configure a supported :charset and ensure innodb_large_prefix is enabled to support indexes on varchar(255) string columns."
        end
      end

      # Drops a MySQL database.
      #
      # Example:
      #   drop_database('sebastian_development')
      def drop_database(name) # :nodoc:
        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
      end

      def current_database
        query_value("SELECT database()", "SCHEMA")
      end

      # Returns the database character set.
      def charset
        show_variable "character_set_database"
      end

      # Returns the database collation strategy.
      def collation
        show_variable "collation_database"
      end

      def table_comment(table_name) # :nodoc:
        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)

        query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA").presence
          SELECT table_comment
          FROM information_schema.tables
          WHERE table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
            AND table_name = #{scope[:name]}
        SQL
      end

      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
        comment = "" if comment.nil?
        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} COMMENT #{quote(comment)}")
      end

      # Renames a table.
      #
      # Example:
      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(new_name.to_s)
        execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
        rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
      end

      # Drops a table from the database.
      #
      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
      #   Defaults to false.
      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
      #   Defaults to false.
      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
      #   Set to +true+ to drop temporary table.
      #   Defaults to false.
      #
      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
      def drop_table(table_name, **options)
        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
      end

      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
        if supports_rename_index?
          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)

          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) # :nodoc:
        default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, default: default
      end

      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) # :nodoc:
        unless null || default.nil?
          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
        end

        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, null: null
      end

      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, comment: comment
      end

      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options) # :nodoc:
        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, **options)}")
      end

      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) # :nodoc:
        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{rename_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)}")
        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
      end

      def add_index(table_name, column_name, **options) # :nodoc:
        index, algorithm, if_not_exists = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, **options)

        return if if_not_exists && index_exists?(table_name, column_name, name: index.name)

        create_index = CreateIndexDefinition.new(index, algorithm)
        execute schema_creation.accept(create_index)
      end

      def add_sql_comment!(sql, comment) # :nodoc:
        sql << " COMMENT #{quote(comment)}" if comment.present?
        sql
      end

      def foreign_keys(table_name)
        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?

        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)

        fk_info = exec_query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name AS 'to_table',
                 fk.referenced_column_name AS 'primary_key',
                 fk.column_name AS 'column',
                 fk.constraint_name AS 'name',
                 rc.update_rule AS 'on_update',
                 rc.delete_rule AS 'on_delete'
          FROM information_schema.referential_constraints rc
          JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage fk
          USING (constraint_schema, constraint_name)
          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name IS NOT NULL
            AND fk.table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
            AND fk.table_name = #{scope[:name]}
            AND rc.constraint_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
            AND rc.table_name = #{scope[:name]}
        SQL

        fk_info.map do |row|
          options = {
            column: row["column"],
            name: row["name"],
            primary_key: row["primary_key"]
          }

          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_update"])
          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_delete"])

          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row["to_table"], options)
        end
      end

      def check_constraints(table_name)
        if supports_check_constraints?
          scope = quoted_scope(table_name)

          sql = <<~SQL
            SELECT cc.constraint_name AS 'name',
                  cc.check_clause AS 'expression'
            FROM information_schema.check_constraints cc
            JOIN information_schema.table_constraints tc
            USING (constraint_schema, constraint_name)
            WHERE tc.table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
              AND tc.table_name = #{scope[:name]}
              AND cc.constraint_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
          SQL
          sql += " AND cc.table_name = #{scope[:name]}" if mariadb?

          chk_info = exec_query(sql, "SCHEMA")

          chk_info.map do |row|
            options = {
              name: row["name"]
            }
            expression = row["expression"]
            expression = expression[1..-2] unless mariadb? # remove parentheses added by mysql
            CheckConstraintDefinition.new(table_name, expression, options)
          end
        else
          raise NotImplementedError
        end
      end

      def table_options(table_name) # :nodoc:
        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)

        # strip create_definitions and partition_options
        # Be aware that `create_table_info` might not include any table options due to `NO_TABLE_OPTIONS` sql mode.
        raw_table_options = create_table_info.sub(/\A.*\n\) ?/m, "").sub(/\n\/\*!.*\*\/\n\z/m, "").strip

        return if raw_table_options.empty?

        table_options = {}

        if / DEFAULT CHARSET=(?<charset>\w+)(?: COLLATE=(?<collation>\w+))?/ =~ raw_table_options
          raw_table_options = $` + $' # before part + after part
          table_options[:charset] = charset
          table_options[:collation] = collation if collation
        end

        # strip AUTO_INCREMENT
        raw_table_options.sub!(/(ENGINE=\w+)(?: AUTO_INCREMENT=\d+)/, '\1')

        # strip COMMENT
        if raw_table_options.sub!(/ COMMENT='.+'/, "")
          table_options[:comment] = table_comment(table_name)
        end

        table_options[:options] = raw_table_options unless raw_table_options == "ENGINE=InnoDB"
        table_options
      end

      # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
      def show_variable(name)
        query_value("SELECT @@#{name}", "SCHEMA")
      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
        nil
      end

      def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?

        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)

        query_values(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
          SELECT column_name
          FROM information_schema.statistics
          WHERE index_name = 'PRIMARY'
            AND table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
            AND table_name = #{scope[:name]}
          ORDER BY seq_in_index
        SQL
      end

      def case_sensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)

        if column.collation && !column.case_sensitive?
          attribute.eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
        column.case_sensitive?
      end
      private :can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?

      # In MySQL 5.7.5 and up, ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY affects handling of queries that use
      # DISTINCT and ORDER BY. It requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for
      # distinct queries, and requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
      # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/group-by-handling.html
      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
        order_columns = orders.compact_blank.map { |s|
          # Convert Arel node to string
          s = visitor.compile(s) unless s.is_a?(String)
          # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
          s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, "")
        }.compact_blank.map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }

        (order_columns << super).join(", ")
      end

      def strict_mode?
        self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config.fetch(:strict, true))
      end

      def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
        index.using == :btree || super
      end

      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"

        if insert.skip_duplicates?
          no_op_column = quote_column_name(insert.keys.first)
          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE #{no_op_column}=#{no_op_column}"
        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE "
          if insert.raw_update_sql?
            sql << insert.raw_update_sql
          else
            sql << insert.touch_model_timestamps_unless { |column| "#{column}<=>VALUES(#{column})" }
            sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=VALUES(#{column})" }.join(",")
          end
        end

        sql
      end

      def check_version # :nodoc:
        if database_version < "5.5.8"
          raise "Your version of MySQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports MySQL >= 5.5.8."
        end
      end

      class << self
        def extended_type_map(default_timezone: nil, emulate_booleans:) # :nodoc:
          super(default_timezone: default_timezone).tap do |m|
            if emulate_booleans
              m.register_type %r(^tinyint\(1\))i, Type::Boolean.new
            end
          end
        end

        private
          def initialize_type_map(m)
            super

            m.register_type(%r(char)i) do |sql_type|
              limit = extract_limit(sql_type)
              Type.lookup(:string, adapter: :mysql2, limit: limit)
            end

            m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(text)i,       Type::Text.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(blob)i,       Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
            m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
            m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)

            register_integer_type m, %r(^bigint)i,    limit: 8
            register_integer_type m, %r(^int)i,       limit: 4
            register_integer_type m, %r(^mediumint)i, limit: 3
            register_integer_type m, %r(^smallint)i,  limit: 2
            register_integer_type m, %r(^tinyint)i,   limit: 1

            m.alias_type %r(year)i, "integer"
            m.alias_type %r(bit)i,  "binary"

            m.register_type %r(^enum)i, Type.lookup(:string, adapter: :mysql2)
            m.register_type %r(^set)i,  Type.lookup(:string, adapter: :mysql2)
          end

          def register_integer_type(mapping, key, **options)
            mapping.register_type(key) do |sql_type|
              if /\bunsigned\b/.match?(sql_type)
                Type::UnsignedInteger.new(**options)
              else
                Type::Integer.new(**options)
              end
            end
          end

          def extract_precision(sql_type)
            if /\A(?:date)?time(?:stamp)?\b/.match?(sql_type)
              super || 0
            else
              super
            end
          end
      end

      TYPE_MAP = Type::TypeMap.new.tap { |m| initialize_type_map(m) }
      EXTENDED_TYPE_MAPS = Concurrent::Map.new
      EMULATE_BOOLEANS_TRUE = { emulate_booleans: true }.freeze

      private
        def extended_type_map_key
          if @default_timezone
            { default_timezone: @default_timezone, emulate_booleans: emulate_booleans }
          elsif emulate_booleans
            EMULATE_BOOLEANS_TRUE
          end
        end

        def raw_execute(sql, name, async: false)
          materialize_transactions
          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)

          log(sql, name, async: async) do
            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
              @raw_connection.query(sql)
            end
          end
        end

        # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-errors/en/server-error-reference.html
        ER_DB_CREATE_EXISTS     = 1007
        ER_FILSORT_ABORT        = 1028
        ER_DUP_ENTRY            = 1062
        ER_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION   = 1048
        ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW    = 1216
        ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED    = 1217
        ER_DO_NOT_HAVE_DEFAULT  = 1364
        ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2  = 1451
        ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2  = 1452
        ER_DATA_TOO_LONG        = 1406
        ER_OUT_OF_RANGE         = 1264
        ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK        = 1213
        ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN   = 1215
        ER_CANNOT_CREATE_TABLE  = 1005
        ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT    = 1205
        ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED    = 1317
        ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT        = 3024
        ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS = 3780

        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
          case error_number(exception)
          when nil
            if exception.message.match?(/MySQL client is not connected/i)
              ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception)
            else
              super
            end
          when ER_DB_CREATE_EXISTS
            DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_DUP_ENTRY
            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2, ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2
            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN, ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS
            mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_CANNOT_CREATE_TABLE
            if message.include?("errno: 150")
              mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
            else
              super
            end
          when ER_DATA_TOO_LONG
            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_OUT_OF_RANGE
            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION, ER_DO_NOT_HAVE_DEFAULT
            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK
            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT
            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT, ER_FILSORT_ABORT
            StatementTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          when ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED
            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
          else
            super
          end
        end

        def change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
          type ||= column.sql_type

          unless options.key?(:default)
            options[:default] = column.default
          end

          unless options.key?(:null)
            options[:null] = column.null
          end

          unless options.key?(:comment)
            options[:comment] = column.comment
          end

          unless options.key?(:auto_increment)
            options[:auto_increment] = column.auto_increment?
          end

          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
          cd = td.new_column_definition(column.name, type, **options)
          schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
        end

        def rename_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
          return rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) if supports_rename_column?

          column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
          options = {
            default: column.default,
            null: column.null,
            auto_increment: column.auto_increment?,
            comment: column.comment
          }

          current_type = exec_query("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE #{quote(column_name)}", "SCHEMA").first["Type"]
          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
          cd = td.new_column_definition(new_column_name, current_type, **options)
          schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
        end

        def add_index_for_alter(table_name, column_name, **options)
          index, algorithm, _ = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, **options)
          algorithm = ", #{algorithm}" if algorithm

          "ADD #{schema_creation.accept(index)}#{algorithm}"
        end

        def remove_index_for_alter(table_name, column_name = nil, **options)
          index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, column_name, options)
          "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
        end

        def supports_rename_index?
          if mariadb?
            database_version >= "10.5.2"
          else
            database_version >= "5.7.6"
          end
        end

        def supports_rename_column?
          if mariadb?
            database_version >= "10.5.2"
          else
            database_version >= "8.0.3"
          end
        end

        def configure_connection
          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys

          # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id; Turn this off.
          variables["sql_auto_is_null"] = 0

          # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
          wait_timeout = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:wait_timeout])
          wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Integer)
          variables["wait_timeout"] = wait_timeout

          defaults = [":default", :default].to_set

          # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
          # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
          # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
          if sql_mode = variables.delete("sql_mode")
            sql_mode = quote(sql_mode)
          elsif !defaults.include?(strict_mode?)
            if strict_mode?
              sql_mode = "CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ',STRICT_ALL_TABLES')"
            else
              sql_mode = "REPLACE(@@sql_mode, 'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', '')"
              sql_mode = "REPLACE(#{sql_mode}, 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES', '')"
              sql_mode = "REPLACE(#{sql_mode}, 'TRADITIONAL', '')"
            end
            sql_mode = "CONCAT(#{sql_mode}, ',NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO')"
          end
          sql_mode_assignment = "@@SESSION.sql_mode = #{sql_mode}, " if sql_mode

          # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
          # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/set-names.html
          # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
          if @config[:encoding]
            encoding = +"NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
            encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
            encoding << ", "
          end

          # Gather up all of the SET variables...
          variable_assignments = variables.filter_map do |k, v|
            if defaults.include?(v)
              "@@SESSION.#{k} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
            elsif !v.nil?
              "@@SESSION.#{k} = #{quote(v)}"
            end
          end.join(", ")

          # ...and send them all in one query
          execute("SET #{encoding} #{sql_mode_assignment} #{variable_assignments}", "SCHEMA")
        end

        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
          execute_and_free("SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", "SCHEMA") do |result|
            each_hash(result)
          end
        end

        def create_table_info(table_name) # :nodoc:
          exec_query("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", "SCHEMA").first["Create Table"]
        end

        def arel_visitor
          Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new(self)
        end

        def build_statement_pool
          StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
        end

        def mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql:, binds:)
          match = %r/
            (?:CREATE|ALTER)\s+TABLE\s*(?:`?\w+`?\.)?`?(?<table>\w+)`?.+?
            FOREIGN\s+KEY\s*\(`?(?<foreign_key>\w+)`?\)\s*
            REFERENCES\s*(`?(?<target_table>\w+)`?)\s*\(`?(?<primary_key>\w+)`?\)
          /xmi.match(sql)

          options = {
            message: message,
            sql: sql,
            binds: binds,
          }

          if match
            options[:table] = match[:table]
            options[:foreign_key] = match[:foreign_key]
            options[:target_table] = match[:target_table]
            options[:primary_key] = match[:primary_key]
            options[:primary_key_column] = column_for(match[:target_table], match[:primary_key])
          end

          MismatchedForeignKey.new(**options)
        end

        def version_string(full_version_string)
          full_version_string.match(/^(?:5\.5\.5-)?(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)[1]
        end

        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:immutable_string, adapter: :mysql2) do |_, **args|
          Type::ImmutableString.new(true: "1", false: "0", **args)
        end
        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, adapter: :mysql2) do |_, **args|
          Type::String.new(true: "1", false: "0", **args)
        end
        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql2)
    end
  end
end

abstract_mysql_adapter_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class AbstractMysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
    class ExampleMysqlAdapter < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractMysqlAdapter; end

    def setup
      @conn = ExampleMysqlAdapter.new(
        ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new_client({}),
        ActiveRecord::Base.logger,
        nil,
        { socket: File::NULL }
      )
    end

    def test_execute_not_raising_error
      assert_nothing_raised do
        @conn.execute("SELECT 1")
      end
    end
  end
end

account.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Admin::Account < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :users
end

active_record.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "rails/generators/named_base"
require "rails/generators/active_model"
require "rails/generators/active_record/migration"
require "active_record"

module ActiveRecord
  module Generators # :nodoc:
    class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
      include ActiveRecord::Generators::Migration

      # Set the current directory as base for the inherited generators.
      def self.base_root
        __dir__
      end
    end
  end
end

active_record_schema_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false

  setup do
    @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    @schema_migration = @connection.schema_migration
    @schema_migration.drop_table
  end

  teardown do
    @connection.drop_table :fruits rescue nil
    @connection.drop_table :nep_fruits rescue nil
    @connection.drop_table :nep_schema_migrations rescue nil
    @connection.drop_table :has_timestamps rescue nil
    @connection.drop_table :multiple_indexes rescue nil
    @schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose
  end

  def test_has_primary_key
    old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
    ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name_with_underscore
    assert_equal "version", @schema_migration.primary_key

    @schema_migration.create_table
    assert_difference "@schema_migration.count", 1 do
      @schema_migration.create version: 12
    end
  ensure
    @schema_migration.drop_table
    ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
  end

  def test_schema_without_version_is_the_current_version_schema
    schema_class = ActiveRecord::Schema
    assert schema_class < ActiveRecord::Migration[ActiveRecord::Migration.current_version]
    assert_not schema_class < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
    assert schema_class < ActiveRecord::Schema::Definition
  end

  def test_schema_version_accessor
    schema_class = ActiveRecord::Schema[6.1]
    assert schema_class < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
    assert schema_class < ActiveRecord::Schema::Definition
  end

  def test_schema_define
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 7) do
      create_table :fruits do |t|
        t.column :color, :string
        t.column :fruit_size, :string  # NOTE: "size" is reserved in Oracle
        t.column :texture, :string
        t.column :flavor, :string
      end
    end

    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM schema_migrations" }
    assert_equal 7, @connection.schema_version
  end

  def test_schema_define_with_table_name_prefix
    old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "nep_"
    @schema_migration.reset_table_name
    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 7) do
      create_table :fruits do |t|
        t.column :color, :string
        t.column :fruit_size, :string  # NOTE: "size" is reserved in Oracle
        t.column :texture, :string
        t.column :flavor, :string
      end
    end
    assert_equal 7, @connection.migration_context.current_version
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = old_table_name_prefix
    @schema_migration.reset_table_name
    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
  end

  def test_schema_raises_an_error_for_invalid_column_type
    assert_raise NoMethodError do
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 8) do
        create_table :vegetables do |t|
          t.unknown :color
        end
      end
    end
  end

  def test_schema_subclass
    Class.new(ActiveRecord::Schema).define(version: 9) do
      create_table :fruits
    end
    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
  end

  def test_normalize_version
    assert_equal "118", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
    assert_equal "002", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("2")
    assert_equal "017", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
    assert_equal "20131219224947", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
  end

  def test_schema_load_with_multiple_indexes_for_column_of_different_names
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
      create_table :multiple_indexes do |t|
        t.string "foo"
        t.index ["foo"], name: "multiple_indexes_foo_1"
        t.index ["foo"], name: "multiple_indexes_foo_2"
      end
    end

    indexes = @connection.indexes("multiple_indexes")

    assert_equal 2, indexes.length
    assert_equal ["multiple_indexes_foo_1", "multiple_indexes_foo_2"], indexes.collect(&:name).sort
  end

  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
    def test_timestamps_with_and_without_zones
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
        create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
          t.datetime "default_format"
          t.datetime "without_time_zone"
          t.timestamp "also_without_time_zone"
          t.timestamptz "with_time_zone"
        end
      end

      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :default_format, :datetime)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :without_time_zone, :datetime)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :also_without_time_zone, :datetime)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :with_time_zone, :timestamptz)
    end
  end

  def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_create_table
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
      create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
        t.timestamps
      end
    end

    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
  end

  def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
      create_table :has_timestamps

      change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
        t.timestamps default: Time.now
      end
    end

    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
  end

  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table_with_bulk
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
        create_table :has_timestamps

        change_table :has_timestamps, bulk: true do |t|
          t.timestamps default: Time.now
        end
      end

      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
    end
  end

  def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_add_timestamps
    ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
      create_table :has_timestamps
      add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
    end

    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
  end

  if supports_datetime_with_precision?
    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_create_table
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
        create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
          t.timestamps
        end
      end

      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
    end

    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_change_table
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
        create_table :has_timestamps

        change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
          t.timestamps default: Time.now
        end
      end

      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
    end

    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
      def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_change_table_with_bulk
        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
          create_table :has_timestamps

          change_table :has_timestamps, bulk: true do |t|
            t.timestamps default: Time.now
          end
        end

        assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
        assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
      end
    end

    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_add_timestamps
      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
        create_table :has_timestamps
        add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
      end

      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
    end
  end
end

active_schema_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
  def setup
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.materialize_transactions

    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
      def execute(sql, name = nil) sql end
    end
  end

  teardown do
    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
      remove_method :execute
    end
  end

  def test_create_database_with_encoding
    assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "matt" ENCODING = 'utf8'), create_database(:matt)
    assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "aimonetti" ENCODING = 'latin1'), create_database(:aimonetti, encoding: :latin1)
    assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "aimonetti" ENCODING = 'latin1'), create_database(:aimonetti, "encoding" => :latin1)
  end

  def test_create_database_with_collation_and_ctype
    assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "aimonetti" ENCODING = 'UTF8' LC_COLLATE = 'ja_JP.UTF8' LC_CTYPE = 'ja_JP.UTF8'), create_database(:aimonetti, encoding: :"UTF8", collation: :"ja_JP.UTF8", ctype: :"ja_JP.UTF8")
  end

  def test_add_index
    expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, unique: true, where: "state = 'active'")

    expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "index_people_on_lower_last_name" ON "people" (lower(last_name)))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, "lower(last_name)", unique: true)

    expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name_varchar_pattern_ops" ON "people" (last_name varchar_pattern_ops))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, "last_name varchar_pattern_ops", unique: true)

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" ("last_name"))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :concurrently)

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" ("last_name"))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, if_not_exists: true, algorithm: :concurrently)

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name_and_first_name" ON "people" ("last_name" DESC, "first_name" ASC))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, [:last_name, :first_name], order: { last_name: :desc, first_name: :asc })
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, ["last_name", :first_name], order: { last_name: :desc, "first_name" => :asc })

    %w(gin gist hash btree).each do |type|
      expected = %(CREATE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING #{type} ("last_name"))
      assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, using: type)

      expected = %(CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING #{type} ("last_name"))
      assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, using: type, algorithm: :concurrently)

      expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING #{type} ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
      assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, using: type, unique: true, where: "state = 'active'")

      expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "index_people_on_lower_last_name" ON "people" USING #{type} (lower(last_name)))
      assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, "lower(last_name)", using: type, unique: true)
    end

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING gist ("last_name" bpchar_pattern_ops))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, using: :gist, opclass: { last_name: :bpchar_pattern_ops })

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name_and_first_name" ON "people" ("last_name" DESC NULLS LAST, "first_name" ASC))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, [:last_name, :first_name], order: { last_name: "DESC NULLS LAST", first_name: :asc })

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" ("last_name" NULLS FIRST))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, order: "NULLS FIRST")

    expected = %(CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" ("last_name"))
    assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, if_not_exists: true)

    assert_raise ArgumentError do
      add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy)
    end
  end

  def test_remove_index
    # remove_index calls index_name_for_remove which can't work since execute is stubbed
    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.define_method(:index_name_for_remove) do |*|
      "index_people_on_last_name"
    end

    expected = %(DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_people_on_last_name")
    assert_equal expected, remove_index(:people, name: "index_people_on_last_name", algorithm: :concurrently)

    assert_raise ArgumentError do
      add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy)
    end

    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.remove_method :index_name_for_remove
  end

  def test_remove_index_when_name_is_specified
    expected = %(DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_people_on_last_name")
    assert_equal expected, remove_index(:people, name: "index_people_on_last_name", algorithm: :concurrently)
  end

  def test_remove_index_with_wrong_option
    assert_raises ArgumentError do
      remove_index(:people, coulmn: :last_name)
    end
  end

  private
    def method_missing(...)
      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.public_send(...)
    end
end

adapter_leasing_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    class AdapterLeasingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
      class Pool < ConnectionPool
        def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
          synchronize do
            adopt_connection(c)
            @available.add c
          end
        end
      end

      def setup
        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
      end

      def test_in_use?
        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, "adapter is not in use"
        assert @adapter.lease, "lease adapter"
        assert @adapter.in_use?, "adapter is in use"
      end

      def test_lease_twice
        assert @adapter.lease, "should lease adapter"
        assert_raises(ActiveRecordError) do
          @adapter.lease
        end
      end

      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
        assert @adapter.lease, "lease adapter"
        assert @adapter.in_use?, "adapter is in use"
        @adapter.expire
        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, "adapter is in use"
      end

      def test_close
        db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new("test", "primary", {})
        pool_config = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PoolConfig.new(ActiveRecord::Base, db_config, :writing, :default)
        pool = Pool.new(pool_config)
        pool.insert_connection_for_test! @adapter
        @adapter.pool = pool

        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
        assert_predicate @adapter, :in_use?

        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
        @adapter.close
        assert_not_predicate @adapter, :in_use?

        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
      end
    end
  end
end

adapter_prevent_writes_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/connection_helper"
require "models/book"
require "models/post"
require "models/author"
require "models/event"

module ActiveRecord
  class AdapterPreventWritesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    def setup
      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    end

    def test_preventing_writes_predicate
      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
      end

      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.update("UPDATE subscribers SET nick = '9989' WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.delete("DELETE FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        end
      end
    end

    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_has_encoding_errors
        ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
          # Contrary to other adapters, Postgres will eagerly fail on encoding errors.
          # But at least we can assert it fails in the client and not before when trying to
          # match the query.
          assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
            @connection.select_all("SELECT '\xC8'")
          end
        end
      end
    else
      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_has_encoding_errors
        ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
          @connection.select_all("SELECT '\xC8'")
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_common_table_expressions?
      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_read_query_with_a_cte_is_called_while_preventing_writes
        @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

        ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
          result = @connection.select_all(<<~SQL)
            WITH matching_subscribers AS (SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594')
            SELECT * FROM matching_subscribers
          SQL
          assert_equal 1, result.length
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_starting_with_a_slash_star_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("/* some comment */ SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_slash_star_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("/* some comment */ INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_starting_with_double_dash_comments_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("-- some comment\n-- comment about INSERT\nSELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_double_dash_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("-- some comment\nINSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_slash_star_comment_containing_read_command_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("/* SELECT */ INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_double_dash_comment_containing_read_command_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("-- SELECT\nINSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end
  end

  class AdapterPreventWritesLegacyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    def setup
      @old_value = ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
      ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = true

      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
      @connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
    end

    def teardown
      clean_up_legacy_connection_handlers
      ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = @old_value
    end

    def test_preventing_writes_predicate_legacy
      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
      end

      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.update("UPDATE subscribers SET nick = '9989' WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.delete("DELETE FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_common_table_expressions?
      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_read_query_with_a_cte_is_called_while_preventing_writes
        @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

        @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          result = @connection.select_all(<<~SQL)
            WITH matching_subscribers AS (SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594')
            SELECT * FROM matching_subscribers
          SQL
          assert_equal 1, result.length
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_starting_with_a_slash_star_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("/* some comment */ SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_slash_star_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("/* some comment */ INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_starting_with_double_dash_comments_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")

      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        result = @connection.select_all("-- some comment\n-- comment about INSERT\nSELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
        assert_equal 1, result.length
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_double_dash_comment_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("-- some comment\nINSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_slash_star_comment_containing_read_command_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("/* SELECT */ INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end

    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_prefixed_by_a_double_dash_comment_containing_read_command_is_called_while_preventing_writes
      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
          @connection.insert("-- SELECT\nINSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

adapter_specific_registry.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  # :stopdoc:
  module Type
    class AdapterSpecificRegistry # :nodoc:
      def initialize
        @registrations = []
      end

      def initialize_copy(other)
        @registrations = @registrations.dup
      end

      def add_modifier(options, klass, **args)
        registrations << DecorationRegistration.new(options, klass, **args)
      end

      def register(type_name, klass = nil, **options, &block)
        unless block_given?
          block = proc { |_, *args| klass.new(*args) }
          block.ruby2_keywords if block.respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords)
        end
        registrations << Registration.new(type_name, block, **options)
      end

      def lookup(symbol, *args, **kwargs)
        registration = find_registration(symbol, *args, **kwargs)

        if registration
          registration.call(self, symbol, *args, **kwargs)
        else
          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown type #{symbol.inspect}"
        end
      end

      private
        attr_reader :registrations

        def find_registration(symbol, *args, **kwargs)
          registrations
            .select { |registration| registration.matches?(symbol, *args, **kwargs) }
            .max
        end
    end

    class Registration # :nodoc:
      def initialize(name, block, adapter: nil, override: nil)
        @name = name
        @block = block
        @adapter = adapter
        @override = override
      end

      def call(_registry, *args, adapter: nil, **kwargs)
        block.call(*args, **kwargs)
      end

      def matches?(type_name, *args, **kwargs)
        type_name == name && matches_adapter?(**kwargs)
      end

      def <=>(other)
        if conflicts_with?(other)
          raise TypeConflictError.new("Type #{name} was registered for all
                                      adapters, but shadows a native type with
                                      the same name for #{other.adapter}".squish)
        end
        priority <=> other.priority
      end

      protected
        attr_reader :name, :block, :adapter, :override

        def priority
          result = 0
          if adapter
            result |= 1
          end
          if override
            result |= 2
          end
          result
        end

        def priority_except_adapter
          priority & 0b111111100
        end

      private
        def matches_adapter?(adapter: nil, **)
          (self.adapter.nil? || adapter == self.adapter)
        end

        def conflicts_with?(other)
          same_priority_except_adapter?(other) &&
            has_adapter_conflict?(other)
        end

        def same_priority_except_adapter?(other)
          priority_except_adapter == other.priority_except_adapter
        end

        def has_adapter_conflict?(other)
          (override.nil? && other.adapter) ||
            (adapter && other.override.nil?)
        end
    end

    class DecorationRegistration < Registration # :nodoc:
      def initialize(options, klass, adapter: nil)
        @options = options
        @klass = klass
        @adapter = adapter
      end

      def call(registry, *args, **kwargs)
        subtype = registry.lookup(*args, **kwargs.except(*options.keys))
        klass.new(subtype)
      end

      def matches?(*args, **kwargs)
        matches_adapter?(**kwargs) && matches_options?(**kwargs)
      end

      def priority
        super | 4
      end

      private
        attr_reader :options, :klass

        def matches_options?(**kwargs)
          options.all? do |key, value|
            kwargs[key] == value
          end
        end
    end
  end

  class TypeConflictError < StandardError # :nodoc:
  end
  # :startdoc:
end

adapter_specific_registry_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

module ActiveRecord
  class AdapterSpecificRegistryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    test "a class can be registered for a symbol" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, ::String)
      registry.register(:bar, ::Array)

      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:bar)
    end

    test "a block can be registered" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo) do |*args|
        [*args, "block for foo"]
      end
      registry.register(:bar) do |*args|
        [*args, "block for bar"]
      end

      assert_equal [:foo, 1, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 1)
      assert_equal [:foo, 2, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 2)
      assert_equal [:bar, 1, 2, 3, "block for bar"], registry.lookup(:bar, 1, 2, 3)
    end

    test "filtering by adapter" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String, adapter: :sqlite3)
      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)

      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
    end

    test "an error is raised if both a generic and adapter specific type match" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String)
      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)

      assert_raises TypeConflictError do
        registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
      end
      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
    end

    test "a generic type can explicitly override an adapter specific type" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String, override: true)
      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)

      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
    end

    test "a generic type can explicitly allow an adapter type to be used instead" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String, override: false)
      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)

      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
    end

    test "a reasonable error is given when no type is found" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new

      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
        registry.lookup(:foo)
      end

      assert_equal "Unknown type :foo", e.message
    end

    test "construct args are passed to the type" do
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, type)

      assert_equal type.new, registry.lookup(:foo)
      assert_equal type.new(:ordered_arg), registry.lookup(:foo, :ordered_arg)
      assert_equal type.new(keyword: :arg), registry.lookup(:foo, keyword: :arg)
      assert_equal type.new(keyword: :arg), registry.lookup(:foo, keyword: :arg, adapter: :postgresql)
    end

    test "registering a modifier" do
      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String)
      registry.register(:bar, Hash)
      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration)

      assert_equal decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, array: true)
      assert_equal decoration.new({}), registry.lookup(:bar, array: true)
      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
    end

    test "registering multiple modifiers" do
      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
      other_decoration = Struct.new(:value)
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, String)
      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration)
      registry.add_modifier({ range: true }, other_decoration)

      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
      assert_equal decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, array: true)
      assert_equal other_decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, range: true)
      assert_equal(
        decoration.new(other_decoration.new("")),
        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, range: true)
      )
    end

    test "registering adapter specific modifiers" do
      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
      registry.register(:foo, type)
      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration, adapter: :postgresql)

      assert_equal(
        decoration.new(type.new(keyword: :arg)),
        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, adapter: :postgresql, keyword: :arg)
      )
      assert_equal(
        type.new(array: true),
        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, adapter: :sqlite3)
      )
    end

    TYPE = Class.new do
      attr_reader :args

      def initialize(args = nil)
        @args = args
      end

      def ==(other) self.args == other.args end
    end

    private def type; TYPE end
  end
end

adapter_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/connection_helper"
require "models/book"
require "models/post"
require "models/author"
require "models/event"

module ActiveRecord
  class AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    def setup
      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
      @connection.materialize_transactions
    end

    ##
    # PostgreSQL does not support null bytes in strings
    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) ||
        (current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements)
      def test_update_prepared_statement
        b = Book.create(name: "my \x00 book")
        b.reload
        assert_equal "my \x00 book", b.name
        b.update(name: "my other \x00 book")
        b.reload
        assert_equal "my other \x00 book", b.name
      end
    end

    def test_create_record_with_pk_as_zero
      Book.create(id: 0)
      assert_equal 0, Book.find(0).id
      assert_nothing_raised { Book.destroy(0) }
    end

    def test_valid_column
      @connection.native_database_types.each_key do |type|
        assert @connection.valid_type?(type)
      end
    end

    def test_invalid_column
      assert_not @connection.valid_type?(:foobar)
    end

    def test_tables
      tables = @connection.tables
      assert_includes tables, "accounts"
      assert_includes tables, "authors"
      assert_includes tables, "tasks"
      assert_includes tables, "topics"
    end

    def test_table_exists?
      assert @connection.table_exists?("accounts")
      assert @connection.table_exists?(:accounts)
      assert_not @connection.table_exists?("nonexistingtable")
      assert_not @connection.table_exists?("'")
      assert_not @connection.table_exists?(nil)
    end

    def test_data_sources
      data_sources = @connection.data_sources
      assert_includes data_sources, "accounts"
      assert_includes data_sources, "authors"
      assert_includes data_sources, "tasks"
      assert_includes data_sources, "topics"
    end

    def test_data_source_exists?
      assert @connection.data_source_exists?("accounts")
      assert @connection.data_source_exists?(:accounts)
      assert_not @connection.data_source_exists?("nonexistingtable")
      assert_not @connection.data_source_exists?("'")
      assert_not @connection.data_source_exists?(nil)
    end

    def test_indexes
      idx_name = "accounts_idx"

      indexes = @connection.indexes("accounts")
      assert_empty indexes

      @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, name: idx_name
      indexes = @connection.indexes("accounts")
      assert_equal "accounts", indexes.first.table
      assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name
      assert_not indexes.first.unique
      assert_equal ["firm_id"], indexes.first.columns
    ensure
      @connection.remove_index(:accounts, name: idx_name) rescue nil
    end

    def test_remove_index_when_name_and_wrong_column_name_specified
      index_name = "accounts_idx"

      @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, name: index_name
      assert_raises ArgumentError do
        @connection.remove_index :accounts, name: index_name, column: :wrong_column_name
      end
    ensure
      @connection.remove_index(:accounts, name: index_name)
    end

    def test_remove_index_when_name_and_wrong_column_name_specified_positional_argument
      index_name = "accounts_idx"

      @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, name: index_name
      assert_raises ArgumentError do
        @connection.remove_index :accounts, :wrong_column_name, name: index_name
      end
    ensure
      @connection.remove_index(:accounts, name: index_name)
    end

    def test_current_database
      if @connection.respond_to?(:current_database)
        assert_equal ARTest.test_configuration_hashes["arunit"]["database"], @connection.current_database
      end
    end

    def test_exec_query_returns_an_empty_result
      result = @connection.exec_query "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
      assert_instance_of(ActiveRecord::Result, result)
    end

    if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
      def test_charset
        assert_not_nil @connection.charset
        assert_not_equal "character_set_database", @connection.charset
        assert_equal @connection.show_variable("character_set_database"), @connection.charset
      end

      def test_collation
        assert_not_nil @connection.collation
        assert_not_equal "collation_database", @connection.collation
        assert_equal @connection.show_variable("collation_database"), @connection.collation
      end

      def test_show_nonexistent_variable_returns_nil
        assert_nil @connection.show_variable("foo_bar_baz")
      end

      def test_not_specifying_database_name_for_cross_database_selects
        assert_nothing_raised do
          db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary")
          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.configuration_hash.except(:database))

          config = ARTest.test_configuration_hashes
          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
            "SELECT #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates.*, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses.* " \
            "FROM #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses"
          )
        end
      ensure
        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
      end
    end

    def test_table_alias
      def @connection.test_table_alias_length() 10; end
      class << @connection
        alias_method :old_table_alias_length, :table_alias_length
        alias_method :table_alias_length,     :test_table_alias_length
      end

      assert_equal "posts",      @connection.table_alias_for("posts")
      assert_equal "posts_comm", @connection.table_alias_for("posts_comments")
      assert_equal "dbo_posts",  @connection.table_alias_for("dbo.posts")

      class << @connection
        remove_method :table_alias_length
        alias_method :table_alias_length, :old_table_alias_length
      end
    end

    def test_uniqueness_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
      @connection.execute "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique) do
        @connection.execute "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
      end

      assert_not_nil error.cause
    end

    def test_not_null_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::NotNullViolation) do
        Post.create
      end

      assert_not_nil error.cause
    end

    unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
      def test_value_limit_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
        error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ValueTooLong) do
          Event.create(title: "abcdefgh")
        end

        assert_not_nil error.cause
      end

      def test_numeric_value_out_of_ranges_are_translated_to_specific_exception
        error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RangeError) do
          Book.connection.create("INSERT INTO books(author_id) VALUES (9223372036854775808)")
        end

        assert_not_nil error.cause
      end
    end

    def test_exceptions_from_notifications_are_not_translated
      original_error = StandardError.new("This StandardError shouldn't get translated")
      subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record") { raise original_error }
      actual_error = assert_raises(StandardError) do
        @connection.execute("SELECT * FROM posts")
      end
      assert_equal original_error, actual_error

    ensure
      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber) if subscriber
    end

    def test_database_related_exceptions_are_translated_to_statement_invalid
      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
        @connection.execute("This is a syntax error")
      end

      assert_instance_of ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, error
      assert_kind_of Exception, error.cause
    end

    def test_select_all_always_return_activerecord_result
      result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts"
      assert result.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
    end

    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
      def test_select_all_insert_update_delete_with_casted_binds
        binds = [Event.type_for_attribute("id").serialize(1)]
        bind_param = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(nil)

        id = @connection.insert("INSERT INTO events(id) VALUES (#{bind_param.to_sql})", nil, nil, nil, nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, id

        updated = @connection.update("UPDATE events SET title = 'foo' WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, updated

        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal({ "id" => 1, "title" => "foo" }, result.first)

        deleted = @connection.delete("DELETE FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, deleted

        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_nil result.first
      end

      def test_select_all_insert_update_delete_with_binds
        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, Event.type_for_attribute("id"))]
        bind_param = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(nil)

        id = @connection.insert("INSERT INTO events(id) VALUES (#{bind_param.to_sql})", nil, nil, nil, nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, id

        updated = @connection.update("UPDATE events SET title = 'foo' WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, updated

        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal({ "id" => 1, "title" => "foo" }, result.first)

        deleted = @connection.delete("DELETE FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_equal 1, deleted

        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM events WHERE id = #{bind_param.to_sql}", nil, binds)
        assert_nil result.first
      end
    end

    def test_select_methods_passing_a_association_relation
      author = Author.create!(name: "john")
      Post.create!(author: author, title: "foo", body: "bar")
      query = author.posts.where(title: "foo").select(:title)
      assert_equal({ "title" => "foo" }, @connection.select_one(query))
      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
    end

    def test_select_methods_passing_a_relation
      Post.create!(title: "foo", body: "bar")
      query = Post.where(title: "foo").select(:title)
      assert_equal({ "title" => "foo" }, @connection.select_one(query))
      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
    end

    test "type_to_sql returns a String for unmapped types" do
      assert_equal "special_db_type", @connection.type_to_sql(:special_db_type)
    end
  end

  class AdapterForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    self.use_transactional_tests = false

    fixtures :fk_test_has_pk

    def setup
      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    end

    def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception_with_validate_false
      klass_has_fk = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        self.table_name = "fk_test_has_fk"
      end

      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
        has_fk = klass_has_fk.new
        has_fk.fk_id = 1231231231
        has_fk.save(validate: false)
      end

      assert_not_nil error.cause
    end

    def test_foreign_key_violations_on_insert_are_translated_to_specific_exception
      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
        insert_into_fk_test_has_fk
      end

      assert_not_nil error.cause
    end

    def test_foreign_key_violations_on_delete_are_translated_to_specific_exception
      insert_into_fk_test_has_fk fk_id: 1

      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
        @connection.execute "DELETE FROM fk_test_has_pk WHERE pk_id = 1"
      end

      assert_not_nil error.cause
    end

    def test_disable_referential_integrity
      assert_nothing_raised do
        @connection.disable_referential_integrity do
          insert_into_fk_test_has_fk
          # should delete created record as otherwise disable_referential_integrity will try to enable constraints
          # after executed block and will fail (at least on Oracle)
          @connection.execute "DELETE FROM fk_test_has_fk"
        end
      end
    end

    private
      def insert_into_fk_test_has_fk(fk_id: 0)
        # Oracle adapter uses prefetched primary key values from sequence and passes them to connection adapter insert method
        if @connection.prefetch_primary_key?
          id_value = @connection.next_sequence_value(@connection.default_sequence_name("fk_test_has_fk", "id"))
          @connection.execute "INSERT INTO fk_test_has_fk (id,fk_id) VALUES (#{id_value},#{fk_id})"
        else
          @connection.execute "INSERT INTO fk_test_has_fk (fk_id) VALUES (#{fk_id})"
        end
      end
  end

  class AdapterTestWithoutTransaction < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    self.use_transactional_tests = false

    fixtures :posts, :authors, :author_addresses

    def setup
      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    end

    unless in_memory_db?
      test "reconnect after a disconnect" do
        assert_predicate @connection, :active?
        @connection.disconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :active?
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_predicate @connection, :active?
      end

      test "materialized transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        @connection.materialize_transactions
        assert raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      end

      test "materialized transaction state can be restored after a reconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        # +materialize_transactions+ currently automatically dirties the
        # connection, which would make it unrestorable
        @connection.transaction_manager.stub(:dirty_current_transaction, nil) do
          @connection.materialize_transactions
        end
        assert raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.reconnect!(restore_transactions: true)
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      ensure
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
      end

      test "materialized transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        @connection.materialize_transactions
        assert raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.disconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
      ensure
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      end

      test "unmaterialized transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.materialize_transactions
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      end

      test "unmaterialized transaction state can be restored after a reconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.reconnect!(restore_transactions: true)
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.materialize_transactions
        assert raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      ensure
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      end

      test "unmaterialized transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
        @connection.begin_transaction
        assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.disconnect!
        assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
      ensure
        @connection.reconnect!
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
        @connection.materialize_transactions
        assert_not raw_transaction_open?(@connection)
      end
    end

    def test_create_with_query_cache
      @connection.enable_query_cache!

      count = Post.count

      @connection.create("INSERT INTO posts(title, body) VALUES ('', '')")

      assert_equal count + 1, Post.count
    ensure
      reset_fixtures("posts")
      @connection.disable_query_cache!
    end

    def test_truncate
      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0

      @connection.truncate("posts")

      assert_equal 0, Post.count
    ensure
      reset_fixtures("posts")
    end

    def test_truncate_with_query_cache
      @connection.enable_query_cache!

      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0

      @connection.truncate("posts")

      assert_equal 0, Post.count
    ensure
      reset_fixtures("posts")
      @connection.disable_query_cache!
    end

    def test_truncate_tables
      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
      assert_operator Author.count, :>, 0
      assert_operator AuthorAddress.count, :>, 0

      @connection.truncate_tables("author_addresses", "authors", "posts")

      assert_equal 0, Post.count
      assert_equal 0, Author.count
      assert_equal 0, AuthorAddress.count
    ensure
      reset_fixtures("posts", "authors", "author_addresses")
    end

    def test_truncate_tables_with_query_cache
      @connection.enable_query_cache!

      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
      assert_operator Author.count, :>, 0
      assert_operator AuthorAddress.count, :>, 0

      @connection.truncate_tables("author_addresses", "authors", "posts")

      assert_equal 0, Post.count
      assert_equal 0, Author.count
      assert_equal 0, AuthorAddress.count
    ensure
      reset_fixtures("posts", "authors", "author_addresses")
      @connection.disable_query_cache!
    end

    # test resetting sequences in odd tables in PostgreSQL
    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
      require "models/movie"
      require "models/subscriber"

      def test_reset_empty_table_with_custom_pk
        Movie.delete_all
        Movie.connection.reset_pk_sequence! "movies"
        assert_equal 1, Movie.create(name: "fight club").id
      end

      def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
        Subscriber.delete_all
        Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! "subscribers"
        sub = Subscriber.new(name: "robert drake")
        sub.id = "bob drake"
        assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
      end
    end

    private
      def raw_transaction_open?(connection)
        case connection.class::ADAPTER_NAME
        when "PostgreSQL"
          connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection).transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_INTRANS
        when "Mysql2"
          begin
            connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection).query("SAVEPOINT transaction_test")
            connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection).query("RELEASE SAVEPOINT transaction_test")

            true
          rescue
            false
          end
        when "SQLite"
          begin
            connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection).transaction { nil }
            false
          rescue
            true
          end
        else
          skip
        end
      end

      def reset_fixtures(*fixture_names)
        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache

        fixture_names.each do |fixture_name|
          ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, fixture_name)
        end
      end
  end
end

if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_advisory_locks?
  class AdvisoryLocksEnabledTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    include ConnectionHelper

    def test_advisory_locks_enabled?
      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.advisory_locks_enabled?

      run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
          orig_connection.merge(advisory_locks: false)
        )

        assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.advisory_locks_enabled?

        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
          orig_connection.merge(advisory_locks: true)
        )

        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.advisory_locks_enabled?
      end
    end
  end
end

admin.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Admin
  def self.table_name_prefix
    "admin_"
  end
end

aes256_gcm.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "openssl"

module ActiveRecord
  module Encryption
    class Cipher
      # A 256-GCM cipher.
      #
      # By default it will use random initialization vectors. For deterministic encryption, it will use a SHA-256 hash of
      # the text to encrypt and the secret.
      #
      # See +Encryptor+
      class Aes256Gcm
        CIPHER_TYPE = "aes-256-gcm"

        class << self
          def key_length
            OpenSSL::Cipher.new(CIPHER_TYPE).key_len
          end

          def iv_length
            OpenSSL::Cipher.new(CIPHER_TYPE).iv_len
          end
        end

        # When iv not provided, it will generate a random iv on each encryption operation (default and
        # recommended operation)
        def initialize(secret, deterministic: false)
          @secret = secret
          @deterministic = deterministic
        end

        def encrypt(clear_text)
          # This code is extracted from +ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor+. Not using it directly because we want to control
          # the message format and only serialize things once at the +ActiveRecord::Encryption::Message+ level. Also, this
          # cipher is prepared to deal with deterministic/non deterministic encryption modes.

          cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new(CIPHER_TYPE)
          cipher.encrypt
          cipher.key = @secret

          iv = generate_iv(cipher, clear_text)
          cipher.iv = iv

          encrypted_data = clear_text.empty? ? clear_text.dup : cipher.update(clear_text)
          encrypted_data << cipher.final

          ActiveRecord::Encryption::Message.new(payload: encrypted_data).tap do |message|
            message.headers.iv = iv
            message.headers.auth_tag = cipher.auth_tag
          end
        end

        def decrypt(encrypted_message)
          encrypted_data = encrypted_message.payload
          iv = encrypted_message.headers.iv
          auth_tag = encrypted_message.headers.auth_tag

          # Currently the OpenSSL bindings do not raise an error if auth_tag is
          # truncated, which would allow an attacker to easily forge it. See
          # https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/63
          raise ActiveRecord::Encryption::Errors::EncryptedContentIntegrity if auth_tag.nil? || auth_tag.bytes.length != 16

          cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new(CIPHER_TYPE)

          cipher.decrypt
          cipher.key = @secret
          cipher.iv = iv

          cipher.auth_tag = auth_tag
          cipher.auth_data = ""

          decrypted_data = encrypted_data.empty? ? encrypted_data : cipher.update(encrypted_data)
          decrypted_data << cipher.final

          decrypted_data
        rescue OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError, TypeError, ArgumentError
          raise ActiveRecord::Encryption::Errors::Decryption
        end

        private
          def generate_iv(cipher, clear_text)
            if @deterministic
              generate_deterministic_iv(clear_text)
            else
              cipher.random_iv
            end
          end

          def generate_deterministic_iv(clear_text)
            OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new, @secret, clear_text)[0, ActiveRecord::Encryption.cipher.iv_length]
          end
      end
    end
  end
end

aes256_gcm_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/encryption/helper"

class ActiveRecord::Encryption::Aes256GcmTest < ActiveRecord::EncryptionTestCase
  setup do
    @key = ActiveRecord::Encryption.key_generator.generate_random_key length: ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm.key_length
    @cipher = ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm.new(@key)
  end

  test "encrypts strings" do
    assert_cipher_encrypts(@cipher, "Some clear text")
  end

  test "works with empty strings" do
    assert_cipher_encrypts(@cipher, "")
  end

  test "uses non-deterministic encryption by default" do
    assert_not_equal @cipher.encrypt("Some text").payload, @cipher.encrypt("Some text").payload
  end

  test "in deterministic mode, it generates the same ciphertext for the same inputs" do
    cipher = ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm.new(@key, deterministic: true)

    assert_cipher_encrypts(cipher, "Some clear text")

    assert_equal cipher.encrypt("Some text").payload, cipher.encrypt("Some text").payload
    assert_not_equal cipher.encrypt("Some text").payload, cipher.encrypt("Some other text").payload
  end

  test "it generates different ivs for different ciphertexts" do
    cipher = ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm.new(@key, deterministic: true)

    assert_equal cipher.encrypt("Some text").headers.iv, cipher.encrypt("Some text").headers.iv
    assert_not_equal cipher.encrypt("Some text").headers.iv, cipher.encrypt("Some other text").headers.iv
  end

  private
    def assert_cipher_encrypts(cipher, content_to_encrypt)
      encrypted_content = cipher.encrypt(content_to_encrypt)
      assert_not_equal content_to_encrypt, encrypted_content
      assert_equal content_to_encrypt, cipher.decrypt(encrypted_content)
    end
end

aggregations.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  # See ActiveRecord::Aggregations::ClassMethods for documentation
  module Aggregations
    def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
      @aggregation_cache = {}
      super
    end

    def reload(*) # :nodoc:
      clear_aggregation_cache
      super
    end

    private
      def clear_aggregation_cache
        @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted?
      end

      def init_internals
        @aggregation_cache = {}
        super
      end

      # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called #composed_of
      # for representing attributes as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is]
      # composed of Money [among other things]" or "Person [is] composed of [an] address". Each call
      # to the macro adds a description of how the value objects are created from the attributes of
      # the entity object (when the entity is initialized either as a new object or from finding an
      # existing object) and how it can be turned back into attributes (when the entity is saved to
      # the database).
      #
      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount)
      #     composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
      #   end
      #
      # The customer class now has the following methods to manipulate the value objects:
      # * <tt>Customer#balance, Customer#balance=(money)</tt>
      # * <tt>Customer#address, Customer#address=(address)</tt>
      #
      # These methods will operate with value objects like the ones described below:
      #
      #  class Money
      #    include Comparable
      #    attr_reader :amount, :currency
      #    EXCHANGE_RATES = { "USD_TO_DKK" => 6 }
      #
      #    def initialize(amount, currency = "USD")
      #      @amount, @currency = amount, currency
      #    end
      #
      #    def exchange_to(other_currency)
      #      exchanged_amount = (amount * EXCHANGE_RATES["#{currency}_TO_#{other_currency}"]).floor
      #      Money.new(exchanged_amount, other_currency)
      #    end
      #
      #    def ==(other_money)
      #      amount == other_money.amount && currency == other_money.currency
      #    end
      #
      #    def <=>(other_money)
      #      if currency == other_money.currency
      #        amount <=> other_money.amount
      #      else
      #        amount <=> other_money.exchange_to(currency).amount
      #      end
      #    end
      #  end
      #
      #  class Address
      #    attr_reader :street, :city
      #    def initialize(street, city)
      #      @street, @city = street, city
      #    end
      #
      #    def close_to?(other_address)
      #      city == other_address.city
      #    end
      #
      #    def ==(other_address)
      #      city == other_address.city && street == other_address.street
      #    end
      #  end
      #
      # Now it's possible to access attributes from the database through the value objects instead. If
      # you choose to name the composition the same as the attribute's name, it will be the only way to
      # access that attribute. That's the case with our +balance+ attribute. You interact with the value
      # objects just like you would with any other attribute:
      #
      #   customer.balance = Money.new(20)     # sets the Money value object and the attribute
      #   customer.balance                     # => Money value object
      #   customer.balance.exchange_to("DKK")  # => Money.new(120, "DKK")
      #   customer.balance > Money.new(10)     # => true
      #   customer.balance == Money.new(20)    # => true
      #   customer.balance < Money.new(5)      # => false
      #
      # Value objects can also be composed of multiple attributes, such as the case of Address. The order
      # of the mappings will determine the order of the parameters.
      #
      #   customer.address_street = "Hyancintvej"
      #   customer.address_city   = "Copenhagen"
      #   customer.address        # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen")
      #
      #   customer.address = Address.new("May Street", "Chicago")
      #   customer.address_street # => "May Street"
      #   customer.address_city   # => "Chicago"
      #
      # == Writing value objects
      #
      # Value objects are immutable and interchangeable objects that represent a given value, such as
      # a Money object representing $5. Two Money objects both representing $5 should be equal (through
      # methods such as <tt>==</tt> and <tt><=></tt> from Comparable if ranking makes sense). This is
      # unlike entity objects where equality is determined by identity. An entity class such as Customer can
      # easily have two different objects that both have an address on Hyancintvej. Entity identity is
      # determined by object or relational unique identifiers (such as primary keys). Normal
      # ActiveRecord::Base classes are entity objects.
      #
      # It's also important to treat the value objects as immutable. Don't allow the Money object to have
      # its amount changed after creation. Create a new Money object with the new value instead. The
      # <tt>Money#exchange_to</tt> method is an example of this. It returns a new value object instead of changing
      # its own values. Active Record won't persist value objects that have been changed through means
      # other than the writer method.
      #
      # The immutable requirement is enforced by Active Record by freezing any object assigned as a value
      # object. Attempting to change it afterwards will result in a +RuntimeError+.
      #
      # Read more about value objects on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObject and on the dangers of not
      # keeping value objects immutable on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObjectsShouldBeImmutable
      #
      # == Custom constructors and converters
      #
      # By default value objects are initialized by calling the <tt>new</tt> constructor of the value
      # class passing each of the mapped attributes, in the order specified by the <tt>:mapping</tt>
      # option, as arguments. If the value class doesn't support this convention then #composed_of allows
      # a custom constructor to be specified.
      #
      # When a new value is assigned to the value object, the default assumption is that the new value
      # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically
      # converted to an instance of value class if necessary.
      #
      # For example, the +NetworkResource+ model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that should be
      # aggregated using the +NetAddr::CIDR+ value class (https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/netaddr/1.5.0/NetAddr/CIDR).
      # The constructor for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter.
      # New values can be assigned to the value object using either another +NetAddr::CIDR+ object, a string
      # or an array. The <tt>:constructor</tt> and <tt>:converter</tt> options can be used to meet
      # these requirements:
      #
      #   class NetworkResource < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     composed_of :cidr,
      #                 class_name: 'NetAddr::CIDR',
      #                 mapping: [ %w(network_address network), %w(cidr_range bits) ],
      #                 allow_nil: true,
      #                 constructor: Proc.new { |network_address, cidr_range| NetAddr::CIDR.create("#{network_address}/#{cidr_range}") },
      #                 converter: Proc.new { |value| NetAddr::CIDR.create(value.is_a?(Array) ? value.join('/') : value) }
      #   end
      #
      #   # This calls the :constructor
      #   network_resource = NetworkResource.new(network_address: '192.168.0.1', cidr_range: 24)
      #
      #   # These assignments will both use the :converter
      #   network_resource.cidr = [ '192.168.2.1', 8 ]
      #   network_resource.cidr = '192.168.0.1/24'
      #
      #   # This assignment won't use the :converter as the value is already an instance of the value class
      #   network_resource.cidr = NetAddr::CIDR.create('192.168.2.1/8')
      #
      #   # Saving and then reloading will use the :constructor on reload
      #   network_resource.save
      #   network_resource.reload
      #
      # == Finding records by a value object
      #
      # Once a #composed_of relationship is specified for a model, records can be loaded from the database
      # by specifying an instance of the value object in the conditions hash. The following example
      # finds all customers with +address_street+ equal to "May Street" and +address_city+ equal to "Chicago":
      #
      #   Customer.where(address: Address.new("May Street", "Chicago"))
      #
      module ClassMethods
        # Adds reader and writer methods for manipulating a value object:
        # <tt>composed_of :address</tt> adds <tt>address</tt> and <tt>address=(new_address)</tt> methods.
        #
        # Options are:
        # * <tt>:class_name</tt> - Specifies the class name of the association. Use it only if that name
        #   can't be inferred from the part id. So <tt>composed_of :address</tt> will by default be linked
        #   to the Address class, but if the real class name is +CompanyAddress+, you'll have to specify it
        #   with this option.
        # * <tt>:mapping</tt> - Specifies the mapping of entity attributes to attributes of the value
        #   object. Each mapping is represented as an array where the first item is the name of the
        #   entity attribute and the second item is the name of the attribute in the value object. The
        #   order in which mappings are defined determines the order in which attributes are sent to the
        #   value class constructor.
        # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Specifies that the value object will not be instantiated when all mapped
        #   attributes are +nil+. Setting the value object to +nil+ has the effect of writing +nil+ to all
        #   mapped attributes.
        #   This defaults to +false+.
        # * <tt>:constructor</tt> - A symbol specifying the name of the constructor method or a Proc that
        #   is called to initialize the value object. The constructor is passed all of the mapped attributes,
        #   in the order that they are defined in the <tt>:mapping option</tt>, as arguments and uses them
        #   to instantiate a <tt>:class_name</tt> object.
        #   The default is <tt>:new</tt>.
        # * <tt>:converter</tt> - A symbol specifying the name of a class method of <tt>:class_name</tt>
        #   or a Proc that is called when a new value is assigned to the value object. The converter is
        #   passed the single value that is used in the assignment and is only called if the new value is
        #   not an instance of <tt>:class_name</tt>. If <tt>:allow_nil</tt> is set to true, the converter
        #   can return +nil+ to skip the assignment.
        #
        # Option examples:
        #   composed_of :temperature, mapping: %w(reading celsius)
        #   composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount)
        #   composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
        #   composed_of :gps_location
        #   composed_of :gps_location, allow_nil: true
        #   composed_of :ip_address,
        #               class_name: 'IPAddr',
        #               mapping: %w(ip to_i),
        #               constructor: Proc.new { |ip| IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) },
        #               converter: Proc.new { |ip| ip.is_a?(Integer) ? IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) : IPAddr.new(ip.to_s) }
        #
        def composed_of(part_id, options = {})
          options.assert_valid_keys(:class_name, :mapping, :allow_nil, :constructor, :converter)

          unless self < Aggregations
            include Aggregations
          end

          name        = part_id.id2name
          class_name  = options[:class_name]  || name.camelize
          mapping     = options[:mapping]     || [ name, name ]
          mapping     = [ mapping ] unless mapping.first.is_a?(Array)
          allow_nil   = options[:allow_nil]   || false
          constructor = options[:constructor] || :new
          converter   = options[:converter]

          reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
          writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)

          reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:composed_of, part_id, nil, options, self)
          Reflection.add_aggregate_reflection self, part_id, reflection
        end

        private
          def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
            define_method(name) do
              if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? { |key, _| !read_attribute(key).nil? })
                attrs = mapping.collect { |key, _| read_attribute(key) }
                object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
                  constructor.call(*attrs) :
                  class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
                @aggregation_cache[name] = object
              end
              @aggregation_cache[name]
            end
          end

          def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
            define_method("#{name}=") do |part|
              klass = class_name.constantize

              unless part.is_a?(klass) || converter.nil? || part.nil?
                part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ? converter.call(part) : klass.send(converter, part)
              end

              hash_from_multiparameter_assignment = part.is_a?(Hash) &&
                part.keys.all?(Integer)
              if hash_from_multiparameter_assignment
                raise ArgumentError unless part.size == part.each_key.max
                part = klass.new(*part.sort.map(&:last))
              end

              if part.nil? && allow_nil
                mapping.each { |key, _| write_attribute(key, nil) }
                @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
              else
                mapping.each { |key, value| write_attribute(key, part.send(value)) }
                @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
              end
            end
          end
      end
  end
end

aggregations_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/customer"

class AggregationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :customers

  def test_find_single_value_object
    assert_equal 50, customers(:david).balance.amount
    assert_kind_of Money, customers(:david).balance
    assert_equal 300, customers(:david).balance.exchange_to("DKK").amount
  end

  def test_find_multiple_value_object
    assert_equal customers(:david).address_street, customers(:david).address.street
    assert(
      customers(:david).address.close_to?(Address.new("Different Street", customers(:david).address_city, customers(:david).address_country))
    )
  end

  def test_change_single_value_object
    customers(:david).balance = Money.new(100)
    customers(:david).save
    assert_equal 100, customers(:david).reload.balance.amount
  end

  def test_immutable_value_objects
    customers(:david).balance = Money.new(100)
    assert_raise(FrozenError) { customers(:david).balance.instance_eval { @amount = 20 } }
  end

  def test_inferred_mapping
    assert_equal "35.544623640962634", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
    assert_equal "-105.9309951055148", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude

    customers(:david).gps_location = GpsLocation.new("39x-110")

    assert_equal "39", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
    assert_equal "-110", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude

    customers(:david).save

    customers(:david).reload

    assert_equal "39", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
    assert_equal "-110", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude
  end

  def test_reloaded_instance_refreshes_aggregations
    assert_equal "35.544623640962634", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
    assert_equal "-105.9309951055148", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude

    Customer.update_all("gps_location = '24x113'")
    customers(:david).reload
    assert_equal "24x113", customers(:david)["gps_location"]

    assert_equal GpsLocation.new("24x113"), customers(:david).gps_location
  end

  def test_gps_equality
    assert_equal GpsLocation.new("39x110"), GpsLocation.new("39x110")
  end

  def test_gps_inequality
    assert_not_equal GpsLocation.new("39x110"), GpsLocation.new("39x111")
  end

  def test_allow_nil_gps_is_nil
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).gps_location
  end

  def test_allow_nil_gps_set_to_nil
    customers(:david).gps_location = nil
    customers(:david).save
    customers(:david).reload
    assert_nil customers(:david).gps_location
  end

  def test_allow_nil_set_address_attributes_to_nil
    customers(:zaphod).address = nil
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_street]
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_city]
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_country]
  end

  def test_allow_nil_address_set_to_nil
    customers(:zaphod).address = nil
    customers(:zaphod).save
    customers(:zaphod).reload
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).address
  end

  def test_nil_raises_error_when_allow_nil_is_false
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { customers(:david).balance = nil }
  end

  def test_allow_nil_address_loaded_when_only_some_attributes_are_nil
    customers(:zaphod).address_street = nil
    customers(:zaphod).save
    customers(:zaphod).reload
    assert_kind_of Address, customers(:zaphod).address
    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).address.street
  end

  def test_nil_assignment_results_in_nil
    customers(:david).gps_location = GpsLocation.new("39x111")
    assert_not_nil customers(:david).gps_location
    customers(:david).gps_location = nil
    assert_nil customers(:david).gps_location
  end

  def test_nil_return_from_converter_is_respected_when_allow_nil_is_true
    customers(:david).non_blank_gps_location = ""
    customers(:david).save
    customers(:david).reload
    assert_nil customers(:david).non_blank_gps_location
  ensure
    Customer.gps_conversion_was_run = nil
  end

  def test_nil_return_from_converter_results_in_failure_when_allow_nil_is_false
    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
      customers(:barney).gps_location = ""
    end
  end

  def test_do_not_run_the_converter_when_nil_was_set
    customers(:david).non_blank_gps_location = nil
    assert_nil Customer.gps_conversion_was_run
  end

  def test_custom_constructor
    assert_equal "Barney GUMBLE", customers(:barney).fullname.to_s
    assert_kind_of Fullname, customers(:barney).fullname
  end

  def test_custom_converter
    customers(:barney).fullname = "Barnoit Gumbleau"
    assert_equal "Barnoit GUMBLEAU", customers(:barney).fullname.to_s
    assert_kind_of Fullname, customers(:barney).fullname
  end

  def test_assigning_hash_to_custom_converter
    customers(:barney).fullname = { first: "Barney", last: "Stinson" }
    assert_equal "Barney STINSON", customers(:barney).name
  end

  def test_assigning_hash_without_custom_converter
    customers(:barney).fullname_no_converter = { first: "Barney", last: "Stinson" }
    assert_equal({ first: "Barney", last: "Stinson" }.to_s, customers(:barney).name)
  end
end

class OverridingAggregationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  class DifferentName; end

  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    composed_of :composed_of, mapping: %w(person_first_name first_name)
  end

  class DifferentPerson < Person
    composed_of :composed_of, class_name: "DifferentName", mapping: %w(different_person_first_name first_name)
  end

  def test_composed_of_aggregation_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    assert_not_equal Person.reflect_on_aggregation(:composed_of),
                     DifferentPerson.reflect_on_aggregation(:composed_of)
  end
end

aircraft.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Aircraft < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.pluralize_table_names = false
  has_many :engines, foreign_key: "car_id"
  has_many :wheels, as: :wheelable
end

alias_predication.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module AliasPredication
    def as(other)
      Nodes::As.new self, Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(other)
    end
  end
end

alias_tracker.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_support/core_ext/string/conversions"

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
    class AliasTracker # :nodoc:
      def self.create(connection, initial_table, joins, aliases = nil)
        if joins.empty?
          aliases ||= Hash.new(0)
        elsif aliases
          default_proc = aliases.default_proc || proc { 0 }
          aliases.default_proc = proc { |h, k|
            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, joins) + default_proc.call(h, k)
          }
        else
          aliases = Hash.new { |h, k|
            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, joins)
          }
        end
        aliases[initial_table] = 1
        new(connection, aliases)
      end

      def self.initial_count_for(connection, name, table_joins)
        quoted_name = nil

        counts = table_joins.map do |join|
          if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
            # quoted_name should be case ignored as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
            quoted_name ||= connection.quote_table_name(name)

            # Table names + table aliases
            join.left.scan(
              /JOIN(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(?:\S+\s+)?(?:#{quoted_name}|#{name})\sON/i
            ).size
          elsif join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::Join)
            join.left.name == name ? 1 : 0
          else
            raise ArgumentError, "joins list should be initialized by list of Arel::Nodes::Join"
          end
        end

        counts.sum
      end

      # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
      def initialize(connection, aliases)
        @aliases    = aliases
        @connection = connection
      end

      def aliased_table_for(arel_table, table_name = nil)
        table_name ||= arel_table.name

        if aliases[table_name] == 0
          # If it's zero, we can have our table_name
          aliases[table_name] = 1
          arel_table = arel_table.alias(table_name) if arel_table.name != table_name
        else
          # Otherwise, we need to use an alias
          aliased_name = @connection.table_alias_for(yield)

          # Update the count
          count = aliases[aliased_name] += 1

          aliased_name = "#{truncate(aliased_name)}_#{count}" if count > 1

          arel_table = arel_table.alias(aliased_name)
        end

        arel_table
      end

      attr_reader :aliases

      private
        def truncate(name)
          name.slice(0, @connection.table_alias_length - 2)
        end
    end
  end
end

and.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Nodes
    class And < Arel::Nodes::NodeExpression
      attr_reader :children

      def initialize(children)
        super()
        @children = children
      end

      def left
        children.first
      end

      def right
        children[1]
      end

      def hash
        children.hash
      end

      def eql?(other)
        self.class == other.class &&
          self.children == other.children
      end
      alias :== :eql?
    end
  end
end

and_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/author"

module ActiveRecord
  class AndTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    fixtures :authors, :author_addresses

    def test_and
      david, mary, bob = authors(:david, :mary, :bob)

      david_and_mary = Author.where(id: [david, mary]).order(:id)
      mary_and_bob   = Author.where(id: [mary, bob]).order(:id)

      assert_equal [mary], david_and_mary.and(mary_and_bob)
    end

    def test_and_with_non_relation_attribute
      hash = { "id" => 123 }
      error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
        Author.and(hash)
      end

      assert_equal(
        "You have passed Hash object to #and. Pass an ActiveRecord::Relation object instead.",
        error.message
      )
    end

    def test_and_with_structurally_incompatible_scope
      posts_scope = Author.unscope(:order).limit(10).offset(10).select(:id).order(:id)
      error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
        Author.limit(10).select(:id).order(:name).and(posts_scope)
      end

      assert_equal(
        "Relation passed to #and must be structurally compatible. Incompatible values: [:order, :offset]",
        error.message
      )
    end
  end
end

annotate_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/post"

class AnnotateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :posts

  def test_annotate_wraps_content_in_an_inline_comment
    quoted_posts_id, quoted_posts = regexp_escape_table_name("posts.id"), regexp_escape_table_name("posts")

    assert_sql(%r{SELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("foo")
      assert posts.first
    end
  end

  def test_annotate_is_sanitized
    quoted_posts_id, quoted_posts = regexp_escape_table_name("posts.id"), regexp_escape_table_name("posts")

    assert_sql(%r{SELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("*/foo/*")
      assert posts.first
    end

    assert_sql(%r{SELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("**//foo//**")
      assert posts.first
    end

    assert_sql(%r{SELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/ /\* bar \*/}i) do
      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("*/foo/*").annotate("*/bar")
      assert posts.first
    end

    assert_sql(%r{SELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* \+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME\(1\) \*/}i) do
      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(1)")
      assert posts.first
    end
  end

  private
    def regexp_escape_table_name(name)
      Regexp.escape(Post.connection.quote_table_name(name))
    end
end

application_record_generator.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "rails/generators/active_record"

module ActiveRecord
  module Generators # :nodoc:
    class ApplicationRecordGenerator < ::Rails::Generators::Base # :nodoc:
      source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)

      # FIXME: Change this file to a symlink once RubyGems 2.5.0 is required.
      def create_application_record
        template "application_record.rb", application_record_file_name
      end

      private
        def application_record_file_name
          @application_record_file_name ||=
            if namespaced?
              "app/models/#{namespaced_path}/application_record.rb"
            else
              "app/models/application_record.rb"
            end
        end
    end
  end
end

arel.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "arel/errors"

require "arel/crud"
require "arel/factory_methods"

require "arel/expressions"
require "arel/predications"
require "arel/filter_predications"
require "arel/window_predications"
require "arel/math"
require "arel/alias_predication"
require "arel/order_predications"
require "arel/table"
require "arel/attributes/attribute"

require "arel/visitors"
require "arel/collectors/sql_string"

require "arel/tree_manager"
require "arel/insert_manager"
require "arel/select_manager"
require "arel/update_manager"
require "arel/delete_manager"
require "arel/nodes"

module Arel
  VERSION = "10.0.0"

  # Wrap a known-safe SQL string for passing to query methods, e.g.
  #
  #   Post.order(Arel.sql("REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz') asc")).pluck(:id)
  #
  # Great caution should be taken to avoid SQL injection vulnerabilities.
  # This method should not be used with unsafe values such as request
  # parameters or model attributes.
  def self.sql(raw_sql)
    Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new raw_sql
  end

  def self.star # :nodoc:
    sql "*"
  end

  def self.arel_node?(value) # :nodoc:
    value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::Node) || value.is_a?(Arel::Attribute) || value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
  end

  def self.fetch_attribute(value, &block) # :nodoc:
    unless String === value
      value.fetch_attribute(&block)
    end
  end
end

array.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    module PostgreSQL
      module OID # :nodoc:
        class Array < Type::Value # :nodoc:
          include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable

          Data = Struct.new(:encoder, :values) # :nodoc:

          attr_reader :subtype, :delimiter
          delegate :type, :user_input_in_time_zone, :limit, :precision, :scale, to: :subtype

          def initialize(subtype, delimiter = ",")
            @subtype = subtype
            @delimiter = delimiter

            @pg_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::Array.new name: "#{type}[]", delimiter: delimiter
            @pg_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::Array.new name: "#{type}[]", delimiter: delimiter
          end

          def deserialize(value)
            case value
            when ::String
              type_cast_array(@pg_decoder.decode(value), :deserialize)
            when Data
              type_cast_array(value.values, :deserialize)
            else
              super
            end
          end

          def cast(value)
            if value.is_a?(::String)
              value = begin
                @pg_decoder.decode(value)
              rescue TypeError
                # malformed array string is treated as [], will raise in PG 2.0 gem
                # this keeps a consistent implementation
                []
              end
            end
            type_cast_array(value, :cast)
          end

          def serialize(value)
            if value.is_a?(::Array)
              casted_values = type_cast_array(value, :serialize)
              Data.new(@pg_encoder, casted_values)
            else
              super
            end
          end

          def ==(other)
            other.is_a?(Array) &&
              subtype == other.subtype &&
              delimiter == other.delimiter
          end

          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
            return super unless value.is_a?(::Array)
            "[" + value.map { |v| subtype.type_cast_for_schema(v) }.join(", ") + "]"
          end

          def map(value, &block)
            value.map(&block)
          end

          def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
            deserialize(raw_old_value) != new_value
          end

          def force_equality?(value)
            value.is_a?(::Array)
          end

          private
            def type_cast_array(value, method)
              if value.is_a?(::Array)
                value.map { |item| type_cast_array(item, method) }
              else
                @subtype.public_send(method, value)
              end
            end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

array_handler.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract"

module ActiveRecord
  class PredicateBuilder
    class ArrayHandler # :nodoc:
      def initialize(predicate_builder)
        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
      end

      def call(attribute, value)
        return attribute.in([]) if value.empty?

        values = value.map { |x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x }
        nils = values.extract!(&:nil?)
        ranges = values.extract! { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }

        values_predicate =
          case values.length
          when 0 then NullPredicate
          when 1 then predicate_builder.build(attribute, values.first)
          else Arel::Nodes::HomogeneousIn.new(values, attribute, :in)
          end

        unless nils.empty?
          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(attribute.eq(nil))
        end

        if ranges.empty?
          values_predicate
        else
          array_predicates = ranges.map! { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
          array_predicates.inject(values_predicate, &:or)
        end
      end

      private
        attr_reader :predicate_builder

        module NullPredicate # :nodoc:
          def self.or(other)
            other
          end
        end
    end
  end
end

array_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/schema_dumping_helper"

class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
  include SchemaDumpingHelper
  include InTimeZone

  class PgArray < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "pg_arrays"
  end

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection

    enable_extension!("hstore", @connection)

    @connection.transaction do
      @connection.create_table "pg_arrays", force: true do |t|
        t.string "tags", array: true, limit: 255
        t.integer "ratings", array: true
        t.datetime :datetimes, array: true
        t.hstore :hstores, array: true
        t.decimal :decimals, array: true, default: [], precision: 10, scale: 2
        t.timestamp :timestamps, array: true, default: [], precision: 6
      end
    end
    PgArray.reset_column_information
    @column = PgArray.columns_hash["tags"]
    @type = PgArray.type_for_attribute("tags")
  end

  teardown do
    @connection.drop_table "pg_arrays", if_exists: true
    disable_extension!("hstore", @connection)
  end

  def test_column
    assert_equal :string, @column.type
    assert_equal "character varying(255)", @column.sql_type
    assert_predicate @column, :array?
    assert_not_predicate @type, :binary?

    ratings_column = PgArray.columns_hash["ratings"]
    assert_equal :integer, ratings_column.type
    assert_predicate ratings_column, :array?
  end

  def test_not_compatible_with_serialize_array
    new_klass = Class.new(PgArray) do
      serialize :tags, Array
    end
    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::ColumnNotSerializableError) do
      new_klass.new
    end
  end

  class MyTags
    def initialize(tags); @tags = tags end
    def to_a; @tags end
    def self.load(tags); new(tags) end
    def self.dump(object); object.to_a end
  end

  def test_array_with_serialized_attributes
    new_klass = Class.new(PgArray) do
      serialize :tags, MyTags
    end

    new_klass.create!(tags: MyTags.new(["one", "two"]))
    record = new_klass.first

    assert_instance_of MyTags, record.tags
    assert_equal ["one", "two"], record.tags.to_a

    record.tags = MyTags.new(["three", "four"])
    record.save!

    assert_equal ["three", "four"], record.reload.tags.to_a
  end

  def test_default
    @connection.add_column "pg_arrays", "score", :integer, array: true, default: [4, 4, 2]
    PgArray.reset_column_information

    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.column_defaults["score"])
    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.new.score)
  ensure
    PgArray.reset_column_information
  end

  def test_default_strings
    @connection.add_column "pg_arrays", "names", :string, array: true, default: ["foo", "bar"]
    PgArray.reset_column_information

    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.column_defaults["names"])
    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.new.names)
  ensure
    PgArray.reset_column_information
  end

  def test_change_column_with_array
    @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string, array: true, default: []
    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: []

    PgArray.reset_column_information
    column = PgArray.columns_hash["snippets"]

    assert_equal :text, column.type
    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults["snippets"]
    assert_predicate column, :array?
  end

  def test_change_column_from_non_array_to_array
    @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string
    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: [], using: "string_to_array(\"snippets\", ',')"

    PgArray.reset_column_information
    column = PgArray.columns_hash["snippets"]

    assert_equal :text, column.type
    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults["snippets"]
    assert_predicate column, :array?
  end

  def test_change_column_cant_make_non_array_column_to_array
    @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :a_string, :string
    assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
      @connection.transaction do
        @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :a_string, :string, array: true
      end
    end
  end

  def test_change_column_default_with_array
    @connection.change_column_default :pg_arrays, :tags, []

    PgArray.reset_column_information
    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults["tags"]
  end

  def test_type_cast_array
    assert_equal(["1", "2", "3"], @type.deserialize("{1,2,3}"))
    assert_equal([], @type.deserialize("{}"))
    assert_equal([nil], @type.deserialize("{NULL}"))
  end

  def test_type_cast_integers
    x = PgArray.new(ratings: ["1", "2"])

    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)

    x.save!
    x.reload

    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
  end

  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
    output = dump_table_schema "pg_arrays"
    assert_match %r[t\.string\s+"tags",\s+limit: 255,\s+array: true], output
    assert_match %r[t\.integer\s+"ratings",\s+array: true], output
    assert_match %r[t\.decimal\s+"decimals",\s+precision: 10,\s+scale: 2,\s+default: \[\],\s+array: true], output
  end

  def test_select_with_strings
    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
    x = PgArray.first
    assert_equal(["1", "2", "3"], x.tags)
  end

  def test_rewrite_with_strings
    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
    x = PgArray.first
    x.tags = ["1", "2", "3", "4"]
    x.save!
    assert_equal ["1", "2", "3", "4"], x.reload.tags
  end

  def test_select_with_integers
    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
    x = PgArray.first
    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x.ratings)
  end

  def test_rewrite_with_integers
    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
    x = PgArray.first
    x.ratings = [2, "3", 4]
    x.save!
    assert_equal [2, 3, 4], x.reload.ratings
  end

  def test_multi_dimensional_with_strings
    assert_cycle(:tags, [[["1"], ["2"]], [["2"], ["3"]]])
  end

  def test_with_empty_strings
    assert_cycle(:tags, [ "1", "2", "", "4", "", "5" ])
  end

  def test_with_multi_dimensional_empty_strings
    assert_cycle(:tags, [[["1", "2"], ["", "4"], ["", "5"]]])
  end

  def test_with_arbitrary_whitespace
    assert_cycle(:tags, [[["1", "2"], ["    ", "4"], ["    ", "5"]]])
  end

  def test_multi_dimensional_with_integers
    assert_cycle(:ratings, [[[1], [7]], [[8], [10]]])
  end

  def test_strings_with_quotes
    assert_cycle(:tags, ["this has", 'some "s that need to be escaped"'])
  end

  def test_strings_with_commas
    assert_cycle(:tags, ["this,has", "many,values"])
  end

  def test_strings_with_array_delimiters
    assert_cycle(:tags, ["{", "}"])
  end

  def test_strings_with_null_strings
    assert_cycle(:tags, ["NULL", "NULL"])
  end

  def test_contains_nils
    assert_cycle(:tags, ["1", nil, nil])
  end

  def test_insert_fixture
    tag_values = ["val1", "val2", "val3_with_'_multiple_quote_'_chars"]
    @connection.insert_fixture({ "tags" => tag_values }, "pg_arrays")
    assert_equal(PgArray.last.tags, tag_values)
  end

  def test_attribute_for_inspect_for_array_field
    record = PgArray.new { |a| a.ratings = (1..10).to_a }
    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
  end

  def test_attribute_for_inspect_for_array_field_for_large_array
    record = PgArray.new { |a| a.ratings = (1..11).to_a }
    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
  end

  def test_escaping
    unknown = 'foo\\",bar,baz,\\'
    tags = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
    ar = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
    ar.reload
    assert_equal tags, ar.tags
  end

  def test_string_quoting_rules_match_pg_behavior
    tags = ["", "one{", "two}", %(three"), "four\\", "five ", "six\t", "seven\n", "eight,", "nine", "ten\r", "NULL"]
    x = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
    x.reload

    assert_not_predicate x, :changed?
  end

  def test_quoting_non_standard_delimiters
    strings = ["hello,", "world;"]
    oid = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID
    comma_delim = oid::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ",")
    semicolon_delim = oid::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ";")
    conn = PgArray.connection

    assert_equal %({"hello,",world;}), conn.type_cast(comma_delim.serialize(strings))
    assert_equal %({hello,;"world;"}), conn.type_cast(semicolon_delim.serialize(strings))
  end

  def test_mutate_array
    x = PgArray.create!(tags: %w(one two))

    x.tags << "three"
    x.save!
    x.reload

    assert_equal %w(one two three), x.tags
    assert_not_predicate x, :changed?
  end

  def test_mutate_value_in_array
    x = PgArray.create!(hstores: [{ a: "a" }, { b: "b" }])

    x.hstores.first["a"] = "c"
    x.save!
    x.reload

    assert_equal [{ "a" => "c" }, { "b" => "b" }], x.hstores
    assert_not_predicate x, :changed?
  end

  def test_datetime_with_timezone_awareness
    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"

    in_time_zone tz do
      PgArray.reset_column_information
      time_string = Time.current.to_s
      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)

      record = PgArray.new(datetimes: [time_string])
      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone

      record.save!
      record.reload

      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
    end
  end

  def test_assigning_non_array_value
    record = PgArray.new(tags: "not-an-array")
    assert_equal [], record.tags
    assert_equal "not-an-array", record.tags_before_type_cast
    assert record.save
    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
  end

  def test_assigning_empty_string
    record = PgArray.new(tags: "")
    assert_equal [], record.tags
    assert_equal "", record.tags_before_type_cast
    assert record.save
    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
  end

  def test_assigning_valid_pg_array_literal
    record = PgArray.new(tags: "{1,2,3}")
    assert_equal ["1", "2", "3"], record.tags
    assert_equal "{1,2,3}", record.tags_before_type_cast
    assert record.save
    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
  end

  def test_where_by_attribute_with_array
    tags = ["black", "blue"]
    record = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
    assert_equal record, PgArray.where(tags: tags).take
  end

  def test_uniqueness_validation
    klass = Class.new(PgArray) do
      validates_uniqueness_of :tags

      def self.model_name; ActiveModel::Name.new(PgArray) end
    end
    e1 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
    assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"

    e2 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
    assert_not e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
    assert e2.errors[:tags].any?, "Should have errors for tags"
    assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:tags], "Should have uniqueness message for tags"
  end

  def test_encoding_arrays_of_utf8_strings
    arrays_of_utf8_strings = %w(nový ファイル)
    assert_equal arrays_of_utf8_strings, @type.deserialize(@type.serialize(arrays_of_utf8_strings))
    assert_equal [arrays_of_utf8_strings], @type.deserialize(@type.serialize([arrays_of_utf8_strings]))
  end

  def test_precision_is_respected_on_timestamp_columns
    time = Time.now.change(usec: 123)
    record = PgArray.create!(timestamps: [time])

    assert_equal 123, record.timestamps.first.usec
    record.reload
    assert_equal 123, record.timestamps.first.usec
  end

  private
    def assert_cycle(field, array)
      # test creation
      x = PgArray.create!(field => array)
      x.reload
      assert_equal(array, x.public_send(field))

      # test updating
      x = PgArray.create!(field => [])
      x.public_send("#{field}=", array)
      x.save!
      x.reload
      assert_equal(array, x.public_send(field))
    end
end

article.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
end

arunit2_model.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class ARUnit2Model < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
end

as_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"

module Arel
  module Nodes
    describe "As" do
      describe "#as" do
        it "makes an AS node" do
          attr = Table.new(:users)[:id]
          as = attr.as(Arel.sql("foo"))
          assert_equal attr, as.left
          assert_equal "foo", as.right
        end

        it "converts right to SqlLiteral if a string" do
          attr = Table.new(:users)[:id]
          as = attr.as("foo")
          assert_kind_of Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral, as.right
        end
      end

      describe "equality" do
        it "is equal with equal ivars" do
          array = [As.new("foo", "bar"), As.new("foo", "bar")]
          assert_equal 1, array.uniq.size
        end

        it "is not equal with different ivars" do
          array = [As.new("foo", "bar"), As.new("foo", "baz")]
          assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

ascending.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Nodes
    class Ascending < Ordering
      def reverse
        Descending.new(expr)
      end

      def direction
        :asc
      end

      def ascending?
        true
      end

      def descending?
        false
      end
    end
  end
end

ascending_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"

module Arel
  module Nodes
    class TestAscending < Arel::Test
      def test_construct
        ascending = Ascending.new "zomg"
        assert_equal "zomg", ascending.expr
      end

      def test_reverse
        ascending = Ascending.new "zomg"
        descending = ascending.reverse
        assert_kind_of Descending, descending
        assert_equal ascending.expr, descending.expr
      end

      def test_direction
        ascending = Ascending.new "zomg"
        assert_equal :asc, ascending.direction
      end

      def test_ascending?
        ascending = Ascending.new "zomg"
        assert ascending.ascending?
      end

      def test_descending?
        ascending = Ascending.new "zomg"
        assert_not ascending.descending?
      end

      def test_equality_with_same_ivars
        array = [Ascending.new("zomg"), Ascending.new("zomg")]
        assert_equal 1, array.uniq.size
      end

      def test_inequality_with_different_ivars
        array = [Ascending.new("zomg"), Ascending.new("zomg!")]
        assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
      end
    end
  end
end

associated.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Validations
    class AssociatedValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator # :nodoc:
      def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
        if Array(value).reject { |r| valid_object?(r) }.any?
          record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, **options.merge(value: value))
        end
      end

      private
        def valid_object?(record)
          (record.respond_to?(:marked_for_destruction?) && record.marked_for_destruction?) || record.valid?
        end
    end

    module ClassMethods
      # Validates whether the associated object or objects are all valid.
      # Works with any kind of association.
      #
      #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :pages
      #     belongs_to :library
      #
      #     validates_associated :pages, :library
      #   end
      #
      # WARNING: This validation must not be used on both ends of an association.
      # Doing so will lead to a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
      #
      # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been
      # assigned. If you want to ensure that the association is both present and
      # guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use
      # {validates_presence_of}[rdoc-ref:Validations::ClassMethods#validates_presence_of].
      #
      # Configuration options:
      #
      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default +nil+. You can pass a symbol
      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc, or string to call to determine
      #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
      #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
      #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc, or string to call to
      #   determine if the validation should not occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
      #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
      #   method, proc, or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+
      #   value.
      def validates_associated(*attr_names)
        validates_with AssociatedValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
      end
    end
  end
end

association.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    class Preloader
      class Association # :nodoc:
        class LoaderQuery
          attr_reader :scope, :association_key_name

          def initialize(scope, association_key_name)
            @scope = scope
            @association_key_name = association_key_name
          end

          def eql?(other)
            association_key_name == other.association_key_name &&
              scope.table_name == other.scope.table_name &&
              scope.values_for_queries == other.scope.values_for_queries
          end

          def hash
            [association_key_name, scope.table_name, scope.values_for_queries].hash
          end

          def records_for(loaders)
            LoaderRecords.new(loaders, self).records
          end

          def load_records_in_batch(loaders)
            raw_records = records_for(loaders)

            loaders.each do |loader|
              loader.load_records(raw_records)
              loader.run
            end
          end

          def load_records_for_keys(keys, &block)
            scope.where(association_key_name => keys).load(&block)
          end
        end

        class LoaderRecords
          def initialize(loaders, loader_query)
            @loader_query = loader_query
            @loaders = loaders
            @keys_to_load = Set.new
            @already_loaded_records_by_key = {}

            populate_keys_to_load_and_already_loaded_records
          end

          def records
            load_records + already_loaded_records
          end

          private
            attr_reader :loader_query, :loaders, :keys_to_load, :already_loaded_records_by_key

            def populate_keys_to_load_and_already_loaded_records
              loaders.each do |loader|
                loader.owners_by_key.each do |key, owners|
                  if loaded_owner = owners.find { |owner| loader.loaded?(owner) }
                    already_loaded_records_by_key[key] = loader.target_for(loaded_owner)
                  else
                    keys_to_load << key
                  end
                end
              end

              @keys_to_load.subtract(already_loaded_records_by_key.keys)
            end

            def load_records
              loader_query.load_records_for_keys(keys_to_load) do |record|
                loaders.each { |l| l.set_inverse(record) }
              end
            end

            def already_loaded_records
              already_loaded_records_by_key.values.flatten
            end
        end

        attr_reader :klass

        def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope, reflection_scope, associate_by_default)
          @klass         = klass
          @owners        = owners.uniq(&:__id__)
          @reflection    = reflection
          @preload_scope = preload_scope
          @reflection_scope = reflection_scope
          @associate     = associate_by_default || !preload_scope || preload_scope.empty_scope?
          @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
          @run = false
        end

        def table_name
          @klass.table_name
        end

        def future_classes
          if run?
            []
          else
            [@klass]
          end
        end

        def runnable_loaders
          [self]
        end

        def run?
          @run
        end

        def run
          return self if run?
          @run = true

          records = records_by_owner

          owners.each do |owner|
            associate_records_to_owner(owner, records[owner] || [])
          end if @associate

          self
        end

        def records_by_owner
          load_records unless defined?(@records_by_owner)

          @records_by_owner
        end

        def preloaded_records
          load_records unless defined?(@preloaded_records)

          @preloaded_records
        end

        # The name of the key on the associated records
        def association_key_name
          reflection.join_primary_key(klass)
        end

        def loader_query
          LoaderQuery.new(scope, association_key_name)
        end

        def owners_by_key
          @owners_by_key ||= owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, result|
            key = convert_key(owner[owner_key_name])
            (result[key] ||= []) << owner if key
          end
        end

        def loaded?(owner)
          owner.association(reflection.name).loaded?
        end

        def target_for(owner)
          Array.wrap(owner.association(reflection.name).target)
        end

        def scope
          @scope ||= build_scope
        end

        def set_inverse(record)
          if owners = owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])]
            # Processing only the first owner
            # because the record is modified but not an owner
            association = owners.first.association(reflection.name)
            association.set_inverse_instance(record)
          end
        end

        def load_records(raw_records = nil)
          # owners can be duplicated when a relation has a collection association join
          # #compare_by_identity makes such owners different hash keys
          @records_by_owner = {}.compare_by_identity
          raw_records ||= loader_query.records_for([self])

          @preloaded_records = raw_records.select do |record|
            assignments = false

            owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])]&.each do |owner|
              entries = (@records_by_owner[owner] ||= [])

              if reflection.collection? || entries.empty?
                entries << record
                assignments = true
              end
            end

            assignments
          end
        end

        def associate_records_from_unscoped(unscoped_records)
          return if unscoped_records.nil? || unscoped_records.empty?
          return if !reflection_scope.empty_scope?
          return if preload_scope && !preload_scope.empty_scope?
          return if reflection.collection?

          unscoped_records.select { |r| r[association_key_name].present? }.each do |record|
            owners = owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])]
            owners&.each_with_index do |owner, i|
              association = owner.association(reflection.name)
              association.target = record

              if i == 0 # Set inverse on first owner
                association.set_inverse_instance(record)
              end
            end
          end
        end

        private
          attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_scope, :model

          # The name of the key on the model which declares the association
          def owner_key_name
            reflection.join_foreign_key
          end

          def associate_records_to_owner(owner, records)
            return if loaded?(owner)

            association = owner.association(reflection.name)

            if reflection.collection?
              association.target = records
            else
              association.target = records.first
            end
          end

          def key_conversion_required?
            unless defined?(@key_conversion_required)
              @key_conversion_required = (association_key_type != owner_key_type)
            end

            @key_conversion_required
          end

          def convert_key(key)
            if key_conversion_required?
              key.to_s
            else
              key
            end
          end

          def association_key_type
            @klass.type_for_attribute(association_key_name).type
          end

          def owner_key_type
            @model.type_for_attribute(owner_key_name).type
          end

          def reflection_scope
            @reflection_scope ||= reflection.join_scopes(klass.arel_table, klass.predicate_builder, klass).inject(klass.unscoped, &:merge!)
          end

          def build_scope
            scope = klass.scope_for_association

            if reflection.type && !reflection.through_reflection?
              scope.where!(reflection.type => model.polymorphic_name)
            end

            scope.merge!(reflection_scope) unless reflection_scope.empty_scope?

            if preload_scope && !preload_scope.empty_scope?
              scope.merge!(preload_scope)
            end

            cascade_strict_loading(scope)
          end

          def cascade_strict_loading(scope)
            preload_scope&.strict_loading_value ? scope.strict_loading : scope
          end
      end
    end
  end
end

association_query_value.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  class PredicateBuilder
    class AssociationQueryValue # :nodoc:
      def initialize(associated_table, value)
        @associated_table = associated_table
        @value = value
      end

      def queries
        [ associated_table.join_foreign_key => ids ]
      end

      private
        attr_reader :associated_table, :value

        def ids
          case value
          when Relation
            value.select_values.empty? ? value.select(primary_key) : value
          when Array
            value.map { |v| convert_to_id(v) }
          else
            convert_to_id(value)
          end
        end

        def primary_key
          associated_table.join_primary_key
        end

        def convert_to_id(value)
          if value.respond_to?(primary_key)
            value.public_send(primary_key)
          else
            value
          end
        end
    end
  end
end

association_relation.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  class AssociationRelation < Relation # :nodoc:
    def initialize(klass, association, **)
      super(klass)
      @association = association
    end

    def proxy_association
      @association
    end

    def ==(other)
      other == records
    end

    %w(insert insert_all insert! insert_all! upsert upsert_all).each do |method|
      class_eval <<~RUBY
        def #{method}(attributes, **kwargs)
          if @association.reflection.through_reflection?
            raise ArgumentError, "Bulk insert or upsert is currently not supported for has_many through association"
          end

          scoping { klass.#{method}(attributes, **kwargs) }
        end
      RUBY
    end

    private
      def _new(attributes, &block)
        @association.build(attributes, &block)
      end

      def _create(attributes, &block)
        @association.create(attributes, &block)
      end

      def _create!(attributes, &block)
        @association.create!(attributes, &block)
      end

      def exec_queries
        super do |record|
          @association.set_inverse_instance_from_queries(record)
          yield record if block_given?
        end
      end
  end
end

association_scope.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    class AssociationScope # :nodoc:
      def self.scope(association)
        INSTANCE.scope(association)
      end

      def self.create(&block)
        block ||= lambda { |val| val }
        new(block)
      end

      def initialize(value_transformation)
        @value_transformation = value_transformation
      end

      INSTANCE = create

      def scope(association)
        klass = association.klass
        reflection = association.reflection
        scope = klass.unscoped
        owner = association.owner
        chain = get_chain(reflection, association, scope.alias_tracker)

        scope.extending! reflection.extensions
        scope = add_constraints(scope, owner, chain)
        scope.limit!(1) unless reflection.collection?
        scope
      end

      def self.get_bind_values(owner, chain)
        binds = []
        last_reflection = chain.last

        binds << last_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
        if last_reflection.type
          binds << owner.class.polymorphic_name
        end

        chain.each_cons(2).each do |reflection, next_reflection|
          if reflection.type
            binds << next_reflection.klass.polymorphic_name
          end
        end
        binds
      end

      private
        attr_reader :value_transformation

        def join(table, constraint)
          Arel::Nodes::LeadingJoin.new(table, Arel::Nodes::On.new(constraint))
        end

        def last_chain_scope(scope, reflection, owner)
          primary_key = reflection.join_primary_key
          foreign_key = reflection.join_foreign_key

          table = reflection.aliased_table
          value = transform_value(owner[foreign_key])
          scope = apply_scope(scope, table, primary_key, value)

          if reflection.type
            polymorphic_type = transform_value(owner.class.polymorphic_name)
            scope = apply_scope(scope, table, reflection.type, polymorphic_type)
          end

          scope
        end

        def transform_value(value)
          value_transformation.call(value)
        end

        def next_chain_scope(scope, reflection, next_reflection)
          primary_key = reflection.join_primary_key
          foreign_key = reflection.join_foreign_key

          table = reflection.aliased_table
          foreign_table = next_reflection.aliased_table
          constraint = table[primary_key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])

          if reflection.type
            value = transform_value(next_reflection.klass.polymorphic_name)
            scope = apply_scope(scope, table, reflection.type, value)
          end

          scope.joins!(join(foreign_table, constraint))
        end

        class ReflectionProxy < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
          attr_reader :aliased_table

          def initialize(reflection, aliased_table)
            super(reflection)
            @aliased_table = aliased_table
          end

          def all_includes; nil; end
        end

        def get_chain(reflection, association, tracker)
          name = reflection.name
          chain = [Reflection::RuntimeReflection.new(reflection, association)]
          reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |refl|
            aliased_table = tracker.aliased_table_for(refl.klass.arel_table) do
              refl.alias_candidate(name)
            end
            chain << ReflectionProxy.new(refl, aliased_table)
          end
          chain
        end

        def add_constraints(scope, owner, chain)
          scope = last_chain_scope(scope, chain.last, owner)

          chain.each_cons(2) do |reflection, next_reflection|
            scope = next_chain_scope(scope, reflection, next_reflection)
          end

          chain_head = chain.first
          chain.reverse_each do |reflection|
            reflection.constraints.each do |scope_chain_item|
              item = eval_scope(reflection, scope_chain_item, owner)

              if scope_chain_item == chain_head.scope
                scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes, :unscope, :order)
              elsif !item.references_values.empty?
                scope.merge! item.only(:joins, :left_outer_joins)

                associations = item.eager_load_values | item.includes_values

                unless associations.empty?
                  scope.joins! item.construct_join_dependency(associations, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
                end
              end

              reflection.all_includes do
                scope.includes_values |= item.includes_values
              end

              scope.unscope!(*item.unscope_values)
              scope.where_clause += item.where_clause
              scope.order_values = item.order_values | scope.order_values
            end
          end

          scope
        end

        def apply_scope(scope, table, key, value)
          if scope.table == table
            scope.where!(key => value)
          else
            scope.where!(table.name => { key => value })
          end
        end

        def eval_scope(reflection, scope, owner)
          relation = reflection.build_scope(reflection.aliased_table)
          relation.instance_exec(owner, &scope) || relation
        end
    end
  end
end

association_validation_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/human"
require "models/interest"

class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :topics

  repair_validations(Topic, Reply)

  def test_validates_associated_many
    Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
    Reply.validates_presence_of(:content)
    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
    t.replies << [r = Reply.new("title" => "A reply"), r2 = Reply.new("title" => "Another reply", "content" => "non-empty"), r3 = Reply.new("title" => "Yet another reply"), r4 = Reply.new("title" => "The last reply", "content" => "non-empty")]
    assert_not_predicate t, :valid?
    assert_predicate t.errors[:replies], :any?
    assert_equal 1, r.errors.count  # make sure all associated objects have been validated
    assert_equal 0, r2.errors.count
    assert_equal 1, r3.errors.count
    assert_equal 0, r4.errors.count
    r.content = r3.content = "non-empty"
    assert_predicate t, :valid?
  end

  def test_validates_associated_one
    Reply.validates :topic, associated: true
    Topic.validates_presence_of(:content)
    r = Reply.new("title" => "A reply", "content" => "with content!")
    r.topic = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh")
    assert_not_predicate r, :valid?
    assert_predicate r.errors[:topic], :any?
    r.topic.content = "non-empty"
    assert_predicate r, :valid?
  end

  def test_validates_associated_marked_for_destruction
    Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
    Reply.validates_presence_of(:content)
    t = Topic.new
    t.replies << Reply.new
    assert_predicate t, :invalid?
    t.replies.first.mark_for_destruction
    assert_predicate t, :valid?
  end

  def test_validates_associated_without_marked_for_destruction
    reply = Class.new do
      def valid?
        true
      end
    end
    Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
    t = Topic.new
    t.define_singleton_method(:replies) { [reply.new] }
    assert_predicate t, :valid?
  end

  def test_validates_associated_with_custom_message_using_quotes
    Reply.validates_associated :topic, message: "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
    Topic.validates_presence_of :content
    r = Reply.create("title" => "A reply", "content" => "with content!")
    r.topic = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh")
    assert_not_operator r, :valid?
    assert_equal ["This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"], r.errors[:topic]
  end

  def test_validates_associated_missing
    Reply.validates_presence_of(:topic)
    r = Reply.create("title" => "A reply", "content" => "with content!")
    assert_not_predicate r, :valid?
    assert_predicate r.errors[:topic], :any?

    r.topic = Topic.first
    assert_predicate r, :valid?
  end

  def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__parent_is_new_record
    repair_validations(Interest) do
      # Note that Interest and Human have the :inverse_of option set
      Interest.validates_presence_of(:human)
      human = Human.new(name: "John")
      interest = human.interests.build(topic: "Airplanes")
      assert interest.valid?, "Expected interest to be valid, but was not. Interest should have a human object associated"
    end
  end

  def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__existing_parent
    repair_validations(Interest) do
      Interest.validates_presence_of(:human)
      human = Human.create!(name: "John")
      interest = human.interests.build(topic: "Airplanes")
      assert interest.valid?, "Expected interest to be valid, but was not. Interest should have a human object associated"
    end
  end
end

associations.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError # :nodoc:
    attr_reader :record, :association_name

    def initialize(record = nil, association_name = nil)
      @record           = record
      @association_name = association_name
      if record && association_name
        super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
      else
        super("Association was not found.")
      end
    end

    if defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable) && defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
      include DidYouMean::Correctable

      def corrections
        if record && association_name
          @corrections ||= begin
            maybe_these = record.class.reflections.keys
            DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: maybe_these).correct(association_name)
          end
        else
          []
        end
      end
    end
  end

  class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    attr_reader :reflection, :associated_class

    def initialize(reflection = nil, associated_class = nil)
      if reflection
        @reflection = reflection
        @associated_class = associated_class.nil? ? reflection.klass : associated_class
        super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
      else
        super("Could not find the inverse association.")
      end
    end

    if defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable) && defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
      include DidYouMean::Correctable

      def corrections
        if reflection && associated_class
          @corrections ||= begin
            maybe_these = associated_class.reflections.keys
            DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: maybe_these).correct(reflection.options[:inverse_of].to_s)
          end
        else
          []
        end
      end
    end
  end

  class InverseOfAssociationRecursiveError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    attr_reader :reflection
    def initialize(reflection = nil)
      if reflection
        @reflection = reflection
        super("Inverse association #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{reflection.class_name}) is recursive.")
      else
        super("Inverse association is recursive.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    attr_reader :owner_class, :reflection

    def initialize(owner_class = nil, reflection = nil)
      if owner_class && reflection
        @owner_class = owner_class
        @reflection = reflection
        super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class.name}")
      else
        super("Could not find the association.")
      end
    end

    if defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable) && defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
      include DidYouMean::Correctable

      def corrections
        if owner_class && reflection
          @corrections ||= begin
            maybe_these = owner_class.reflections.keys
            maybe_these -= [reflection.name.to_s] # remove failing reflection
            DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: maybe_these).correct(reflection.options[:through].to_s)
          end
        else
          []
        end
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' without 'source_type'. Try adding 'source_type: \"#{reflection.name.to_s.classify}\"' to 'has_many :through' definition.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, through_reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection && through_reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(reflection = nil)
      if reflection
        through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
        source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
        source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
        super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect(&:inspect).to_sentence(two_words_connector: ' or ', last_word_connector: ', or ')} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(two_words_connector: ' or ', last_word_connector: ', or ')}?")
      else
        super("Could not find the source association(s).")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughOrderError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, through_reflection = nil)
      if owner_class_name && reflection && through_reflection
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' before the through association is defined.")
      else
        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association before the through association is defined.")
      end
    end
  end

  class ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
      if owner && reflection
        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.")
      else
        super("Cannot modify association.")
      end
    end
  end

  class AmbiguousSourceReflectionForThroughAssociation < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(klass, macro, association_name, options, possible_sources)
      example_options = options.dup
      example_options[:source] = possible_sources.first

      super("Ambiguous source reflection for through association. Please " \
            "specify a :source directive on your declaration like:\n" \
            "\n" \
            "  class #{klass} < ActiveRecord::Base\n" \
            "    #{macro} :#{association_name}, #{example_options}\n" \
            "  end"
           )
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection # :nodoc:
  end

  class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection # :nodoc:
  end

  class ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
      if owner && reflection
        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because it goes through more than one other association.")
      else
        super("Through nested associations are read-only.")
      end
    end
  end

  class HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly # :nodoc:
  end

  class HasOneThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly # :nodoc:
  end

  # This error is raised when trying to eager load a polymorphic association using a JOIN.
  # Eager loading polymorphic associations is only possible with
  # {ActiveRecord::Relation#preload}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#preload].
  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError
    def initialize(reflection = nil)
      if reflection
        super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
      else
        super("Eager load polymorphic error.")
      end
    end
  end

  # This error is raised when trying to destroy a parent instance in N:1 or 1:1 associations
  # (has_many, has_one) when there is at least 1 child associated instance.
  # ex: if @project.tasks.size > 0, DeleteRestrictionError will be raised when trying to destroy @project
  class DeleteRestrictionError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
    def initialize(name = nil)
      if name
        super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{name}")
      else
        super("Delete restriction error.")
      end
    end
  end

  # See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods for documentation.
  module Associations # :nodoc:
    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    # These classes will be loaded when associations are created.
    # So there is no need to eager load them.
    autoload :Association
    autoload :SingularAssociation
    autoload :CollectionAssociation
    autoload :ForeignAssociation
    autoload :CollectionProxy
    autoload :ThroughAssociation

    module Builder # :nodoc:
      autoload :Association,           "active_record/associations/builder/association"
      autoload :SingularAssociation,   "active_record/associations/builder/singular_association"
      autoload :CollectionAssociation, "active_record/associations/builder/collection_association"

      autoload :BelongsTo,           "active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to"
      autoload :HasOne,              "active_record/associations/builder/has_one"
      autoload :HasMany,             "active_record/associations/builder/has_many"
      autoload :HasAndBelongsToMany, "active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many"
    end

    eager_autoload do
      autoload :BelongsToAssociation
      autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
      autoload :HasManyAssociation
      autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation
      autoload :HasOneAssociation
      autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation

      autoload :Preloader
      autoload :JoinDependency
      autoload :AssociationScope
      autoload :DisableJoinsAssociationScope
      autoload :AliasTracker
    end

    def self.eager_load!
      super
      Preloader.eager_load!
      JoinDependency.eager_load!
    end

    # Returns the association instance for the given name, instantiating it if it doesn't already exist
    def association(name) # :nodoc:
      association = association_instance_get(name)

      if association.nil?
        unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
          raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name)
        end
        association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
        association_instance_set(name, association)
      end

      association
    end

    def association_cached?(name) # :nodoc:
      @association_cache.key?(name)
    end

    def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
      @association_cache = {}
      super
    end

    private
      def init_internals
        @association_cache = {}
        super
      end

      # Returns the specified association instance if it exists, +nil+ otherwise.
      def association_instance_get(name)
        @association_cache[name]
      end

      # Set the specified association instance.
      def association_instance_set(name, association)
        @association_cache[name] = association
      end

      # \Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through
      # foreign keys. They express relationships like "Project has one Project Manager"
      # or "Project belongs to a Portfolio". Each macro adds a number of methods to the
      # class which are specialized according to the collection or association symbol and the
      # options hash. It works much the same way as Ruby's own <tt>attr*</tt>
      # methods.
      #
      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to              :portfolio
      #     has_one                 :project_manager
      #     has_many                :milestones
      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
      #   end
      #
      # The project class now has the following methods (and more) to ease the traversal and
      # manipulation of its relationships:
      # * <tt>Project#portfolio</tt>, <tt>Project#portfolio=(portfolio)</tt>, <tt>Project#reload_portfolio</tt>
      # * <tt>Project#project_manager</tt>, <tt>Project#project_manager=(project_manager)</tt>, <tt>Project#reload_project_manager</tt>
      # * <tt>Project#milestones.empty?</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones.size</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones<<(milestone)</tt>,
      #   <tt>Project#milestones.delete(milestone)</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones.destroy(milestone)</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones.find(milestone_id)</tt>,
      #   <tt>Project#milestones.build</tt>, <tt>Project#milestones.create</tt>
      # * <tt>Project#categories.empty?</tt>, <tt>Project#categories.size</tt>, <tt>Project#categories</tt>, <tt>Project#categories<<(category1)</tt>,
      #   <tt>Project#categories.delete(category1)</tt>, <tt>Project#categories.destroy(category1)</tt>
      #
      # === A word of warning
      #
      # Don't create associations that have the same name as {instance methods}[rdoc-ref:ActiveRecord::Core] of
      # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>. Since the association adds a method with that name to
      # its model, using an association with the same name as one provided by <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt> will override the method inherited through <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt> and will break things.
      # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names, because those names already exist in the list of <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt> instance methods.
      #
      # == Auto-generated methods
      # See also Instance Public methods below for more details.
      #
      # === Singular associations (one-to-one)
      #                                     |            |  belongs_to  |
      #   generated methods                 | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one
      #   ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+---------
      #   other                             |     X      |      X       |    X
      #   other=(other)                     |     X      |      X       |    X
      #   build_other(attributes={})        |     X      |              |    X
      #   create_other(attributes={})       |     X      |              |    X
      #   create_other!(attributes={})      |     X      |              |    X
      #   reload_other                      |     X      |      X       |    X
      #   other_changed?                    |     X      |      X       |
      #   other_previously_changed?         |     X      |      X       |
      #
      # === Collection associations (one-to-many / many-to-many)
      #                                     |       |          | has_many
      #   generated methods                 | habtm | has_many | :through
      #   ----------------------------------+-------+----------+----------
      #   others                            |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others=(other,other,...)          |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   other_ids                         |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   other_ids=(id,id,...)             |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others<<                          |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.push                       |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.concat                     |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.build(attributes={})       |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.create(attributes={})      |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.create!(attributes={})     |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.size                       |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.length                     |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.count                      |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.sum(*args)                 |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.empty?                     |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.clear                      |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.delete(other,other,...)    |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.delete_all                 |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.destroy(other,other,...)   |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.destroy_all                |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.find(*args)                |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.exists?                    |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.distinct                   |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.reset                      |   X   |    X     |    X
      #   others.reload                     |   X   |    X     |    X
      #
      # === Overriding generated methods
      #
      # Association methods are generated in a module included into the model
      # class, making overrides easy. The original generated method can thus be
      # called with +super+:
      #
      #   class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :owner
      #     belongs_to :old_owner
      #
      #     def owner=(new_owner)
      #       self.old_owner = self.owner
      #       super
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      # The association methods module is included immediately after the
      # generated attributes methods module, meaning an association will
      # override the methods for an attribute with the same name.
      #
      # == Cardinality and associations
      #
      # Active Record associations can be used to describe one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many
      # relationships between models. Each model uses an association to describe its role in
      # the relation. The #belongs_to association is always used in the model that has
      # the foreign key.
      #
      # === One-to-one
      #
      # Use #has_one in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
      #
      #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_one :office
      #   end
      #   class Office < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :employee    # foreign key - employee_id
      #   end
      #
      # === One-to-many
      #
      # Use #has_many in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
      #
      #   class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :employees
      #   end
      #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :manager     # foreign key - manager_id
      #   end
      #
      # === Many-to-many
      #
      # There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship.
      #
      # The first way uses a #has_many association with the <tt>:through</tt> option and a join model, so
      # there are two stages of associations.
      #
      #   class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :programmer  # foreign key - programmer_id
      #     belongs_to :project     # foreign key - project_id
      #   end
      #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :assignments
      #     has_many :projects, through: :assignments
      #   end
      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :assignments
      #     has_many :programmers, through: :assignments
      #   end
      #
      # For the second way, use #has_and_belongs_to_many in both models. This requires a join table
      # that has no corresponding model or primary key.
      #
      #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :projects       # foreign keys in the join table
      #   end
      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :programmers    # foreign keys in the join table
      #   end
      #
      # Choosing which way to build a many-to-many relationship is not always simple.
      # If you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity,
      # use #has_many <tt>:through</tt>. Use #has_and_belongs_to_many when working with legacy schemas or when
      # you never work directly with the relationship itself.
      #
      # == Is it a #belongs_to or #has_one association?
      #
      # Both express a 1-1 relationship. The difference is mostly where to place the foreign
      # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the #belongs_to relationship.
      #
      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     # I reference an account.
      #     belongs_to :account
      #   end
      #
      #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     # One user references me.
      #     has_one :user
      #   end
      #
      # The tables for these classes could look something like:
      #
      #   CREATE TABLE users (
      #     id bigint NOT NULL auto_increment,
      #     account_id bigint default NULL,
      #     name varchar default NULL,
      #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
      #   )
      #
      #   CREATE TABLE accounts (
      #     id bigint NOT NULL auto_increment,
      #     name varchar default NULL,
      #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
      #   )
      #
      # == Unsaved objects and associations
      #
      # You can manipulate objects and associations before they are saved to the database, but
      # there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of
      # associated objects.
      #
      # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a #has_one, #belongs_to,
      # #has_many, or #has_and_belongs_to_many association. Setting it
      # to +true+ will _always_ save the members, whereas setting it to +false+ will
      # _never_ save the members. More details about <tt>:autosave</tt> option is available at
      # AutosaveAssociation.
      #
      # === One-to-one associations
      #
      # * Assigning an object to a #has_one association automatically saves that object and
      #   the object being replaced (if there is one), in order to update their foreign
      #   keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (<tt>new_record? == true</tt>).
      # * If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid), an
      #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
      #   cancelled.
      # * If you wish to assign an object to a #has_one association without saving it,
      #   use the <tt>#build_association</tt> method (documented below). The object being
      #   replaced will still be saved to update its foreign key.
      # * Assigning an object to a #belongs_to association does not save the object, since
      #   the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does not save the parent either.
      #
      # === Collections
      #
      # * Adding an object to a collection (#has_many or #has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically
      #   saves that object, except if the parent object (the owner of the collection) is not yet
      #   stored in the database.
      # * If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via <tt>push</tt> or similar)
      #   fails, then <tt>push</tt> returns +false+.
      # * If saving fails while replacing the collection (via <tt>association=</tt>), an
      #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
      #   cancelled.
      # * You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the
      #   <tt>collection.build</tt> method (documented below).
      # * All unsaved (<tt>new_record? == true</tt>) members of the collection are automatically
      #   saved when the parent is saved.
      #
      # == Customizing the query
      #
      # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt> objects, and you can use the Relation syntax
      # to customize them. For example, to add a condition:
      #
      #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :published_posts, -> { where(published: true) }, class_name: 'Post'
      #   end
      #
      # Inside the <tt>-> { ... }</tt> block you can use all of the usual Relation methods.
      #
      # === Accessing the owner object
      #
      # Sometimes it is useful to have access to the owner object when building the query. The owner
      # is passed as a parameter to the block. For example, the following association would find all
      # events that occur on the user's birthday:
      #
      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where(starts_on: user.birthday) }, class_name: 'Event'
      #   end
      #
      # Note: Joining, eager loading, and preloading of these associations is not possible.
      # These operations happen before instance creation and the scope will be called with a +nil+ argument.
      #
      # == Association callbacks
      #
      # Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object,
      # you can also define callbacks that get triggered when you add an object to or remove an
      # object from an association collection.
      #
      #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :clients,
      #              dependent: :destroy,
      #              after_add: :congratulate_client,
      #              after_remove: :log_after_remove
      #
      #     def congratulate_client(record)
      #       # ...
      #     end
      #
      #     def log_after_remove(record)
      #       # ...
      #     end
      #
      # It's possible to stack callbacks by passing them as an array. Example:
      #
      #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :clients,
      #              dependent: :destroy,
      #              after_add: [:congratulate_client, -> (firm, record) { firm.log << "after_adding#{record.id}" }],
      #              after_remove: :log_after_remove
      #   end
      #
      # Possible callbacks are: +before_add+, +after_add+, +before_remove+, and +after_remove+.
      #
      # If any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object will not be
      # added to the collection.
      #
      # Similarly, if any of the +before_remove+ callbacks throw an exception, the object
      # will not be removed from the collection.
      #
      # Note: To trigger remove callbacks, you must use +destroy+ / +destroy_all+ methods. For example:
      #
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.destroy(client)</tt>
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.destroy(*clients)</tt>
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.destroy_all</tt>
      #
      # +delete+ / +delete_all+ methods like the following do *not* trigger remove callbacks:
      #
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.delete(client)</tt>
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.delete(*clients)</tt>
      #   * <tt>firm.clients.delete_all</tt>
      #
      # == Association extensions
      #
      # The proxy objects that control the access to associations can be extended through anonymous
      # modules. This is especially beneficial for adding new finders, creators, and other
      # factory-type methods that are only used as part of this association.
      #
      #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :people do
      #       def find_or_create_by_name(name)
      #         first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
      #         find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
      #       end
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   person = Account.first.people.find_or_create_by_name("David Heinemeier Hansson")
      #   person.first_name # => "David"
      #   person.last_name  # => "Heinemeier Hansson"
      #
      # If you need to share the same extensions between many associations, you can use a named
      # extension module.
      #
      #   module FindOrCreateByNameExtension
      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :people, -> { extending FindOrCreateByNameExtension }
      #   end
      #
      #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :people, -> { extending FindOrCreateByNameExtension }
      #   end
      #
      # Some extensions can only be made to work with knowledge of the association's internals.
      # Extensions can access relevant state using the following methods (where +items+ is the
      # name of the association):
      #
      # * <tt>record.association(:items).owner</tt> - Returns the object the association is part of.
      # * <tt>record.association(:items).reflection</tt> - Returns the reflection object that describes the association.
      # * <tt>record.association(:items).target</tt> - Returns the associated object for #belongs_to and #has_one, or
      #   the collection of associated objects for #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many.
      #
      # However, inside the actual extension code, you will not have access to the <tt>record</tt> as
      # above. In this case, you can access <tt>proxy_association</tt>. For example,
      # <tt>record.association(:items)</tt> and <tt>record.items.proxy_association</tt> will return
      # the same object, allowing you to make calls like <tt>proxy_association.owner</tt> inside
      # association extensions.
      #
      # == Association Join Models
      #
      # Has Many associations can be configured with the <tt>:through</tt> option to use an
      # explicit join model to retrieve the data. This operates similarly to a
      # #has_and_belongs_to_many association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
      # callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model. Consider the following schema:
      #
      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :authorships
      #     has_many :books, through: :authorships
      #   end
      #
      #   class Authorship < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :author
      #     belongs_to :book
      #   end
      #
      #   @author = Author.first
      #   @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to
      #   @author.books                              # selects all books by using the Authorship join model
      #
      # You can also go through a #has_many association on the join model:
      #
      #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many   :clients
      #     has_many   :invoices, through: :clients
      #   end
      #
      #   class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :firm
      #     has_many   :invoices
      #   end
      #
      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :client
      #   end
      #
      #   @firm = Firm.first
      #   @firm.clients.flat_map { |c| c.invoices } # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
      #   @firm.invoices                            # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
      #
      # Similarly you can go through a #has_one association on the join model:
      #
      #   class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many   :users
      #     has_many   :avatars, through: :users
      #   end
      #
      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :group
      #     has_one    :avatar
      #   end
      #
      #   class Avatar < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :user
      #   end
      #
      #   @group = Group.first
      #   @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.compact # select all avatars for all users in the group
      #   @group.avatars                                # selects all avatars by going through the User join model.
      #
      # An important caveat with going through #has_one or #has_many associations on the
      # join model is that these associations are *read-only*. For example, the following
      # would not work following the previous example:
      #
      #   @group.avatars << Avatar.new   # this would work if User belonged_to Avatar rather than the other way around
      #   @group.avatars.delete(@group.avatars.last)  # so would this
      #
      # == Setting Inverses
      #
      # If you are using a #belongs_to on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
      # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the #belongs_to, which will mean that the following example
      # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a #has_many <tt>:through</tt> association):
      #
      #   @post = Post.first
      #   @tag = @post.tags.build name: "ruby"
      #   @tag.save
      #
      # The last line ought to save the through record (a <tt>Tagging</tt>). This will only work if the
      # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> is set:
      #
      #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :post
      #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: :taggings
      #   end
      #
      # If you do not set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> record, the association will
      # do its best to match itself up with the correct inverse. Automatic
      # inverse detection only works on #has_many, #has_one, and
      # #belongs_to associations.
      #
      # <tt>:foreign_key</tt> and <tt>:through</tt> options on the associations
      # will also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically,
      # as will a custom scopes in some cases. See further details in the
      # {Active Record Associations guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/association_basics.html#bi-directional-associations].
      #
      # The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
      # on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
      # especially the ones with non-standard names.
      #
      # You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
      # the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option to <tt>false</tt> like so:
      #
      #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
      #   end
      #
      # == Nested \Associations
      #
      # You can actually specify *any* association with the <tt>:through</tt> option, including an
      # association which has a <tt>:through</tt> option itself. For example:
      #
      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :posts
      #     has_many :comments, through: :posts
      #     has_many :commenters, through: :comments
      #   end
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :comments
      #   end
      #
      #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :commenter
      #   end
      #
      #   @author = Author.first
      #   @author.commenters # => People who commented on posts written by the author
      #
      # An equivalent way of setting up this association this would be:
      #
      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :posts
      #     has_many :commenters, through: :posts
      #   end
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :comments
      #     has_many :commenters, through: :comments
      #   end
      #
      #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :commenter
      #   end
      #
      # When using a nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
      # is not enough information to know what modification to make. For example, if you tried to
      # add a <tt>Commenter</tt> in the example above, there would be no way to tell how to set up the
      # intermediate <tt>Post</tt> and <tt>Comment</tt> objects.
      #
      # == Polymorphic \Associations
      #
      # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they
      # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a #has_many association
      # must adhere to.
      #
      #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
      #   end
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :assets, as: :attachable         # The :as option specifies the polymorphic interface to use.
      #   end
      #
      #   @asset.attachable = @post
      #
      # This works by using a type column in addition to a foreign key to specify the associated
      # record. In the Asset example, you'd need an +attachable_id+ integer column and an
      # +attachable_type+ string column.
      #
      # Using polymorphic associations in combination with single table inheritance (STI) is
      # a little tricky. In order for the associations to work as expected, ensure that you
      # store the base model for the STI models in the type column of the polymorphic
      # association. To continue with the asset example above, suppose there are guest posts
      # and member posts that use the posts table for STI. In this case, there must be a +type+
      # column in the posts table.
      #
      # Note: The <tt>attachable_type=</tt> method is being called when assigning an +attachable+.
      # The +class_name+ of the +attachable+ is passed as a String.
      #
      #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
      #
      #     def attachable_type=(class_name)
      #        super(class_name.constantize.base_class.to_s)
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     # because we store "Post" in attachable_type now dependent: :destroy will work
      #     has_many :assets, as: :attachable, dependent: :destroy
      #   end
      #
      #   class GuestPost < Post
      #   end
      #
      #   class MemberPost < Post
      #   end
      #
      # == Caching
      #
      # All of the methods are built on a simple caching principle that will keep the result
      # of the last query around unless specifically instructed not to. The cache is even
      # shared across methods to make it even cheaper to use the macro-added methods without
      # worrying too much about performance at the first go.
      #
      #   project.milestones             # fetches milestones from the database
      #   project.milestones.size        # uses the milestone cache
      #   project.milestones.empty?      # uses the milestone cache
      #   project.milestones.reload.size # fetches milestones from the database
      #   project.milestones             # uses the milestone cache
      #
      # == Eager loading of associations
      #
      # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations.
      # It is one of the easiest ways to prevent the dreaded N+1 problem in which fetching 100
      # posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the
      # use of eager loading, the number of queries will be reduced from 101 to 2.
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :author
      #     has_many   :comments
      #   end
      #
      # Consider the following loop using the class above:
      #
      #   Post.all.each do |post|
      #     puts "Post:            " + post.title
      #     puts "Written by:      " + post.author.name
      #     puts "Last comment on: " + post.comments.first.created_on
      #   end
      #
      # To iterate over these one hundred posts, we'll generate 201 database queries. Let's
      # first just optimize it for retrieving the author:
      #
      #   Post.includes(:author).each do |post|
      #
      # This references the name of the #belongs_to association that also used the <tt>:author</tt>
      # symbol. After loading the posts, +find+ will collect the +author_id+ from each one and load
      # all of the referenced authors with one query. Doing so will cut down the number of queries
      # from 201 to 102.
      #
      # We can improve upon the situation further by referencing both associations in the finder with:
      #
      #   Post.includes(:author, :comments).each do |post|
      #
      # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries
      # to 3. In general, the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
      # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic #belongs_to - see below).
      #
      # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
      #
      #   Post.includes(:author, { comments: { author: :gravatar } }).each do |post|
      #
      # The above code will load all the comments and all of their associated
      # authors and gravatars. You can mix and match any combination of symbols,
      # arrays, and hashes to retrieve the associations you want to load.
      #
      # All of this power shouldn't fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts
      # of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced the number of queries.
      # The database still needs to send all the data to Active Record and it still needs to
      # be processed. So it's no catch-all for performance problems, but it's a great way to
      # cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
      #
      # Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables
      # other than the main one. If this is the case, Active Record falls back to the previously
      # used <tt>LEFT OUTER JOIN</tt> based strategy. For example:
      #
      #   Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true])
      #
      # This will result in a single SQL query with joins along the lines of:
      # <tt>LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id</tt> and
      # <tt>LEFT OUTER JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id</tt>. Note that using conditions
      # like this can have unintended consequences.
      # In the above example, posts with no approved comments are not returned at all because
      # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association.
      #
      # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example
      # <tt>order: "author.name DESC"</tt> will work but <tt>order: "name DESC"</tt> will not.
      #
      # If you want to load all posts (including posts with no approved comments), then write
      # your own <tt>LEFT OUTER JOIN</tt> query using <tt>ON</tt>:
      #
      #   Post.joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id AND comments.approved = '1'")
      #
      # In this case, it is usually more natural to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
      #
      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where(approved: true) }, class_name: 'Comment'
      #   end
      #
      #   Post.includes(:approved_comments)
      #
      # This will load posts and eager load the +approved_comments+ association, which contains
      # only those comments that have been approved.
      #
      # If you eager load an association with a specified <tt>:limit</tt> option, it will be ignored,
      # returning all the associated objects:
      #
      #   class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     has_many :most_recent_comments, -> { order('id DESC').limit(10) }, class_name: 'Comment'
      #   end
      #
      #   Picture.includes(:most_recent_comments).first.most_recent_comments # => returns all associated comments.
      #
      # Eager loading is supported with polymorphic associations.
      #
      #   class Address < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     belongs_to :addressable, polymorphic: true
      #   end
      #
      # A call that tries to eager load the addressable model
      #
      #   Address.includes(:addressable)
      #
      # This will execute one query to load the addresses and load the addressables with one
      # query per addressable type.
      # For example, if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company, then a total
      # of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on
      # the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback
      # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError.
      # The reason is that the parent model's type is a column value so its corresponding table
      # name cannot be put in the +FROM+/+JOIN+ clauses of that query.
      #
      # == Table Aliasing
      #
      # Active Record uses table aliasing in the case that a table is referenced multiple times
      # in a join. If a table is referenced only once, the standard table name is used. The
      # second time, the table is aliased as <tt>#{reflection_name}_#{parent_table_name}</tt>.
      # Indexes are appended for any more successive uses of the table name.
      #
      #   Post.joins(:comments)
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ...
      #   Post.joins(:special_comments) # STI
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... AND comments.type = 'SpecialComment'
      #   Post.joins(:comments, :special_comments) # special_comments is the reflection name, posts is the parent table name
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts
      #
      # Acts as tree example:
      #
      #   TreeMixin.joins(:children)
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ...
      #   TreeMixin.joins(children: :parent)
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ...
      #                               INNER JOIN parents_mixins ...
      #   TreeMixin.joins(children: {parent: :children})
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ...
      #                               INNER JOIN parents_mixins ...
      #                               INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins_2
      #
      # Has and Belongs to Many join tables use the same idea, but add a <tt>_join</tt> suffix:
      #
      #   Post.joins(:categories)
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ...
      #   Post.joins(categories: :posts)
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ...
      #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories
      #   Post.joins(categories: {posts: :categories})
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ...
      #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories
      #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join INNER JOIN categories categories_posts_2
      #
      # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#joins method, those table
      # names will take precedence over the eager associations:
      #
      #   Post.joins(:comments).joins("inner join comments ...")
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments_posts ON ... INNER JOIN comments ...
      #   Post.joins(:comments, :special_comments).joins("inner join comments ...")
      #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments comments_posts ON ...
      #                              INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts ...
      #                              INNER JOIN comments ...
      #
      # Table aliases are automatically truncated according to the maximum length of table identifiers
      # according to the specific database.
      #
      # == Modules
      #
      # By default, associations will look for objects within the current module scope. Consider:
      #
      #   module MyApplication
      #     module Business
      #       class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
      #         has_many :clients
      #       end
      #
      #       class Client < ActiveRecord::Base; end
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      # When <tt>Firm#clients</tt> is called, it will in turn call
      # <tt>MyApplication::Business::Client.find_all_by_firm_id(firm.id)</tt>.
      # If you want to associate with a class in another module scope, this can be done by
      # specifying the complete class name.
      #
      #   module MyApplication
      #     module Business
      #       class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base; end
      #     end
      #
      #     module Billing
      #       class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
      #         belongs_to :firm, class_name: "MyApplication::Business::Firm"
      #       end
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      # == Bi-directional associations
      #
      # When you specify an association, there is usually an association on the associated model
      # that specifies the same relationship in reverse. For example, with the following models:
      #
      #    class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      has_many :traps
      #      has_one :evil_wizard
      #    end
      #
      #    class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      belongs_to :dungeon
      #    end
      #
      #    class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      belongs_to :dungeon
      #    end
      #
      # The +traps+ association on +Dungeon+ and the +dungeon+ association on +Trap+ are
      # the inverse of each other, and the inverse of the +dungeon+ association on +EvilWizard+
      # is the +evil_wizard+ association on +Dungeon+ (and vice-versa). By default,
      # Active Record can guess the inverse of the association based on the name
      # of the class. The result is the following:
      #
      #    d = Dungeon.first
      #    t = d.traps.first
      #    d.object_id == t.dungeon.object_id # => true
      #
      # The +Dungeon+ instances +d+ and <tt>t.dungeon</tt> in the above example refer to
      # the same in-memory instance since the association matches the name of the class.
      # The result would be the same if we added +:inverse_of+ to our model definitions:
      #
      #    class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      has_many :traps, inverse_of: :dungeon
      #      has_one :evil_wizard, inverse_of: :dungeon
      #    end
      #
      #    class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      belongs_to :dungeon, inverse_of: :traps
      #    end
      #
      #    class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base
      #      belongs_to :dungeon, inverse_of: :evil_wizard
      #    end
      #
      # For more information, see the documentation for the +:inverse_of+ option and the
      # {Active Record Associations guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/association_basics.html#bi-directional-associations].
      #
      # == Deleting from associations
      #
      # === Dependent associations
      #
      # #has_many, #has_one, and #belongs_to associations support the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
      # This allows you to specify that associated records should be deleted when the owner is
      # deleted.
      #
      # For example:
      #
      #     class Author
      #       has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
      #     end
      #     Author.find(1).destroy # => Will destroy all of the author's posts, too
      #
      # The <tt>:dependent</tt> option can have different values which specify how the deletion
      # is done. For more information, see the documentation for this option on the different
      # specific association types. When no option is given, the behavior is to do nothing
      # with the associated records when destroying a record.
      #
      # Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> is implemented using Rails' callback
      # system, which works by processing callbacks in order. Therefore, other
      # callbacks declared either before or after the <tt>:dependent</tt> option
      # can affect what it does.
      #
      # Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored for #has_one <tt>:through</tt> associations.
      #
      # === Delete or destroy?
      #
      # #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
      # <tt>delete</tt>, <tt>destroy_all</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt>.
      #
      # For #has_and_belongs_to_many, <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> are the same: they
      # cause the records in the join table to be removed.
      #
      # For #has_many, <tt>destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy_all</tt> will always call the <tt>destroy</tt> method of the
      # record(s) being removed so that callbacks are run. However <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt> will either
      # do the deletion according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option, or
      # if no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default strategy.
      # The default strategy is to do nothing (leave the foreign keys with the parent ids set), except for
      # #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
      # the join records, without running their callbacks).
      #
      # There is also a <tt>clear</tt> method which is the same as <tt>delete_all</tt>, except that
      # it returns the association rather than the records which have been deleted.
      #
      # === What gets deleted?
      #
      # There is a potential pitfall here: #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>
      # associations have records in join tables, as well as the associated records. So when we
      # call one of these deletion methods, what exactly should be deleted?
      #
      # The answer is that it is assumed that deletion on an association is about removing the
      # <i>link</i> between the owner and the associated object(s), rather than necessarily the
      # associated objects themselves. So with #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many
      # <tt>:through</tt>, the join records will be deleted, but the associated records won't.
      #
      # This makes sense if you think about it: if you were to call <tt>post.tags.delete(Tag.find_by(name: 'food'))</tt>
      # you would want the 'food' tag to be unlinked from the post, rather than for the tag itself
      # to be removed from the database.
      #
      # However, there are examples where this strategy doesn't make sense. For example, suppose
      # a person has many projects, and each project has many tasks. If we deleted one of a person's
      # tasks, we would probably not want the project to be deleted. In this scenario, the delete method
      # won't actually work: it can only be used if the association on the join model is a
      # #belongs_to. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on
      # either the associated records or the <tt>:through</tt> association.
      #
      # With a regular #has_many there is no distinction between the "associated records"
      # and the "link", so there is only one choice for what gets deleted.
      #
      # With #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, if you want to delete the
      # associated records themselves, you can always do something along the lines of
      # <tt>person.tasks.each(&:destroy)</tt>.
      #
      # == Type safety with ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch
      #
      # If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn't match the inferred
      # or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll get an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch.
      #
      # == Options
      #
      # All of the association macros can be specialized through options. This makes cases
      # more complex than the simple and guessable ones possible.
      module ClassMethods
        # Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of
        # collections of associated objects will be added:
        #
        # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
        # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.
        #
        # [collection]
        #   Returns a Relation of all the associated objects.
        #   An empty Relation is returned if none are found.
        # [collection<<(object, ...)]
        #   Adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection's primary key.
        #   Note that this operation instantly fires update SQL without waiting for the save or update call on the
        #   parent object, unless the parent object is a new record.
        #   This will also run validations and callbacks of associated object(s).
        # [collection.delete(object, ...)]
        #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to +NULL+.
        #   Objects will be in addition destroyed if they're associated with <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt>,
        #   and deleted if they're associated with <tt>dependent: :delete_all</tt>.
        #
        #   If the <tt>:through</tt> option is used, then the join records are deleted (rather than
        #   nullified) by default, but you can specify <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> or
        #   <tt>dependent: :nullify</tt> to override this.
        # [collection.destroy(object, ...)]
        #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by running <tt>destroy</tt> on
        #   each record, regardless of any dependent option, ensuring callbacks are run.
        #
        #   If the <tt>:through</tt> option is used, then the join records are destroyed
        #   instead, not the objects themselves.
        # [collection=objects]
        #   Replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate. If the <tt>:through</tt>
        #   option is true callbacks in the join models are triggered except destroy callbacks, since deletion is
        #   direct by default. You can specify <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> or
        #   <tt>dependent: :nullify</tt> to override this.
        # [collection_singular_ids]
        #   Returns an array of the associated objects' ids
        # [collection_singular_ids=ids]
        #   Replace the collection with the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+. This
        #   method loads the models and calls <tt>collection=</tt>. See above.
        # [collection.clear]
        #   Removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they
        #   are associated with <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt>, deletes them directly from the
        #   database if <tt>dependent: :delete_all</tt>, otherwise sets their foreign keys to +NULL+.
        #   If the <tt>:through</tt> option is true no destroy callbacks are invoked on the join models.
        #   Join models are directly deleted.
        # [collection.empty?]
        #   Returns +true+ if there are no associated objects.
        # [collection.size]
        #   Returns the number of associated objects.
        # [collection.find(...)]
        #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
        # [collection.exists?(...)]
        #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
        #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
        # [collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)]
        #   Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet
        #   been saved.
        # [collection.create(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already
        #   been saved (if it passed the validation). *Note*: This only works if the base model
        #   already exists in the DB, not if it is a new (unsaved) record!
        # [collection.create!(attributes = {})]
        #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
        #   if the record is invalid.
        # [collection.reload]
        #   Returns a Relation of all of the associated objects, forcing a database read.
        #   An empty Relation is returned if none are found.
        #
        # === Example
        #
        # A <tt>Firm</tt> class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
        # * <tt>Firm#clients</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.where(firm_id: id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients<<</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.delete</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.destroy</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#clients=</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#client_ids</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#client_ids=</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.clear</tt>
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.empty?</tt> (similar to <tt>firm.clients.size == 0</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.size</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.count "firm_id = #{id}"</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.find</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.where(firm_id: id).find(id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.exists?(name: 'ACME')</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.exists?(name: 'ACME', firm_id: firm.id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.new(firm_id: id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new(firm_id: id); c.save; c</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.create!</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new(firm_id: id); c.save!</tt>)
        # * <tt>Firm#clients.reload</tt>
        # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
        #
        # === Scopes
        #
        # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
        # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
        # query when you access the associated collection.
        #
        # Scope examples:
        #   has_many :comments, -> { where(author_id: 1) }
        #   has_many :employees, -> { joins(:address) }
        #   has_many :posts, ->(blog) { where("max_post_length > ?", blog.max_post_length) }
        #
        # === Extensions
        #
        # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a has_many
        # association. This is useful for adding new finders, creators, and other
        # factory-type methods to be used as part of the association.
        #
        # Extension examples:
        #   has_many :employees do
        #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
        #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
        #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
        #     end
        #   end
        #
        # === Options
        # [:class_name]
        #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
        #   from the association name. So <tt>has_many :products</tt> will by default be linked
        #   to the +Product+ class, but if the real class name is +SpecialProduct+, you'll have to
        #   specify it with this option.
        # [:foreign_key]
        #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
        #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_many
        #   association will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
        #
        #   Setting the <tt>:foreign_key</tt> option prevents automatic detection of the association's
        #   inverse, so it is generally a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option as well.
        # [:foreign_type]
        #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
        #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
        #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
        #   <tt>has_many :tags, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
        #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
        # [:primary_key]
        #   Specify the name of the column to use as the primary key for the association. By default this is +id+.
        # [:dependent]
        #   Controls what happens to the associated objects when
        #   their owner is destroyed. Note that these are implemented as
        #   callbacks, and Rails executes callbacks in order. Therefore, other
        #   similar callbacks may affect the <tt>:dependent</tt> behavior, and the
        #   <tt>:dependent</tt> behavior may affect other callbacks.
        #
        #   * <tt>nil</tt> do nothing (default).
        #   * <tt>:destroy</tt> causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed.
        #   * <tt>:destroy_async</tt> destroys all the associated objects in a background job. <b>WARNING:</b> Do not use
        #     this option if the association is backed by foreign key constraints in your database. The foreign key
        #     constraint actions will occur inside the same transaction that deletes its owner.
        #   * <tt>:delete_all</tt> causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not be executed).
        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign keys to be set to +NULL+. Polymorphic type will also be nullified
        #     on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
        #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an <tt>ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError</tt> exception to be raised if there are any associated records.
        #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects.
        #
        #   If using with the <tt>:through</tt> option, the association on the join model must be
        #   a #belongs_to, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
        #   the associated records.
        #
        #   If using <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> on a scoped association, only the scoped objects are destroyed.
        #   For example, if a Post model defines
        #   <tt>has_many :comments, -> { where published: true }, dependent: :destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> is
        #   called on a post, only published comments are destroyed. This means that any unpublished comments in the
        #   database would still contain a foreign key pointing to the now deleted post.
        # [:counter_cache]
        #   This option can be used to configure a custom named <tt>:counter_cache.</tt> You only need this option,
        #   when you customized the name of your <tt>:counter_cache</tt> on the #belongs_to association.
        # [:as]
        #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
        # [:through]
        #   Specifies an association through which to perform the query. This can be any other type
        #   of association, including other <tt>:through</tt> associations. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
        #   <tt>:primary_key</tt> and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
        #   source reflection.
        #
        #   If the association on the join model is a #belongs_to, the collection can be modified
        #   and the records on the <tt>:through</tt> model will be automatically created and removed
        #   as appropriate. Otherwise, the collection is read-only, so you should manipulate the
        #   <tt>:through</tt> association directly.
        #
        #   If you are going to modify the association (rather than just read from it), then it is
        #   a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the source association on the
        #   join model. This allows associated records to be built which will automatically create
        #   the appropriate join model records when they are saved. (See the 'Association Join Models'
        #   and 'Setting Inverses' sections above.)
        # [:disable_joins]
        #   Specifies whether joins should be skipped for an association. If set to true, two or more queries
        #   will be generated. Note that in some cases, if order or limit is applied, it will be done in-memory
        #   due to database limitations. This option is only applicable on <tt>has_many :through</tt> associations as
        #   +has_many+ alone do not perform a join.
        # [:source]
        #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries.
        #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
        #   <tt>has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions</tt> will look for either <tt>:subscribers</tt> or
        #   <tt>:subscriber</tt> on Subscription, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
        # [:source_type]
        #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
        #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
        # [:validate]
        #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
        #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
        # [:autosave]
        #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction,
        #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
        #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records. This option is implemented as a
        #   +before_save+ callback. Because callbacks are run in the order they are defined, associated objects
        #   may need to be explicitly saved in any user-defined +before_save+ callbacks.
        #
        #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
        #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
        # [:inverse_of]
        #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
        #   that is the inverse of this #has_many association.
        #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
        # [:extend]
        #   Specifies a module or array of modules that will be extended into the association object returned.
        #   Useful for defining methods on associations, especially when they should be shared between multiple
        #   association objects.
        # [:strict_loading]
        #   When set to +true+, enforces strict loading every time the associated record is loaded through this
        #   association.
        # [:ensuring_owner_was]
        #   Specifies an instance method to be called on the owner. The method must return true in order for the
        #   associated records to be deleted in a background job.
        #
        # Option examples:
        #   has_many :comments, -> { order("posted_on") }
        #   has_many :comments, -> { includes(:author) }
        #   has_many :people, -> { where(deleted: false).order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
        #   has_many :tracks, -> { order("position") }, dependent: :destroy
        #   has_many :comments, dependent: :nullify
        #   has_many :tags, as: :taggable
        #   has_many :reports, -> { readonly }
        #   has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, source: :user
        #   has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, disable_joins: true
        #   has_many :comments, strict_loading: true
        def has_many(name, scope = nil, **options, &extension)
          reflection = Builder::HasMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
          Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
        end

        # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
        # if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key,
        # then you should use #belongs_to instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
        # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
        #
        # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
        #
        # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
        # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.
        #
        # [association]
        #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
        # [association=(associate)]
        #   Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key,
        #   and saves the associate object. To avoid database inconsistencies, permanently deletes an existing
        #   associated object when assigning a new one, even if the new one isn't saved to database.
        # [build_association(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not
        #   yet been saved.
        # [create_association(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
        #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
        # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
        #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
        #   if the record is invalid.
        # [reload_association]
        #   Returns the associated object, forcing a database read.
        #
        # === Example
        #
        # An Account class declares <tt>has_one :beneficiary</tt>, which will add:
        # * <tt>Account#beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>Beneficiary.where(account_id: id).first</tt>)
        # * <tt>Account#beneficiary=(beneficiary)</tt> (similar to <tt>beneficiary.account_id = account.id; beneficiary.save</tt>)
        # * <tt>Account#build_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>Beneficiary.new(account_id: id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new(account_id: id); b.save; b</tt>)
        # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary!</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new(account_id: id); b.save!; b</tt>)
        # * <tt>Account#reload_beneficiary</tt>
        #
        # === Scopes
        #
        # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
        # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
        # when you access the associated object.
        #
        # Scope examples:
        #   has_one :author, -> { where(comment_id: 1) }
        #   has_one :employer, -> { joins(:company) }
        #   has_one :latest_post, ->(blog) { where("created_at > ?", blog.enabled_at) }
        #
        # === Options
        #
        # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
        #
        # Options are:
        # [:class_name]
        #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
        #   from the association name. So <tt>has_one :manager</tt> will by default be linked to the Manager class, but
        #   if the real class name is Person, you'll have to specify it with this option.
        # [:dependent]
        #   Controls what happens to the associated object when
        #   its owner is destroyed:
        #
        #   * <tt>nil</tt> do nothing (default).
        #   * <tt>:destroy</tt> causes the associated object to also be destroyed
        #   * <tt>:destroy_async</tt> causes the associated object to be destroyed in a background job. <b>WARNING:</b> Do not use
        #     this option if the association is backed by foreign key constraints in your database. The foreign key
        #     constraint actions will occur inside the same transaction that deletes its owner.
        #   * <tt>:delete</tt> causes the associated object to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Polymorphic type column is also nullified
        #     on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
        #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an <tt>ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError</tt> exception to be raised if there is an associated record
        #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
        #
        #   Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored when using <tt>:through</tt> option.
        # [:foreign_key]
        #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
        #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_one association
        #   will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
        #
        #   Setting the <tt>:foreign_key</tt> option prevents automatic detection of the association's
        #   inverse, so it is generally a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option as well.
        # [:foreign_type]
        #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
        #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
        #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
        #   <tt>has_one :tag, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
        #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
        # [:primary_key]
        #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
        # [:as]
        #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
        # [:through]
        #   Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
        #   <tt>:primary_key</tt>, and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
        #   source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a #has_one
        #   or #belongs_to association on the join model.
        #
        #   If the association on the join model is a #belongs_to, the collection can be modified
        #   and the records on the <tt>:through</tt> model will be automatically created and removed
        #   as appropriate. Otherwise, the collection is read-only, so you should manipulate the
        #   <tt>:through</tt> association directly.
        #
        #   If you are going to modify the association (rather than just read from it), then it is
        #   a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the source association on the
        #   join model. This allows associated records to be built which will automatically create
        #   the appropriate join model records when they are saved. (See the 'Association Join Models'
        #   and 'Setting Inverses' sections above.)
        # [:disable_joins]
        #   Specifies whether joins should be skipped for an association. If set to true, two or more queries
        #   will be generated. Note that in some cases, if order or limit is applied, it will be done in-memory
        #   due to database limitations. This option is only applicable on <tt>has_one :through</tt> associations as
        #   +has_one+ alone does not perform a join.
        # [:source]
        #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries.
        #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
        #   <tt>has_one :favorite, through: :favorites</tt> will look for a
        #   <tt>:favorite</tt> on Favorite, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
        # [:source_type]
        #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
        #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
        # [:validate]
        #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
        #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
        # [:autosave]
        #   If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction,
        #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
        #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
        #
        #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
        #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
        # [:inverse_of]
        #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
        #   that is the inverse of this #has_one association.
        #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
        # [:required]
        #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
        #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
        #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
        # [:strict_loading]
        #   Enforces strict loading every time the associated record is loaded through this association.
        # [:ensuring_owner_was]
        #   Specifies an instance method to be called on the owner. The method must return true in order for the
        #   associated records to be deleted in a background job.
        #
        # Option examples:
        #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
        #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :nullify  # updates the associated records foreign
        #                                                 # key value to NULL rather than destroying it
        #   has_one :last_comment, -> { order('posted_on') }, class_name: "Comment"
        #   has_one :project_manager, -> { where(role: 'project_manager') }, class_name: "Person"
        #   has_one :attachment, as: :attachable
        #   has_one :boss, -> { readonly }
        #   has_one :club, through: :membership
        #   has_one :club, through: :membership, disable_joins: true
        #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where(primary: true) }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
        #   has_one :credit_card, required: true
        #   has_one :credit_card, strict_loading: true
        def has_one(name, scope = nil, **options)
          reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
          Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
        end

        # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
        # if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key,
        # then you should use #has_one instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
        # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
        #
        # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which
        # this object holds an id:
        #
        # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
        # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.
        #
        # [association]
        #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
        # [association=(associate)]
        #   Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, and sets it as the foreign key.
        #   No modification or deletion of existing records takes place.
        # [build_association(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not yet been saved.
        # [create_association(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
        #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
        # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
        #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
        #   if the record is invalid.
        # [reload_association]
        #   Returns the associated object, forcing a database read.
        # [association_changed?]
        #   Returns true if a new associate object has been assigned and the next save will update the foreign key.
        # [association_previously_changed?]
        #   Returns true if the previous save updated the association to reference a new associate object.
        #
        # === Example
        #
        # A Post class declares <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, which will add:
        # * <tt>Post#author</tt> (similar to <tt>Author.find(author_id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Post#author=(author)</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author_id = author.id</tt>)
        # * <tt>Post#build_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new</tt>)
        # * <tt>Post#create_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author</tt>)
        # * <tt>Post#create_author!</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author</tt>)
        # * <tt>Post#reload_author</tt>
        # * <tt>Post#author_changed?</tt>
        # * <tt>Post#author_previously_changed?</tt>
        # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
        #
        # === Scopes
        #
        # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
        # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
        # when you access the associated object.
        #
        # Scope examples:
        #   belongs_to :firm, -> { where(id: 2) }
        #   belongs_to :user, -> { joins(:friends) }
        #   belongs_to :level, ->(game) { where("game_level > ?", game.current_level) }
        #
        # === Options
        #
        # [:class_name]
        #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
        #   from the association name. So <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> will by default be linked to the Author class, but
        #   if the real class name is Person, you'll have to specify it with this option.
        # [:foreign_key]
        #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
        #   of the association with an "_id" suffix. So a class that defines a <tt>belongs_to :person</tt>
        #   association will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>. Similarly,
        #   <tt>belongs_to :favorite_person, class_name: "Person"</tt> will use a foreign key
        #   of "favorite_person_id".
        #
        #   Setting the <tt>:foreign_key</tt> option prevents automatic detection of the association's
        #   inverse, so it is generally a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option as well.
        # [:foreign_type]
        #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
        #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the association with a "_type"
        #   suffix. So a class that defines a <tt>belongs_to :taggable, polymorphic: true</tt>
        #   association will use "taggable_type" as the default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
        # [:primary_key]
        #   Specify the method that returns the primary key of associated object used for the association.
        #   By default this is +id+.
        # [:dependent]
        #   If set to <tt>:destroy</tt>, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to
        #   <tt>:delete</tt>, the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method. If set to
        #   <tt>:destroy_async</tt>, the associated object is scheduled to be destroyed in a background job.
        #   This option should not be specified when #belongs_to is used in conjunction with
        #   a #has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave
        #   orphaned records behind.
        # [:counter_cache]
        #   Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of CounterCache::ClassMethods#increment_counter
        #   and CounterCache::ClassMethods#decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
        #   class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column
        #   named <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class)
        #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for
        #   <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> is created on the associate class (such that <tt>Post.comments_count</tt> will
        #   return the count cached, see note below). You can also specify a custom counter
        #   cache column by providing a column name instead of a +true+/+false+ value to this
        #   option (e.g., <tt>counter_cache: :my_custom_counter</tt>.)
        #   Note: Specifying a counter cache will add it to that model's list of readonly attributes
        #   using +attr_readonly+.
        # [:polymorphic]
        #   Specify this association is a polymorphic association by passing +true+.
        #   Note: If you've enabled the counter cache, then you may want to add the counter cache attribute
        #   to the +attr_readonly+ list in the associated classes (e.g. <tt>class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end</tt>).
        # [:validate]
        #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
        #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
        # [:autosave]
        #   If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when
        #   saving the parent object.
        #   If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
        #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
        #
        #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for
        #   sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
        # [:touch]
        #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to current time)
        #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
        #   will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.
        #   Please note that with touching no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+,
        #   +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+ callbacks are executed.
        # [:inverse_of]
        #   Specifies the name of the #has_one or #has_many association on the associated
        #   object that is the inverse of this #belongs_to association.
        #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
        # [:optional]
        #   When set to +true+, the association will not have its presence validated.
        # [:required]
        #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
        #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
        #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
        #   NOTE: <tt>required</tt> is set to <tt>true</tt> by default and is deprecated. If
        #   you don't want to have association presence validated, use <tt>optional: true</tt>.
        # [:default]
        #   Provide a callable (i.e. proc or lambda) to specify that the association should
        #   be initialized with a particular record before validation.
        # [:strict_loading]
        #   Enforces strict loading every time the associated record is loaded through this association.
        # [:ensuring_owner_was]
        #   Specifies an instance method to be called on the owner. The method must return true in order for the
        #   associated records to be deleted in a background job.
        #
        # Option examples:
        #   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
        #   belongs_to :person, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "person_name"
        #   belongs_to :author, class_name: "Person", foreign_key: "author_id"
        #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
        #                             class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
        #   belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
        #   belongs_to :project, -> { readonly }
        #   belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
        #   belongs_to :comment, touch: true
        #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
        #   belongs_to :user, optional: true
        #   belongs_to :account, default: -> { company.account }
        #   belongs_to :account, strict_loading: true
        def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, **options)
          reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
          Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
        end

        # Specifies a many-to-many relationship with another class. This associates two classes via an
        # intermediate join table. Unless the join table is explicitly specified as an option, it is
        # guessed using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between Developer and Project
        # will give the default join table name of "developers_projects" because "D" precedes "P" alphabetically.
        # Note that this precedence is calculated using the <tt><</tt> operator for String. This
        # means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared
        # up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher
        # lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers"
        # to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes",
        # but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers". Be aware of this caveat, and use the
        # custom <tt>:join_table</tt> option if you need to.
        # If your tables share a common prefix, it will only appear once at the beginning. For example,
        # the tables "catalog_categories" and "catalog_products" generate a join table name of "catalog_categories_products".
        #
        # The join table should not have a primary key or a model associated with it. You must manually generate the
        # join table with a migration such as this:
        #
        #   class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.1]
        #     def change
        #       create_join_table :developers, :projects
        #     end
        #   end
        #
        # It's also a good idea to add indexes to each of those columns to speed up the joins process.
        # However, in MySQL it is advised to add a compound index for both of the columns as MySQL only
        # uses one index per table during the lookup.
        #
        # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query:
        #
        # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
        # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.
        #
        # [collection]
        #   Returns a Relation of all the associated objects.
        #   An empty Relation is returned if none are found.
        # [collection<<(object, ...)]
        #   Adds one or more objects to the collection by creating associations in the join table
        #   (<tt>collection.push</tt> and <tt>collection.concat</tt> are aliases to this method).
        #   Note that this operation instantly fires update SQL without waiting for the save or update call on the
        #   parent object, unless the parent object is a new record.
        # [collection.delete(object, ...)]
        #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by removing their associations from the join table.
        #   This does not destroy the objects.
        # [collection.destroy(object, ...)]
        #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by running destroy on each association in the join table, overriding any dependent option.
        #   This does not destroy the objects.
        # [collection=objects]
        #   Replaces the collection's content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate.
        # [collection_singular_ids]
        #   Returns an array of the associated objects' ids.
        # [collection_singular_ids=ids]
        #   Replace the collection by the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+.
        # [collection.clear]
        #   Removes every object from the collection. This does not destroy the objects.
        # [collection.empty?]
        #   Returns +true+ if there are no associated objects.
        # [collection.size]
        #   Returns the number of associated objects.
        # [collection.find(id)]
        #   Finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that
        #   meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object.
        #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
        # [collection.exists?(...)]
        #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
        #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
        # [collection.build(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved.
        # [collection.create(attributes = {})]
        #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
        #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been
        #   saved (if it passed the validation).
        # [collection.reload]
        #   Returns a Relation of all of the associated objects, forcing a database read.
        #   An empty Relation is returned if none are found.
        #
        # === Example
        #
        # A Developer class declares <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt>, which will add:
        # * <tt>Developer#projects</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects<<</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.delete</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.destroy</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects=</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#project_ids</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#project_ids=</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.clear</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.empty?</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.size</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.find(id)</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.exists?(...)</tt>
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new(developer_id: id)</tt>)
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new(developer_id: id); c.save; c</tt>)
        # * <tt>Developer#projects.reload</tt>
        # The declaration may include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
        #
        # === Scopes
        #
        # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
        # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
        # query when you access the associated collection.
        #
        # Scope examples:
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, ->(post) {
        #     where("default_category = ?", post.default_category)
        #   }
        #
        # === Extensions
        #
        # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a
        # has_and_belongs_to_many association. This is useful for adding new
        # finders, creators, and other factory-type methods to be used as part of
        # the association.
        #
        # Extension examples:
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :contractors do
        #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
        #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
        #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
        #     end
        #   end
        #
        # === Options
        #
        # [:class_name]
        #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
        #   from the association name. So <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt> will by default be linked to the
        #   Project class, but if the real class name is SuperProject, you'll have to specify it with this option.
        # [:join_table]
        #   Specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn't what you want.
        #   <b>WARNING:</b> If you're overwriting the table name of either class, the +table_name+ method
        #   MUST be declared underneath any #has_and_belongs_to_many declaration in order to work.
        # [:foreign_key]
        #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
        #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes
        #   a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project will use "person_id" as the
        #   default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
        #
        #   Setting the <tt>:foreign_key</tt> option prevents automatic detection of the association's
        #   inverse, so it is generally a good idea to set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option as well.
        # [:association_foreign_key]
        #   Specify the foreign key used for the association on the receiving side of the association.
        #   By default this is guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed.
        #   So if a Person class makes a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project,
        #   the association will use "project_id" as the default <tt>:association_foreign_key</tt>.
        # [:validate]
        #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
        #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
        # [:autosave]
        #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, when
        #   saving the parent object.
        #   If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
        #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
        #
        #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
        #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
        # [:strict_loading]
        #   Enforces strict loading every time an associated record is loaded through this association.
        #
        # Option examples:
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, class_name: "Country"
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, join_table: "prods_cats"
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, -> { readonly }
        #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, strict_loading: true
        def has_and_belongs_to_many(name, scope = nil, **options, &extension)
          habtm_reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasAndBelongsToManyReflection.new(name, scope, options, self)

          builder = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.new name, self, options

          join_model = builder.through_model

          const_set join_model.name, join_model
          private_constant join_model.name

          middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model

          Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
          Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
          middle_reflection.parent_reflection = habtm_reflection

          include Module.new {
            class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
              def destroy_associations
                association(:#{middle_reflection.name}).delete_all(:delete_all)
                association(:#{name}).reset
                super
              end
            RUBY
          }

          hm_options = {}
          hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
          hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name

          [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table, :class_name, :extend, :strict_loading].each do |k|
            hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
          end

          has_many name, scope, **hm_options, &extension
          _reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = habtm_reflection
        end
      end
  end
end

associations_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/computer"
require "models/developer"
require "models/project"
require "models/company"
require "models/categorization"
require "models/category"
require "models/post"
require "models/author"
require "models/book"
require "models/comment"
require "models/tag"
require "models/tagging"
require "models/person"
require "models/reader"
require "models/ship_part"
require "models/ship"
require "models/liquid"
require "models/molecule"
require "models/electron"
require "models/human"
require "models/interest"
require "models/pirate"
require "models/parrot"
require "models/bird"
require "models/treasure"
require "models/price_estimate"
require "models/invoice"
require "models/discount"
require "models/line_item"
require "models/shipping_line"
require "models/essay"

class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
           :computers, :people, :readers, :authors, :author_addresses, :author_favorites,
           :comments, :posts

  def test_eager_loading_should_not_change_count_of_children
    liquid = Liquid.create(name: "salty")
    molecule = liquid.molecules.create(name: "molecule_1")
    molecule.electrons.create(name: "electron_1")
    molecule.electrons.create(name: "electron_2")

    liquids = Liquid.includes(molecules: :electrons).references(:molecules).where("molecules.id is not null")
    assert_equal 1, liquids[0].molecules.length
  end

  def test_subselect
    author = authors :david
    favs = author.author_favorites
    fav2 = author.author_favorites.where(author: Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
    assert_equal favs, fav2
  end

  def test_loading_the_association_target_should_keep_child_records_marked_for_destruction
    ship = Ship.create!(name: "The good ship Dollypop")
    part = ship.parts.create!(name: "Mast")
    part.mark_for_destruction
    assert_predicate ship.parts[0], :marked_for_destruction?
  end

  def test_loading_the_association_target_should_load_most_recent_attributes_for_child_records_marked_for_destruction
    ship = Ship.create!(name: "The good ship Dollypop")
    part = ship.parts.create!(name: "Mast")
    part.mark_for_destruction
    ShipPart.find(part.id).update_columns(name: "Deck")
    assert_equal "Deck", ship.parts[0].name
  end

  def test_include_with_order_works
    assert_nothing_raised { Account.all.merge!(order: "id", includes: :firm).first }
    assert_nothing_raised { Account.all.merge!(order: :id, includes: :firm).first }
  end

  def test_bad_collection_keys
    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "ActiveRecord should have barked on bad collection keys") do
      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base).has_many(:wheels, name: "wheels")
    end
  end

  def test_should_construct_new_finder_sql_after_create
    person = Person.new first_name: "clark"
    assert_equal [], person.readers.to_a
    person.save!
    reader = Reader.create! person: person, post: Post.new(title: "foo", body: "bar")
    assert person.readers.find(reader.id)
  end

  def test_force_reload
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "A New Firm, Inc")
    firm.save
    firm.clients.each { } # forcing to load all clients
    assert firm.clients.empty?, "New firm shouldn't have client objects"
    assert_equal 0, firm.clients.size, "New firm should have 0 clients"

    client = Client.new("name" => "TheClient.com", "firm_id" => firm.id)
    client.save

    assert firm.clients.empty?, "New firm should have cached no client objects"
    assert_equal 0, firm.clients.size, "New firm should have cached 0 clients count"

    firm.clients.reload

    assert_not firm.clients.empty?, "New firm should have reloaded client objects"
    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.size, "New firm should have reloaded clients count"
  end

  def test_using_limitable_reflections_helper
    using_limitable_reflections = lambda { |reflections| Tagging.all.send :using_limitable_reflections?, reflections }
    belongs_to_reflections = [Tagging.reflect_on_association(:tag), Tagging.reflect_on_association(:super_tag)]
    has_many_reflections = [Tag.reflect_on_association(:taggings), Developer.reflect_on_association(:projects)]
    mixed_reflections = (belongs_to_reflections + has_many_reflections).uniq
    assert using_limitable_reflections.call(belongs_to_reflections), "Belong to associations are limitable"
    assert_not using_limitable_reflections.call(has_many_reflections), "All has many style associations are not limitable"
    assert_not using_limitable_reflections.call(mixed_reflections), "No collection associations (has many style) should pass"
  end

  def test_association_with_references
    firm = companies(:first_firm)
    assert_equal [:foo], firm.association_with_references.references_values
  end
end

class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses, :posts, :categorizations, :categories, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects

  def test_push_does_not_load_target
    david = authors(:david)

    david.posts << (post = Post.new(title: "New on Edge", body: "More cool stuff!"))
    assert_not_predicate david.posts, :loaded?
    assert_includes david.posts, post
  end

  def test_push_has_many_through_does_not_load_target
    david = authors(:david)

    david.categories << categories(:technology)
    assert_not_predicate david.categories, :loaded?
    assert_includes david.categories, categories(:technology)
  end

  def test_push_followed_by_save_does_not_load_target
    david = authors(:david)

    david.posts << (post = Post.new(title: "New on Edge", body: "More cool stuff!"))
    assert_not_predicate david.posts, :loaded?
    david.save
    assert_not_predicate david.posts, :loaded?
    assert_includes david.posts, post
  end

  def test_push_does_not_lose_additions_to_new_record
    josh = Author.new(name: "Josh")
    josh.posts << Post.new(title: "New on Edge", body: "More cool stuff!")
    assert_predicate josh.posts, :loaded?
    assert_equal 1, josh.posts.size
  end

  def test_append_behaves_like_push
    josh = Author.new(name: "Josh")
    josh.posts.append Post.new(title: "New on Edge", body: "More cool stuff!")
    assert_predicate josh.posts, :loaded?
    assert_equal 1, josh.posts.size
  end

  def test_prepend_is_not_defined
    josh = Author.new(name: "Josh")
    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { josh.posts.prepend Post.new }
  end

  def test_save_on_parent_does_not_load_target
    david = developers(:david)

    assert_not_predicate david.projects, :loaded?
    david.update_columns(created_at: Time.now)
    assert_not_predicate david.projects, :loaded?
  end

  def test_load_does_load_target
    david = developers(:david)

    assert_not_predicate david.projects, :loaded?
    david.projects.load
    assert_predicate david.projects, :loaded?
  end

  def test_inspect_does_not_reload_a_not_yet_loaded_target
    andreas = Developer.new name: "Andreas", log: "new developer added"
    assert_not_predicate andreas.audit_logs, :loaded?
    assert_match(/message: "new developer added"/, andreas.audit_logs.inspect)
    assert_predicate andreas.audit_logs, :loaded?
  end

  def test_save_on_parent_saves_children
    developer = Developer.create name: "Bryan", salary: 50_000
    assert_equal 1, developer.reload.audit_logs.size
  end

  def test_create_via_association_with_block
    post = authors(:david).posts.create(title: "New on Edge") { |p| p.body = "More cool stuff!" }
    assert_equal post.title, "New on Edge"
    assert_equal post.body, "More cool stuff!"
  end

  def test_create_with_bang_via_association_with_block
    post = authors(:david).posts.create!(title: "New on Edge") { |p| p.body = "More cool stuff!" }
    assert_equal post.title, "New on Edge"
    assert_equal post.body, "More cool stuff!"
  end

  def test_reload_returns_association
    david = developers(:david)
    assert_nothing_raised do
      assert_equal david.projects, david.projects.reload.reload
    end
  end

  def test_proxy_association_accessor
    david = developers(:david)
    assert_equal david.association(:projects), david.projects.proxy_association
  end

  def test_scoped_allows_conditions
    assert developers(:david).projects.merge(where: "foo").to_sql.include?("foo")
  end

  test "getting a scope from an association" do
    david = developers(:david)

    assert david.projects.scope.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
    assert_equal david.projects, david.projects.scope
  end

  test "proxy object is cached" do
    david = developers(:david)
    assert_same david.projects, david.projects
  end

  test "proxy object can be stubbed" do
    david = developers(:david)
    david.projects.define_singleton_method(:extra_method) { 42 }

    assert_equal 42, david.projects.extra_method
  end

  test "inverses get set of subsets of the association" do
    human = Human.create
    human.interests.create

    human = Human.find(human.id)

    assert_queries(1) do
      assert_equal human, human.interests.where("1=1").first.human
    end
  end

  test "first! works on loaded associations" do
    david = authors(:david)
    assert_equal david.first_posts.first, david.first_posts.reload.first!
    assert_predicate david.first_posts, :loaded?
    assert_no_queries { david.first_posts.first! }
  end

  def test_pluck_uses_loaded_target
    david = authors(:david)
    assert_equal david.first_posts.pluck(:title), david.first_posts.load.pluck(:title)
    assert_predicate david.first_posts, :loaded?
    assert_no_queries { david.first_posts.pluck(:title) }
  end

  def test_pick_uses_loaded_target
    david = authors(:david)
    assert_equal david.first_posts.pick(:title), david.first_posts.load.pick(:title)
    assert_predicate david.first_posts, :loaded?
    assert_no_queries { david.first_posts.pick(:title) }
  end

  def test_reset_unloads_target
    david = authors(:david)
    david.posts.reload

    assert_predicate david.posts, :loaded?
    assert_predicate david.posts, :loaded
    david.posts.reset
    assert_not_predicate david.posts, :loaded?
    assert_not_predicate david.posts, :loaded
  end

  def test_target_merging_ignores_persisted_in_memory_records
    david = authors(:david)
    assert david.thinking_posts.include?(posts(:thinking))

    david.thinking_posts.create!(title: "Something else entirely", body: "Does not matter.")

    assert_equal 1, david.thinking_posts.size
    assert_equal 1, david.thinking_posts.to_a.size
  end
end

class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  class DifferentPerson < ActiveRecord::Base; end

  class PeopleList < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_and_belongs_to_many :has_and_belongs_to_many, before_add: :enlist
    has_many :has_many, before_add: :enlist
    belongs_to :belongs_to
    has_one :has_one
  end

  class DifferentPeopleList < PeopleList
    # Different association with the same name, callbacks should be omitted here.
    has_and_belongs_to_many :has_and_belongs_to_many, class_name: "DifferentPerson"
    has_many :has_many, class_name: "DifferentPerson"
    belongs_to :belongs_to, class_name: "DifferentPerson"
    has_one :has_one, class_name: "DifferentPerson"
  end

  def test_habtm_association_redefinition_callbacks_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    # redeclared association on AR descendant should not inherit callbacks from superclass
    callbacks = PeopleList.before_add_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
    assert_equal(1, callbacks.length)
    callbacks = DifferentPeopleList.before_add_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
    assert_equal([], callbacks)
  end

  def test_has_many_association_redefinition_callbacks_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    # redeclared association on AR descendant should not inherit callbacks from superclass
    callbacks = PeopleList.before_add_for_has_many
    assert_equal(1, callbacks.length)
    callbacks = DifferentPeopleList.before_add_for_has_many
    assert_equal([], callbacks)
  end

  def test_habtm_association_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    assert_not_equal(
      PeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_and_belongs_to_many),
      DifferentPeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_and_belongs_to_many)
    )
  end

  def test_has_many_association_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    assert_not_equal(
      PeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_many),
      DifferentPeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_many)
    )
  end

  def test_belongs_to_association_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    assert_not_equal(
      PeopleList.reflect_on_association(:belongs_to),
      DifferentPeopleList.reflect_on_association(:belongs_to)
    )
  end

  def test_has_one_association_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
    assert_not_equal(
      PeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_one),
      DifferentPeopleList.reflect_on_association(:has_one)
    )
  end

  def test_requires_symbol_argument
    assert_raises ArgumentError do
      Class.new(Post) do
        belongs_to "author"
      end
    end
  end

  class ModelAssociatedToClassesThatDoNotExist < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "accounts" # this is just to avoid adding a new model just for this test

    has_one :non_existent_has_one_class
    belongs_to :non_existent_belongs_to_class
    has_many :non_existent_has_many_classes
  end

  def test_associations_raise_with_name_error_if_associated_to_classes_that_do_not_exist
    assert_raises NameError do
      ModelAssociatedToClassesThatDoNotExist.new.non_existent_has_one_class
    end

    assert_raises NameError do
      ModelAssociatedToClassesThatDoNotExist.new.non_existent_belongs_to_class
    end

    assert_raises NameError do
      ModelAssociatedToClassesThatDoNotExist.new.non_existent_has_many_classes
    end
  end
end

class PreloaderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :posts, :comments, :books, :authors, :tags, :taggings, :essays, :categories, :author_addresses

  def test_preload_with_scope
    post = posts(:welcome)

    preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :comments, scope: Comment.where(body: "Thank you for the welcome"))
    preloader.call

    assert_predicate post.comments, :loaded?
    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments
  end

  def test_preload_makes_correct_number_of_queries_on_array
    post = posts(:welcome)

    assert_queries(1) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :comments)
      preloader.call
    end
  end

  def test_preload_makes_correct_number_of_queries_on_relation
    post = posts(:welcome)
    relation = Post.where(id: post.id)

    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: relation, associations: :comments)
      preloader.call
    end
  end

  def test_preload_for_hmt_with_conditions
    post = posts(:welcome)
    _normal_category = post.categories.create!(name: "Normal")
    special_category = post.special_categories.create!(name: "Special")

    preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :hmt_special_categories)
    preloader.call

    assert_equal 1, post.hmt_special_categories.length
    assert_equal [special_category], post.hmt_special_categories
  end

  def test_preload_groups_queries_with_same_scope
    book = books(:awdr)
    post = posts(:welcome)

    assert_queries(1) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [book, post], associations: :author)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      book.author
      post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_grouped_queries_with_already_loaded_records
    book = books(:awdr)
    post = posts(:welcome)
    book.author

    assert_no_queries do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [book, post], associations: :author).call
      book.author
      post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_grouped_queries_of_middle_records
    comments = [
      comments(:eager_sti_on_associations_s_comment1),
      comments(:eager_sti_on_associations_s_comment2),
    ]

    assert_queries(2) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: comments, associations: [:author, :ordinary_post]).call
    end
  end

  def test_preload_grouped_queries_of_through_records
    author = authors(:david)

    assert_queries(3) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [author], associations: [:hello_post_comments, :comments]).call
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_instance_dependent_scope
    david = authors(:david)
    david2 = Author.create!(name: "David")
    bob = authors(:bob)
    post = Post.create!(
      author: david,
      title: "test post",
      body: "this post is about David"
    )
    post2 = Post.create!(
      author: david,
      title: "test post 2",
      body: "this post is also about David"
    )

    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [david, david2, bob], associations: :posts_mentioning_author)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_predicate david.posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate david2.posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate bob.posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?

    assert_equal [post, post2].sort, david.posts_mentioning_author.sort
    assert_equal [], david2.posts_mentioning_author
    assert_equal [], bob.posts_mentioning_author
  end

  def test_preload_with_instance_dependent_through_scope
    david = authors(:david)
    david2 = Author.create!(name: "David")
    bob = authors(:bob)
    comment1 = david.posts.first.comments.create!(body: "Hi David!")
    comment2 = david.posts.first.comments.create!(body: "This comment mentions david")

    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [david, david2, bob], associations: :comments_mentioning_author)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_predicate david.comments_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate david2.comments_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate bob.comments_mentioning_author, :loaded?

    assert_equal [comment1, comment2].sort, david.comments_mentioning_author.sort
    assert_equal [], david2.comments_mentioning_author
    assert_equal [], bob.comments_mentioning_author
  end

  def test_preload_with_through_instance_dependent_scope
    david = authors(:david)
    david2 = Author.create!(name: "David")
    bob = authors(:bob)
    post = Post.create!(
      author: david,
      title: "test post",
      body: "this post is about David"
    )
    Post.create!(
      author: david,
      title: "test post 2",
      body: "this post is also about David"
    )
    post3 = Post.create!(
      author: bob,
      title: "test post 3",
      body: "this post is about Bob"
    )
    comment1 = post.comments.create!(body: "hi!")
    comment2 = post.comments.create!(body: "hello!")
    comment3 = post3.comments.create!(body: "HI BOB!")

    assert_queries(3) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [david, david2, bob], associations: :comments_on_posts_mentioning_author)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_predicate david.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate david2.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?
    assert_predicate bob.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author, :loaded?

    assert_equal [comment1, comment2].sort, david.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author.sort
    assert_equal [], david2.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author
    assert_equal [comment3], bob.comments_on_posts_mentioning_author
  end

  def test_some_already_loaded_associations
    item_discount = Discount.create(amount: 5)
    shipping_discount = Discount.create(amount: 20)

    invoice = Invoice.new
    line_item = LineItem.new(amount: 20)
    line_item.discount_applications << LineItemDiscountApplication.new(discount: item_discount)
    invoice.line_items << line_item

    shipping_line = ShippingLine.new(amount: 50)
    shipping_line.discount_applications << ShippingLineDiscountApplication.new(discount: shipping_discount)
    invoice.shipping_lines << shipping_line

    invoice.save!
    invoice.reload

    # SELECT "line_items".* FROM "line_items" WHERE "line_items"."invoice_id" = ?
    # SELECT "shipping_lines".* FROM shipping_lines WHERE "shipping_lines"."invoice_id" = ?
    # SELECT "line_item_discount_applications".* FROM "line_item_discount_applications" WHERE "line_item_discount_applications"."line_item_id" = ?
    # SELECT "shipping_line_discount_applications".* FROM "shipping_line_discount_applications" WHERE "shipping_line_discount_applications"."shipping_line_id" = ?
    # SELECT "discounts".* FROM "discounts" WHERE "discounts"."id" IN (?, ?).
    assert_queries(5) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [invoice], associations: [
        line_items: { discount_applications: :discount },
        shipping_lines: { discount_applications: :discount },
      ])
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_not_nil invoice.line_items.first.discount_applications.first.discount
      assert_not_nil invoice.shipping_lines.first.discount_applications.first.discount
    end

    invoice.reload
    invoice.line_items.map { |i| i.discount_applications.to_a }
    # `line_items` and `line_item_discount_applications` are already preloaded, so we expect:
    # SELECT "shipping_lines".* FROM shipping_lines WHERE "shipping_lines"."invoice_id" = ?
    # SELECT "shipping_line_discount_applications".* FROM "shipping_line_discount_applications" WHERE "shipping_line_discount_applications"."shipping_line_id" = ?
    # SELECT "discounts".* FROM "discounts" WHERE "discounts"."id" = ?.
    assert_queries(3) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [invoice], associations: [
        line_items: { discount_applications: :discount },
        shipping_lines: { discount_applications: :discount },
      ])
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_not_nil invoice.line_items.first.discount_applications.first.discount
      assert_not_nil invoice.shipping_lines.first.discount_applications.first.discount
    end
  end

  def test_preload_through
    comments = [
      comments(:eager_sti_on_associations_s_comment1),
      comments(:eager_sti_on_associations_s_comment2),
    ]

    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: comments, associations: [:author, :post])
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      comments.each(&:author)
    end
  end

  def test_preload_groups_queries_with_same_scope_at_second_level
    author = nil

    # Expected
    #   SELECT FROM authors ...
    #   SELECT FROM posts ... (thinking)
    #   SELECT FROM posts ... (welcome)
    #   SELECT FROM comments ... (comments for both welcome and thinking)
    assert_queries(4) do
      author = Author
        .where(name: "David")
        .includes(thinking_posts: :comments, welcome_posts: :comments)
        .first
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      author.thinking_posts.map(&:comments)
      author.welcome_posts.map(&:comments)
    end
  end

  def test_preload_groups_queries_with_same_sql_at_second_level
    author = nil

    # Expected
    #   SELECT FROM authors ...
    #   SELECT FROM posts ... (thinking)
    #   SELECT FROM posts ... (welcome)
    #   SELECT FROM comments ... (comments for both welcome and thinking)
    assert_queries(4) do
      author = Author
        .where(name: "David")
        .includes(thinking_posts: :comments, welcome_posts: :comments_with_extending)
        .first
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      author.thinking_posts.map(&:comments)
      author.welcome_posts.map(&:comments_with_extending)
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_grouping_sets_inverse_association
    mary = authors(:mary)
    bob = authors(:bob)

    AuthorFavorite.create!(author: mary, favorite_author: bob)
    favorites = AuthorFavorite.all.load

    assert_queries(1) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: favorites, associations: [:author, :favorite_author])
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      favorites.first.author
      favorites.first.favorite_author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_can_group_separate_levels
    mary = authors(:mary)
    bob = authors(:bob)

    AuthorFavorite.create!(author: mary, favorite_author: bob)

    assert_queries(3) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [mary], associations: [:posts, favorite_authors: :posts])
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      mary.posts
      mary.favorite_authors.map(&:posts)
    end
  end

  def test_preload_can_group_multi_level_ping_pong_through
    mary = authors(:mary)
    bob = authors(:bob)

    AuthorFavorite.create!(author: mary, favorite_author: bob)

    associations = { similar_posts: :comments, favorite_authors: { similar_posts: :comments } }

    assert_queries(9) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [mary], associations: associations)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      mary.similar_posts.map(&:comments).each(&:to_a)
      mary.favorite_authors.flat_map(&:similar_posts).map(&:comments).each(&:to_a)
    end

    # Preloading with automatic scope inversing reduces the number of queries
    tag_reflection = Tagging.reflect_on_association(:tag)
    taggings_reflection = Tag.reflect_on_association(:taggings)

    assert tag_reflection.scope
    assert_not taggings_reflection.scope

    with_automatic_scope_inversing(tag_reflection, taggings_reflection) do
      mary.reload

      assert_queries(8) do
        preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [mary], associations: associations)
        preloader.call
      end
    end
  end

  def test_preload_does_not_group_same_class_different_scope
    post = posts(:welcome)
    postesque = Postesque.create(author: Author.last)
    postesque.reload

    # When the scopes differ in the generated SQL:
    # SELECT "authors".* FROM "authors" WHERE (name LIKE '%a%') AND "authors"."id" = ?
    # SELECT "authors".* FROM "authors" WHERE "authors"."id" = ?.
    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post, postesque], associations: :author_with_the_letter_a)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      post.author_with_the_letter_a
      postesque.author_with_the_letter_a
    end

    post.reload
    postesque.reload

    # When the generated SQL is identical, but one scope has preload values.
    assert_queries(3) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post, postesque], associations: :author_with_address)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      post.author_with_address
      postesque.author_with_address
    end
  end

  def test_preload_does_not_group_same_scope_different_key_name
    post = posts(:welcome)
    postesque = Postesque.create(author: Author.last)
    postesque.reload

    assert_queries(2) do
      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post, postesque], associations: :author)
      preloader.call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      post.author
      postesque.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records
    post = posts(:welcome)
    david = authors(:david)

    assert_no_queries do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :author, available_records: [[david]]).call

      assert_predicate post.association(:author), :loaded?
      assert_same david, post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_sti
    book = Book.create!
    essay_special = EssaySpecial.create!
    book.essay = essay_special
    book.save!
    book.reload

    assert_not_predicate book.association(:essay), :loaded?

    assert_no_queries do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [book], associations: :essay, available_records: [[essay_special]]).call
    end

    assert_predicate book.association(:essay), :loaded?
    assert_same essay_special, book.essay
  end

  def test_preload_with_only_some_records_available
    bob_post = posts(:misc_by_bob)
    mary_post = posts(:misc_by_mary)
    bob = authors(:bob)
    mary = authors(:mary)

    assert_queries(1) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [bob_post, mary_post], associations: :author, available_records: [bob]).call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_same bob, bob_post.author
      assert_equal mary, mary_post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_some_records_already_loaded
    bob_post = posts(:misc_by_bob)
    mary_post = posts(:misc_by_mary)
    bob = bob_post.author
    mary = authors(:mary)

    assert bob_post.association(:author).loaded?
    assert_not mary_post.association(:author).loaded?

    assert_queries(1) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [bob_post, mary_post], associations: :author).call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_same bob, bob_post.author
      assert_equal mary, mary_post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_with_through_association
    author = authors(:david)
    categories = Category.all.to_a

    assert_queries(1) do
      # One query to get the middle records (i.e. essays)
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [author], associations: :essay_category, available_records: categories).call
    end

    assert_predicate author.association(:essay_category), :loaded?
    assert categories.map(&:object_id).include?(author.essay_category.object_id)
  end

  def test_preload_with_only_some_records_available_with_through_associations
    mary = authors(:mary)
    mary_essay = essays(:mary_stay_home)
    mary_category = categories(:technology)
    mary_essay.update!(category: mary_category)

    dave = authors(:david)
    dave_category = categories(:general)

    assert_queries(2) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [mary, dave], associations: :essay_category, available_records: [mary_category]).call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_same mary_category, mary.essay_category
      assert_equal dave_category, dave.essay_category
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_with_multiple_classes
    essay = essays(:david_modest_proposal)
    general = categories(:general)
    david = authors(:david)

    assert_no_queries do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [essay], associations: [:category, :author], available_records: [general, david]).call

      assert_predicate essay.association(:category), :loaded?
      assert_predicate essay.association(:author), :loaded?
      assert_same general, essay.category
      assert_same david, essay.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_queries_when_scoped
    post = posts(:welcome)
    david = authors(:david)

    assert_queries(1) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :author, scope: Author.where(name: "David"), available_records: [david]).call
    end

    assert_predicate post.association(:author), :loaded?
    assert_not_equal david.object_id, post.author.object_id
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_queries_when_collection
    post = posts(:welcome)
    comments = Comment.all.to_a

    assert_queries(1) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :comments, available_records: comments).call
    end

    assert_predicate post.association(:comments), :loaded?
    assert_empty post.comments.map(&:object_id) & comments.map(&:object_id)
  end

  def test_preload_with_available_records_queries_when_incomplete
    post = posts(:welcome)
    bob = authors(:bob)
    david = authors(:david)

    assert_queries(1) do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :author, available_records: [bob]).call
    end

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_predicate post.association(:author), :loaded?
      assert_equal david, post.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_with_unpersisted_records_no_ops
    author = Author.new
    new_post_with_author = Post.new(author: author)
    new_post_without_author = Post.new
    posts = [new_post_with_author, new_post_without_author]

    assert_no_queries do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: posts, associations: :author).call

      assert_same author, new_post_with_author.author
      assert_nil new_post_without_author.author
    end
  end

  def test_preload_wont_set_the_wrong_target
    post = posts(:welcome)
    post.update!(author_id: 54321)
    some_other_record = categories(:general)
    some_other_record.update!(id: 54321)

    assert_raises do
      some_other_record.association(:author)
    end

    assert_nothing_raised do
      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: [post], associations: :author, available_records: [[some_other_record]]).call
      assert post.association(:author).loaded?
      assert_not_equal some_other_record, post.author
    end
  end
end

class GeneratedMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :developers, :computers, :posts, :comments

  def test_association_methods_override_attribute_methods_of_same_name
    assert_equal(developers(:david), computers(:workstation).developer)
    # this next line will fail if the attribute methods module is generated lazily
    # after the association methods module is generated
    assert_equal(developers(:david), computers(:workstation).developer)
    assert_equal(developers(:david).id, computers(:workstation)[:developer])
  end

  def test_model_method_overrides_association_method
    assert_equal(comments(:greetings).body, posts(:welcome).first_comment)
  end

  module MyModule
    def comments; :none end
  end

  class MyArticle < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "articles"
    include MyModule
    has_many :comments, inverse_of: false
  end

  def test_included_module_overwrites_association_methods
    assert_equal :none, MyArticle.new.comments
  end
end

class WithAnnotationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :pirates, :parrots

  def test_belongs_to_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
    pirate = SpacePirate.where.not(parrot_id: nil).first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.parrot
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* that tells jokes \*/}) do
      pirate.parrot_with_annotation
    end
  end

  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
    pirate = SpacePirate.first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.parrots.first
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* that are very colorful \*/}) do
      pirate.parrots_with_annotation.first
    end
  end

  def test_has_one_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
    pirate = SpacePirate.first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.ship
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* that is a rocket \*/}) do
      pirate.ship_with_annotation
    end
  end

  def test_has_many_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
    pirate = SpacePirate.first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.birds.first
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* that are also parrots \*/}) do
      pirate.birds_with_annotation.first
    end
  end

  def test_has_many_through_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
    pirate = SpacePirate.first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.treasure_estimates.first
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* yarrr \*/}) do
      pirate.treasure_estimates_with_annotation.first
    end
  end

  def test_has_many_through_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment_when_eager_loading
    pirate = SpacePirate.first
    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"

    log = capture_sql do
      pirate.treasure_estimates.first
    end
    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?

    assert_sql(%r{/\* yarrr \*/}) do
      SpacePirate.includes(:treasure_estimates_with_annotation, :treasures).first
    end
  end
end

asynchronous_queries_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/connection_helper"
require "models/post"

module AsynchronousQueriesSharedTests
  def test_async_select_failure
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.start_session

    if in_memory_db?
      assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
        @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM does_not_exists", async: true
      end
    else
      future_result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM does_not_exists", async: true
      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::FutureResult, future_result
      assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
        future_result.result
      end
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.finalize_session
  end

  def test_async_query_from_transaction
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.start_session

    assert_nothing_raised do
      @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts", async: true
    end

    unless in_memory_db?
      @connection.transaction do
        assert_raises ActiveRecord::AsynchronousQueryInsideTransactionError do
          @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts", async: true
        end
      end
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.finalize_session
  end

  def test_async_query_cache
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.start_session

    @connection.enable_query_cache!

    @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts"
    result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts", async: true
    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Result, result.class
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.finalize_session
    @connection.disable_query_cache!
  end

  def test_async_query_foreground_fallback
    status = {}

    subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record") do |event|
      if event.payload[:sql] == "SELECT * FROM does_not_exists"
        status[:executed] = true
        status[:async] = event.payload[:async]
      end
    end

    @connection.pool.stub(:schedule_query, proc { }) do
      if in_memory_db?
        assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
          @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM does_not_exists", async: true
        end
      else
        future_result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM does_not_exists", async: true
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::FutureResult, future_result
        assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
          future_result.result
        end
      end
    end

    assert_equal true, status[:executed]
    assert_equal false, status[:async]
  ensure
    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber) if subscriber
  end

  private
    def wait_for_future_result(result)
      100.times do
        break unless result.pending?
        sleep 0.01
      end
    end
end

class AsynchronousQueriesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false

  include AsynchronousQueriesSharedTests

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
  end

  def test_async_select_all
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.start_session
    status = {}

    subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record") do |event|
      if event.payload[:sql] == "SELECT * FROM posts"
        status[:executed] = true
        status[:async] = event.payload[:async]
      end
    end

    future_result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts", async: true

    if in_memory_db?
      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Result, future_result
    else
      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::FutureResult, future_result
      wait_for_future_result(future_result)
    end

    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Result, future_result.result
    assert_equal @connection.supports_concurrent_connections?, status[:async]
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.finalize_session
    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber) if subscriber
  end
end

class AsynchronousQueriesWithTransactionalTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = true

  include AsynchronousQueriesSharedTests

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    @connection.materialize_transactions
  end
end

class AsynchronousExecutorTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_null_configuration_uses_a_single_null_executor_by_default
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = nil

    handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary")
    db_config2 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit2", name: "primary")
    pool1 = handler.establish_connection(db_config)
    pool2 = handler.establish_connection(db_config2, owner_name: ARUnit2Model)

    async_pool1 = pool1.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)
    async_pool2 = pool2.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)

    assert_nil async_pool1
    assert_nil async_pool2

    assert_equal 2, handler.all_connection_pools.count
  ensure
    clean_up_connection_handler
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
  end

  def test_one_global_thread_pool_is_used_when_set_with_default_concurrency
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = :global_thread_pool

    handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary")
    db_config2 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit2", name: "primary")
    pool1 = handler.establish_connection(db_config)
    pool2 = handler.establish_connection(db_config2, owner_name: ARUnit2Model)

    async_pool1 = pool1.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)
    async_pool2 = pool2.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)

    assert async_pool1.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)
    assert async_pool2.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)

    assert_equal 0, async_pool1.min_length
    assert_equal 4, async_pool1.max_length
    assert_equal 16, async_pool1.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool1.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 0, async_pool2.min_length
    assert_equal 4, async_pool2.max_length
    assert_equal 16, async_pool2.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool2.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 2, handler.all_connection_pools.count
    assert_equal async_pool1, async_pool2
  ensure
    clean_up_connection_handler
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
  end

  def test_concurrency_can_be_set_on_global_thread_pool
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = :global_thread_pool
    old_concurrency = ActiveRecord.global_executor_concurrency
    old_global_thread_pool_async_query_executor = ActiveRecord.instance_variable_get(:@global_thread_pool_async_query_executor)
    ActiveRecord.instance_variable_set(:@global_thread_pool_async_query_executor, nil)
    ActiveRecord.global_executor_concurrency = 8

    handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary")
    db_config2 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit2", name: "primary")
    pool1 = handler.establish_connection(db_config)
    pool2 = handler.establish_connection(db_config2, owner_name: ARUnit2Model)

    async_pool1 = pool1.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)
    async_pool2 = pool2.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)

    assert async_pool1.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)
    assert async_pool2.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)

    assert_equal 0, async_pool1.min_length
    assert_equal 8, async_pool1.max_length
    assert_equal 32, async_pool1.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool1.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 0, async_pool2.min_length
    assert_equal 8, async_pool2.max_length
    assert_equal 32, async_pool2.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool2.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 2, handler.all_connection_pools.count
    assert_equal async_pool1, async_pool2
  ensure
    clean_up_connection_handler
    ActiveRecord.global_executor_concurrency = old_concurrency
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
    ActiveRecord.instance_variable_set(:@global_thread_pool_async_query_executor, old_global_thread_pool_async_query_executor)
  end

  def test_concurrency_cannot_be_set_with_null_executor_or_multi_thread_pool
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = nil

    assert_raises ArgumentError do
      ActiveRecord.global_executor_concurrency = 8
    end

    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = :multi_thread_pool

    assert_raises ArgumentError do
      ActiveRecord.global_executor_concurrency = 8
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
  end

  def test_multi_thread_pool_executor_configuration
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = :multi_thread_pool

    handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    config_hash = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary").configuration_hash
    new_config_hash = config_hash.merge(min_threads: 0, max_threads: 10)
    db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new("arunit", "primary", new_config_hash)
    db_config2 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit2", name: "primary")
    pool1 = handler.establish_connection(db_config)
    pool2 = handler.establish_connection(db_config2, owner_name: ARUnit2Model)

    async_pool1 = pool1.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)
    async_pool2 = pool2.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)

    assert async_pool1.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)
    assert async_pool2.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)

    assert_equal 0, async_pool1.min_length
    assert_equal 10, async_pool1.max_length
    assert_equal 40, async_pool1.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool1.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 0, async_pool2.min_length
    assert_equal 5, async_pool2.max_length
    assert_equal 20, async_pool2.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool2.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 2, handler.all_connection_pools.count
    assert_not_equal async_pool1, async_pool2
  ensure
    clean_up_connection_handler
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
  end

  def test_multi_thread_pool_is_used_only_by_configurations_that_enable_it
    old_value = ActiveRecord.async_query_executor
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = :multi_thread_pool

    handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new

    config_hash1 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", name: "primary").configuration_hash
    new_config1 = config_hash1.merge(min_threads: 0, max_threads: 10)
    db_config1 = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new("arunit", "primary", new_config1)

    config_hash2 = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit2", name: "primary").configuration_hash
    new_config2 = config_hash2.merge(min_threads: 0, max_threads: 0)
    db_config2 = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new("arunit2", "primary", new_config2)

    pool1 = handler.establish_connection(db_config1)
    pool2 = handler.establish_connection(db_config2, owner_name: ARUnit2Model)

    async_pool1 = pool1.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)
    async_pool2 = pool2.instance_variable_get(:@async_executor)

    assert async_pool1.is_a?(Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor)
    assert_nil async_pool2

    assert_equal 0, async_pool1.min_length
    assert_equal 10, async_pool1.max_length
    assert_equal 40, async_pool1.max_queue
    assert_equal :caller_runs, async_pool1.fallback_policy

    assert_equal 2, handler.all_connection_pools.count
    assert_not_equal async_pool1, async_pool2
  ensure
    clean_up_connection_handler
    ActiveRecord.async_query_executor = old_value
  end
end

asynchronous_queries_tracker.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  class AsynchronousQueriesTracker # :nodoc:
    module NullSession # :nodoc:
      class << self
        def active?
          true
        end

        def finalize
        end
      end
    end

    class Session # :nodoc:
      def initialize
        @active = true
      end

      def active?
        @active
      end

      def finalize
        @active = false
      end
    end

    class << self
      def install_executor_hooks(executor = ActiveSupport::Executor)
        executor.register_hook(self)
      end

      def run
        ActiveRecord::Base.asynchronous_queries_tracker.start_session
      end

      def complete(asynchronous_queries_tracker)
        asynchronous_queries_tracker.finalize_session
      end
    end

    attr_reader :current_session

    def initialize
      @current_session = NullSession
    end

    def start_session
      @current_session = Session.new
      self
    end

    def finalize_session
      @current_session.finalize
      @current_session = NullSession
    end
  end
end

attachment.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Attachment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :record, polymorphic: true

  has_one :translation
end

attribute.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Attributes
    class Attribute < Struct.new :relation, :name
      include Arel::Expressions
      include Arel::Predications
      include Arel::AliasPredication
      include Arel::OrderPredications
      include Arel::Math

      def type_caster
        relation.type_for_attribute(name)
      end

      ###
      # Create a node for lowering this attribute
      def lower
        relation.lower self
      end

      def type_cast_for_database(value)
        relation.type_cast_for_database(name, value)
      end

      def able_to_type_cast?
        relation.able_to_type_cast?
      end
    end
  end

  Attribute = Attributes::Attribute
end

attribute_assignment.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection"

module ActiveRecord
  module AttributeAssignment
    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment

    private
      def _assign_attributes(attributes)
        multi_parameter_attributes = nested_parameter_attributes = nil

        attributes.each do |k, v|
          key = k.to_s

          if key.include?("(")
            (multi_parameter_attributes ||= {})[key] = v
          elsif v.is_a?(Hash)
            (nested_parameter_attributes ||= {})[key] = v
          else
            _assign_attribute(key, v)
          end
        end

        assign_nested_parameter_attributes(nested_parameter_attributes) if nested_parameter_attributes
        assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes) if multi_parameter_attributes
      end

      # Assign any deferred nested attributes after the base attributes have been set.
      def assign_nested_parameter_attributes(pairs)
        pairs.each { |k, v| _assign_attribute(k, v) }
      end

      # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
      # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
      # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
      # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
      # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Integer and
      # f for Float. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the attribute will be set to +nil+.
      def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
        execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
          extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
        )
      end

      def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
        errors = []
        callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
          if values_with_empty_parameters.each_value.all?(NilClass)
            values = nil
          else
            values = values_with_empty_parameters
          end
          send("#{name}=", values)
        rescue => ex
          errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
        end
        unless errors.empty?
          error_descriptions = errors.map(&:message).join(",")
          raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes [#{error_descriptions}]"
        end
      end

      def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
        attributes = {}

        pairs.each do |(multiparameter_name, value)|
          attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
          attributes[attribute_name] ||= {}

          parameter_value = value.empty? ? nil : type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
          attributes[attribute_name][find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)] ||= parameter_value
        end

        attributes
      end

      def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
        multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([if])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
      end

      def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
        multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first.to_i
      end
  end
end

attribute_methods.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "mutex_m"
require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"

module ActiveRecord
  # = Active Record Attribute Methods
  module AttributeMethods
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
    include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods

    included do
      initialize_generated_modules
      include Read
      include Write
      include BeforeTypeCast
      include Query
      include PrimaryKey
      include TimeZoneConversion
      include Dirty
      include Serialization
    end

    RESTRICTED_CLASS_METHODS = %w(private public protected allocate new name parent superclass)

    class GeneratedAttributeMethods < Module # :nodoc:
      include Mutex_m
    end

    class << self
      def dangerous_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
        @dangerous_attribute_methods ||= (
          Base.instance_methods +
          Base.private_instance_methods -
          Base.superclass.instance_methods -
          Base.superclass.private_instance_methods
        ).map { |m| -m.to_s }.to_set.freeze
      end
    end

    module ClassMethods
      def inherited(child_class) # :nodoc:
        child_class.initialize_generated_modules
        super
      end

      def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
        @generated_attribute_methods = const_set(:GeneratedAttributeMethods, GeneratedAttributeMethods.new)
        private_constant :GeneratedAttributeMethods
        @attribute_methods_generated = false
        include @generated_attribute_methods

        super
      end

      # Generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
      # accessors, mutators and query methods.
      def define_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
        return false if @attribute_methods_generated
        # Use a mutex; we don't want two threads simultaneously trying to define
        # attribute methods.
        generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
          return false if @attribute_methods_generated
          superclass.define_attribute_methods unless base_class?
          super(attribute_names)
          @attribute_methods_generated = true
        end
      end

      def undefine_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
        generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
          super if defined?(@attribute_methods_generated) && @attribute_methods_generated
          @attribute_methods_generated = false
        end
      end

      # Raises an ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError exception when an
      # \Active \Record method is defined in the model, otherwise +false+.
      #
      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     def save
      #       'already defined by Active Record'
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   Person.instance_method_already_implemented?(:save)
      #   # => ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError: save is defined by Active Record. Check to make sure that you don't have an attribute or method with the same name.
      #
      #   Person.instance_method_already_implemented?(:name)
      #   # => false
      def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
        if dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
          raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by Active Record. Check to make sure that you don't have an attribute or method with the same name."
        end

        if superclass == Base
          super
        else
          # If ThisClass < ... < SomeSuperClass < ... < Base and SomeSuperClass
          # defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to override that.
          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, Base) &&
            ! superclass.instance_method(method_name).owner.is_a?(GeneratedAttributeMethods)
          defined || super
        end
      end

      # A method name is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
      # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'save' is.)
      def dangerous_attribute_method?(name) # :nodoc:
        ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods.dangerous_attribute_methods.include?(name.to_s)
      end

      def method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
        if klass.method_defined?(name) || klass.private_method_defined?(name)
          if superklass.method_defined?(name) || superklass.private_method_defined?(name)
            klass.instance_method(name).owner != superklass.instance_method(name).owner
          else
            true
          end
        else
          false
        end
      end

      # A class method is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
      # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'new' is.)
      def dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
        return true if RESTRICTED_CLASS_METHODS.include?(method_name.to_s)

        if Base.respond_to?(method_name, true)
          if Object.respond_to?(method_name, true)
            Base.method(method_name).owner != Object.method(method_name).owner
          else
            true
          end
        else
          false
        end
      end

      # Returns +true+ if +attribute+ is an attribute method and table exists,
      # +false+ otherwise.
      #
      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      #   end
      #
      #   Person.attribute_method?('name')   # => true
      #   Person.attribute_method?(:age=)    # => true
      #   Person.attribute_method?(:nothing) # => false
      def attribute_method?(attribute)
        super || (table_exists? && column_names.include?(attribute.to_s.delete_suffix("=")))
      end

      # Returns an array of column names as strings if it's not an abstract class and
      # table exists. Otherwise it returns an empty array.
      #
      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      #   end
      #
      #   Person.attribute_names
      #   # => ["id", "created_at", "updated_at", "name", "age"]
      def attribute_names
        @attribute_names ||= if !abstract_class? && table_exists?
          attribute_types.keys
        else
          []
        end.freeze
      end

      # Returns true if the given attribute exists, otherwise false.
      #
      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     alias_attribute :new_name, :name
      #   end
      #
      #   Person.has_attribute?('name')     # => true
      #   Person.has_attribute?('new_name') # => true
      #   Person.has_attribute?(:age)       # => true
      #   Person.has_attribute?(:nothing)   # => false
      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
        attr_name = attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
        attribute_types.key?(attr_name)
      end

      def _has_attribute?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
        attribute_types.key?(attr_name)
      end
    end

    # A Person object with a name attribute can ask <tt>person.respond_to?(:name)</tt>,
    # <tt>person.respond_to?(:name=)</tt>, and <tt>person.respond_to?(:name?)</tt>
    # which will all return +true+. It also defines the attribute methods if they have
    # not been generated.
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.new
    #   person.respond_to?(:name)    # => true
    #   person.respond_to?(:name=)   # => true
    #   person.respond_to?(:name?)   # => true
    #   person.respond_to?('age')    # => true
    #   person.respond_to?('age=')   # => true
    #   person.respond_to?('age?')   # => true
    #   person.respond_to?(:nothing) # => false
    def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
      return false unless super

      # If the result is true then check for the select case.
      # For queries selecting a subset of columns, return false for unselected columns.
      # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if called on objects that
      # have been allocated but not yet initialized.
      if defined?(@attributes)
        if name = self.class.symbol_column_to_string(name.to_sym)
          return _has_attribute?(name)
        end
      end

      true
    end

    # Returns +true+ if the given attribute is in the attributes hash, otherwise +false+.
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #     alias_attribute :new_name, :name
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.new
    #   person.has_attribute?(:name)     # => true
    #   person.has_attribute?(:new_name) # => true
    #   person.has_attribute?('age')     # => true
    #   person.has_attribute?(:nothing)  # => false
    def has_attribute?(attr_name)
      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
      attr_name = self.class.attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
      @attributes.key?(attr_name)
    end

    def _has_attribute?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
      @attributes.key?(attr_name)
    end

    # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object.
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.new
    #   person.attribute_names
    #   # => ["id", "created_at", "updated_at", "name", "age"]
    def attribute_names
      @attributes.keys
    end

    # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.create(name: 'Francesco', age: 22)
    #   person.attributes
    #   # => {"id"=>3, "created_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "updated_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
    def attributes
      @attributes.to_hash
    end

    # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated up to 50
    # characters. Other attributes return the value of <tt>#inspect</tt>
    # without modification.
    #
    #   person = Person.create!(name: 'David Heinemeier Hansson ' * 3)
    #
    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
    #   # => "\"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson ...\""
    #
    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
    #   # => "\"2012-10-22 00:15:07.000000000 +0000\""
    #
    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:tag_ids)
    #   # => "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]"
    def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
      attr_name = self.class.attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
      value = _read_attribute(attr_name)
      format_for_inspect(attr_name, value)
    end

    # Returns +true+ if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a
    # database load and is neither +nil+ nor <tt>empty?</tt> (the latter only applies
    # to objects that respond to <tt>empty?</tt>, most notably Strings). Otherwise, +false+.
    # Note that it always returns +true+ with boolean attributes.
    #
    #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   task = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
    #   task.title = 'Buy milk'
    #   task.is_done = true
    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
    def attribute_present?(attr_name)
      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
      attr_name = self.class.attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
      value = _read_attribute(attr_name)
      !value.nil? && !(value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?)
    end

    # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
    # "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
    # <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt> if the identified attribute is missing.
    #
    # Note: +:id+ is always present.
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #     belongs_to :organization
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.new(name: 'Francesco', age: '22')
    #   person[:name] # => "Francesco"
    #   person[:age]  # => 22
    #
    #   person = Person.select('id').first
    #   person[:name]            # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: name
    #   person[:organization_id] # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: organization_id
    def [](attr_name)
      read_attribute(attr_name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
    end

    # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
    # (Alias for the protected #write_attribute method).
    #
    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   person = Person.new
    #   person[:age] = '22'
    #   person[:age] # => 22
    #   person[:age].class # => Integer
    def []=(attr_name, value)
      write_attribute(attr_name, value)
    end

    # Returns the name of all database fields which have been read from this
    # model. This can be useful in development mode to determine which fields
    # need to be selected. For performance critical pages, selecting only the
    # required fields can be an easy performance win (assuming you aren't using
    # all of the fields on the model).
    #
    # For example:
    #
    #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
    #     after_action :print_accessed_fields, only: :index
    #
    #     def index
    #       @posts = Post.all
    #     end
    #
    #     private
    #
    #     def print_accessed_fields
    #       p @posts.first.accessed_fields
    #     end
    #   end
    #
    # Which allows you to quickly change your code to:
    #
    #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
    #     def index
    #       @posts = Post.select(:id, :title, :author_id, :updated_at)
    #     end
    #   end
    def accessed_fields
      @attributes.accessed
    end

    private
      def attribute_method?(attr_name)
        # We check defined? because Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize.
        defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.key?(attr_name)
      end

      def attributes_with_values(attribute_names)
        attribute_names.index_with { |name| @attributes[name] }
      end

      # Filters the primary keys, readonly attributes and virtual columns from the attribute names.
      def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
        attribute_names &= self.class.column_names
        attribute_names.delete_if do |name|
          self.class.readonly_attribute?(name) ||
            column_for_attribute(name).virtual?
        end
      end

      # Filters out the virtual columns and also primary keys, from the attribute names, when the primary
      # key is to be generated (e.g. the id attribute has no value).
      def attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
        attribute_names &= self.class.column_names
        attribute_names.delete_if do |name|
          (pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?) ||
            column_for_attribute(name).virtual?
        end
      end

      def format_for_inspect(name, value)
        if value.nil?
          value.inspect
        else
          inspected_value = if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
            "#{value[0, 50]}...".inspect
          elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
            %("#{value.to_fs(:inspect)}")
          else
            value.inspect
          end

          inspection_filter.filter_param(name, inspected_value)
        end
      end

      def pk_attribute?(name)
        name == @primary_key
      end
  end
end

attribute_methods_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/minimalistic"
require "models/developer"
require "models/auto_id"
require "models/boolean"
require "models/computer"
require "models/topic"
require "models/company"
require "models/category"
require "models/reply"
require "models/contact"
require "models/keyboard"
require "models/numeric_data"

class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  include InTimeZone

  fixtures :topics, :developers, :companies, :computers

  def setup
    @old_matchers = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_patterns).dup
    @target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    @target.table_name = "topics"
  end

  teardown do
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_patterns).clear
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_patterns).concat(@old_matchers)
  end

  test "attribute_for_inspect with a string" do
    t = topics(:first)
    t.title = "The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And More Than 50 Characters"

    assert_equal '"The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And ..."', t.attribute_for_inspect(:title)
    assert_equal '"The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And ..."', t.attribute_for_inspect(:heading)
  end

  test "attribute_for_inspect with a date" do
    t = topics(:first)

    assert_equal %("#{t.written_on.to_fs(:inspect)}"), t.attribute_for_inspect(:written_on)
  end

  test "attribute_for_inspect with an array" do
    t = topics(:first)
    t.content = [Object.new]

    assert_match %r(\[#<Object:0x[0-9a-f]+>\]), t.attribute_for_inspect(:content)
  end

  test "attribute_for_inspect with a long array" do
    t = topics(:first)
    t.content = (1..11).to_a

    assert_equal "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]", t.attribute_for_inspect(:content)
  end

  test "attribute_for_inspect with a non-primary key id attribute" do
    t = topics(:first).becomes(TitlePrimaryKeyTopic)
    t.title = "The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And More Than 50 Characters"

    assert_equal "1", t.attribute_for_inspect(:id)
  end

  test "attribute_present" do
    t = Topic.new
    t.title = "hello there!"
    t.written_on = Time.now
    t.author_name = ""
    assert t.attribute_present?("title")
    assert t.attribute_present?("heading")
    assert t.attribute_present?("written_on")
    assert_not t.attribute_present?("content")
    assert_not t.attribute_present?("author_name")
  end

  test "attribute_present with booleans" do
    b1 = Boolean.new
    b1.value = false
    assert b1.attribute_present?(:value)

    b2 = Boolean.new
    b2.value = true
    assert b2.attribute_present?(:value)

    b3 = Boolean.new
    assert_not b3.attribute_present?(:value)

    b4 = Boolean.new
    b4.value = false
    b4.save!
    assert Boolean.find(b4.id).attribute_present?(:value)
  end

  test "caching a nil primary key" do
    klass = Class.new(Minimalistic)
    assert_called(klass, :reset_primary_key, returns: nil) do
      2.times { klass.primary_key }
    end
  end

  test "attribute keys on a new instance" do
    t = Topic.new
    assert_nil t.title, "The topics table has a title column, so it should be nil"
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { t.title2 }
  end

  test "boolean attributes" do
    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?
    assert_predicate Topic.find(2), :approved?
  end

  test "set attributes" do
    topic = Topic.find(1)
    topic.attributes = { title: "Budget", author_name: "Jason" }
    topic.save
    assert_equal("Budget", topic.title)
    assert_equal("Jason", topic.author_name)
    assert_equal(topics(:first).author_email_address, Topic.find(1).author_email_address)
  end

  test "set attributes without a hash" do
    topic = Topic.new
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { topic.attributes = "" }
  end

  test "integers as nil" do
    test = AutoId.create(value: "")
    assert_nil AutoId.find(test.id).value
  end

  test "set attributes with a block" do
    topic = Topic.new do |t|
      t.title       = "Budget"
      t.author_name = "Jason"
    end

    assert_equal("Budget", topic.title)
    assert_equal("Jason", topic.author_name)
  end

  test "respond_to?" do
    topic = Topic.find(1)
    assert_respond_to topic, "title"
    assert_respond_to topic, "title?"
    assert_respond_to topic, "title="
    assert_respond_to topic, :title
    assert_respond_to topic, :title?
    assert_respond_to topic, :title=
    assert_respond_to topic, "author_name"
    assert_respond_to topic, "attribute_names"
    assert_not_respond_to topic, "nothingness"
    assert_not_respond_to topic, :nothingness
  end

  test "respond_to? with a custom primary key" do
    keyboard = Keyboard.create
    assert_not_nil keyboard.key_number
    assert_equal keyboard.key_number, keyboard.id
    assert_respond_to keyboard, "key_number"
    assert_respond_to keyboard, "id"
  end

  test "id_before_type_cast with a custom primary key" do
    keyboard = Keyboard.create
    keyboard.key_number = "10"
    assert_equal "10", keyboard.id_before_type_cast
    assert_nil keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast("id")
    assert_equal "10", keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast("key_number")
    assert_equal "10", keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:key_number)
  end

  # IRB inspects the return value of MyModel.allocate.
  test "allocated objects can be inspected" do
    topic = Topic.allocate
    assert_equal "#<Topic not initialized>", topic.inspect
  end

  test "array content" do
    content = %w( one two three )
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.content = content
    topic.save

    assert_equal content, Topic.find(topic.id).content
  end

  test "read attributes_before_type_cast" do
    category = Category.new(name: "Test category", type: nil)
    category_attrs = { "name" => "Test category", "id" => nil, "type" => nil, "categorizations_count" => nil }
    assert_equal category_attrs, category.attributes_before_type_cast
  end

  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
    test "read attributes_before_type_cast on a boolean" do
      bool = Boolean.create!("value" => false)
      assert_equal 0, bool.reload.attributes_before_type_cast["value"]
    end
  end

  test "read attributes_before_type_cast on a datetime" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new

      record.written_on = "345643456"
      assert_equal "345643456", record.written_on_before_type_cast
      assert_nil record.written_on

      record.written_on = "2009-10-11 12:13:14"
      assert_equal "2009-10-11 12:13:14", record.written_on_before_type_cast
      assert_equal Time.zone.parse("2009-10-11 12:13:14"), record.written_on
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone
    end
  end

  test "read attributes_for_database" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.content = { one: 1, two: 2 }

    db_attributes = Topic.instantiate(topic.attributes_for_database).attributes
    before_type_cast_attributes = Topic.instantiate(topic.attributes_before_type_cast).attributes

    assert_equal topic.attributes, db_attributes
    assert_not_equal topic.attributes, before_type_cast_attributes
  end

  test "read attributes_after_type_cast on a date" do
    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"

    in_time_zone tz do
      record = @target.new

      date_string = "2011-03-24"
      time        = Time.zone.parse date_string

      record.written_on = date_string
      assert_equal date_string, record.written_on_before_type_cast
      assert_equal time, record.written_on
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.written_on.time_zone

      record.save
      record.reload

      assert_equal time, record.written_on
    end
  end

  test "hash content" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.content = { "one" => 1, "two" => 2 }
    topic.save

    assert_equal 2, Topic.find(topic.id).content["two"]

    topic.content_will_change!
    topic.content["three"] = 3
    topic.save

    assert_equal 3, Topic.find(topic.id).content["three"]
  end

  test "update array content" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.content = %w( one two three )

    topic.content.push "four"
    assert_equal(%w( one two three four ), topic.content)

    topic.save

    topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
    topic.content << "five"
    assert_equal(%w( one two three four five ), topic.content)
  end

  test "case-sensitive attributes hash" do
    expected = ["created_at", "developer", "extendedWarranty", "id", "system", "timezone", "updated_at"]
    assert_equal expected, Computer.first.attributes.keys.sort
  end

  test "attributes without primary key" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "developers_projects"
    end

    assert_equal klass.column_names, klass.new.attributes.keys
    assert_not klass.new.has_attribute?("id")
  end

  test "hashes are not mangled" do
    new_topic = { title: "New Topic", content: { key: "First value" } }
    new_topic_values = { title: "AnotherTopic", content: { key: "Second value" } }

    topic = Topic.new(new_topic)
    assert_equal new_topic[:title], topic.title
    assert_equal new_topic[:content], topic.content

    topic.attributes = new_topic_values
    assert_equal new_topic_values[:title], topic.title
    assert_equal new_topic_values[:content], topic.content
  end

  test "create through factory" do
    topic = Topic.create(title: "New Topic")
    topicReloaded = Topic.find(topic.id)
    assert_equal(topic, topicReloaded)
  end

  test "write_attribute" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.write_attribute :title, "Still another topic"
    assert_equal "Still another topic", topic.title

    topic[:title] = "Still another topic: part 2"
    assert_equal "Still another topic: part 2", topic.title

    topic.write_attribute "title", "Still another topic: part 3"
    assert_equal "Still another topic: part 3", topic.title

    topic["title"] = "Still another topic: part 4"
    assert_equal "Still another topic: part 4", topic.title
  end

  test "write_attribute can write aliased attributes as well" do
    topic = Topic.new(title: "Don't change the topic")
    topic.write_attribute :heading, "New topic"

    assert_equal "New topic", topic.title
  end

  test "write_attribute raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError when the attribute does not exist" do
    topic = Topic.first
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { topic.update_columns(no_column_exists: "Hello!") }
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError) { topic.update(no_column_exists: "Hello!") }
  end

  test "write_attribute allows writing to aliased attributes" do
    topic = Topic.first
    assert_nothing_raised { topic.update_columns(heading: "Hello!") }
    assert_nothing_raised { topic.update(heading: "Hello!") }
  end

  test "read_attribute" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.title = "Don't change the topic"
    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute("title")
    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic["title"]

    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute(:title)
    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic[:title]
  end

  test "read_attribute can read aliased attributes as well" do
    topic = Topic.new(title: "Don't change the topic")

    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute("heading")
    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic["heading"]

    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute(:heading)
    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic[:heading]
  end

  test "read_attribute raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError when the attribute does not exist" do
    computer = Computer.select("id").first
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:developer] }
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:extendedWarranty] }
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:no_column_exists] = "Hello!" }
    assert_nothing_raised { computer[:developer] = "Hello!" }
  end

  test "read_attribute when false" do
    topic = topics(:first)
    topic.approved = false
    assert_not topic.approved?, "approved should be false"
    topic.approved = "false"
    assert_not topic.approved?, "approved should be false"
  end

  test "read_attribute when true" do
    topic = topics(:first)
    topic.approved = true
    assert topic.approved?, "approved should be true"
    topic.approved = "true"
    assert topic.approved?, "approved should be true"
  end

  test "boolean attributes writing and reading" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.approved = "false"
    assert_not topic.approved?, "approved should be false"

    topic.approved = "false"
    assert_not topic.approved?, "approved should be false"

    topic.approved = "true"
    assert topic.approved?, "approved should be true"

    topic.approved = "true"
    assert topic.approved?, "approved should be true"
  end

  test "overridden write_attribute" do
    topic = Topic.new
    def topic.write_attribute(attr_name, value)
      super(attr_name, value.downcase)
    end

    topic.write_attribute :title, "Yet another topic"
    assert_equal "yet another topic", topic.title

    topic[:title] = "Yet another topic: part 2"
    assert_equal "yet another topic: part 2", topic.title

    topic.write_attribute "title", "Yet another topic: part 3"
    assert_equal "yet another topic: part 3", topic.title

    topic["title"] = "Yet another topic: part 4"
    assert_equal "yet another topic: part 4", topic.title
  end

  test "overridden read_attribute" do
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.title = "Stop changing the topic"
    def topic.read_attribute(attr_name)
      super(attr_name).upcase
    end

    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute("title")
    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic["title"]

    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute(:title)
    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic[:title]
  end

  test "read overridden attribute" do
    topic = Topic.new(title: "a")
    def topic.title() "b" end
    assert_equal "a", topic[:title]
  end

  test "read overridden attribute with predicate respects override" do
    topic = Topic.new

    topic.approved = true

    def topic.approved; false; end

    assert_not topic.approved?, "overridden approved should be false"
  end

  test "string attribute predicate" do
    [nil, "", " "].each do |value|
      assert_equal false, Topic.new(author_name: value).author_name?
    end

    assert_equal true, Topic.new(author_name: "Name").author_name?

    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
      assert_predicate Topic.new(author_name: value), :author_name?
    end
  end

  test "number attribute predicate" do
    [nil, 0, "0"].each do |value|
      assert_equal false, Developer.new(salary: value).salary?
    end

    assert_equal true, Developer.new(salary: 1).salary?
    assert_equal true, Developer.new(salary: "1").salary?
  end

  test "boolean attribute predicate" do
    [nil, "", false, "false", "f", 0].each do |value|
      assert_equal false, Topic.new(approved: value).approved?
    end

    [true, "true", "1", 1].each do |value|
      assert_equal true, Topic.new(approved: value).approved?
    end
  end

  test "user-defined text attribute predicate" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = Topic.table_name

      attribute :user_defined_text, :text
    end

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_text: "text")
    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_text?

    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
      topic = klass.new(user_defined_text: value)
      assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_text?
    end
  end

  test "user-defined date attribute predicate" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = Topic.table_name

      attribute :user_defined_date, :date
    end

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_date: Date.current)
    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_date?
  end

  test "user-defined datetime attribute predicate" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = Topic.table_name

      attribute :user_defined_datetime, :datetime
    end

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_datetime: Time.current)
    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_datetime?
  end

  test "user-defined time attribute predicate" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = Topic.table_name

      attribute :user_defined_time, :time
    end

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_time: Time.current)
    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_time?
  end

  test "user-defined json attribute predicate" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = Topic.table_name

      attribute :user_defined_json, :json
    end

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_json: { key: "value" })
    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_json?

    topic = klass.new(user_defined_json: {})
    assert_not_predicate topic, :user_defined_json?
  end

  test "custom field attribute predicate" do
    object = Company.find_by_sql(<<~SQL).first
      SELECT c1.*, c2.type as string_value, c2.rating as int_value
        FROM companies c1, companies c2
       WHERE c1.firm_id = c2.id
         AND c1.id = 2
    SQL

    assert_equal "Firm", object.string_value
    assert_predicate object, :string_value?

    object.string_value = "  "
    assert_not_predicate object, :string_value?

    assert_equal 1, object.int_value.to_i
    assert_predicate object, :int_value?

    object.int_value = "0"
    assert_not_predicate object, :int_value?
  end

  test "non-attribute read and write" do
    topic = Topic.new
    assert_not_respond_to topic, "mumbo"
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.mumbo }
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.mumbo = 5 }
  end

  test "undeclared attribute method does not affect respond_to? and method_missing" do
    topic = @target.new(title: "Budget")
    assert_respond_to topic, "title"
    assert_equal "Budget", topic.title
    assert_not_respond_to topic, "title_hello_world"
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.title_hello_world }
  end

  test "declared prefixed attribute method affects respond_to? and method_missing" do
    topic = @target.new(title: "Budget")
    %w(default_ title_).each do |prefix|
      @target.class_eval "def #{prefix}attribute(*args) args end"
      @target.attribute_method_prefix prefix

      meth = "#{prefix}title"
      assert_respond_to topic, meth
      assert_equal ["title"], topic.public_send(meth)
      assert_equal ["title", "a"], topic.public_send(meth, "a")
      assert_equal ["title", 1, 2, 3], topic.public_send(meth, 1, 2, 3)
    end
  end

  test "declared suffixed attribute method affects respond_to? and method_missing" do
    %w(_default _title_default _it! _candidate= able?).each do |suffix|
      @target.class_eval "def attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
      @target.attribute_method_suffix suffix
      topic = @target.new(title: "Budget")

      meth = "title#{suffix}"
      assert_respond_to topic, meth
      assert_equal ["title"], topic.public_send(meth)
      assert_equal ["title", "a"], topic.public_send(meth, "a")
      assert_equal ["title", 1, 2, 3], topic.public_send(meth, 1, 2, 3)
    end
  end

  test "declared affixed attribute method affects respond_to? and method_missing" do
    [["mark_", "_for_update"], ["reset_", "!"], ["default_", "_value?"]].each do |prefix, suffix|
      @target.class_eval "def #{prefix}attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
      @target.attribute_method_affix(prefix: prefix, suffix: suffix)
      topic = @target.new(title: "Budget")

      meth = "#{prefix}title#{suffix}"
      assert_respond_to topic, meth
      assert_equal ["title"], topic.public_send(meth)
      assert_equal ["title", "a"], topic.public_send(meth, "a")
      assert_equal ["title", 1, 2, 3], topic.public_send(meth, 1, 2, 3)
    end
  end

  test "should unserialize attributes for frozen records" do
    myobj = { value1: :value2 }
    topic = Topic.create(content: myobj)
    topic.freeze
    assert_equal myobj, topic.content
  end

  test "typecast attribute from select to false" do
    Topic.create(title: "Budget")
    # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT.
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      topic = Topic.all.merge!(select: "topics.*, 0 as is_test").first
    else
      topic = Topic.all.merge!(select: "topics.*, 1=2 as is_test").first
    end
    assert_not_predicate topic, :is_test?
  end

  test "typecast attribute from select to true" do
    Topic.create(title: "Budget")
    # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT.
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      topic = Topic.all.merge!(select: "topics.*, 1 as is_test").first
    else
      topic = Topic.all.merge!(select: "topics.*, 2=2 as is_test").first
    end
    assert_predicate topic, :is_test?
  end

  test "raises ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError when defining an AR method in a model" do
    %w(save create_or_update).each do |method|
      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
      klass.class_eval "def #{method}() 'defined #{method}' end"
      assert_raise ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError do
        klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(method)
      end
    end
  end

  test "converted values are returned after assignment" do
    developer = Developer.new(name: 1337, salary: "50000")

    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast

    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
    assert_equal "1337", developer.name

    developer.save!

    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
    assert_equal "1337", developer.name
  end

  test "write nil to time attribute" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      record.written_on = nil
      assert_nil record.written_on
    end
  end

  test "write time to date attribute" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      record.last_read = Time.utc(2010, 1, 1, 10)
      assert_equal Date.civil(2010, 1, 1), record.last_read
    end
  end

  test "time attributes are retrieved in the current time zone" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
      record   = @target.new
      record[:written_on] = utc_time
      assert_equal utc_time, record.written_on # record.written on is equal to (i.e., simultaneous with) utc_time
      assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, record.written_on # but is a TimeWithZone
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone # and is in the current Time.zone
      assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record.written_on.time # and represents time values adjusted accordingly
    end
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware attribute to UTC" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
      record   = @target.new
      record.written_on = utc_time
      assert_equal utc_time, record.written_on
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone
      assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record.written_on.time
    end
  end

  test "setting time zone-aware attribute in other time zone" do
    utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
    cst_time = utc_time.in_time_zone("Central Time (US & Canada)")
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      record.written_on = cst_time
      assert_equal utc_time, record.written_on
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone
      assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record.written_on.time
    end
  end

  test "setting time zone-aware read attribute" do
    utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
    cst_time = utc_time.in_time_zone("Central Time (US & Canada)")
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.create(written_on: cst_time).reload
      assert_equal utc_time, record[:written_on]
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record[:written_on].time_zone
      assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record[:written_on].time
    end
  end

  test "setting time zone-aware attribute with a string" do
    utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
    (-11..13).each do |timezone_offset|
      time_string = utc_time.in_time_zone(timezone_offset).to_s
      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
        record = @target.new
        record.written_on = time_string
        assert_equal Time.zone.parse(time_string), record.written_on
        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone
        assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record.written_on.time
      end
    end
  end

  test "time zone-aware attribute saved" do
    in_time_zone 1 do
      record = @target.create(written_on: "2012-02-20 10:00")

      record.written_on = "2012-02-20 09:00"
      record.save
      assert_equal Time.zone.local(2012, 02, 20, 9), record.reload.written_on
    end
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware attribute to a blank string returns nil" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      record.written_on = " "
      assert_nil record.written_on
      assert_nil record[:written_on]
    end
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware attribute interprets time zone-unaware string in time zone" do
    time_string = "Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 2008"
    (-11..13).each do |timezone_offset|
      in_time_zone timezone_offset do
        record = @target.new
        record.written_on = time_string
        assert_equal Time.zone.parse(time_string), record.written_on
        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[timezone_offset], record.written_on.time_zone
        assert_equal Time.utc(2008, 1, 1), record.written_on.time
      end
    end
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware datetime in the current time zone" do
    utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      record.written_on = utc_time.in_time_zone
      assert_equal utc_time, record.written_on
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.written_on.time_zone
      assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 12, 31, 16), record.written_on.time
    end
  end

  test "YAML dumping a record with time zone-aware attribute" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = Topic.new(id: 1)
      record.written_on = "Jan 01 00:00:00 2014"
      payload = YAML.dump(record)
      assert_equal record, YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load) ? YAML.unsafe_load(payload) : YAML.load(payload)
    end
  ensure
    # NOTE: Reset column info because global topics
    # don't have tz-aware attributes by default.
    Topic.reset_column_information
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware time in the current time zone" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      time_string = "10:00:00"
      expected_time = Time.zone.parse("2000-01-01 #{time_string}")

      record.bonus_time = time_string
      assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone

      record.bonus_time = ""
      assert_nil record.bonus_time
    end
  end

  test "setting a time zone-aware time with DST" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      current_time = Time.zone.local(2014, 06, 15, 10)
      record = @target.new(bonus_time: current_time)
      time_before_save = record.bonus_time

      record.save
      record.reload

      assert_equal time_before_save, record.bonus_time
      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone
    end
  end

  test "setting invalid string to a zone-aware time attribute" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new
      time_string = "ABC"

      record.bonus_time = time_string
      assert_nil record.bonus_time
    end
  end

  test "removing time zone-aware types" do
    with_time_zone_aware_types(:datetime) do
      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
        record = @target.new(bonus_time: "10:00:00")
        expected_time = Time.utc(2000, 01, 01, 10)

        assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
        assert_predicate record.bonus_time, :utc?
      end
    end
  end

  test "time zone-aware attributes do not recurse infinitely on invalid values" do
    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      record = @target.new(bonus_time: [])
      assert_nil record.bonus_time
    end
  end

  test "setting a time_zone_conversion_for_attributes should write the value on a class variable" do
    Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_a]
    Minimalistic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_b]

    assert_equal [:field_a], Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
    assert_equal [:field_b], Minimalistic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
  end

  test "attribute readers respect access control" do
    privatize("title")

    topic = @target.new(title: "The pros and cons of programming naked.")
    assert_not_respond_to topic, :title
    exception = assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.title }
    assert_includes exception.message, "private method"
    assert_equal "I'm private", topic.send(:title)
  end

  test "attribute writers respect access control" do
    privatize("title=(value)")

    topic = @target.new
    assert_not_respond_to topic, :title=
    exception = assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.title = "Pants" }
    assert_includes exception.message, "private method"
    topic.send(:title=, "Very large pants")
  end

  test "attribute predicates respect access control" do
    privatize("title?")

    topic = @target.new(title: "Isaac Newton's pants")
    assert_not_respond_to topic, :title?
    exception = assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.title? }
    assert_includes exception.message, "private method"
    assert topic.send(:title?)
  end

  test "bulk updates respect access control" do
    privatize("title=(value)")

    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new(title: "Rants about pants") }
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new.attributes = { title: "Ants in pants" } }
  end

  test "bulk update raises ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError" do
    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) {
      Topic.new(hello: "world")
    }
    assert_instance_of Topic, error.record
    assert_equal "hello", error.attribute
    assert_match "unknown attribute 'hello' for Topic.", error.message
  end

  test "method overrides in multi-level subclasses" do
    klass = Class.new(Developer) do
      def name
        "dev:#{read_attribute(:name)}"
      end
    end

    2.times { klass = Class.new(klass) }
    dev = klass.new(name: "arthurnn")
    dev.save!
    assert_equal "dev:arthurnn", dev.reload.name
  end

  test "global methods are overwritten" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "computers"
    end

    assert_not klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
    computer = klass.new
    assert_nil computer.system
  end

  test "global methods are overwritten when subclassing" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.abstract_class = true
    end

    subklass = Class.new(klass) do
      self.table_name = "computers"
    end

    assert_not klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
    assert_not subklass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
    computer = subklass.new
    assert_nil computer.system
  end

  test "instance methods should be defined on the base class" do
    subklass = Class.new(Topic)

    Topic.define_attribute_methods

    instance = subklass.new
    instance.id = 5
    assert_equal 5, instance.id
    assert subklass.method_defined?(:id), "subklass is missing id method"

    Topic.undefine_attribute_methods

    assert_equal 5, instance.id
    assert subklass.method_defined?(:id), "subklass is missing id method"
  end

  test "define_attribute_method works with both symbol and string" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    klass.table_name = "foo"

    assert_nothing_raised { klass.define_attribute_method(:foo) }
    assert_nothing_raised { klass.define_attribute_method("bar") }
  end

  test "read_attribute with nil should not asplode" do
    assert_nil Topic.new.read_attribute(nil)
  end

  # If B < A, and A defines an accessor for 'foo', we don't want to override
  # that by defining a 'foo' method in the generated methods module for B.
  # (That module will be inserted between the two, e.g. [B, <GeneratedAttributes>, A].)
  test "inherited custom accessors" do
    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
      self.abstract_class = true
      def title; "omg"; end
      def title=(val); self.author_name = val; end
    end
    subklass = Class.new(klass)
    [klass, subklass].each(&:define_attribute_methods)

    topic = subklass.find(1)
    assert_equal "omg", topic.title

    topic.title = "lol"
    assert_equal "lol", topic.author_name
  end

  test "inherited custom accessors with reserved names" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "computers"
      self.abstract_class = true
      def system; "omg"; end
      def system=(val); self.developer = val; end
    end

    subklass = Class.new(klass)
    [klass, subklass].each(&:define_attribute_methods)

    computer = subklass.find(1)
    assert_equal "omg", computer.system

    computer.developer = 99
    assert_equal 99, computer.developer
  end

  test "on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_attribute_methods_via_method_missing" do
    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
      def title
        super + "!"
      end
    end

    real_topic = topics(:first)
    assert_equal real_topic.title + "!", klass.find(real_topic.id).title
  end

  test "on-the-fly super-invokable generated attribute predicates via method_missing" do
    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
      def title?
        !super
      end
    end

    real_topic = topics(:first)
    assert_equal !real_topic.title?, klass.find(real_topic.id).title?
  end

  test "calling super when the parent does not define method raises NoMethodError" do
    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
      def some_method_that_is_not_on_super
        super
      end
    end

    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
      klass.new.some_method_that_is_not_on_super
    end
  end

  test "attribute_method?" do
    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title)
    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title=)
    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:wibble)
  end

  test "attribute_method? returns false if the table does not exist" do
    @target.table_name = "wibble"
    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:title)
  end

  test "attribute_names on a new record" do
    model = @target.new

    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
  end

  test "attribute_names on a queried record" do
    model = @target.last!

    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
  end

  test "attribute_names with a custom select" do
    model = @target.select("id").last!

    assert_equal ["id"], model.attribute_names
    # Ensure other columns exist.
    assert_not_equal ["id"], @target.column_names
  end

  test "came_from_user?" do
    model = @target.first

    assert_not_predicate model, :id_came_from_user?
    model.id = "omg"
    assert_predicate model, :id_came_from_user?
  end

  test "accessed_fields" do
    model = @target.first

    assert_equal [], model.accessed_fields

    model.title

    assert_equal ["title"], model.accessed_fields
  end

  test "generated attribute methods ancestors have correct module" do
    mod = Topic.send(:generated_attribute_methods)
    assert_equal "Topic::GeneratedAttributeMethods", mod.inspect
  end

  test "read_attribute_before_type_cast with aliased attribute" do
    model = NumericData.new(new_bank_balance: "abcd")
    assert_equal "abcd", model.read_attribute_before_type_cast("new_bank_balance")
  end

  private
    def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        self.table_name = "topics"
        class_eval(&block)
      end

      assert_empty klass.send(:generated_attribute_methods).instance_methods(false)
      klass
    end

    def with_time_zone_aware_types(*types)
      old_types = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types
      ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = types
      yield
    ensure
      ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = old_types
    end

    def privatize(method_signature)
      @target.class_eval(<<-private_method, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
        private
        def #{method_signature}
          "I'm private"
        end
      private_method
    end
end

attribute_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"
require "ostruct"

module Arel
  module Attributes
    class AttributeTest < Arel::Spec
      describe "#not_eq" do
        it "should create a NotEqual node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].not_eq(10)).must_be_kind_of Nodes::NotEqual
        end

        it "should generate != in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_eq(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" != 10
          }
        end

        it "should handle nil" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_eq(nil)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" IS NOT NULL
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#not_eq_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].not_eq_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_eq_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" != 1 OR "users"."id" != 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#not_eq_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].not_eq_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_eq_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" != 1 AND "users"."id" != 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#gt" do
        it "should create a GreaterThan node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gt(10)).must_be_kind_of Nodes::GreaterThan
        end

        it "should generate > in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gt(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" > 10
          }
        end

        it "should handle comparing with a subquery" do
          users = Table.new(:users)

          avg = users.project(users[:karma].average)
          mgr = users.project(Arel.star).where(users[:karma].gt(avg))

          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT * FROM "users" WHERE "users"."karma" > (SELECT AVG("users"."karma") FROM "users")
          }
        end

        it "should accept various data types." do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].gt("fake_name")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."name" > 'fake_name'}

          current_time = ::Time.now
          mgr.where relation[:created_at].gt(current_time)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."created_at" > '#{current_time}'}
        end
      end

      describe "#gt_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gt_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gt_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" > 1 OR "users"."id" > 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#gt_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gt_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gt_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" > 1 AND "users"."id" > 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#gteq" do
        it "should create a GreaterThanOrEqual node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gteq(10)).must_be_kind_of Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
        end

        it "should generate >= in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gteq(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" >= 10
          }
        end

        it "should accept various data types." do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].gteq("fake_name")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."name" >= 'fake_name'}

          current_time = ::Time.now
          mgr.where relation[:created_at].gteq(current_time)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."created_at" >= '#{current_time}'}
        end
      end

      describe "#gteq_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gteq_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gteq_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" >= 1 OR "users"."id" >= 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#gteq_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].gteq_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].gteq_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" >= 1 AND "users"."id" >= 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#lt" do
        it "should create a LessThan node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lt(10)).must_be_kind_of Nodes::LessThan
        end

        it "should generate < in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lt(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" < 10
          }
        end

        it "should accept various data types." do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].lt("fake_name")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."name" < 'fake_name'}

          current_time = ::Time.now
          mgr.where relation[:created_at].lt(current_time)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."created_at" < '#{current_time}'}
        end
      end

      describe "#lt_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lt_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lt_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" < 1 OR "users"."id" < 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#lt_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lt_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lt_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" < 1 AND "users"."id" < 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#lteq" do
        it "should create a LessThanOrEqual node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lteq(10)).must_be_kind_of Nodes::LessThanOrEqual
        end

        it "should generate <= in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lteq(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" <= 10
          }
        end

        it "should accept various data types." do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].lteq("fake_name")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."name" <= 'fake_name'}

          current_time = ::Time.now
          mgr.where relation[:created_at].lteq(current_time)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_match %{"users"."created_at" <= '#{current_time}'}
        end
      end

      describe "#lteq_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lteq_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lteq_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" <= 1 OR "users"."id" <= 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#lteq_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].lteq_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].lteq_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" <= 1 AND "users"."id" <= 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#average" do
        it "should create a AVG node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].average).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Avg
        end

        it "should generate the proper SQL" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id].average
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT AVG("users"."id")
            FROM "users"
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#maximum" do
        it "should create a MAX node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].maximum).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Max
        end

        it "should generate proper SQL" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id].maximum
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT MAX("users"."id")
            FROM "users"
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#minimum" do
        it "should create a Min node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].minimum).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Min
        end

        it "should generate proper SQL" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id].minimum
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT MIN("users"."id")
            FROM "users"
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#sum" do
        it "should create a SUM node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].sum).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Sum
        end

        it "should generate the proper SQL" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id].sum
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT SUM("users"."id")
            FROM "users"
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#count" do
        it "should return a count node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].count).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Count
        end

        it "should take a distinct param" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          count = relation[:id].count(nil)
          _(count).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Count
          _(count.distinct).must_be_nil
        end
      end

      describe "#eq" do
        it "should return an equality node" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          equality = attribute.eq 1
          _(equality.left).must_equal attribute
          _(equality.right.value).must_equal 1
          _(equality).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Equality
        end

        it "should generate = in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq(10)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 10
          }
        end

        it "should handle nil" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq(nil)
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" IS NULL
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#eq_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].eq_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq_any([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" = 1 OR "users"."id" = 2)
          }
        end

        it "should not eat input" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          values = [1, 2]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq_any(values)
          _(values).must_equal [1, 2]
        end
      end

      describe "#eq_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].eq_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" = 1 AND "users"."id" = 2)
          }
        end

        it "should not eat input" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          values = [1, 2]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq_all(values)
          _(values).must_equal [1, 2]
        end
      end

      describe "#matches" do
        it "should create a Matches node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].matches("%bacon%")).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Matches
        end

        it "should generate LIKE in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].matches("%bacon%")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" LIKE '%bacon%'
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#matches_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].matches_any(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].matches_any(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."name" LIKE '%chunky%' OR "users"."name" LIKE '%bacon%')
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#matches_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].matches_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].matches_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."name" LIKE '%chunky%' AND "users"."name" LIKE '%bacon%')
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#does_not_match" do
        it "should create a DoesNotMatch node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].does_not_match("%bacon%")).must_be_kind_of Nodes::DoesNotMatch
        end

        it "should generate NOT LIKE in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].does_not_match("%bacon%")
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" NOT LIKE '%bacon%'
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#does_not_match_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].does_not_match_any(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].does_not_match_any(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."name" NOT LIKE '%chunky%' OR "users"."name" NOT LIKE '%bacon%')
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#does_not_match_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:name].does_not_match_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].does_not_match_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."name" NOT LIKE '%chunky%' AND "users"."name" NOT LIKE '%bacon%')
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#between" do
        it "can be constructed with a standard range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(1..3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::Between.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::And.new([
              Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute),
              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
            ])
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(-::Float::INFINITY..3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(-::Float::INFINITY...3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, true))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an infinite range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(-::Float::INFINITY..::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted infinite range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, ::Float::INFINITY, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(0..::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range implicitly starting at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(..0)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range implicitly ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(0..)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted range ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(quoted_range(0, ::Float::INFINITY, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(0)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an endless range starting from Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(::Float::INFINITY..)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a beginless range ending in -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(..-::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with an exclusive range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.between(0...3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::And.new([
            Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
              attribute,
              Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
            ),
            Nodes::LessThan.new(
              attribute,
              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
            )
          ])
        end
      end

      describe "#in" do
        it "can be constructed with a subquery" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].does_not_match_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil

          node = attribute.in(mgr)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, mgr.ast)
        end

        it "can be constructed with a list" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.in([1, 2, 3])

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(
            attribute,
            [
              Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute),
              Nodes::Casted.new(2, attribute),
              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute),
            ]
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a random object" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          random_object = Object.new
          node = attribute.in(random_object)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(random_object, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "should generate IN in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].in([1, 2, 3])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" IN (1, 2, 3)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#in_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].in_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].in_any([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" IN (1, 2) OR "users"."id" IN (3, 4))
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#in_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].in_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].in_all([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" IN (1, 2) AND "users"."id" IN (3, 4))
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#not_between" do
        it "can be constructed with a standard range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(1..3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(
            Nodes::Or.new(
              Nodes::LessThan.new(
                attribute,
                Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute)
              ),
              Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
                attribute,
                Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
              )
            )
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(-::Float::INFINITY..3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(-::Float::INFINITY...3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, true))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an infinite range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(-::Float::INFINITY..::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted infinite range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, ::Float::INFINITY, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(0..::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range implicitly starting at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(..0)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a range implicitly ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(0..)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a quoted range ending at Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(0, ::Float::INFINITY, false))

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Quoted.new(0)
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with an endless range starting from Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(::Float::INFINITY..)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with a beginless range ending in -Infinity" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(..-::Float::INFINITY)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, [])
        end

        it "can be constructed with an exclusive range" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_between(0...3)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(
            Nodes::Or.new(
              Nodes::LessThan.new(
                attribute,
                Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
              ),
              Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
                attribute,
                Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
              )
            )
          )
        end
      end

      describe "#not_in" do
        it "can be constructed with a subquery" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:name].does_not_match_all(["%chunky%", "%bacon%"])
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil

          node = attribute.not_in(mgr)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, mgr.ast)
        end

        it "can be constructed with a Union" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr1 = relation.project(relation[:id])
          mgr2 = relation.project(relation[:id])

          union = mgr1.union(mgr2)
          node = relation[:id].in(union)
          _(node.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            "users"."id" IN (( SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" UNION SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" ))
          }
        end

        it "can be constructed with a list" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          node = attribute.not_in([1, 2, 3])

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(
            attribute,
            [
              Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute),
              Nodes::Casted.new(2, attribute),
              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute),
            ]
          )
        end

        it "can be constructed with a random object" do
          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
          random_object = Object.new
          node = attribute.not_in(random_object)

          _(node).must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(
            attribute,
            Nodes::Casted.new(random_object, attribute)
          )
        end

        it "should generate NOT IN in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_in([1, 2, 3])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" NOT IN (1, 2, 3)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#not_in_any" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].not_in_any([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ORs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_in_any([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" NOT IN (1, 2) OR "users"."id" NOT IN (3, 4))
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#not_in_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].not_in_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].not_in_all([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" NOT IN (1, 2) AND "users"."id" NOT IN (3, 4))
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#eq_all" do
        it "should create a Grouping node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].eq_all([1, 2])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Grouping
        end

        it "should generate ANDs in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:id].eq_all([1, 2])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" = 1 AND "users"."id" = 2)
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#asc" do
        it "should create an Ascending node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].asc).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Ascending
        end

        it "should generate ASC in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.order relation[:id].asc
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#desc" do
        it "should create a Descending node" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          _(relation[:id].desc).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Descending
        end

        it "should generate DESC in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:users)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.order relation[:id].desc
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{
            SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."id" DESC
          }
        end
      end

      describe "#contains" do
        it "should create a Contains node" do
          relation = Table.new(:products)
          _(relation[:tags].contains(["foo", "bar"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Contains
        end

        it "should generate @> in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:products, type_caster: fake_pg_caster)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:tags].contains(["foo", "bar"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{ SELECT "products"."id" FROM "products" WHERE "products"."tags" @> '{foo,bar}' }
        end
      end

      describe "#overlaps" do
        it "should create an Overlaps node" do
          relation = Table.new(:products)
          _(relation[:tags].overlaps(["foo", "bar"])).must_be_kind_of Nodes::Overlaps
        end

        it "should generate && in sql" do
          relation = Table.new(:products, type_caster: fake_pg_caster)
          mgr = relation.project relation[:id]
          mgr.where relation[:tags].overlaps(["foo", "bar"])
          _(mgr.to_sql).must_be_like %{ SELECT "products"."id" FROM "products" WHERE "products"."tags" && '{foo,bar}' }
        end
      end

      describe "equality" do
        describe "#to_sql" do
          it "should produce sql" do
            table = Table.new :users
            condition = table["id"].eq 1
            _(condition.to_sql).must_equal '"users"."id" = 1'
          end
        end
      end

      describe "type casting" do
        it "does not type cast by default" do
          table = Table.new(:foo)
          condition = table["id"].eq("1")

          assert_not table.able_to_type_cast?
          _(condition.to_sql).must_equal %("foo"."id" = '1')
        end

        it "type casts when given an explicit caster" do
          fake_caster = Object.new
          def fake_caster.type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
            if attr_name == "id"
              value.to_i
            else
              value
            end
          end
          table = Table.new(:foo, type_caster: fake_caster)
          condition = table["id"].eq("1").and(table["other_id"].eq("2"))

          assert table.able_to_type_cast?
          _(condition.to_sql).must_equal %("foo"."id" = 1 AND "foo"."other_id" = '2')
        end

        it "does not type cast SqlLiteral nodes" do
          fake_caster = Object.new
          def fake_caster.type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
            value.to_i
          end
          table = Table.new(:foo, type_caster: fake_caster)
          condition = table["id"].eq(Arel.sql("(select 1)"))

          assert table.able_to_type_cast?
          _(condition.to_sql).must_equal %("foo"."id" = (select 1))
        end
      end

      private
        def quoted_range(begin_val, end_val, exclude)
          OpenStruct.new(
            begin: Nodes::Quoted.new(begin_val),
            end: Nodes::Quoted.new(end_val),
            exclude_end?: exclude,
          )
        end

        # Mimic PG::TextDecoder::Array casting
        def fake_pg_caster
          Object.new.tap do |caster|
            def caster.type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
              if attr_name == "tags"
                "{#{value.join(",")}}"
              else
                value
              end
            end
          end
        end
    end
  end
end

attributes.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_model/attribute/user_provided_default"

module ActiveRecord
  # See ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods for documentation
  module Attributes
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    included do
      class_attribute :attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads, instance_accessor: false, default: {} # :internal:
    end

    module ClassMethods
      # Defines an attribute with a type on this model. It will override the
      # type of existing attributes if needed. This allows control over how
      # values are converted to and from SQL when assigned to a model. It also
      # changes the behavior of values passed to
      # {ActiveRecord::Base.where}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#where]. This will let you use
      # your domain objects across much of Active Record, without having to
      # rely on implementation details or monkey patching.
      #
      # +name+ The name of the methods to define attribute methods for, and the
      # column which this will persist to.
      #
      # +cast_type+ A symbol such as +:string+ or +:integer+, or a type object
      # to be used for this attribute. See the examples below for more
      # information about providing custom type objects.
      #
      # ==== Options
      #
      # The following options are accepted:
      #
      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+.
      #
      # +array+ (PostgreSQL only) specifies that the type should be an array (see the
      # examples below).
      #
      # +range+ (PostgreSQL only) specifies that the type should be a range (see the
      # examples below).
      #
      # When using a symbol for +cast_type+, extra options are forwarded to the
      # constructor of the type object.
      #
      # ==== Examples
      #
      # The type detected by Active Record can be overridden.
      #
      #   # db/schema.rb
      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
      #     t.decimal :price_in_cents
      #   end
      #
      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
      #   end
      #
      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '10.1')
      #
      #   # before
      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => BigDecimal(10.1)
      #
      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :price_in_cents, :integer
      #   end
      #
      #   # after
      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 10
      #
      # A default can also be provided.
      #
      #   # db/schema.rb
      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
      #     t.string :my_string, default: "original default"
      #   end
      #
      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "original default"
      #
      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :my_string, :string, default: "new default"
      #   end
      #
      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "new default"
      #
      #   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :my_default_proc, :datetime, default: -> { Time.now }
      #   end
      #
      #   Product.new.my_default_proc # => 2015-05-30 11:04:48 -0600
      #   sleep 1
      #   Product.new.my_default_proc # => 2015-05-30 11:04:49 -0600
      #
      # \Attributes do not need to be backed by a database column.
      #
      #   # app/models/my_model.rb
      #   class MyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :my_string, :string
      #     attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
      #     attribute :my_float_range, :float, range: true
      #   end
      #
      #   model = MyModel.new(
      #     my_string: "string",
      #     my_int_array: ["1", "2", "3"],
      #     my_float_range: "[1,3.5]",
      #   )
      #   model.attributes
      #   # =>
      #     {
      #       my_string: "string",
      #       my_int_array: [1, 2, 3],
      #       my_float_range: 1.0..3.5
      #     }
      #
      # Passing options to the type constructor
      #
      #   # app/models/my_model.rb
      #   class MyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :small_int, :integer, limit: 2
      #   end
      #
      #   MyModel.create(small_int: 65537)
      #   # => Error: 65537 is out of range for the limit of two bytes
      #
      # ==== Creating Custom Types
      #
      # Users may also define their own custom types, as long as they respond
      # to the methods defined on the value type. The method +deserialize+ or
      # +cast+ will be called on your type object, with raw input from the
      # database or from your controllers. See ActiveModel::Type::Value for the
      # expected API. It is recommended that your type objects inherit from an
      # existing type, or from ActiveRecord::Type::Value
      #
      #   class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
      #     def cast(value)
      #       if !value.kind_of?(Numeric) && value.include?('$')
      #         price_in_dollars = value.gsub(/\$/, '').to_f
      #         super(price_in_dollars * 100)
      #       else
      #         super
      #       end
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   # config/initializers/types.rb
      #   ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, MoneyType)
      #
      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     attribute :price_in_cents, :money
      #   end
      #
      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '$10.00')
      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 1000
      #
      # For more details on creating custom types, see the documentation for
      # ActiveModel::Type::Value. For more details on registering your types
      # to be referenced by a symbol, see ActiveRecord::Type.register. You can
      # also pass a type object directly, in place of a symbol.
      #
      # ==== \Querying
      #
      # When {ActiveRecord::Base.where}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#where] is called, it will
      # use the type defined by the model class to convert the value to SQL,
      # calling +serialize+ on your type object. For example:
      #
      #   class Money < Struct.new(:amount, :currency)
      #   end
      #
      #   class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
      #     def initialize(currency_converter:)
      #       @currency_converter = currency_converter
      #     end
      #
      #     # value will be the result of +deserialize+ or
      #     # +cast+. Assumed to be an instance of +Money+ in
      #     # this case.
      #     def serialize(value)
      #       value_in_bitcoins = @currency_converter.convert_to_bitcoins(value)
      #       value_in_bitcoins.amount
      #     end
      #   end
      #
      #   # config/initializers/types.rb
      #   ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, MoneyType)
      #
      #   # app/models/product.rb
      #   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
      #     currency_converter = ConversionRatesFromTheInternet.new
      #     attribute :price_in_bitcoins, :money, currency_converter: currency_converter
      #   end
      #
      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "USD"))
      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.02230
      #
      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "GBP"))
      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.03412
      #
      # ==== Dirty Tracking
      #
      # The type of an attribute is given the opportunity to change how dirty
      # tracking is performed. The methods +changed?+ and +changed_in_place?+
      # will be called from ActiveModel::Dirty. See the documentation for those
      # methods in ActiveModel::Type::Value for more details.
      def attribute(name, cast_type = nil, default: NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED, **options)
        name = name.to_s
        name = attribute_aliases[name] || name

        reload_schema_from_cache

        case cast_type
        when Symbol
          cast_type = Type.lookup(cast_type, **options, adapter: Type.adapter_name_from(self))
        when nil
          if (prev_cast_type, prev_default = attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads[name])
            default = prev_default if default == NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
          else
            prev_cast_type = -> subtype { subtype }
          end

          cast_type = if block_given?
            -> subtype { yield Proc === prev_cast_type ? prev_cast_type[subtype] : prev_cast_type }
          else
            prev_cast_type
          end
        end

        self.attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads =
          attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.merge(name => [cast_type, default])
      end

      # This is the low level API which sits beneath +attribute+. It only
      # accepts type objects, and will do its work immediately instead of
      # waiting for the schema to load. Automatic schema detection and
      # ClassMethods#attribute both call this under the hood. While this method
      # is provided so it can be used by plugin authors, application code
      # should probably use ClassMethods#attribute.
      #
      # +name+ The name of the attribute being defined. Expected to be a +String+.
      #
      # +cast_type+ The type object to use for this attribute.
      #
      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+. A proc can also be passed, and
      # will be called once each time a new value is needed.
      #
      # +user_provided_default+ Whether the default value should be cast using
      # +cast+ or +deserialize+.
      def define_attribute(
        name,
        cast_type,
        default: NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED,
        user_provided_default: true
      )
        attribute_types[name] = cast_type
        define_default_attribute(name, default, cast_type, from_user: user_provided_default)
      end

      def load_schema! # :nodoc:
        super
        attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.each do |name, (cast_type, default)|
          cast_type = cast_type[type_for_attribute(name)] if Proc === cast_type
          define_attribute(name, cast_type, default: default)
        end
      end

      private
        NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED = Object.new # :nodoc:
        private_constant :NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED

        def define_default_attribute(name, value, type, from_user:)
          if value == NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
            default_attribute = _default_attributes[name].with_type(type)
          elsif from_user
            default_attribute = ActiveModel::Attribute::UserProvidedDefault.new(
              name,
              value,
              type,
              _default_attributes.fetch(name.to_s) { nil },
            )
          else
            default_attribute = ActiveModel::Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
          end
          _default_attributes[name] = default_attribute
        end
    end
  end
end

attributes_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
  attribute :overloaded_float, :integer
  attribute :overloaded_string_with_limit, :string, limit: 50
  attribute :non_existent_decimal, :decimal
  attribute :string_with_default, :string, default: "the overloaded default"
end

class ChildOfOverloadedType < OverloadedType
end

class GrandchildOfOverloadedType < ChildOfOverloadedType
  attribute :overloaded_float, :float
end

class UnoverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "overloaded_types"
end

module ActiveRecord
  class CustomPropertiesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    test "overloading types" do
      data = OverloadedType.new

      data.overloaded_float = "1.1"
      data.unoverloaded_float = "1.1"

      assert_equal 1, data.overloaded_float
      assert_equal 1.1, data.unoverloaded_float
    end

    test "overloaded properties save" do
      data = OverloadedType.new

      data.overloaded_float = "2.2"
      data.save!
      data.reload

      assert_equal 2, data.overloaded_float
      assert_kind_of Integer, OverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
      assert_equal 2.0, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
      assert_kind_of Float, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
    end

    test "properties assigned in constructor" do
      data = OverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: "3.3")

      assert_equal 3, data.overloaded_float
    end

    test "overloaded properties with limit" do
      assert_equal 50, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("overloaded_string_with_limit").limit
      assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.type_for_attribute("overloaded_string_with_limit").limit
    end

    test "overloaded default but keeping its own type" do
      klass = Class.new(UnoverloadedType) do
        attribute :overloaded_string_with_limit, default: "the overloaded default"
      end

      assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.type_for_attribute("overloaded_string_with_limit").limit
      assert_equal 255, klass.type_for_attribute("overloaded_string_with_limit").limit

      assert_nil UnoverloadedType.new.overloaded_string_with_limit
      assert_equal "the overloaded default", klass.new.overloaded_string_with_limit
    end

    test "attributes with overridden types keep their type when a default value is configured separately" do
      child = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :overloaded_float, default: "123"
      end

      assert_equal OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("overloaded_float"), child.type_for_attribute("overloaded_float")
      assert_equal 123, child.new.overloaded_float
    end

    test "extra options are forwarded to the type caster constructor" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :starts_at, :datetime, precision: 3, limit: 2, scale: 1, default: -> { Time.now.utc }
      end

      starts_at_type = klass.type_for_attribute(:starts_at)

      assert_equal 3, starts_at_type.precision
      assert_equal 2, starts_at_type.limit
      assert_equal 1, starts_at_type.scale

      assert_kind_of Type::DateTime, starts_at_type
      assert_instance_of Time, klass.new.starts_at
    end

    test "time zone aware attribute" do
      with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
          attribute :starts_at, :datetime, precision: 3, default: -> { Time.now.utc }
          attribute :ends_at, default: -> { Time.now.utc }
        end

        starts_at_type = klass.type_for_attribute(:starts_at)
        ends_at_type   = klass.type_for_attribute(:ends_at)

        assert_instance_of AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter, starts_at_type
        assert_instance_of AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter, ends_at_type
        assert_kind_of Type::DateTime, starts_at_type.__getobj__
        assert_kind_of Type::DateTime, ends_at_type.__getobj__
        assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, klass.new.starts_at
        assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, klass.new.ends_at
      end
    end

    test "nonexistent attribute" do
      data = OverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)

      assert_equal BigDecimal(1), data.non_existent_decimal
      assert_raise ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError do
        UnoverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
      end
    end

    test "model with nonexistent attribute with default value can be saved" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :non_existent_string_with_default, :string, default: "nonexistent"
      end

      model = klass.new
      assert model.save
    end

    test "changing defaults" do
      data = OverloadedType.new
      unoverloaded_data = UnoverloadedType.new

      assert_equal "the overloaded default", data.string_with_default
      assert_equal "the original default", unoverloaded_data.string_with_default
    end

    test "defaults are not touched on the columns" do
      assert_equal "the original default", OverloadedType.columns_hash["string_with_default"].default
    end

    test "children inherit custom properties" do
      data = ChildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: "4.4")

      assert_equal 4, data.overloaded_float
    end

    test "children can override parents" do
      data = GrandchildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: "4.4")

      assert_equal 4.4, data.overloaded_float
    end

    test "overloading properties does not attribute method order" do
      attribute_names = OverloadedType.attribute_names
      expected = OverloadedType.column_names + ["non_existent_decimal"]
      assert_equal expected, attribute_names
    end

    test "caches are cleared" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType)
      column_count = klass.columns.length

      assert_equal column_count + 1, klass.attribute_types.length
      assert_equal column_count + 1, klass.column_defaults.length
      assert_equal column_count + 1, klass.attribute_names.length
      assert_not klass.attribute_types.include?("wibble")

      klass.attribute :wibble, Type::Value.new

      assert_equal column_count + 2, klass.attribute_types.length
      assert_equal column_count + 2, klass.column_defaults.length
      assert_equal column_count + 2, klass.attribute_names.length
      assert_includes klass.attribute_types, "wibble"
    end

    test "the given default value is cast from user" do
      custom_type = Class.new(Type::Value) do
        def cast(*)
          "from user"
        end

        def deserialize(*)
          "from database"
        end
      end

      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :wibble, custom_type.new, default: "default"
      end
      model = klass.new

      assert_equal "from user", model.wibble
    end

    test "procs for default values" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        @@counter = 0
        attribute :counter, :integer, default: -> { @@counter += 1 }
      end

      assert_equal 1, klass.new.counter
      assert_equal 2, klass.new.counter
    end

    test "procs for default values are evaluated even after column_defaults is called" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        @@counter = 0
        attribute :counter, :integer, default: -> { @@counter += 1 }
      end

      assert_equal 1, klass.new.counter

      # column_defaults will increment the counter since the proc is called
      klass.column_defaults

      assert_equal 3, klass.new.counter
    end

    test "procs are memoized before type casting" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        @@counter = 0
        attribute :counter, :integer, default: -> { @@counter += 1 }
      end

      model = klass.new
      assert_equal 1, model.counter_before_type_cast
      assert_equal 1, model.counter_before_type_cast
    end

    test "user provided defaults are persisted even if unchanged" do
      model = OverloadedType.create!

      assert_equal "the overloaded default", model.reload.string_with_default
    end

    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
      test "array types can be specified" do
        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
          attribute :my_array, :string, limit: 50, array: true
          attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
        end

        string_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
        int_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
          Type::Integer.new)
        assert_not_equal string_array, int_array
        assert_equal string_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_array")
        assert_equal int_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_array")
      end

      test "range types can be specified" do
        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
          attribute :my_range, :string, limit: 50, range: true
          attribute :my_int_range, :integer, range: true
        end

        string_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
        int_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
          Type::Integer.new)
        assert_not_equal string_range, int_range
        assert_equal string_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_range")
        assert_equal int_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_range")
      end
    end

    test "attributes added after subclasses load are inherited" do
      parent = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        self.table_name = "topics"
      end

      child = Class.new(parent)
      child.new # => force a schema load

      parent.attribute(:foo, Type::Value.new)

      assert_equal(:bar, child.new(foo: :bar).foo)
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns are not dirty when unchanged" do
      assert_not_predicate OverloadedType.new, :non_existent_decimal_changed?
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns are always initialized" do
      OverloadedType.create!
      model = OverloadedType.last

      assert_nil model.non_existent_decimal
      model.non_existent_decimal = "123"
      assert_equal 123, model.non_existent_decimal
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns return the default on models loaded from database" do
      child = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :non_existent_decimal, :decimal, default: 123
      end
      child.create!
      model = child.last

      assert_equal 123, model.non_existent_decimal
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns keep their type when a default value is configured separately" do
      child = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :non_existent_decimal, default: "123"
      end

      assert_equal OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("non_existent_decimal"), child.type_for_attribute("non_existent_decimal")
      assert_equal 123, child.new.non_existent_decimal
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns properly interact with mutation and dirty" do
      child = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        self.table_name = "topics"
        attribute :foo, :string, default: "lol"
      end
      child.create!
      model = child.last

      assert_equal "lol", model.foo

      model.foo << "asdf"
      assert_equal "lolasdf", model.foo
      assert_predicate model, :foo_changed?

      model.reload
      assert_equal "lol", model.foo

      model.foo = "lol"
      assert_not_predicate model, :changed?
    end

    test "attributes not backed by database columns appear in inspect" do
      inspection = OverloadedType.new.inspect

      assert_includes inspection, "non_existent_decimal"
    end

    test "attributes do not require a type" do
      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
        attribute :no_type
      end
      assert_equal 1, klass.new(no_type: 1).no_type
      assert_equal "foo", klass.new(no_type: "foo").no_type
    end

    test "attributes do not require a connection is established" do
      assert_not_called(ActiveRecord::Base, :connection) do
        Class.new(OverloadedType) do
          attribute :foo, :string
        end
      end
    end

    test "unknown type error is raised" do
      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
        OverloadedType.attribute :foo, :unknown
      end
    end

    test "immutable_strings_by_default changes schema inference for string columns" do
      with_immutable_strings do
        OverloadedType.reset_column_information
        immutable_string_type = Type.lookup(:immutable_string).class
        assert_instance_of immutable_string_type, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("inferred_string")
      end
    end

    test "immutable_strings_by_default retains limit information" do
      with_immutable_strings do
        OverloadedType.reset_column_information
        assert_equal 255, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("inferred_string").limit
      end
    end

    test "immutable_strings_by_default does not affect `attribute :foo, :string`" do
      with_immutable_strings do
        OverloadedType.reset_column_information
        default_string_type = Type.lookup(:string).class
        assert_instance_of default_string_type, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute("string_with_default")
      end
    end

    test "serialize boolean for both string types" do
      default_string_type = Type.lookup(:string)
      immutable_string_type = Type.lookup(:immutable_string)
      assert_equal default_string_type.serialize(true), immutable_string_type.serialize(true)
      assert_equal default_string_type.serialize(false), immutable_string_type.serialize(false)
    end

    private
      def with_immutable_strings
        old_value = ActiveRecord::Base.immutable_strings_by_default
        ActiveRecord::Base.immutable_strings_by_default = true
        yield
      ensure
        ActiveRecord::Base.immutable_strings_by_default = old_value
      end
  end
end

author.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts
  has_many :serialized_posts
  has_one :post
  has_many :very_special_comments, through: :posts
  has_many :posts_with_comments, -> { includes(:comments) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :popular_grouped_posts, -> { includes(:comments).group("type").having("SUM(legacy_comments_count) > 1").select("type") }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, -> { includes(:comments).order("comments.id") }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_sorted_by_id, -> { order(:id) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, -> { order("posts.id").limit(1) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_categories, -> { includes(:categories) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_comments_and_categories, -> { includes(:comments, :categories).order("posts.id") }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_special_categorizations, class_name: "PostWithSpecialCategorization"
  has_one  :post_about_thinking, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'") }, class_name: "Post"
  has_one  :post_about_thinking_with_last_comment, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'").includes(:last_comment) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :comments, through: :posts do
    def ratings
      Rating.joins(:comment).merge(self)
    end
  end

  has_many :comments_with_order, -> { ordered_by_post_id }, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :no_joins_comments, through: :posts, disable_joins: :true, source: :comments

  has_many :comments_with_foreign_key, through: :posts, source: :comments, foreign_key: :post_id
  has_many :no_joins_comments_with_foreign_key, through: :posts, disable_joins: :true, source: :comments, foreign_key: :post_id

  has_many :members,
    through: :comments_with_order,
    source: :origin,
    source_type: "Member"

  has_many :no_joins_members,
    through: :comments_with_order,
    source: :origin,
    source_type: "Member",
    disable_joins: true

  has_many :ordered_members,
    -> { order(id: :desc) },
    through: :comments_with_order,
    source: :origin,
    source_type: "Member"

  has_many :no_joins_ordered_members,
    -> { order(id: :desc) },
    through: :comments_with_order,
    source: :origin,
    source_type: "Member",
    disable_joins: true

  has_many :ratings, through: :comments
  has_many :good_ratings,
    -> { where("ratings.value > 5").order(:id) },
    through: :comments,
    source: :ratings

  has_many :no_joins_ratings, through: :no_joins_comments, disable_joins: :true, source: :ratings
  has_many :no_joins_good_ratings,
    -> { where("ratings.value > 5").order(:id) },
    through: :comments,
    source: :ratings,
    disable_joins: true

  has_many :comments_containing_the_letter_e, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :comments_with_order_and_conditions, -> { order("comments.body").where("comments.body like 'Thank%'") }, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :comments_with_include, -> { includes(:post).where(posts: { type: "Post" }) }, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :comments_for_first_author, -> { for_first_author }, through: :posts, source: :comments

  has_many :first_posts
  has_many :comments_on_first_posts, -> { order("posts.id desc, comments.id asc") }, through: :first_posts, source: :comments

  has_one :first_post
  has_one :comment_on_first_post, -> { order("posts.id desc, comments.id asc") }, through: :first_post, source: :comments

  has_many :thinking_posts, -> { where(title: "So I was thinking") }, dependent: :delete_all, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :welcome_posts, -> { where(title: "Welcome to the weblog") }, class_name: "Post"

  has_many :welcome_posts_with_one_comment,
           -> { where(title: "Welcome to the weblog").where(comments_count: 1) },
           class_name: "Post"
  has_many :welcome_posts_with_comments,
           -> { where(title: "Welcome to the weblog").where("legacy_comments_count > 0") },
           class_name: "Post"

  has_many :comments_desc, -> { order("comments.id DESC") }, through: :posts_sorted_by_id, source: :comments
  has_many :unordered_comments, -> { unscope(:order).distinct }, through: :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, source: :comments
  has_many :funky_comments, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments, -> { distinct.order("comments.id") }, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments_desc, -> { distinct.order("comments.id DESC") }, through: :posts, source: :comments
  has_many :readonly_comments, -> { readonly }, through: :posts, source: :comments

  has_many :special_posts
  has_many :special_post_comments, through: :special_posts, source: :comments
  has_many :special_posts_with_default_scope, class_name: "SpecialPostWithDefaultScope"

  has_many :sti_posts, class_name: "StiPost"
  has_many :sti_post_comments, through: :sti_posts, source: :comments

  has_many :special_nonexistent_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistent'") }, class_name: "SpecialPost"
  has_many :special_nonexistent_post_comments, -> { where("comments.post_id" => 0) }, through: :special_nonexistent_posts, source: :comments
  has_many :nonexistent_comments, through: :posts

  has_many :hello_posts, -> { where "posts.body = 'hello'" }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :hello_post_comments, through: :hello_posts, source: :comments
  has_many :posts_with_no_comments, -> { where("comments.id" => nil).includes(:comments) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_no_comments_2, -> { left_joins(:comments).where("comments.id": nil) }, class_name: "Post"

  has_many :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(body: "hello") }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :hello_post_comments_with_hash_conditions, through: :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions, source: :comments

  has_many :other_posts,          class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_with_callbacks, class_name: "Post", before_add: :log_before_adding,
           after_add: :log_after_adding,
           before_remove: :log_before_removing,
           after_remove: :log_after_removing
  has_many :posts_with_thrown_callbacks, class_name: "Post", before_add: :throw_abort,
           after_add: :ensure_not_called,
           before_remove: :throw_abort,
           after_remove: :ensure_not_called
  has_many :posts_with_proc_callbacks, class_name: "Post",
           before_add: Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "before_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}" },
           after_add: Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "after_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}" },
           before_remove: Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "before_removing#{r.id}" },
           after_remove: Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "after_removing#{r.id}" }
  has_many :posts_with_multiple_callbacks, class_name: "Post",
           before_add: [:log_before_adding, Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "before_adding_proc#{r.id || '<new>'}" }],
           after_add: [:log_after_adding,  Proc.new { |o, r| o.post_log << "after_adding_proc#{r.id || '<new>'}" }]
  has_many :unchangeable_posts, class_name: "Post", before_add: :raise_exception, after_add: :log_after_adding

  has_many :categorizations, -> { }
  has_many :categories, through: :categorizations
  has_many :named_categories, through: :categorizations

  has_many :special_categorizations
  has_many :special_categories, through: :special_categorizations, source: :category
  has_one  :special_category,   through: :special_categorizations, source: :category

  has_many :general_categorizations, -> { joins(:category).where("categories.name": "General") }, class_name: "Categorization"
  has_many :general_posts, through: :general_categorizations, source: :post

  has_many :special_categories_with_conditions, -> { where(categorizations: { special: true }) }, through: :categorizations, source: :category
  has_many :nonspecial_categories_with_conditions, -> { where(categorizations: { special: false }) }, through: :categorizations, source: :category

  has_many :categories_like_general, -> { where(name: "General") }, through: :categorizations, source: :category, class_name: "Category"

  has_many :categorized_posts, through: :categorizations, source: :post
  has_many :unique_categorized_posts, -> { distinct }, through: :categorizations, source: :post

  has_many :nothings, through: :kateggorizatons, class_name: "Category"

  has_many :author_favorites
  has_many :favorite_authors, -> { order("name") }, through: :author_favorites

  has_many :taggings,        through: :posts, source: :taggings
  has_many :taggings_2,      through: :posts, source: :tagging
  has_many :tags,            through: :posts
  has_many :ordered_tags,    through: :posts
  has_many :post_categories, through: :posts, source: :categories
  has_many :tagging_tags,    through: :taggings, source: :tag

  has_many :similar_posts, -> { distinct }, through: :tags, source: :tagged_posts
  has_many :ordered_posts, -> { distinct }, through: :ordered_tags, source: :tagged_posts
  has_many :distinct_tags, -> { select("DISTINCT tags.*").order("tags.name") }, through: :posts, source: :tags

  has_many :tags_with_primary_key, through: :posts

  has_many :books
  has_many :published_books, class_name: "PublishedBook"
  has_many :unpublished_books, -> { where(status: [:proposed, :written]) }, class_name: "Book"
  has_many :subscriptions,        through: :books
  has_many :subscribers, -> { order("subscribers.nick") }, through: :subscriptions
  has_many :distinct_subscribers, -> { select("DISTINCT subscribers.*").order("subscribers.nick") }, through: :subscriptions, source: :subscriber

  has_one :essay, primary_key: :name, as: :writer
  has_one :essay_category, through: :essay, source: :category
  has_one :essay_owner, through: :essay, source: :owner

  has_one :essay_2, primary_key: :name, class_name: "Essay", foreign_key: :author_id
  has_one :essay_category_2, through: :essay_2, source: :category

  has_many :essays, primary_key: :name, as: :writer
  has_many :essay_categories, through: :essays, source: :category
  has_many :essay_owners, through: :essays, source: :owner

  has_many :essays_2, primary_key: :name, class_name: "Essay", foreign_key: :author_id
  has_many :essay_categories_2, through: :essays_2, source: :category

  belongs_to :owned_essay, primary_key: :name, class_name: "Essay"
  has_one :owned_essay_category, through: :owned_essay, source: :category

  belongs_to :author_address,       dependent: :destroy
  belongs_to :author_address_extra, dependent: :delete, class_name: "AuthorAddress"

  has_many :category_post_comments, through: :categories, source: :post_comments

  has_many :misc_posts, -> { where(posts: { title: ["misc post by bob", "misc post by mary"] }) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :misc_post_first_blue_tags, through: :misc_posts, source: :first_blue_tags

  has_many :misc_post_first_blue_tags_2, -> { where(posts: { title: ["misc post by bob", "misc post by mary"] }) },
           through: :posts, source: :first_blue_tags_2

  has_many :posts_with_default_include, class_name: "PostWithDefaultInclude"
  has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, through: :posts_with_default_include, source: :comments

  has_many :posts_with_signature, ->(record) { where(arel_table[:title].matches("%by #{record.name.downcase}%")) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :posts_mentioning_author, ->(record = nil) { where(arel_table[:body].matches("%#{record&.name&.downcase}%")) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :comments_on_posts_mentioning_author, through: :posts_mentioning_author, source: :comments
  has_many :comments_mentioning_author, ->(record) { where(arel_table[:body].matches("%#{record.name.downcase}%")) }, through: :posts, source: :comments

  has_one :recent_post, -> { order(id: :desc) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_one :recent_response, through: :recent_post, source: :comments

  has_many :posts_with_extension, -> { order(:title) }, class_name: "Post" do
    def extension_method; end
  end

  has_many :posts_with_extension_and_instance, ->(record) { order(:title) }, class_name: "Post" do
    def extension_method; end
  end

  has_many :top_posts, -> { order(id: :asc) }, class_name: "Post"
  has_many :other_top_posts, -> { order(id: :asc) }, class_name: "Post"

  has_many :topics, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "author_name"
  has_many :topics_without_type, -> { select(:id, :title, :author_name) },
    class_name: "Topic", primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "author_name"

  has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not, through: :posts
  has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not_2, through: :posts_with_no_comments, source: :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not
  has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not_3, through: :posts_with_no_comments_2, source: :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not

  attr_accessor :post_log
  after_initialize :set_post_log

  def set_post_log
    @post_log = []
  end

  def label
    "#{id}-#{name}"
  end

  def social
    %w(twitter github)
  end

  validates_presence_of :name

  private
    def throw_abort(_)
      throw(:abort)
    end

    def ensure_not_called(_)
      raise
    end

    def log_before_adding(object)
      @post_log << "before_adding#{object.id || '<new>'}"
    end

    def log_after_adding(object)
      @post_log << "after_adding#{object.id}"
    end

    def log_before_removing(object)
      @post_log << "before_removing#{object.id}"
    end

    def log_after_removing(object)
      @post_log << "after_removing#{object.id}"
    end

    def raise_exception(object)
      raise Exception.new("You can't add a post")
    end
end

class AuthorAddress < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :author

  def self.destroyed_author_address_ids
    @destroyed_author_address_ids ||= []
  end

  before_destroy do |author_address|
    AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids << author_address.id
  end
end

class AuthorFavorite < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :author
  belongs_to :favorite_author, class_name: "Author"
end

class AuthorFavoriteWithScope < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "author_favorites"

  default_scope { order(id: :asc) }

  belongs_to :author
  belongs_to :favorite_author, class_name: "Author"
end

author_encrypted.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "models/author"

class EncryptedAuthor < Author
  self.table_name = "authors"

  validates :name, uniqueness: true
  encrypts :name, previous: { deterministic: true }
end

class EncryptedAuthorWithKey < Author
  self.table_name = "authors"

  encrypts :name, key: "some secret key!"
end

auto_id.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class AutoId < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "auto_id_tests"
  self.primary_key = "auto_id"
end

auto_increment_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/schema_dumping_helper"

class Mysql2AutoIncrementTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
  include SchemaDumpingHelper

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
  end

  def teardown
    @connection.drop_table :auto_increments, if_exists: true
  end

  def test_auto_increment_without_primary_key
    @connection.create_table :auto_increments, id: false, force: true do |t|
      t.integer :id, null: false, auto_increment: true
      t.index :id
    end
    output = dump_table_schema("auto_increments")
    assert_match(/t\.integer\s+"id",\s+null: false,\s+auto_increment: true$/, output)
  end

  def test_auto_increment_with_composite_primary_key
    @connection.create_table :auto_increments, primary_key: [:id, :created_at], force: true do |t|
      t.integer :id, null: false, auto_increment: true
      t.datetime :created_at, null: false
    end
    output = dump_table_schema("auto_increments")
    assert_match(/t\.integer\s+"id",\s+null: false,\s+auto_increment: true$/, output)
  end
end

autosave_association.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  # = Active Record Autosave Association
  #
  # AutosaveAssociation is a module that takes care of automatically saving
  # associated records when their parent is saved. In addition to saving, it
  # also destroys any associated records that were marked for destruction.
  # (See #mark_for_destruction and #marked_for_destruction?).
  #
  # Saving of the parent, its associations, and the destruction of marked
  # associations, all happen inside a transaction. This should never leave the
  # database in an inconsistent state.
  #
  # If validations for any of the associations fail, their error messages will
  # be applied to the parent.
  #
  # Note that it also means that associations marked for destruction won't
  # be destroyed directly. They will however still be marked for destruction.
  #
  # Note that <tt>autosave: false</tt> is not same as not declaring <tt>:autosave</tt>.
  # When the <tt>:autosave</tt> option is not present then new association records are
  # saved but the updated association records are not saved.
  #
  # == Validation
  #
  # Child records are validated unless <tt>:validate</tt> is +false+.
  #
  # == Callbacks
  #
  # Association with autosave option defines several callbacks on your
  # model (around_save, before_save, after_create, after_update). Please note that
  # callbacks are executed in the order they were defined in
  # model. You should avoid modifying the association content before
  # autosave callbacks are executed. Placing your callbacks after
  # associations is usually a good practice.
  #
  # === One-to-one Example
  #
  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_one :author, autosave: true
  #   end
  #
  # Saving changes to the parent and its associated model can now be performed
  # automatically _and_ atomically:
  #
  #   post = Post.find(1)
  #   post.title       # => "The current global position of migrating ducks"
  #   post.author.name # => "alloy"
  #
  #   post.title = "On the migration of ducks"
  #   post.author.name = "Eloy Duran"
  #
  #   post.save
  #   post.reload
  #   post.title       # => "On the migration of ducks"
  #   post.author.name # => "Eloy Duran"
  #
  # Destroying an associated model, as part of the parent's save action, is as
  # simple as marking it for destruction:
  #
  #   post.author.mark_for_destruction
  #   post.author.marked_for_destruction? # => true
  #
  # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
  #
  #   id = post.author.id
  #   Author.find_by(id: id).nil? # => false
  #
  #   post.save
  #   post.reload.author # => nil
  #
  # Now it _is_ removed from the database:
  #
  #   Author.find_by(id: id).nil? # => true
  #
  # === One-to-many Example
  #
  # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is not declared new children are saved when their parent is saved:
  #
  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :comments # :autosave option is not declared
  #   end
  #
  #   post = Post.new(title: 'ruby rocks')
  #   post.comments.build(body: 'hello world')
  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment
  #
  #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
  #   post.comments.build(body: 'hello world')
  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment
  #
  #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
  #   comment = post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
  #   comment.body = 'hi everyone'
  #   post.save # => saves post, but not comment
  #
  # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is true all children are saved, no matter whether they
  # are new records or not:
  #
  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :comments, autosave: true
  #   end
  #
  #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
  #   comment = post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
  #   comment.body = 'hi everyone'
  #   post.comments.build(body: "good morning.")
  #   post.save # => saves post and both comments.
  #
  # Destroying one of the associated models as part of the parent's save action
  # is as simple as marking it for destruction:
  #
  #   post.comments # => [#<Comment id: 1, ...>, #<Comment id: 2, ...]>
  #   post.comments[1].mark_for_destruction
  #   post.comments[1].marked_for_destruction? # => true
  #   post.comments.length # => 2
  #
  # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
  #
  #   id = post.comments.last.id
  #   Comment.find_by(id: id).nil? # => false
  #
  #   post.save
  #   post.reload.comments.length # => 1
  #
  # Now it _is_ removed from the database:
  #
  #   Comment.find_by(id: id).nil? # => true
  #
  # === Caveats
  #
  # Note that autosave will only trigger for already-persisted association records
  # if the records themselves have been changed. This is to protect against
  # <tt>SystemStackError</tt> caused by circular association validations. The one
  # exception is if a custom validation context is used, in which case the validations
  # will always fire on the associated records.
  module AutosaveAssociation
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    module AssociationBuilderExtension # :nodoc:
      def self.build(model, reflection)
        model.send(:add_autosave_association_callbacks, reflection)
      end

      def self.valid_options
        [ :autosave ]
      end
    end

    included do
      Associations::Builder::Association.extensions << AssociationBuilderExtension
    end

    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
      private
        def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
          return if method_defined?(name, false)

          define_method(name) do |*args|
            result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
            # Loop prevention for validation of associations
            unless @_already_called[name]
              begin
                @_already_called[name] = true
                result = instance_eval(&block)
              ensure
                @_already_called[name] = false
              end
            end

            result
          end
        end

        # Adds validation and save callbacks for the association as specified by
        # the +reflection+.
        #
        # For performance reasons, we don't check whether to validate at runtime.
        # However the validation and callback methods are lazy and those methods
        # get created when they are invoked for the very first time. However,
        # this can change, for instance, when using nested attributes, which is
        # called _after_ the association has been defined. Since we don't want
        # the callbacks to get defined multiple times, there are guards that
        # check if the save or validation methods have already been defined
        # before actually defining them.
        def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
          save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"

          if reflection.collection?
            around_save :around_save_collection_association

            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
            # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
            after_create save_method
            after_update save_method
          elsif reflection.has_one?
            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
            # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
            # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
            # own callbacks.
            #
            # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
            # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
            # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
            # created.
            after_create save_method
            after_update save_method
          else
            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { throw(:abort) if save_belongs_to_association(reflection) == false }
            before_save save_method
          end

          define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
        end

        def define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
          validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
          if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
            if reflection.collection?
              method = :validate_collection_association
            else
              method = :validate_single_association
            end

            define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method) { send(method, reflection) }
            validate validation_method
            after_validation :_ensure_no_duplicate_errors
          end
        end
    end

    # Reloads the attributes of the object as usual and clears <tt>marked_for_destruction</tt> flag.
    def reload(options = nil)
      @marked_for_destruction = false
      @destroyed_by_association = nil
      super
    end

    # Marks this record to be destroyed as part of the parent's save transaction.
    # This does _not_ actually destroy the record instantly, rather child record will be destroyed
    # when <tt>parent.save</tt> is called.
    #
    # Only useful if the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on the parent is enabled for this associated model.
    def mark_for_destruction
      @marked_for_destruction = true
    end

    # Returns whether or not this record will be destroyed as part of the parent's save transaction.
    #
    # Only useful if the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on the parent is enabled for this associated model.
    def marked_for_destruction?
      @marked_for_destruction
    end

    # Records the association that is being destroyed and destroying this
    # record in the process.
    def destroyed_by_association=(reflection)
      @destroyed_by_association = reflection
    end

    # Returns the association for the parent being destroyed.
    #
    # Used to avoid updating the counter cache unnecessarily.
    def destroyed_by_association
      @destroyed_by_association
    end

    # Returns whether or not this record has been changed in any way (including whether
    # any of its nested autosave associations are likewise changed)
    def changed_for_autosave?
      new_record? || has_changes_to_save? || marked_for_destruction? || nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
    end

    private
      # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
      # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
      # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
      def associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record, autosave)
        if new_record || custom_validation_context?
          association && association.target
        elsif autosave
          association.target.find_all(&:changed_for_autosave?)
        else
          association.target.find_all(&:new_record?)
        end
      end

      # Go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
      # any new ones), and return true if any are changed for autosave.
      # Returns false if already called to prevent an infinite loop.
      def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
        @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called ||= false
        return false if @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called
        begin
          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = true
          self.class._reflections.values.any? do |reflection|
            if reflection.options[:autosave]
              association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
              association && Array.wrap(association.target).any?(&:changed_for_autosave?)
            end
          end
        ensure
          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = false
        end
      end

      # Validate the association if <tt>:validate</tt> or <tt>:autosave</tt> is
      # turned on for the association.
      def validate_single_association(reflection)
        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
        record      = association && association.reader
        association_valid?(reflection, record) if record && (record.changed_for_autosave? || custom_validation_context?)
      end

      # Validate the associated records if <tt>:validate</tt> or
      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is turned on for the association specified by
      # +reflection+.
      def validate_collection_association(reflection)
        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
            records.each_with_index { |record, index| association_valid?(reflection, record, index) }
          end
        end
      end

      # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
      # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
      # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
      def association_valid?(reflection, record, index = nil)
        return true if record.destroyed? || (reflection.options[:autosave] && record.marked_for_destruction?)

        context = validation_context if custom_validation_context?

        unless valid = record.valid?(context)
          if reflection.options[:autosave]
            indexed_attribute = !index.nil? && (reflection.options[:index_errors] || ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors)

            record.errors.group_by_attribute.each { |attribute, errors|
              attribute = normalize_reflection_attribute(indexed_attribute, reflection, index, attribute)

              errors.each { |error|
                self.errors.import(
                  error,
                  attribute: attribute
                )
              }
            }
          else
            errors.add(reflection.name)
          end
        end
        valid
      end

      def normalize_reflection_attribute(indexed_attribute, reflection, index, attribute)
        if indexed_attribute
          "#{reflection.name}[#{index}].#{attribute}"
        else
          "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
        end
      end

      # Is used as an around_save callback to check while saving a collection
      # association whether or not the parent was a new record before saving.
      def around_save_collection_association
        previously_new_record_before_save = (@new_record_before_save ||= false)
        @new_record_before_save = !previously_new_record_before_save && new_record?

        yield
      ensure
        @new_record_before_save = previously_new_record_before_save
      end

      # Saves any new associated records, or all loaded autosave associations if
      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
      #
      # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
      # with #mark_for_destruction.
      #
      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
      def save_collection_association(reflection)
        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]

          # By saving the instance variable in a local variable,
          # we make the whole callback re-entrant.
          new_record_before_save = @new_record_before_save

          # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
          association.reset_scope

          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record_before_save, autosave)
            if autosave
              records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
              records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
              records -= records_to_destroy
            end

            records.each do |record|
              next if record.destroyed?

              saved = true

              if autosave != false && (new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
                association.set_inverse_instance(record)

                if autosave
                  saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
                elsif !reflection.nested?
                  association_saved = association.insert_record(record)

                  if reflection.validate?
                    errors.add(reflection.name) unless association_saved
                    saved = association_saved
                  end
                end
              elsif autosave
                saved = record.save(validate: false)
              end

              raise(RecordInvalid.new(association.owner)) unless saved
            end
          end
        end
      end

      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled
      # on the association.
      #
      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
      # destruction with #mark_for_destruction.
      #
      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
      def save_has_one_association(reflection)
        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
        record      = association && association.load_target

        if record && !record.destroyed?
          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]

          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
            record.destroy
          elsif autosave != false
            key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? public_send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id

            if (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?) || _record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
              unless reflection.through_reflection
                record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
                association.set_inverse_instance(record)
              end

              saved = record.save(validate: !autosave)
              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if !saved && autosave
              saved
            end
          end
        end
      end

      # If the record is new or it has changed, returns true.
      def _record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
        record.new_record? ||
          association_foreign_key_changed?(reflection, record, key) ||
          record.will_save_change_to_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
      end

      def association_foreign_key_changed?(reflection, record, key)
        return false if reflection.through_reflection?

        record._has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key) && record._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key) != key
      end

      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
      #
      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
      def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
        return unless association && association.loaded? && !association.stale_target?

        record = association.load_target
        if record && !record.destroyed?
          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]

          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
            self[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
            record.destroy
          elsif autosave != false
            saved = record.save(validate: !autosave) if record.new_record? || (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?)

            if association.updated?
              association_id = record.public_send(reflection.options[:primary_key] || :id)
              self[reflection.foreign_key] = association_id
              association.loaded!
            end

            saved if autosave
          end
        end
      end

      def custom_validation_context?
        validation_context && [:create, :update].exclude?(validation_context)
      end

      def _ensure_no_duplicate_errors
        errors.uniq!
      end
  end
end

autosave_association_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/author"
require "models/book"
require "models/bird"
require "models/post"
require "models/comment"
require "models/category"
require "models/company"
require "models/contract"
require "models/customer"
require "models/developer"
require "models/computer"
require "models/invoice"
require "models/line_item"
require "models/mouse"
require "models/order"
require "models/parrot"
require "models/pirate"
require "models/project"
require "models/ship"
require "models/ship_part"
require "models/squeak"
require "models/tag"
require "models/tagging"
require "models/treasure"
require "models/eye"
require "models/electron"
require "models/molecule"
require "models/member"
require "models/member_detail"
require "models/organization"
require "models/guitar"
require "models/tuning_peg"
require "models/reply"
require "models/attachment"
require "models/translation"

class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_autosave_works_even_when_other_callbacks_update_the_parent_model
    reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "references"
      def self.name; "Reference"; end
    end

    person = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "people"
      def self.name; "Person"; end

      # It is necessary that the after_create is before the has_many _and_ that it updates the model.
      # This replicates a bug found in https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/38120
      after_create { update(first_name: "first name") }
      has_many :references, autosave: true, anonymous_class: reference
    end

    reference_instance = reference.create!
    person_instance = person.create!(first_name: "foo", references: [reference_instance])

    reference_instance.reload
    assert_equal person_instance.id, reference_instance.person_id
    assert_equal "first name", person_instance.first_name # Make sure the after_create is actually called
  end

  def test_autosave_does_not_pass_through_non_custom_validation_contexts
    person = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
      self.table_name = "people"
      validate :should_be_cool, on: :create
      def self.name; "Person"; end

      private
        def should_be_cool
          unless first_name == "cool"
            errors.add :first_name, "not cool"
          end
        end
    }
    reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
      self.table_name = "references"
      def self.name; "Reference"; end
      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, anonymous_class: person
    }

    u = person.create!(first_name: "cool")
    u.first_name = "nah"

    assert_predicate u, :valid?
    r = reference.new(person: u)
    assert_predicate r, :valid?
  end

  def test_autosave_collection_association_callbacks_get_called_once
    ship_with_saving_stack = Class.new(Ship) do
      def save_collection_association(reflection)
        @count ||= 0
        @count += 1 if reflection.name == :parts
        super
      end
    end

    ship = ship_with_saving_stack.new(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
    ship.parts.build(name: "part")
    ship.save!
    assert_equal 1, ship.instance_variable_get(:@count)
  end

  def test_autosave_has_one_association_callbacks_get_called_once
    # a bidirectional autosave is required to trigger multiple calls to
    # save_has_one_association
    assert Ship.reflect_on_association(:pirate).options[:autosave]
    assert Pirate.reflect_on_association(:ship).options[:autosave]

    pirate_with_saving_stack = Class.new(Pirate) do
      def save_has_one_association(reflection)
        @count ||= 0
        @count += 1 if reflection.name == :ship
        super
      end
    end

    pirate = pirate_with_saving_stack.new(catchphrase: "Aye")
    pirate.build_ship(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
    pirate.save!
    assert_equal 1, pirate.instance_variable_get(:@count)
  end

  def test_autosave_belongs_to_association_callbacks_get_called_once
    ship_with_saving_stack = Class.new(Ship) do
      def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
        @count ||= 0
        @count += 1 if reflection.name == :pirate
        super
      end
    end

    ship = ship_with_saving_stack.new(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
    ship.build_pirate(catchphrase: "Aye")
    ship.save!
    assert_equal 1, ship.instance_variable_get(:@count)
  end

  def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_one
    assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :ship
  end

  def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_belongs_to
    assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Ship, :pirate
  end

  def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_many
    assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :birds
  end

  def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
    assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :parrots
  end

  def test_cyclic_autosaves_do_not_add_multiple_validations
    ship = ShipWithoutNestedAttributes.new
    ship.prisoners.build

    assert_not_predicate ship, :valid?
    assert_equal 1, ship.errors[:name].length
  end

  private
    def assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for(model, association_name)
      reflection = model.reflect_on_association(association_name)
      assert_no_difference "callbacks_for_model(#{model.name}).length" do
        model.send(:add_autosave_association_callbacks, reflection)
      end
    end

    def callbacks_for_model(model)
      model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).flat_map do |ivar|
        model.instance_variable_get(ivar)
      end
    end
end

class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :companies, :accounts

  def test_should_save_parent_but_not_invalid_child
    firm = Firm.new(name: "GlobalMegaCorp")
    assert_predicate firm, :valid?

    firm.build_account_using_primary_key
    assert_not_predicate firm.build_account_using_primary_key, :valid?

    assert firm.save
    assert_not_predicate firm.account_using_primary_key, :persisted?
  end

  def test_save_fails_for_invalid_has_one
    firm = Firm.first
    assert_predicate firm, :valid?

    firm.build_account

    assert_not_predicate firm.account, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate firm, :valid?
    assert_not firm.save
    assert_equal ["is invalid"], firm.errors["account"]
  end

  def test_save_succeeds_for_invalid_has_one_with_validate_false
    firm = Firm.first
    assert_predicate firm, :valid?

    firm.build_unvalidated_account

    assert_not_predicate firm.unvalidated_account, :valid?
    assert_predicate firm, :valid?
    assert firm.save
  end

  def test_build_before_child_saved
    firm = Firm.find(1)

    account = firm.build_account("credit_limit" => 1000)
    assert_equal account, firm.account
    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    assert firm.save
    assert_equal account, firm.account
    assert_predicate account, :persisted?
  end

  def test_build_before_either_saved
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")

    firm.account = account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)
    assert_equal account, firm.account
    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    assert firm.save
    assert_equal account, firm.account
    assert_predicate account, :persisted?
  end

  def test_assignment_before_parent_saved
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")
    firm.account = a = Account.find(1)
    assert_not_predicate firm, :persisted?
    assert_equal a, firm.account
    assert firm.save
    assert_equal a, firm.account
    firm.association(:account).reload
    assert_equal a, firm.account
  end

  def test_assignment_before_either_saved
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")
    firm.account = a = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)
    assert_not_predicate firm, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate a, :persisted?
    assert_equal a, firm.account
    assert firm.save
    assert_predicate firm, :persisted?
    assert_predicate a, :persisted?
    assert_equal a, firm.account
    firm.association(:account).reload
    assert_equal a, firm.account
  end

  def test_not_resaved_when_unchanged
    firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :account).first
    firm.name += "-changed"
    assert_queries(1) { firm.save! }

    firm = Firm.first
    firm.account = Account.first
    assert_queries(Firm.partial_updates? ? 0 : 1) { firm.save! }

    firm = Firm.first.dup
    firm.account = Account.first
    assert_queries(2) { firm.save! }

    firm = Firm.first.dup
    firm.account = Account.first.dup
    assert_queries(2) { firm.save! }
  end

  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_create
    eye = Eye.create(iris_attributes: { color: "honey" })
    assert_equal [true, false], eye.after_create_callbacks_stack
  end

  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_update
    eye = Eye.create(iris_attributes: { color: "honey" })
    eye.update(iris_attributes: { color: "green" })
    assert_equal [true, false], eye.after_update_callbacks_stack
  end

  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_save
    eye = Eye.create(iris_attributes: { color: "honey" })
    assert_equal [false, false], eye.after_save_callbacks_stack

    eye.update(iris_attributes: { color: "blue" })
    assert_equal [false, false, false, false], eye.after_save_callbacks_stack
  end
end

class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :companies, :posts, :tags, :taggings

  def test_should_save_parent_but_not_invalid_child
    client = Client.new(name: "Joe (the Plumber)")
    assert_predicate client, :valid?

    client.build_firm
    assert_not_predicate client.firm, :valid?

    assert client.save
    assert_not_predicate client.firm, :persisted?
  end

  def test_save_fails_for_invalid_belongs_to
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL therefore :message changed to one space
    assert log = AuditLog.create(developer_id: 0, message: " ")

    log.developer = Developer.new
    assert_not_predicate log.developer, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate log, :valid?
    assert_not log.save
    assert_equal ["is invalid"], log.errors["developer"]
  end

  def test_save_succeeds_for_invalid_belongs_to_with_validate_false
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL therefore :message changed to one space
    assert log = AuditLog.create(developer_id: 0, message: " ")

    log.unvalidated_developer = Developer.new
    assert_not_predicate log.unvalidated_developer, :valid?
    assert_predicate log, :valid?
    assert log.save
  end

  def test_assignment_before_parent_saved
    client = Client.first
    apple = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
    client.firm = apple
    assert_equal apple, client.firm
    assert_not_predicate apple, :persisted?
    assert client.save
    assert apple.save
    assert_predicate apple, :persisted?
    assert_equal apple, client.firm
    client.association(:firm).reload
    assert_equal apple, client.firm
  end

  def test_assignment_before_either_saved
    final_cut = Client.new("name" => "Final Cut")
    apple = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
    final_cut.firm = apple
    assert_not_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate apple, :persisted?
    assert final_cut.save
    assert_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert_predicate apple, :persisted?
    assert_equal apple, final_cut.firm
    final_cut.association(:firm).reload
    assert_equal apple, final_cut.firm
  end

  def test_store_two_association_with_one_save
    num_orders = Order.count
    num_customers = Customer.count
    order = Order.new

    customer1 = order.billing = Customer.new
    customer2 = order.shipping = Customer.new
    assert order.save
    assert_equal customer1, order.billing
    assert_equal customer2, order.shipping

    order.reload

    assert_equal customer1, order.billing
    assert_equal customer2, order.shipping

    assert_equal num_orders + 1, Order.count
    assert_equal num_customers + 2, Customer.count
  end

  def test_store_association_in_two_relations_with_one_save
    num_orders = Order.count
    num_customers = Customer.count
    order = Order.new

    customer = order.billing = order.shipping = Customer.new
    assert order.save
    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    order.reload

    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    assert_equal num_orders + 1, Order.count
    assert_equal num_customers + 1, Customer.count
  end

  def test_store_association_in_two_relations_with_one_save_in_existing_object
    num_orders = Order.count
    num_customers = Customer.count
    order = Order.create

    customer = order.billing = order.shipping = Customer.new
    assert order.save
    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    order.reload

    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    assert_equal num_orders + 1, Order.count
    assert_equal num_customers + 1, Customer.count
  end

  def test_store_association_in_two_relations_with_one_save_in_existing_object_with_values
    num_orders = Order.count
    num_customers = Customer.count
    order = Order.create

    customer = order.billing = order.shipping = Customer.new
    assert order.save
    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    order.reload

    customer = order.billing = order.shipping = Customer.new

    assert order.save
    order.reload

    assert_equal customer, order.billing
    assert_equal customer, order.shipping

    assert_equal num_orders + 1, Order.count
    assert_equal num_customers + 2, Customer.count
  end

  def test_store_association_with_a_polymorphic_relationship
    num_tagging = Tagging.count
    tags(:misc).create_tagging(taggable: posts(:thinking))
    assert_equal num_tagging + 1, Tagging.count
  end

  def test_build_and_then_save_parent_should_not_reload_target
    client = Client.first
    apple = client.build_firm(name: "Apple")
    client.save!
    assert_no_queries { assert_equal apple, client.firm }
  end

  def test_validation_does_not_validate_stale_association_target
    valid_developer   = Developer.create!(name: "Dude", salary: 50_000)
    invalid_developer = Developer.new()

    auditlog = AuditLog.new(message: "foo")
    auditlog.developer    = invalid_developer
    auditlog.developer_id = valid_developer.id

    assert_predicate auditlog, :valid?
  end

  def test_validation_does_not_validate_non_dirty_association_target
    mouse = Mouse.create!(name: "Will")
    Squeak.create!(mouse: mouse)

    mouse.name = nil
    mouse.save! validate: false

    squeak = Squeak.last

    assert_equal true, squeak.valid?
    assert_equal true, squeak.mouse.present?
    assert_equal true, squeak.valid?
  end
end

class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_invalid_adding_with_nested_attributes
    molecule = Molecule.new
    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: "electron")
    invalid_electron = Electron.new

    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]
    molecule.save

    assert_not_predicate invalid_electron, :valid?
    assert_predicate valid_electron, :valid?
    assert_not molecule.persisted?, "Molecule should not be persisted when its electrons are invalid"
  end

  def test_errors_should_be_indexed_when_passed_as_array
    guitar = Guitar.new
    tuning_peg_valid = TuningPeg.new
    tuning_peg_valid.pitch = 440.0
    tuning_peg_invalid = TuningPeg.new

    guitar.tuning_pegs = [tuning_peg_valid, tuning_peg_invalid]

    assert_not_predicate tuning_peg_invalid, :valid?
    assert_predicate tuning_peg_valid, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate guitar, :valid?
    assert_equal ["is not a number"], guitar.errors["tuning_pegs[1].pitch"]
    assert_not_equal ["is not a number"], guitar.errors["tuning_pegs.pitch"]
  end

  def test_errors_should_be_indexed_when_global_flag_is_set
    old_attribute_config = ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors
    ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors = true

    molecule = Molecule.new
    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: "electron")
    invalid_electron = Electron.new

    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]

    assert_not_predicate invalid_electron, :valid?
    assert_predicate valid_electron, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate molecule, :valid?
    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], molecule.errors["electrons[1].name"]
    assert_not_equal ["can't be blank"], molecule.errors["electrons.name"]
  ensure
    ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors = old_attribute_config
  end

  def test_errors_details_should_be_set
    molecule = Molecule.new
    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: "electron")
    invalid_electron = Electron.new

    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]

    assert_not_predicate invalid_electron, :valid?
    assert_predicate valid_electron, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate molecule, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], molecule.errors.details[:"electrons.name"]
  end

  def test_errors_details_should_be_indexed_when_passed_as_array
    guitar = Guitar.new
    tuning_peg_valid = TuningPeg.new
    tuning_peg_valid.pitch = 440.0
    tuning_peg_invalid = TuningPeg.new

    guitar.tuning_pegs = [tuning_peg_valid, tuning_peg_invalid]

    assert_not_predicate tuning_peg_invalid, :valid?
    assert_predicate tuning_peg_valid, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate guitar, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :not_a_number, value: nil }], guitar.errors.details[:"tuning_pegs[1].pitch"]
    assert_equal [], guitar.errors.details[:"tuning_pegs.pitch"]
  end

  def test_errors_details_should_be_indexed_when_global_flag_is_set
    old_attribute_config = ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors
    ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors = true

    molecule = Molecule.new
    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: "electron")
    invalid_electron = Electron.new

    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]

    assert_not_predicate invalid_electron, :valid?
    assert_predicate valid_electron, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate molecule, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], molecule.errors.details[:"electrons[1].name"]
    assert_equal [], molecule.errors.details[:"electrons.name"]
  ensure
    ActiveRecord.index_nested_attribute_errors = old_attribute_config
  end

  def test_valid_adding_with_nested_attributes
    molecule = Molecule.new
    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: "electron")

    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron]
    molecule.save

    assert_predicate valid_electron, :valid?
    assert_predicate molecule, :persisted?
    assert_equal 1, molecule.electrons.count
  end
end

class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :companies, :developers

  def test_invalid_adding
    firm = Firm.find(1)
    assert_not (firm.clients_of_firm << c = Client.new)
    assert_not_predicate c, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate firm, :valid?
    assert_not firm.save
    assert_not_predicate c, :persisted?
  end

  def test_invalid_adding_before_save
    new_firm = Firm.new("name" => "A New Firm, Inc")
    new_firm.clients_of_firm.concat([c = Client.new, Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
    assert_not_predicate c, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate c, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate new_firm, :valid?
    assert_not new_firm.save
    assert_not_predicate c, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate new_firm, :persisted?
  end

  def test_adding_unsavable_association
    new_firm = Firm.new("name" => "A New Firm, Inc")
    client = new_firm.clients.new("name" => "Apple")
    client.throw_on_save = true

    assert_predicate client, :valid?
    assert_predicate new_firm, :valid?
    assert_not new_firm.save
    assert_not_predicate new_firm, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate client, :persisted?
  end

  def test_invalid_adding_with_validate_false
    firm = Firm.first
    client = Client.new
    firm.unvalidated_clients_of_firm << client

    assert_predicate firm, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate client, :valid?
    assert firm.save
    assert_not_predicate client, :persisted?
  end

  def test_valid_adding_with_validate_false
    no_of_clients = Client.count

    firm = Firm.first
    client = Client.new("name" => "Apple")

    assert_predicate firm, :valid?
    assert_predicate client, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate client, :persisted?

    firm.unvalidated_clients_of_firm << client

    assert firm.save
    assert_predicate client, :persisted?
    assert_equal no_of_clients + 1, Client.count
  end

  def test_parent_should_save_children_record_with_foreign_key_validation_set_in_before_save_callback
    company = NewlyContractedCompany.new(name: "test")

    assert company.save
    assert_not_empty company.reload.new_contracts
  end

  def test_parent_should_not_get_saved_with_duplicate_children_records
    assert_no_difference "Reply.count" do
      assert_no_difference "SillyUniqueReply.count" do
        reply = Reply.new
        reply.silly_unique_replies.build([
          { content: "Best content" },
          { content: "Best content" }
        ])

        assert_not reply.save
        assert_equal ["is invalid"], reply.errors[:silly_unique_replies]
        assert_empty reply.silly_unique_replies.first.errors

        assert_equal(
          ["has already been taken"],
          reply.silly_unique_replies.last.errors[:content]
        )
      end
    end
  end

  def test_invalid_build
    new_client = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.build
    assert_not_predicate new_client, :persisted?
    assert_not_predicate new_client, :valid?
    assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
    assert_not companies(:first_firm).save
    assert_not_predicate new_client, :persisted?
    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_adding_before_save
    no_of_firms = Firm.count
    no_of_clients = Client.count

    new_firm = Firm.new("name" => "A New Firm, Inc")
    c = Client.new("name" => "Apple")

    new_firm.clients_of_firm.push Client.new("name" => "Natural Company")
    assert_equal 1, new_firm.clients_of_firm.size
    new_firm.clients_of_firm << c
    assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm.size

    assert_equal no_of_firms, Firm.count      # Firm was not saved to database.
    assert_equal no_of_clients, Client.count  # Clients were not saved to database.
    assert new_firm.save
    assert_predicate new_firm, :persisted?
    assert_predicate c, :persisted?
    assert_equal new_firm, c.firm
    assert_equal no_of_firms + 1, Firm.count      # Firm was saved to database.
    assert_equal no_of_clients + 2, Client.count  # Clients were saved to database.

    assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm.size
    assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_assign_ids
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
    firm.client_ids = [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id]
    firm.save
    firm.reload
    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.length
    assert_includes firm.clients, companies(:second_client)
  end

  def test_assign_ids_for_through_a_belongs_to
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
    firm.developer_ids = [developers(:david).id, developers(:jamis).id]
    firm.save
    firm.reload
    assert_equal 2, firm.developers.length
    assert_includes firm.developers, developers(:david)
  end

  def test_build_before_save
    company = companies(:first_firm)

    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
    assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?

    company.name += "-changed"
    assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
    assert_predicate new_client, :persisted?
    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_build_many_before_save
    company = companies(:first_firm)

    assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) }

    company.name += "-changed"
    assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_build_via_block_before_save
    company = companies(:first_firm)

    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build { |client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
    assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?

    company.name += "-changed"
    assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
    assert_predicate new_client, :persisted?
    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
    company = companies(:first_firm)

    assert_queries(0) do
      company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) do |client|
        client.name = "changed"
      end
    end

    company.name += "-changed"
    assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
  end

  def test_replace_on_new_object
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "New Firm")
    firm.clients = [companies(:second_client), Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
    assert firm.save
    firm.reload
    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.length
    assert_includes firm.clients, Client.find_by_name("New Client")
  end

  def test_replace_on_duplicated_object
    firm = Firm.create!("name" => "New Firm").dup
    firm.clients = [companies(:second_client), Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
    assert firm.save
    firm.reload
    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.length
    assert_includes firm.clients, Client.find_by_name("New Client")
  end
end

class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnNewRecord < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_autosave_new_record_on_belongs_to_can_be_disabled_per_relationship
    new_account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)
    new_firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")

    assert_not_predicate new_firm, :persisted?
    new_account.firm = new_firm
    new_account.save!

    assert_predicate new_firm, :persisted?

    new_account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)
    new_autosaved_firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")

    assert_not_predicate new_autosaved_firm, :persisted?
    new_account.unautosaved_firm = new_autosaved_firm
    new_account.save!

    assert_not_predicate new_autosaved_firm, :persisted?
  end

  def test_autosave_new_record_on_has_one_can_be_disabled_per_relationship
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")
    account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)

    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    firm.account = account
    firm.save!

    assert_predicate account, :persisted?

    firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")
    account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)

    firm.unautosaved_account = account

    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    firm.unautosaved_account = account
    firm.save!

    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
  end

  def test_autosave_new_record_on_has_many_can_be_disabled_per_relationship
    firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")
    account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)

    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    firm.accounts << account

    firm.save!
    assert_predicate account, :persisted?

    firm = Firm.new("name" => "some firm")
    account = Account.new("credit_limit" => 1000)

    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
    firm.unautosaved_accounts << account

    firm.save!
    assert_not_predicate account, :persisted?
  end

  def test_autosave_new_record_with_after_create_callback
    post = PostWithAfterCreateCallback.new(title: "Captain Murphy", body: "is back")
    post.comments.build(body: "foo")
    post.save!

    assert_not_nil post.author_id
  end

  def test_autosave_new_record_with_after_create_callback_and_habtm_association
    post = PostWithAfterCreateCallback.new(title: "Captain Murphy", body: "is back")
    post.comments.build(body: "foo")
    post.categories.build(name: "bar")
    post.save!

    assert_equal 1, post.categories.reload.length
  end
end

class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false

  setup do
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @ship = @pirate.create_ship(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
  end

  teardown do
    # We are running without transactional tests and need to cleanup.
    Bird.delete_all
    Parrot.delete_all
    @ship.delete
    @pirate.delete
  end

  # reload
  def test_a_marked_for_destruction_record_should_not_be_be_marked_after_reload
    @pirate.mark_for_destruction
    @pirate.ship.mark_for_destruction

    assert_not_predicate @pirate.reload, :marked_for_destruction?
    assert_not_predicate @pirate.ship.reload, :marked_for_destruction?
  end

  # has_one
  def test_should_destroy_a_child_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destruction
    assert_not_predicate @pirate.ship, :marked_for_destruction?

    @pirate.ship.mark_for_destruction
    id = @pirate.ship.id

    assert_predicate @pirate.ship, :marked_for_destruction?
    assert Ship.find_by_id(id)

    @pirate.save
    assert_nil @pirate.reload.ship
    assert_nil Ship.find_by_id(id)
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_a_child_association_if_marked_for_destruction
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?

    @pirate.ship.mark_for_destruction
    assert_not_called(@pirate.ship, :valid?) do
      assert_difference("Ship.count", -1) { @pirate.save! }
    end
  end

  def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice
    @pirate.ship.mark_for_destruction
    assert @pirate.save
    class << @pirate.ship
      def destroy; raise "Should not be called" end
    end
    assert @pirate.save
  end

  def test_should_rollback_destructions_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving_a_child
    # Stub the save method of the @pirate.ship instance to destroy and then raise an exception
    class << @pirate.ship
      def save(**)
        super
        destroy
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"
    @ship.name_will_change!

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @pirate.save }
    assert_not_nil @pirate.reload.ship
  end

  def test_should_save_changed_has_one_changed_object_if_child_is_saved
    @pirate.ship.name = "NewName"
    assert @pirate.save
    assert_equal "NewName", @pirate.ship.reload.name
  end

  def test_should_not_save_changed_has_one_unchanged_object_if_child_is_saved
    assert_not_called(@pirate.ship, :save) do
      assert @pirate.save
    end
  end

  # belongs_to
  def test_should_destroy_a_parent_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destruction
    assert_not_predicate @ship.pirate, :marked_for_destruction?

    @ship.pirate.mark_for_destruction
    id = @ship.pirate.id

    assert_predicate @ship.pirate, :marked_for_destruction?
    assert Pirate.find_by_id(id)

    @ship.save
    assert_nil @ship.reload.pirate
    assert_nil Pirate.find_by_id(id)
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_a_parent_association_if_marked_for_destruction
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = ""
    assert_not_predicate @ship, :valid?

    @ship.pirate.mark_for_destruction
    assert_not_called(@ship.pirate, :valid?) do
      assert_difference("Pirate.count", -1) { @ship.save! }
    end
  end

  def test_a_parent_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice
    @ship.pirate.mark_for_destruction
    assert @ship.save
    class << @ship.pirate
      def destroy; raise "Should not be called" end
    end
    assert @ship.save
  end

  def test_should_rollback_destructions_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving_a_parent
    # Stub the save method of the @ship.pirate instance to destroy and then raise an exception
    class << @ship.pirate
      def save(**)
        super
        destroy
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @ship.save }
    assert_not_nil @ship.reload.pirate
  end

  def test_should_save_changed_child_objects_if_parent_is_saved
    @pirate = @ship.create_pirate(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @parrot = @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "Posideons Killer")
    @parrot.name = "NewName"
    @ship.save

    assert_equal "NewName", @parrot.reload.name
  end

  def test_should_destroy_has_many_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
    2.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create!(name: "birds_#{i}") }

    assert_not @pirate.birds.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)

    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
    klass = @pirate.birds.first.class
    ids = @pirate.birds.map(&:id)

    assert @pirate.birds.all?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
    ids.each { |id| assert klass.find_by_id(id) }

    @pirate.save
    assert_empty @pirate.reload.birds
    ids.each { |id| assert_nil klass.find_by_id(id) }
  end

  def test_should_not_resave_destroyed_association
    @pirate.birds.create!(name: :parrot)
    @pirate.birds.first.destroy
    @pirate.save!
    assert_empty @pirate.reload.birds
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_has_many_if_marked_for_destruction
    2.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create!(name: "birds_#{i}") }

    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.name = "" }
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?

    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)

    assert_not_called(@pirate.birds.first, :valid?) do
      assert_not_called(@pirate.birds.last, :valid?) do
        assert_difference("Bird.count", -2) { @pirate.save! }
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_has_many_if_destroyed
    @pirate.birds.create!(name: "birds_1")

    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.name = "" }
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?

    @pirate.birds.each(&:destroy)
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_has_many
    @pirate.birds.create!(name: "birds_1")

    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
    assert @pirate.save

    @pirate.birds.each do |bird|
      assert_not_called(bird, :destroy) do
        assert @pirate.save
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_rollback_destructions_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving_has_many
    2.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create!(name: "birds_#{i}") }
    before = @pirate.birds.map { |c| c.mark_for_destruction ; c }

    # Stub the destroy method of the second child to raise an exception
    class << before.last
      def destroy(*args)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @pirate.save }
    assert_equal before, @pirate.reload.birds
  end

  def test_when_new_record_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_affect_other_records_from_saving
    @pirate = @ship.build_pirate(catchphrase: "Arr' now I shall keep me eye on you matey!") # new record

    3.times { |i| @pirate.birds.build(name: "birds_#{i}") }
    @pirate.birds[1].mark_for_destruction
    @pirate.save!

    assert_equal 2, @pirate.birds.reload.length
  end

  def test_should_save_new_record_that_has_same_value_as_existing_record_marked_for_destruction_on_field_that_has_unique_index
    Bird.connection.add_index :birds, :name, unique: true

    3.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create(name: "unique_birds_#{i}") }

    @pirate.birds[0].mark_for_destruction
    @pirate.birds.build(name: @pirate.birds[0].name)
    @pirate.save!

    assert_equal 3, @pirate.birds.reload.length
  ensure
    Bird.connection.remove_index :birds, column: :name
  end

  # Add and remove callbacks tests for association collections.
  %w{ method proc }.each do |callback_type|
    define_method("test_should_run_add_callback_#{callback_type}s_for_has_many") do
      association_name_with_callbacks = "birds_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"

      pirate = Pirate.new(catchphrase: "Arr")
      pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).build(name: "Crowe the One-Eyed")

      expected = [
        "before_adding_#{callback_type}_bird_<new>",
        "after_adding_#{callback_type}_bird_<new>"
      ]

      assert_equal expected, pirate.ship_log
    end

    define_method("test_should_run_remove_callback_#{callback_type}s_for_has_many") do
      association_name_with_callbacks = "birds_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"

      @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(name: "Crowe the One-Eyed")
      @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
      child_id = @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id

      @pirate.ship_log.clear
      @pirate.save

      expected = [
        "before_removing_#{callback_type}_bird_#{child_id}",
        "after_removing_#{callback_type}_bird_#{child_id}"
      ]

      assert_equal expected, @pirate.ship_log
    end
  end

  def test_should_destroy_habtm_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
    2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "parrots_#{i}") }

    assert_not @pirate.parrots.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)

    assert_no_difference "Parrot.count" do
      @pirate.save
    end

    assert_empty @pirate.reload.parrots

    join_records = Pirate.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM parrots_pirates WHERE pirate_id = #{@pirate.id}")
    assert_empty join_records
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_habtm_if_marked_for_destruction
    2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "parrots_#{i}") }

    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = "" }
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?

    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.mark_for_destruction }

    assert_not_called(@pirate.parrots.first, :valid?) do
      assert_not_called(@pirate.parrots.last, :valid?) do
        @pirate.save!
      end
    end

    assert_empty @pirate.reload.parrots
  end

  def test_should_skip_validation_on_habtm_if_destroyed
    @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "parrots_1")

    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = "" }
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?

    @pirate.parrots.each(&:destroy)
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_habtm
    @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "parrots_1")

    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
    assert @pirate.save

    Pirate.transaction do
      assert_no_queries do
        assert @pirate.save
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_rollback_destructions_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving_habtm
    2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(name: "parrots_#{i}") }
    before = @pirate.parrots.map { |c| c.mark_for_destruction ; c }

    class << @pirate.association(:parrots)
      def destroy(*args)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @pirate.save }
    assert_equal before, @pirate.reload.parrots
  end

  # Add and remove callbacks tests for association collections.
  %w{ method proc }.each do |callback_type|
    define_method("test_should_run_add_callback_#{callback_type}s_for_habtm") do
      association_name_with_callbacks = "parrots_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"

      pirate = Pirate.new(catchphrase: "Arr")
      pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).build(name: "Crowe the One-Eyed")

      expected = [
        "before_adding_#{callback_type}_parrot_<new>",
        "after_adding_#{callback_type}_parrot_<new>"
      ]

      assert_equal expected, pirate.ship_log
    end

    define_method("test_should_run_remove_callback_#{callback_type}s_for_habtm") do
      association_name_with_callbacks = "parrots_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"

      @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(name: "Crowe the One-Eyed")
      @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
      child_id = @pirate.public_send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id

      @pirate.ship_log.clear
      @pirate.save

      expected = [
        "before_removing_#{callback_type}_parrot_#{child_id}",
        "after_removing_#{callback_type}_parrot_#{child_id}"
      ]

      assert_equal expected, @pirate.ship_log
    end
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @ship = @pirate.create_ship(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
  end

  def test_should_still_work_without_an_associated_model
    @ship.destroy
    @pirate.reload.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @pirate.save
    assert_equal "Arr", @pirate.reload.catchphrase
  end

  def test_should_automatically_save_the_associated_model
    @pirate.ship.name = "The Vile Serpent"
    @pirate.save
    assert_equal "The Vile Serpent", @pirate.reload.ship.name
  end

  def test_changed_for_autosave_should_handle_cycles
    @ship.pirate = @pirate
    assert_no_queries { @ship.save! }

    @parrot = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "some_name")
    @parrot.name = "changed_name"
    assert_queries(1) { @ship.save! }
    assert_no_queries { @ship.save! }
  end

  def test_should_automatically_save_bang_the_associated_model
    @pirate.ship.name = "The Vile Serpent"
    @pirate.save!
    assert_equal "The Vile Serpent", @pirate.reload.ship.name
  end

  def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_model
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    assert_predicate @pirate, :invalid?
    assert_predicate @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"], :any?
  end

  def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_models_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
    @pirate.ship.name   = nil
    @pirate.catchphrase = nil
    assert_predicate @pirate, :invalid?
    assert_predicate @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"], :any?
    assert_predicate @pirate.errors[:catchphrase], :any?
  end

  def test_should_not_ignore_different_error_messages_on_the_same_attribute
    old_validators = Ship._validators.deep_dup
    old_callbacks = Ship._validate_callbacks.deep_dup
    Ship.validates_format_of :name, with: /\w/
    @pirate.ship.name   = ""
    @pirate.catchphrase = nil
    assert_predicate @pirate, :invalid?
    assert_equal ["can't be blank", "is invalid"], @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"]
  ensure
    Ship._validators = old_validators if old_validators
    Ship._validate_callbacks = old_callbacks if old_callbacks
  end

  def test_should_still_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_model
    @pirate.catchphrase = ""
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    @pirate.save(validate: false)
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      assert_equal [nil, nil], [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name]
    else
      assert_equal ["", ""], [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name]
    end
  end

  def test_should_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_associated_models_at_any_depth
    2.times { |i| @pirate.ship.parts.create!(name: "part #{i}") }

    @pirate.catchphrase = ""
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    @pirate.ship.parts.each { |part| part.name = "" }
    @pirate.save(validate: false)

    values = [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name, *@pirate.ship.parts.map(&:name)]
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      assert_equal [nil, nil, nil, nil], values
    else
      assert_equal ["", "", "", ""], values
    end
  end

  def test_should_still_raise_an_ActiveRecordRecord_Invalid_exception_if_we_want_that
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
      @pirate.save!
    end
  end

  def test_should_not_save_and_return_false_if_a_callback_cancelled_saving
    pirate = Pirate.new(catchphrase: "Arr")
    ship = pirate.build_ship(name: "The Vile Serpent")
    ship.cancel_save_from_callback = true

    assert_no_difference "Pirate.count" do
      assert_no_difference "Ship.count" do
        assert_not pirate.save
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_rollback_any_changes_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving
    before = [@pirate.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name]

    @pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @pirate.ship.name = "The Vile Serpent"

    # Stub the save method of the @pirate.ship instance to raise an exception
    class << @pirate.ship
      def save(**)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @pirate.save }
    assert_equal before, [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name]
  end

  def test_should_not_load_the_associated_model
    assert_queries(1) { @pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"; @pirate.save! }
  end

  def test_mark_for_destruction_is_ignored_without_autosave_true
    ship = ShipWithoutNestedAttributes.new(name: "The Black Flag")
    ship.parts.build.mark_for_destruction

    assert_not_predicate ship, :valid?
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneThroughAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def create_member_with_organization
    organization = Organization.create
    member = Member.create
    MemberDetail.create(organization: organization, member: member)

    member
  end

  def test_should_not_has_one_through_model
    member = create_member_with_organization

    class << member.organization
      def save(**)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end
    assert_nothing_raised { member.save }
  end

  def create_author_with_post_with_comment
    Author.create! name: "David" # make comment_id not match author_id
    author = Author.create! name: "Sergiy"
    post = Post.create! author: author, title: "foo", body: "bar"
    Comment.create! post: post, body: "cool comment"

    author
  end

  def test_should_not_reversed_has_one_through_model
    author = create_author_with_post_with_comment

    class << author.comment_on_first_post
      def save(**)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end
    assert_nothing_raised { author.save }
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @ship = Ship.create(name: "Nights Dirty Lightning")
    @pirate = @ship.create_pirate(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
  end

  def test_should_still_work_without_an_associated_model
    @pirate.destroy
    @ship.reload.name = "The Vile Serpent"
    @ship.save
    assert_equal "The Vile Serpent", @ship.reload.name
  end

  def test_should_automatically_save_the_associated_model
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @ship.save
    assert_equal "Arr", @ship.reload.pirate.catchphrase
  end

  def test_should_automatically_save_bang_the_associated_model
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @ship.save!
    assert_equal "Arr", @ship.reload.pirate.catchphrase
  end

  def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_model
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = ""
    assert_predicate @ship, :invalid?
    assert_predicate @ship.errors[:"pirate.catchphrase"], :any?
  end

  def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_model_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
    @ship.name = nil
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = nil
    assert_predicate @ship, :invalid?
    assert_predicate @ship.errors[:name], :any?
    assert_predicate @ship.errors[:"pirate.catchphrase"], :any?
  end

  def test_should_still_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_model
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = ""
    @ship.name = ""
    @ship.save(validate: false)
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      assert_equal [nil, nil], [@ship.reload.name, @ship.pirate.catchphrase]
    else
      assert_equal ["", ""], [@ship.reload.name, @ship.pirate.catchphrase]
    end
  end

  def test_should_still_raise_an_ActiveRecordRecord_Invalid_exception_if_we_want_that
    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = ""
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
      @ship.save!
    end
  end

  def test_should_not_save_and_return_false_if_a_callback_cancelled_saving
    ship = Ship.new(name: "The Vile Serpent")
    pirate = ship.build_pirate(catchphrase: "Arr")
    pirate.cancel_save_from_callback = true

    assert_no_difference "Ship.count" do
      assert_no_difference "Pirate.count" do
        assert_not ship.save
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_rollback_any_changes_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving
    before = [@ship.pirate.catchphrase, @ship.name]

    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @ship.name = "The Vile Serpent"

    # Stub the save method of the @ship.pirate instance to raise an exception
    class << @ship.pirate
      def save(**)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @ship.save }
    assert_equal before, [@ship.pirate.reload.catchphrase, @ship.reload.name]
  end

  def test_should_not_load_the_associated_model
    assert_queries(1) { @ship.name = "The Vile Serpent"; @ship.save! }
  end

  def test_should_save_with_non_nullable_foreign_keys
    parent = Post.new title: "foo", body: "..."
    child = parent.comments.build body: "..."
    child.save!
    assert_equal child.reload.post, parent.reload
  end
end

module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
  def test_should_automatically_save_the_associated_models
    new_names = ["Grace OMalley", "Privateers Greed"]
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each_with_index { |child, i| child.name = new_names[i] }

    @pirate.save
    assert_equal new_names.sort, @pirate.reload.public_send(@association_name).map(&:name).sort
  end

  def test_should_automatically_save_bang_the_associated_models
    new_names = ["Grace OMalley", "Privateers Greed"]
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each_with_index { |child, i| child.name = new_names[i] }

    @pirate.save!
    assert_equal new_names.sort, @pirate.reload.public_send(@association_name).map(&:name).sort
  end

  def test_should_update_children_when_autosave_is_true_and_parent_is_new_but_child_is_not
    parrot = Parrot.create!(name: "Polly")
    parrot.name = "Squawky"
    pirate = Pirate.new(parrots: [parrot], catchphrase: "Arrrr")

    pirate.save!

    assert_equal "Squawky", parrot.reload.name
  end

  def test_should_not_update_children_when_parent_creation_with_no_reason
    parrot = Parrot.create!(name: "Polly")
    assert_equal 0, parrot.updated_count

    Pirate.create!(parrot_ids: [parrot.id], catchphrase: "Arrrr")
    assert_equal 0, parrot.reload.updated_count
  end

  def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_models
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = "" }

    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
    assert_empty @pirate.errors[@association_name]
  end

  def test_should_not_use_default_invalid_error_on_associated_models
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).build(name: "")

    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
    assert_empty @pirate.errors[@association_name]
  end

  def test_should_default_invalid_error_from_i18n
    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, activerecord: { errors: { models:
      { @associated_model_name.to_s.to_sym => { blank: "cannot be blank" } }
    } })

    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).build(name: "")

    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.humanize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
    assert_empty @pirate.errors[@association_name]
  ensure
    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
  end

  def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_models_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = "" }
    @pirate.catchphrase = nil

    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
    assert_predicate @pirate.errors[:catchphrase], :any?
  end

  def test_should_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_models_on_update
    @pirate.catchphrase = ""
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = "" }

    assert @pirate.save(validate: false)
    # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      assert_equal [nil, nil, nil], [
        @pirate.reload.catchphrase,
        @pirate.public_send(@association_name).first.name,
        @pirate.public_send(@association_name).last.name
      ]
    else
      assert_equal ["", "", ""], [
        @pirate.reload.catchphrase,
        @pirate.public_send(@association_name).first.name,
        @pirate.public_send(@association_name).last.name
      ]
    end
  end

  def test_should_validation_the_associated_models_on_create
    assert_no_difference("#{ @association_name == :birds ? 'Bird' : 'Parrot' }.count") do
      2.times { @pirate.public_send(@association_name).build }
      @pirate.save
    end
  end

  def test_should_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_models_on_create
    assert_difference("#{ @association_name == :birds ? 'Bird' : 'Parrot' }.count", 2) do
      2.times { @pirate.public_send(@association_name).build }
      @pirate.save(validate: false)
    end
  end

  def test_should_not_save_and_return_false_if_a_callback_cancelled_saving_in_either_create_or_update
    @pirate.catchphrase = "Changed"
    @child_1.name = "Changed"
    @child_1.cancel_save_from_callback = true

    assert_not @pirate.save
    assert_equal "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?", @pirate.reload.catchphrase
    assert_equal "Posideons Killer", @child_1.reload.name

    new_pirate = Pirate.new(catchphrase: "Arr")
    new_child = new_pirate.public_send(@association_name).build(name: "Grace OMalley")
    new_child.cancel_save_from_callback = true

    assert_no_difference "Pirate.count" do
      assert_no_difference "#{new_child.class.name}.count" do
        assert_not new_pirate.save
      end
    end
  end

  def test_should_rollback_any_changes_if_an_exception_occurred_while_saving
    before = [@pirate.catchphrase, *@pirate.public_send(@association_name).map(&:name)]
    new_names = ["Grace OMalley", "Privateers Greed"]

    @pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each_with_index { |child, i| child.name = new_names[i] }

    # Stub the save method of the first child instance to raise an exception
    class << @pirate.public_send(@association_name).first
      def save(**)
        super
        raise "Oh noes!"
      end
    end

    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert_not @pirate.save }
    assert_equal before, [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, *@pirate.send(@association_name).map(&:name)]
  end

  def test_should_still_raise_an_ActiveRecordRecord_Invalid_exception_if_we_want_that
    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = "" }
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
      @pirate.save!
    end
  end

  def test_should_not_load_the_associated_models_if_they_were_not_loaded_yet
    assert_queries(1) { @pirate.catchphrase = "Arr"; @pirate.save! }

    @pirate.public_send(@association_name).load_target

    assert_queries(3) do
      @pirate.catchphrase = "Yarr"
      new_names = ["Grace OMalley", "Privateers Greed"]
      @pirate.public_send(@association_name).each_with_index { |child, i| child.name = new_names[i] }
      @pirate.save!
    end
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @association_name = :birds
    @associated_model_name = :bird

    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @child_1 = @pirate.birds.create(name: "Posideons Killer")
    @child_2 = @pirate.birds.create(name: "Killer bandita Dionne")
  end

  include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @association_name = :autosaved_parrots
    @associated_model_name = :parrot
    @habtm = true

    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "Posideons Killer")
    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "Killer bandita Dionne")
  end

  include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @association_name = :parrots
    @associated_model_name = :parrot
    @habtm = true

    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "Posideons Killer")
    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "Killer bandita Dionne")
  end

  include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @pirate.birds.create(name: "cookoo")

    @author = Author.new(name: "DHH")
    @author.published_books.build(name: "Rework", isbn: "1234")
    @author.published_books.build(name: "Remote", isbn: "1234")
  end

  test "should automatically validate associations" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.name = "" }

    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  test "rollbacks whole transaction and raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid when associations fail to #save! due to uniqueness validation failure" do
    author_count_before_save = Author.count
    book_count_before_save = Book.count

    assert_no_difference "Author.count" do
      assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
        exception = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
          @author.save!
        end

        assert_equal("Validation failed: Published books is invalid", exception.message)
      end
    end

    assert_equal(author_count_before_save, Author.count)
    assert_equal(book_count_before_save, Book.count)
  end

  test "rollbacks whole transaction when associations fail to #save due to uniqueness validation failure" do
    author_count_before_save = Author.count
    book_count_before_save = Book.count

    assert_no_difference "Author.count" do
      assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
        assert_nothing_raised do
          result = @author.save

          assert_not(result)
        end
      end
    end

    assert_equal(author_count_before_save, Author.count)
    assert_equal(book_count_before_save, Book.count)
  end

  def test_validations_still_fire_on_unchanged_association_with_custom_validation_context
    pirate = FamousPirate.create!(catchphrase: "Avast Ye!")
    pirate.famous_ships.create!

    assert pirate.valid?
    assert_not pirate.valid?(:conference)
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
    @pirate.create_ship(name: "titanic")
    super
  end

  test "should automatically validate associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.ship.name = ""
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  test "should not automatically add validate associations without :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.non_validated_ship.name = ""
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
  end

  test "should automatically validate associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.parrot = Parrot.new(name: "")
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  test "should not automatically validate associations without :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.non_validated_parrot = Parrot.new(name: "")
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  def test_validations_still_fire_on_unchanged_association_with_custom_validation_context
    firm_with_low_credit = Firm.create!(name: "Something", account: Account.new(credit_limit: 50))

    assert firm_with_low_credit.valid?
    assert_not firm_with_low_credit.valid?(:bank_loan)
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHABTMAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
  end

  test "should automatically validate associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.parrots = [ Parrot.new(name: "popuga") ]
    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = "" }
    assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end

  test "should not automatically validate associations without :validate => true" do
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
    @pirate.non_validated_parrots = [ Parrot.new(name: "popuga") ]
    @pirate.non_validated_parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = "" }
    assert_predicate @pirate, :valid?
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationMethodsGeneration < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?

  def setup
    super
    @pirate = Pirate.new
  end

  test "should generate validation methods for has_many associations" do
    assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_birds
  end

  test "should generate validation methods for has_one associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_ship
  end

  test "should not generate validation methods for has_one associations without :validate => true" do
    assert_not_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_non_validated_ship
  end

  test "should generate validation methods for belongs_to associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_parrot
  end

  test "should not generate validation methods for belongs_to associations without :validate => true" do
    assert_not_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_non_validated_parrot
  end

  test "should generate validation methods for HABTM associations with :validate => true" do
    assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_parrots
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationWithTouch < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_autosave_with_touch_should_not_raise_system_stack_error
    invoice = Invoice.create
    assert_nothing_raised { invoice.line_items.create(amount: 10) }
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithInverse < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :comments, inverse_of: :post
  end

  class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :post, inverse_of: :comments

    attr_accessor :post_comments_count
    after_save do
      self.post_comments_count = post.comments.count
    end
  end

  def setup
    Comment.delete_all
  end

  def test_after_save_callback_with_autosave
    post = Post.new(title: "Test", body: "...")
    comment = post.comments.build(body: "...")
    post.save!

    assert_equal 1, post.comments.count
    assert_equal 1, comment.post_comments_count
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationDefinedInSubclassWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_should_update_children_when_association_redefined_in_subclass
    agency = Agency.create!(name: "Agency")
    valid_project = Project.create!(firm: agency, name: "Initial")
    agency.update!(
      "projects_attributes" => {
        "0" => {
          "name" => "Updated",
          "id" => valid_project.id
        }
      }
    )
    valid_project.reload

    assert_equal "Updated", valid_project.name
  end
end

class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociationDefinedAsRecord < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_should_not_raise_error
    translation = Translation.create(locale: "fr", key: "bread", value: "Baguette 🥖")
    author = Author.create(name: "Dorian Marié")
    translation.build_attachment(record: author)
    assert_nothing_raised do
      translation.save!
    end
  end
end

base.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_support/benchmarkable"
require "active_support/dependencies"
require "active_support/descendants_tracker"
require "active_support/time"
require "active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses"
require "active_record/log_subscriber"
require "active_record/explain_subscriber"
require "active_record/relation/delegation"
require "active_record/attributes"
require "active_record/type_caster"
require "active_record/database_configurations"

module ActiveRecord # :nodoc:
  # = Active Record
  #
  # Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from
  # the table definition with which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes
  # and their type is done directly in the database. Any change is instantly reflected in the
  # Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain
  # database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
  #
  # See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/activerecord/README_rdoc.html for more insight.
  #
  # == Creation
  #
  # Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash
  # method is especially useful when you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an
  # HTTP request. It works like this:
  #
  #   user = User.new(name: "David", occupation: "Code Artist")
  #   user.name # => "David"
  #
  # You can also use block initialization:
  #
  #   user = User.new do |u|
  #     u.name = "David"
  #     u.occupation = "Code Artist"
  #   end
  #
  # And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
  #
  #   user = User.new
  #   user.name = "David"
  #   user.occupation = "Code Artist"
  #
  # == Conditions
  #
  # Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement.
  # The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can
  # be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. The hash form works much like the array form, except
  # only equality and range is possible. Examples:
  #
  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
  #       where("user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'").first
  #     end
  #
  #     def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
  #       where("user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password).first
  #     end
  #
  #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
  #       where(user_name: user_name, password: password).first
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query
  # and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
  # parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt> and
  # <tt>authenticate_safely_simply</tt> both will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
  # before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the
  # query and fake the login (or worse).
  #
  # When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly
  # what the fourth or fifth question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can
  # resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing the question marks with
  # symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys:
  #
  #   Company.where(
  #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
  #     { id: 3, name: "37signals", division: "First", accounting_date: '2005-01-01' }
  #   ).first
  #
  # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
  # operator. For instance:
  #
  #   Student.where(first_name: "Harvey", status: 1)
  #   Student.where(params[:student])
  #
  # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
  #
  #   Student.where(grade: 9..12)
  #
  # An array may be used in the hash to use the SQL IN operator:
  #
  #   Student.where(grade: [9,11,12])
  #
  # When joining tables, nested hashes or keys written in the form 'table_name.column_name'
  # can be used to qualify the table name of a particular condition. For instance:
  #
  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(schools: { category: 'public' })
  #   Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.category' => 'public' )
  #
  # == Overwriting default accessors
  #
  # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record
  # object, but sometimes you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting
  # the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) and calling
  # +super+ to actually change things.
  #
  #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
  #
  #     def length=(minutes)
  #       super(minutes.to_i * 60)
  #     end
  #
  #     def length
  #       super / 60
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # == Attribute query methods
  #
  # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
  # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
  # Additionally, when dealing with numeric values, a query method will return false if the value is zero.
  #
  # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
  # to determine whether the user has a name:
  #
  #   user = User.new(name: "David")
  #   user.name? # => true
  #
  #   anonymous = User.new(name: "")
  #   anonymous.name? # => false
  #
  # Query methods will also respect any overrides of default accessors:
  #
  #   class User
  #     # Has admin boolean column
  #     def admin
  #       false
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  #   user.update(admin: true)
  #
  #   user.read_attribute(:admin)  # => true, gets the column value
  #   user[:admin] # => true, also gets the column value
  #
  #   user.admin   # => false, due to the getter override
  #   user.admin?  # => false, due to the getter override
  #
  # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
  #
  # Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined
  # typecast run its course first. That can be done by using the <tt><attribute>_before_type_cast</tt>
  # accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model has a <tt>balance</tt> attribute,
  # you can call <tt>account.balance_before_type_cast</tt> or <tt>account.id_before_type_cast</tt>.
  #
  # This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an
  # integer field and you want to display the original string back in an error message. Accessing the
  # attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you want.
  #
  # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
  #
  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a mildly deprecated way of getting (and/or creating) objects
  # by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by appending the name of an attribute
  # to <tt>find_by_</tt> like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>.
  # Instead of writing <tt>Person.find_by(user_name: user_name)</tt>, you can use
  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
  #
  # It's possible to add an exclamation point (!) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an
  # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error if they do not return any records,
  # like <tt>Person.find_by_last_name!</tt>.
  #
  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same <tt>find_by_</tt> by separating them with
  # "_and_".
  #
  #  Person.find_by(user_name: user_name, password: password)
  #  Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) # with dynamic finder
  #
  # It's even possible to call these dynamic finder methods on relations and named scopes.
  #
  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_by_amount(50)
  #
  # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
  #
  # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must
  # specify this with a call to the class method
  # {serialize}[rdoc-ref:AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods#serialize].
  # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing
  # any additional work.
  #
  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     serialize :preferences
  #   end
  #
  #   user = User.create(preferences: { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
  #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
  #
  # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception
  # if a serialized object is retrieved as a descendant of a class not in the hierarchy.
  #
  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     serialize :preferences, Hash
  #   end
  #
  #   user = User.create(preferences: %w( one two three ))
  #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
  #
  # When you specify a class option, the default value for that attribute will be a new
  # instance of that class.
  #
  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     serialize :preferences, OpenStruct
  #   end
  #
  #   user = User.new
  #   user.preferences.theme_color = "red"
  #
  #
  # == Single table inheritance
  #
  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a
  # column that is named "type" by default. See ActiveRecord::Inheritance for
  # more details.
  #
  # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
  #
  # Connections are usually created through
  # {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] and retrieved
  # by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this
  # connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is an
  # ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say <tt>Course.establish_connection</tt>
  # and Course and all of its subclasses will use this connection instead.
  #
  # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is
  # a hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the
  # {ActiveRecord::Base.retrieve_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#retrieve_connection] method
  # will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
  #
  # == Exceptions
  #
  # * ActiveRecordError - Generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record.
  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in
  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
  #   didn't include an <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in
  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
  #   specified a non-existent adapter
  #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
  # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
  #   specified in the association definition.
  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
  #   triggered the error.
  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established.
  #   Use {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] before querying.
  # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
  #   The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
  #   AttributeAssignmentError
  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
  # * RecordInvalid - raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] and
  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
  #   when the record is invalid.
  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] method.
  #   Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
  #   Some {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] calls do not raise this exception to signal
  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
  #
  # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
  # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through <tt>Base.logger=</tt> which will then be used by all
  # instances in the current object space.
  class Base
    extend ActiveModel::Naming

    extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
    extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker

    extend ConnectionHandling
    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
    extend Querying
    extend Translation
    extend DynamicMatchers
    extend DelegatedType
    extend Explain
    extend Enum
    extend Delegation::DelegateCache
    extend Aggregations::ClassMethods

    include Core
    include Persistence
    include ReadonlyAttributes
    include ModelSchema
    include Inheritance
    include Scoping
    include Sanitization
    include AttributeAssignment
    include ActiveModel::Conversion
    include Integration
    include Validations
    include CounterCache
    include Attributes
    include Locking::Optimistic
    include Locking::Pessimistic
    include AttributeMethods
    include Callbacks
    include Timestamp
    include Associations
    include SecurePassword
    include AutosaveAssociation
    include NestedAttributes
    include Transactions
    include TouchLater
    include NoTouching
    include Reflection
    include Serialization
    include Store
    include SecureToken
    include SignedId
    include Suppressor
    include Encryption::EncryptableRecord
  end

  ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
end

base_prevent_writes_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/bird"

class BasePreventWritesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  if !in_memory_db?
    test "creating a record raises if preventing writes" do
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
          Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
        end

        assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, error.message
      end
    end

    test "updating a record raises if preventing writes" do
      bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
          bird.update! name: "Robin"
        end

        assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: UPDATE /, error.message
      end
    end

    test "deleting a record raises if preventing writes" do
      bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
          bird.destroy!
        end

        assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: DELETE /, error.message
      end
    end

    test "selecting a record does not raise if preventing writes" do
      bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_equal bird, Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").last
      end
    end

    test "an explain query does not raise if preventing writes" do
      Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_queries(2) { Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").explain }
      end
    end

    test "an empty transaction does not raise if preventing writes" do
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert_queries(2, ignore_none: true) do
          Bird.transaction do
            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.materialize_transactions
          end
        end
      end
    end

    test "preventing writes applies to all connections in block" do
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        conn1_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
          assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Bird.connection
          assert_not_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Bird.connection
          Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
        end

        assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn1_error.message
      end

      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        conn2_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
          assert_not_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Professor.connection
          assert_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Professor.connection
          Professor.create!(name: "Professor Bluejay")
        end

        assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn2_error.message
      end
    end

    test "current_preventing_writes" do
      ActiveRecord::Base.while_preventing_writes do
        assert ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes, "expected connection current_preventing_writes to return true"
      end
    end
  end

  class BasePreventWritesLegacyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    def setup
      @old_value = ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
      ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = true
      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
      ARUnit2Model.establish_connection :arunit2
    end

    def teardown
      clean_up_legacy_connection_handlers
      ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = @old_value
    end

    if !in_memory_db?
      test "creating a record raises if preventing writes" do
        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, error.message
        end
      end

      test "updating a record raises if preventing writes" do
        bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            bird.update! name: "Robin"
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: UPDATE /, error.message
        end
      end

      test "deleting a record raises if preventing writes" do
        bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            bird.destroy!
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: DELETE /, error.message
        end
      end

      test "selecting a record does not raise if preventing writes" do
        bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"

        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          assert_equal bird, Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").last
        end
      end

      test "an explain query does not raise if preventing writes" do
        Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")

        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          assert_queries(2) { Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").explain }
        end
      end

      test "an empty transaction does not raise if preventing writes" do
        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          assert_queries(2, ignore_none: true) do
            Bird.transaction do
              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.materialize_transactions
            end
          end
        end
      end

      test "preventing writes applies to all connections on a handler" do
        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          conn1_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Bird.connection
            assert_not_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Bird.connection
            Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn1_error.message
        end

        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          conn2_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            assert_not_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Professor.connection
            assert_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Professor.connection
            Professor.create!(name: "Professor Bluejay")
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn2_error.message
        end
      end

      test "preventing writes with multiple handlers" do
        ActiveRecord::Base.connects_to(database: { writing: :arunit, reading: :arunit })

        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
          conn1_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role

            ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
              Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
            end
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn1_error.message
        end

        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
          conn2_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
            assert_equal :reading, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role

            ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
              Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
            end
          end

          assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn2_error.message
        end
      end

      test "current_preventing_writes" do
        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
          assert ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes, "expected connection current_preventing_writes to return true"
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

base_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/post"
require "models/author"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/category"
require "models/categorization"
require "models/company"
require "models/customer"
require "models/developer"
require "models/computer"
require "models/project"
require "models/default"
require "models/auto_id"
require "models/column_name"
require "models/subscriber"
require "models/comment"
require "models/minimalistic"
require "models/warehouse_thing"
require "models/parrot"
require "models/person"
require "models/edge"
require "models/joke"
require "models/bird"
require "models/car"
require "models/bulb"
require "models/pet"
require "models/owner"
require "concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch"
require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"

class FirstAbstractClass < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true

  connects_to database: { writing: :arunit, reading: :arunit }
end

class SecondAbstractClass < FirstAbstractClass
  self.abstract_class = true

  connects_to database: { writing: :arunit, reading: :arunit }
end

class ThirdAbstractClass < SecondAbstractClass
  self.abstract_class = true
end

class Photo < SecondAbstractClass; end
class Smarts < ActiveRecord::Base; end
class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
  class PinNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
    class CvvCode < ActiveRecord::Base; end
    class SubCvvCode < CvvCode; end
  end
  class SubPinNumber < PinNumber; end
  class Brand < Category; end
end
class MasterCreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base; end
class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base; end
class TestOracleDefault < ActiveRecord::Base; end

class ReadonlyTitlePost < Post
  attr_readonly :title
end

class Weird < ActiveRecord::Base; end

class LintTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests

  class LintModel < ActiveRecord::Base; end

  def setup
    @model = LintModel.new
  end
end

class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, "warehouse-things", :authors, :author_addresses, :categorizations, :categories, :posts

  def test_generated_association_methods_module_name
    mod = Post.send(:generated_association_methods)
    assert_equal "Post::GeneratedAssociationMethods", mod.inspect
  end

  def test_generated_relation_methods_module_name
    mod = Post.send(:generated_relation_methods)
    assert_equal "Post::GeneratedRelationMethods", mod.inspect
  end

  def test_arel_attribute_normalization
    assert_equal Post.arel_table["body"], Post.arel_table[:body]
    assert_equal Post.arel_table["body"], Post.arel_table[:text]
  end

  def test_incomplete_schema_loading
    topic = Topic.first
    payload = { foo: 42 }
    topic.update!(content: payload)

    Topic.reset_column_information

    Topic.connection.stub(:lookup_cast_type_from_column, ->(_) { raise "Some Error" }) do
      assert_raises RuntimeError do
        Topic.columns_hash
      end
    end

    assert_equal payload, Topic.first.content
  end

  def test_column_names_are_escaped
    conn      = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    classname = conn.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
    badchar   = {
      "SQLite3Adapter"    => '"',
      "Mysql2Adapter"     => "`",
      "PostgreSQLAdapter" => '"',
      "OracleAdapter"     => '"',
    }.fetch(classname) {
      raise "need a bad char for #{classname}"
    }

    quoted = conn.quote_column_name "foo#{badchar}bar"
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      # Oracle does not allow double quotes in table and column names at all
      # therefore quoting removes them
      assert_equal("#{badchar}foobar#{badchar}", quoted)
    else
      assert_equal("#{badchar}foo#{badchar * 2}bar#{badchar}", quoted)
    end
  end

  def test_columns_should_obey_set_primary_key
    pk = Subscriber.columns_hash[Subscriber.primary_key]
    assert_equal "nick", pk.name, "nick should be primary key"
  end

  def test_primary_key_with_no_id
    assert_nil Edge.primary_key
  end

  def test_primary_key_and_references_columns_should_be_identical_type
    pk = Author.columns_hash["id"]
    ref = Post.columns_hash["author_id"]

    assert_equal pk.sql_type, ref.sql_type
  end

  def test_many_mutations
    car = Car.new name: "<3<3<3"
    car.engines_count = 0
    20_000.times { car.engines_count += 1 }
    assert car.save
  end

  def test_limit_without_comma
    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit("1").to_a.length
    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).to_a.length
  end

  def test_limit_should_take_value_from_latest_limit
    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(2).limit(1).to_a.length
  end

  def test_invalid_limit
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
      Topic.limit("asdfadf").to_a
    end
  end

  def test_limit_should_sanitize_sql_injection_for_limit_without_commas
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
      Topic.limit("1 select * from schema").to_a
    end
  end

  def test_limit_should_sanitize_sql_injection_for_limit_with_commas
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
      Topic.limit("1, 7 procedure help()").to_a
    end
  end

  def test_select_symbol
    topic_ids = Topic.select(:id).map(&:id).sort
    assert_equal Topic.pluck(:id).sort, topic_ids
  end

  def test_table_exists
    assert_not_predicate NonExistentTable, :table_exists?
    assert_predicate Topic, :table_exists?
  end

  def test_preserving_date_objects
    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
    assert_kind_of(
      Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
      "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
    )
  end

  def test_previously_changed
    topic = Topic.first
    topic.title = "<3<3<3"
    assert_equal({}, topic.previous_changes)

    topic.save!
    expected = ["The First Topic", "<3<3<3"]
    assert_equal(expected, topic.previous_changes["title"])
  end

  def test_previously_changed_dup
    topic = Topic.first
    topic.title = "<3<3<3"
    topic.save!

    t2 = topic.dup

    assert_equal(topic.previous_changes, t2.previous_changes)

    topic.title = "lolwut"
    topic.save!

    assert_not_equal(topic.previous_changes, t2.previous_changes)
  end

  def test_preserving_time_objects
    assert_kind_of(
      Time, Topic.find(1).bonus_time,
      "The bonus_time attribute should be of the Time class"
    )

    assert_kind_of(
      Time, Topic.find(1).written_on,
      "The written_on attribute should be of the Time class"
    )

    # For adapters which support microsecond resolution.
    if supports_datetime_with_precision?
      assert_equal 11, Topic.find(1).written_on.sec
      assert_equal 223300, Topic.find(1).written_on.usec
      assert_equal 9900, Topic.find(2).written_on.usec
      assert_equal 129346, Topic.find(3).written_on.usec
    end
  end

  def test_preserving_time_objects_with_local_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
    with_env_tz eastern_time_zone do
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        time = Time.local(2000)
        topic = Topic.create("written_on" => time)
        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
        assert_equal time, saved_time
        assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "EST"], time.to_a
        assert_equal [0, 0, 5, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], saved_time.to_a
      end
    end
  end

  def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
    with_env_tz eastern_time_zone do
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        Time.use_zone "Central Time (US & Canada)" do
          time = Time.zone.local(2000)
          topic = Topic.create("written_on" => time)
          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
          assert_equal time, saved_time
          assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "CST"], time.to_a
          assert_equal [0, 0, 6, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], saved_time.to_a
        end
      end
    end
  end

  def test_preserving_time_objects_with_utc_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
    with_env_tz eastern_time_zone do
      with_timezone_config default: :local do
        time = Time.utc(2000)
        topic = Topic.create("written_on" => time)
        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
        assert_equal time, saved_time
        assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
        assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
      end
    end
  end

  def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
    with_env_tz eastern_time_zone do
      with_timezone_config default: :local do
        Time.use_zone "Central Time (US & Canada)" do
          time = Time.zone.local(2000)
          topic = Topic.create("written_on" => time)
          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
          assert_equal time, saved_time
          assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "CST"], time.to_a
          assert_equal [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
        end
      end
    end
  end

  def test_time_zone_aware_attribute_with_default_timezone_utc_on_utc_can_be_created
    with_env_tz eastern_time_zone do
      with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, default: :utc, zone: "UTC" do
        pet = Pet.create(name: "Bidu")
        assert_predicate pet, :persisted?
        saved_pet = Pet.find(pet.id)
        assert_not_nil saved_pet.created_at
        assert_not_nil saved_pet.updated_at
      end
    end
  end

  def eastern_time_zone
    if Gem.win_platform?
      "EST5EDT"
    else
      "America/New_York"
    end
  end

  def test_custom_mutator
    topic = Topic.find(1)
    # This mutator is protected in the class definition
    topic.send(:approved=, true)
    assert topic.instance_variable_get("@custom_approved")
  end

  def test_initialize_with_attributes
    topic = Topic.new(
      "title" => "initialized from attributes", "written_on" => "2003-12-12 23:23")

    assert_equal("initialized from attributes", topic.title)
  end

  def test_initialize_with_invalid_attribute
    ex = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors) do
      Topic.new("title" => "test",
        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00")
    end

    assert_equal(1, ex.errors.size)
    assert_equal("written_on", ex.errors[0].attribute)
  end

  def test_create_after_initialize_without_block
    cb = CustomBulb.create(name: "Dude")
    assert_equal("Dude", cb.name)
    assert_equal(true, cb.frickinawesome)
  end

  def test_create_after_initialize_with_block
    cb = CustomBulb.create { |c| c.name = "Dude" }
    assert_equal("Dude", cb.name)
    assert_equal(true, cb.frickinawesome)
  end

  def test_create_after_initialize_with_array_param
    cbs = CustomBulb.create([{ name: "Dude" }, { name: "Bob" }])
    assert_equal "Dude", cbs[0].name
    assert_equal "Bob", cbs[1].name
    assert cbs[0].frickinawesome
    assert_not cbs[1].frickinawesome
  end

  def test_load
    topics = Topic.all.merge!(order: "id").to_a
    assert_equal(5, topics.size)
    assert_equal(topics(:first).title, topics.first.title)
  end

  def test_load_with_condition
    topics = Topic.all.merge!(where: "author_name = 'Mary'").to_a

    assert_equal(1, topics.size)
    assert_equal(topics(:second).title, topics.first.title)
  end

  GUESSED_CLASSES = [Category, Smarts, CreditCard, CreditCard::PinNumber, CreditCard::PinNumber::CvvCode, CreditCard::SubPinNumber, CreditCard::Brand, MasterCreditCard]

  def test_table_name_guesses
    assert_equal "topics", Topic.table_name

    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
    assert_equal "smarts", Smarts.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_cards", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_numbers", CreditCard::PinNumber.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_number_cvv_codes", CreditCard::PinNumber::CvvCode.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_numbers", CreditCard::SubPinNumber.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", CreditCard::Brand.table_name
    assert_equal "master_credit_cards", MasterCreditCard.table_name
  ensure
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)
  end

  def test_singular_table_name_guesses
    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)

    assert_equal "category", Category.table_name
    assert_equal "smarts", Smarts.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_number", CreditCard::PinNumber.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_number_cvv_code", CreditCard::PinNumber::CvvCode.table_name
    assert_equal "credit_card_pin_number", CreditCard::SubPinNumber.table_name
    assert_equal "category", CreditCard::Brand.table_name
    assert_equal "master_credit_card", MasterCreditCard.table_name
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)
  end

  def test_table_name_guesses_with_prefixes_and_suffixes
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "test_"
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_categories", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_test"
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_categories_test", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "categories_test", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)
  end

  def test_singular_table_name_guesses_with_prefixes_and_suffixes
    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false

    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "test_"
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_category", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_test"
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_category_test", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "category_test", Category.table_name
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "category", Category.table_name
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)
  end

  def test_table_name_guesses_with_inherited_prefixes_and_suffixes
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)

    CreditCard.table_name_prefix = "test_"
    CreditCard.reset_table_name
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_credit_cards", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
    CreditCard.table_name_suffix = "_test"
    CreditCard.reset_table_name
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "test_credit_cards_test", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
    CreditCard.table_name_prefix = ""
    CreditCard.reset_table_name
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "credit_cards_test", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
    CreditCard.table_name_suffix = ""
    CreditCard.reset_table_name
    Category.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "credit_cards", CreditCard.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
  ensure
    CreditCard.table_name_prefix = ""
    CreditCard.table_name_suffix = ""
    GUESSED_CLASSES.each(&:reset_table_name)
  end

  def test_singular_table_name_guesses_for_individual_table
    Post.pluralize_table_names = false
    Post.reset_table_name
    assert_equal "post", Post.table_name
    assert_equal "categories", Category.table_name
  ensure
    Post.pluralize_table_names = true
    Post.reset_table_name
  end

  def test_table_name_based_on_model_name
    assert_equal "posts", PostRecord.table_name
  end

  def test_null_fields
    assert_nil Topic.find(1).parent_id
    assert_nil Topic.create("title" => "Hey you").parent_id
  end

  def test_default_values
    topic = Topic.new
    assert_predicate topic, :approved?
    assert_nil topic.written_on
    assert_nil topic.bonus_time
    assert_nil topic.last_read

    topic.save

    topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
    assert_predicate topic, :approved?
    assert_nil topic.last_read

    # Oracle has some funky default handling, so it requires a bit of
    # extra testing. See ticket #2788.
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      test = TestOracleDefault.new
      assert_equal "X", test.test_char
      assert_equal "hello", test.test_string
      assert_equal 3, test.test_int
    end
  end

  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
    def test_utc_as_time_zone
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
        topic = Topic.find(1)
        topic.attributes = attributes
        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
      end
    end

    def test_utc_as_time_zone_and_new
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        attributes = { "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000",
          "bonus_time(2i)" => "1",
          "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
          "bonus_time(4i)" => "10",
          "bonus_time(5i)" => "35",
          "bonus_time(6i)" => "50" }
        topic = Topic.new(attributes)
        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 35, 50), topic.bonus_time
      end
    end
  end

  def test_default_values_on_empty_strings
    topic = Topic.new
    topic.approved  = nil
    topic.last_read = nil

    topic.save

    topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
    assert_nil topic.last_read

    assert_nil topic.approved
  end

  def test_equality
    assert_equal Topic.find(1), Topic.find(2).topic
  end

  def test_find_by_slug
    assert_equal Topic.find("1-meowmeow"), Topic.find(1)
  end

  def test_out_of_range_slugs
    assert_equal [Topic.find(1)], Topic.where(id: ["1-meowmeow", "9223372036854775808-hello"])
  end

  def test_find_by_slug_with_array
    assert_equal Topic.find([1, 2]), Topic.find(["1-meowmeow", "2-hello"])
    assert_equal "The Second Topic of the day", Topic.find(["2-hello", "1-meowmeow"]).first.title
  end

  def test_find_by_slug_with_range
    assert_equal Topic.where(id: "1-meowmeow".."2-hello"), Topic.where(id: 1..2)
  end

  def test_equality_of_new_records
    assert_not_equal Topic.new, Topic.new
    assert_equal false, Topic.new == Topic.new
  end

  def test_equality_of_destroyed_records
    topic_1 = Topic.new(title: "test_1")
    topic_1.save
    topic_2 = Topic.find(topic_1.id)
    topic_1.destroy
    assert_equal topic_1, topic_2
    assert_equal topic_2, topic_1
  end

  def test_equality_with_blank_ids
    one = Subscriber.new(id: "")
    two = Subscriber.new(id: "")
    assert_equal one, two
  end

  def test_equality_of_relation_and_collection_proxy
    car = Car.create!
    car.bulbs.build
    car.save
    bulbs_of_car = Bulb.where(car_id: car.id)

    assert_equal car.bulbs, bulbs_of_car, "CollectionProxy should be comparable with Relation"
    assert_equal bulbs_of_car, car.bulbs, "Relation should be comparable with CollectionProxy"
  end

  def test_equality_of_relation_and_array
    car = Car.create!
    car.bulbs.build
    car.save
    bulbs_of_car = Bulb.where(car_id: car.id)

    assert_equal bulbs_of_car, car.bulbs.to_a, "Relation should be comparable with Array"
  end

  def test_equality_of_relation_and_association_relation
    car = Car.create!
    car.bulbs.build
    car.save
    bulbs_of_car = Bulb.where(car_id: car.id)

    assert_equal bulbs_of_car, car.bulbs.includes(:car), "Relation should be comparable with AssociationRelation"
    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), bulbs_of_car, "AssociationRelation should be comparable with Relation"
  end

  def test_equality_of_collection_proxy_and_association_relation
    car = Car.create!
    car.bulbs.build
    car.save

    assert_equal car.bulbs, car.bulbs.includes(:car), "CollectionProxy should be comparable with AssociationRelation"
    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), car.bulbs, "AssociationRelation should be comparable with CollectionProxy"
  end

  def test_hashing
    assert_equal [ Topic.find(1) ], [ Topic.find(2).topic ] & [ Topic.find(1) ]
  end

  def test_successful_comparison_of_like_class_records
    topic_1 = Topic.create!
    topic_2 = Topic.create!

    assert_equal [topic_2, topic_1].sort, [topic_1, topic_2]
  end

  def test_failed_comparison_of_unlike_class_records
    assert_raises ArgumentError do
      [ topics(:first), posts(:welcome) ].sort
    end
  end

  def test_create_without_prepared_statement
    topic = Topic.connection.unprepared_statement do
      Topic.create(title: "foo")
    end

    assert_equal topic, Topic.find(topic.id)
  end

  def test_destroy_without_prepared_statement
    topic = Topic.create(title: "foo")
    Topic.connection.unprepared_statement do
      Topic.find(topic.id).destroy
    end

    assert_nil Topic.find_by_id(topic.id)
  end

  def test_comparison_with_different_objects
    topic = Topic.create
    category = Category.create(name: "comparison")
    assert_nil topic <=> category
  end

  def test_comparison_with_different_objects_in_array
    topic = Topic.create
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
      [1, topic].sort
    end
  end

  def test_readonly_attributes
    assert_equal Set.new([ "title", "comments_count" ]), ReadonlyTitlePost.readonly_attributes

    post = ReadonlyTitlePost.create(title: "cannot change this", body: "changeable")
    post.reload
    assert_equal "cannot change this", post.title

    post.update(title: "try to change", body: "changed")
    post.reload
    assert_equal "cannot change this", post.title
    assert_equal "changed", post.body
  end

  def test_unicode_column_name
    Weird.reset_column_information
    weird = Weird.create(なまえ: "たこ焼き仮面")
    assert_equal "たこ焼き仮面", weird.なまえ
  end

  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
    def test_respect_internal_encoding
      old_default_internal = Encoding.default_internal
      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = "EUC-JP" }

      Weird.reset_column_information

      assert_equal ["EUC-JP"], Weird.columns.map { |c| c.name.encoding.name }.uniq
    ensure
      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = old_default_internal }
      Weird.reset_column_information
    end
  end

  def test_non_valid_identifier_column_name
    weird = Weird.create("a$b" => "value")
    weird.reload
    assert_equal "value", weird.public_send("a$b")
    assert_equal "value", weird.read_attribute("a$b")

    weird.update_columns("a$b" => "value2")
    weird.reload
    assert_equal "value2", weird.public_send("a$b")
    assert_equal "value2", weird.read_attribute("a$b")
  end

  def test_group_weirds_by_from
    Weird.create("a$b" => "value", :from => "aaron")
    count = Weird.group(Weird.arel_table[:from]).count
    assert_equal 1, count["aaron"]
  end

  def test_attributes_on_dummy_time
    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)

    with_timezone_config default: :local do
      attributes = {
        "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM"
      }
      topic = Topic.find(1)
      topic.attributes = attributes
      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time

      topic.save!
      assert_equal topic, Topic.find_by(attributes)
    end
  end

  def test_attributes_on_dummy_time_with_invalid_time
    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)

    attributes = {
      "bonus_time" => "not a time"
    }
    topic = Topic.find(1)
    topic.attributes = attributes
    assert_nil topic.bonus_time
  end

  def test_attributes
    category = Category.new(name: "Ruby")

    expected_attributes = category.attribute_names.index_with do |attribute_name|
      category.public_send(attribute_name)
    end

    assert_instance_of Hash, category.attributes
    assert_equal expected_attributes, category.attributes
  end

  def test_new_record_returns_boolean
    assert_equal false, Topic.new.persisted?
    assert_equal true, Topic.find(1).persisted?
  end

  def test_previously_new_record_returns_boolean
    assert_equal false, Topic.new.previously_new_record?
    assert_equal true, Topic.create.previously_new_record?
    assert_equal false, Topic.find(1).previously_new_record?
  end

  def test_previously_persisted_returns_boolean
    assert_equal false, Topic.new.previously_persisted?
    assert_equal false, Topic.new.destroy.previously_persisted?
    assert_equal false, Topic.first.previously_persisted?
    assert_equal true, Topic.first.destroy.previously_persisted?
    assert_equal true, Topic.first.delete.previously_persisted?
  end

  def test_dup
    topic = Topic.find(1)
    duped_topic = nil
    assert_nothing_raised { duped_topic = topic.dup }
    assert_equal topic.title, duped_topic.title
    assert_not_predicate duped_topic, :persisted?

    # test if the attributes have been duped
    topic.title = "a"
    duped_topic.title = "b"
    assert_equal "a", topic.title
    assert_equal "b", duped_topic.title

    # test if the attribute values have been duped
    duped_topic = topic.dup
    duped_topic.title.replace "c"
    assert_equal "a", topic.title

    # test if attributes set as part of after_initialize are duped correctly
    assert_equal topic.author_email_address, duped_topic.author_email_address

    # test if saved clone object differs from original
    duped_topic.save
    assert_predicate duped_topic, :persisted?
    assert_not_equal duped_topic.id, topic.id

    duped_topic.reload
    assert_equal("c", duped_topic.title)
  end

  DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
  def test_dup_with_aggregate_of_same_name_as_attribute
    developer_with_aggregate = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "developers"
      composed_of :salary, class_name: "BasicsTest::DeveloperSalary", mapping: [%w(salary amount)]
    end

    dev = developer_with_aggregate.find(1)
    assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dev.salary

    dup = nil
    assert_nothing_raised { dup = dev.dup }
    assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dup.salary
    assert_equal dev.salary.amount, dup.salary.amount
    assert_not_predicate dup, :persisted?

    # test if the attributes have been duped
    original_amount = dup.salary.amount
    dev.salary.amount = 1
    assert_equal original_amount, dup.salary.amount

    assert dup.save
    assert_predicate dup, :persisted?
    assert_not_equal dup.id, dev.id
  end

  def test_dup_does_not_copy_associations
    author = authors(:david)
    assert_not_equal [], author.posts

    author_dup = author.dup
    assert_equal [], author_dup.posts
  end

  def test_clone_preserves_subtype
    clone = nil
    assert_nothing_raised { clone = Company.find(3).clone }
    assert_kind_of Client, clone
  end

  def test_clone_of_new_object_with_defaults
    developer = Developer.new
    assert_not_predicate developer, :name_changed?
    assert_not_predicate developer, :salary_changed?

    cloned_developer = developer.clone
    assert_not_predicate cloned_developer, :name_changed?
    assert_not_predicate cloned_developer, :salary_changed?
  end

  def test_clone_of_new_object_marks_attributes_as_dirty
    developer = Developer.new name: "Bjorn", salary: 100000
    assert_predicate developer, :name_changed?
    assert_predicate developer, :salary_changed?

    cloned_developer = developer.clone
    assert_predicate cloned_developer, :name_changed?
    assert_predicate cloned_developer, :salary_changed?
  end

  def test_clone_of_new_object_marks_as_dirty_only_changed_attributes
    developer = Developer.new name: "Bjorn"
    assert developer.name_changed?            # obviously
    assert_not developer.salary_changed?         # attribute has non-nil default value, so treated as not changed

    cloned_developer = developer.clone
    assert_predicate cloned_developer, :name_changed?
    assert_not cloned_developer.salary_changed?  # ... and cloned instance should behave same
  end

  def test_dup_of_saved_object_marks_attributes_as_dirty
    developer = Developer.create! name: "Bjorn", salary: 100000
    assert_not_predicate developer, :name_changed?
    assert_not_predicate developer, :salary_changed?

    cloned_developer = developer.dup
    assert cloned_developer.name_changed?     # both attributes differ from defaults
    assert_predicate cloned_developer, :salary_changed?
  end

  def test_dup_of_saved_object_marks_as_dirty_only_changed_attributes
    developer = Developer.create! name: "Bjorn"
    assert_not developer.name_changed?           # both attributes of saved object should be treated as not changed
    assert_not_predicate developer, :salary_changed?

    cloned_developer = developer.dup
    assert cloned_developer.name_changed?     # ... but on cloned object should be
    assert_not cloned_developer.salary_changed?  # ... BUT salary has non-nil default which should be treated as not changed on cloned instance
  end

  def test_bignum
    company = Company.find(1)
    company.rating = 2147483648
    company.save
    company = Company.find(1)
    assert_equal 2147483648, company.rating
  end

  def test_bignum_pk
    company = Company.create!(id: 2147483648, name: "foo")
    assert_equal company, Company.find(company.id)
  end

  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
    def test_default_char_types
      default = Default.new

      assert_equal "Y", default.char1
      assert_equal "a varchar field", default.char2

      # Mysql text type can't have default value
      unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
        assert_equal "a text field", default.char3
      end
    end

    def test_default_in_local_time
      with_timezone_config default: :local do
        default = Default.new

        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
        assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time

        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
          assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time_with_time_zone
        end
      end
    end

    def test_default_in_utc
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        default = Default.new

        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
        assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time

        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
          assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time_with_time_zone
        end
      end
    end

    def test_default_in_utc_with_time_zone
      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
        Time.use_zone "Central Time (US & Canada)" do
          default = Default.new

          assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
          assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time

          if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
            assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time_with_time_zone
          end
        end
      end
    end

    unless in_memory_db?
      def test_connection_in_local_time
        with_timezone_config default: :utc do
          new_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config.configuration_hash.merge(default_timezone: "local")
          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(new_config)
          Default.reset_column_information

          default = Default.new

          assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
          assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time

          if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
            assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time_with_time_zone
          end
        end
      ensure
        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
        Default.reset_column_information
      end

      def test_connection_in_utc_time
        with_timezone_config default: :local do
          new_config = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config.configuration_hash.merge(default_timezone: "utc")
          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(new_config)
          Default.reset_column_information

          default = Default.new

          assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
          assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time

          if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
            assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0), default.fixed_time_with_time_zone
          end
        end
      ensure
        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
        Default.reset_column_information
      end
    end
  end

  def test_auto_id
    auto = AutoId.new
    auto.save
    assert(auto.id > 0)
  end

  def test_sql_injection_via_find
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
      Topic.find("123456 OR id > 0")
    end
  end

  def test_column_name_properly_quoted
    col_record = ColumnName.new
    col_record.references = 40
    assert col_record.save
    col_record.references = 41
    assert col_record.save
    assert_not_nil c2 = ColumnName.find(col_record.id)
    assert_equal(41, c2.references)
  end

  def test_quoting_arrays
    replies = Reply.all.merge!(where: [ "id IN (?)", topics(:first).replies.collect(&:id) ]).to_a
    assert_equal topics(:first).replies.size, replies.size

    replies = Reply.all.merge!(where: [ "id IN (?)", [] ]).to_a
    assert_equal 0, replies.size
  end

  def test_quote
    author_name = "\\ \001 ' \n \\n \""
    topic = Topic.create("author_name" => author_name)
    assert_equal author_name, Topic.find(topic.id).author_name
  end

  def test_toggle_attribute
    assert_not_predicate topics(:first), :approved?
    topics(:first).toggle!(:approved)
    assert_predicate topics(:first), :approved?
    topic = topics(:first)
    topic.toggle(:approved)
    assert_not_predicate topic, :approved?
    topic.reload
    assert_predicate topic, :approved?
  end

  def test_reload
    t1 = Topic.find(1)
    t2 = Topic.find(1)
    t1.title = "something else"
    t1.save
    t2.reload
    assert_equal t1.title, t2.title
  end

  def test_switching_between_table_name
    k = Class.new(Joke)

    assert_difference("GoodJoke.count") do
      k.table_name = "cold_jokes"
      k.create

      k.table_name = "funny_jokes"
      k.create
    end
  end

  def test_clear_cache_when_setting_table_name
    original_table_name = Joke.table_name

    Joke.table_name = "funny_jokes"
    before_columns = Joke.columns
    before_seq = Joke.sequence_name

    Joke.table_name = "cold_jokes"
    after_columns = Joke.columns
    after_seq = Joke.sequence_name

    assert_not_equal before_columns, after_columns
    assert_not_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
  ensure
    Joke.table_name = original_table_name
  end

  def test_dont_clear_sequence_name_when_setting_explicitly
    k = Class.new(Joke)
    k.sequence_name = "black_jokes_seq"
    k.table_name = "cold_jokes"
    before_seq = k.sequence_name

    k.table_name = "funny_jokes"
    after_seq = k.sequence_name

    assert_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
  end

  def test_dont_clear_inheritance_column_when_setting_explicitly
    k = Class.new(Joke)
    k.inheritance_column = "my_type"
    before_inherit = k.inheritance_column

    k.reset_column_information
    after_inherit = k.inheritance_column

    assert_equal before_inherit, after_inherit unless before_inherit.blank? && after_inherit.blank?
  end

  def test_set_table_name_symbol_converted_to_string
    k = Class.new(Joke)
    k.table_name = :cold_jokes
    assert_equal "cold_jokes", k.table_name
  end

  def test_quoted_table_name_after_set_table_name
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)

    klass.table_name = "foo"
    assert_equal "foo", klass.table_name
    assert_equal klass.connection.quote_table_name("foo"), klass.quoted_table_name

    klass.table_name = "bar"
    assert_equal "bar", klass.table_name
    assert_equal klass.connection.quote_table_name("bar"), klass.quoted_table_name
  end

  def test_set_table_name_with_inheritance
    k = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    def k.name; "Foo"; end
    def k.table_name; super + "ks"; end
    assert_equal "foosks", k.table_name
  end

  def test_sequence_name_with_abstract_class
    ak = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    ak.abstract_class = true
    k = Class.new(ak)
    k.table_name = "projects"
    orig_name = k.sequence_name
    skip "sequences not supported by db" unless orig_name
    assert_equal k.reset_sequence_name, orig_name
  end

  def test_count_with_join
    res = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM posts LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id WHERE posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'"
    res2 = Post.where("posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'").joins("LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id").count
    assert_equal res, res2

    res4 = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(p.id) FROM posts p, comments co WHERE p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id"
    res5 = Post.where("p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id").joins("p, comments co").select("p.id").count
    assert_equal res4, res5

    res6 = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT p.id) FROM posts p, comments co WHERE p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id"
    res7 = Post.where("p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id").joins("p, comments co").select("p.id").distinct.count
    assert_equal res6, res7
  end

  def test_no_limit_offset
    assert_nothing_raised do
      Developer.all.merge!(offset: 2).to_a
    end
  end

  def test_last
    assert_equal Developer.all.merge!(order: "id desc").first, Developer.last
  end

  def test_all
    developers = Developer.all
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, developers
    assert_equal Developer.all, developers
  end

  def test_all_with_conditions
    assert_equal Developer.all.merge!(order: "id desc").to_a, Developer.order("id desc").to_a
  end

  def test_find_ordered_last
    last = Developer.order("developers.salary ASC").last
    assert_equal last, Developer.order("developers.salary": "ASC").to_a.last
  end

  def test_find_reverse_ordered_last
    last = Developer.order("developers.salary DESC").last
    assert_equal last, Developer.order("developers.salary": "DESC").to_a.last
  end

  def test_find_multiple_ordered_last
    last = Developer.order("developers.name, developers.salary DESC").last
    assert_equal last, Developer.order(:"developers.name", "developers.salary": "DESC").to_a.last
  end

  def test_find_keeps_multiple_order_values
    combined = Developer.order("developers.name, developers.salary").to_a
    assert_equal combined, Developer.order(:"developers.name", :"developers.salary").to_a
  end

  def test_find_keeps_multiple_group_values
    combined = Developer.merge(group: "developers.name, developers.salary, developers.id, developers.legacy_created_at, developers.legacy_updated_at, developers.legacy_created_on, developers.legacy_updated_on").to_a
    assert_equal combined, Developer.merge(group: ["developers.name", "developers.salary", "developers.id", "developers.created_at", "developers.updated_at", "developers.created_on", "developers.updated_on"]).to_a
  end

  def test_find_symbol_ordered_last
    last = Developer.all.merge!(order: :salary).last
    assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(order: :salary).to_a.last
  end

  def test_abstract_class_table_name
    assert_nil AbstractCompany.table_name
  end

  def test_find_on_abstract_base_class_doesnt_use_type_condition
    old_class = LooseDescendant
    Object.send :remove_const, :LooseDescendant

    descendant = old_class.create! first_name: "bob"
    assert_not_nil LoosePerson.find(descendant.id), "Should have found instance of LooseDescendant when finding abstract LoosePerson: #{descendant.inspect}"
  ensure
    unless Object.const_defined?(:LooseDescendant)
      Object.const_set :LooseDescendant, old_class
    end
  end

  def test_assert_queries
    query = lambda { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "select count(*) from developers" }
    assert_queries(2) { 2.times { query.call } }
    assert_queries 1, &query
    assert_no_queries { assert true }
  end

  def test_benchmark_with_log_level
    original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
    log = StringIO.new
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::WARN
    ActiveRecord::Base.benchmark("Debug Topic Count", level: :debug) { Topic.count }
    ActiveRecord::Base.benchmark("Warn Topic Count",  level: :warn)  { Topic.count }
    ActiveRecord::Base.benchmark("Error Topic Count", level: :error) { Topic.count }
    assert_no_match(/Debug Topic Count/, log.string)
    assert_match(/Warn Topic Count/, log.string)
    assert_match(/Error Topic Count/, log.string)
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
  end

  def test_benchmark_with_use_silence
    original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
    log = StringIO.new
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::DEBUG
    ActiveRecord::Base.benchmark("Logging", level: :debug, silence: false)  { ActiveRecord::Base.logger.debug "Quiet" }
    assert_match(/Quiet/, log.string)
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
  end

  def test_clear_cache!
    # preheat cache
    c1 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns("posts")
    assert_not_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size

    ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
    assert_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size

    c2 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns("posts")
    assert_not_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size

    assert_equal c1, c2
  end

  def test_before_remove_const_resets_the_current_scope
    # Done this way because a class cannot be defined in a method using the
    # class keyword.
    Object.const_set(:ReloadableModel, Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base))
    ReloadableModel.current_scope = ReloadableModel.all
    assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::Scoping::ScopeRegistry.current_scope(ReloadableModel) # precondition

    ReloadableModel.before_remove_const

    assert_nil ActiveRecord::Scoping::ScopeRegistry.current_scope(ReloadableModel)
  ensure
    Object.send(:remove_const, :ReloadableModel)
  end

  def test_marshal_round_trip
    expected = posts(:welcome)
    marshalled = Marshal.dump(expected)
    actual = Marshal.load(marshalled)

    assert_equal expected.attributes, actual.attributes
  end

  def test_marshal_inspected_round_trip
    expected = posts(:welcome)
    expected.inspect

    marshalled = Marshal.dump(expected)
    actual = Marshal.load(marshalled)

    assert_equal expected.attributes, actual.attributes
  end

  def test_marshal_new_record_round_trip
    marshalled = Marshal.dump(Post.new)
    post       = Marshal.load(marshalled)

    assert post.new_record?, "should be a new record"
  end

  def test_marshalling_with_associations
    post = Post.new
    post.comments.build

    marshalled = Marshal.dump(post)
    post       = Marshal.load(marshalled)

    assert_equal 1, post.comments.length
  end

  if Process.respond_to?(:fork) && !in_memory_db?
    def test_marshal_between_processes
      # Define a new model to ensure there are no caches
      if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
        flunk "there should be no post constant"
      end

      self.class.const_set("Post", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
        has_many :comments
      })

      rd, wr = IO.pipe
      rd.binmode
      wr.binmode

      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.clear_all_connections!

      fork do
        rd.close
        post = Post.new
        post.comments.build
        wr.write Marshal.dump(post)
        wr.close
      end

      wr.close
      assert Marshal.load rd.read
      rd.close
    ensure
      self.class.send(:remove_const, "Post") if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
    end
  end

  def test_marshalling_new_record_round_trip_with_associations
    post = Post.new
    post.comments.build

    post = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(post))

    assert post.new_record?, "should be a new record"
  end

  def test_attribute_names
    expected = ["id", "type", "firm_id", "firm_name", "name", "client_of", "rating", "account_id", "description", "metadata"]
    assert_equal expected, Company.attribute_names
  end

  def test_has_attribute
    assert Company.has_attribute?("id")
    assert Company.has_attribute?("type")
    assert Company.has_attribute?("name")
    assert Company.has_attribute?("new_name")
    assert Company.has_attribute?("metadata")
    assert_not Company.has_attribute?("lastname")
    assert_not Company.has_attribute?("age")

    company = Company.new
    assert company.has_attribute?("id")
    assert company.has_attribute?("type")
    assert company.has_attribute?("name")
    assert company.has_attribute?("new_name")
    assert company.has_attribute?("metadata")
    assert_not company.has_attribute?("lastname")
    assert_not company.has_attribute?("age")
  end

  def test_has_attribute_with_symbol
    assert Company.has_attribute?(:id)
    assert Company.has_attribute?(:type)
    assert Company.has_attribute?(:name)
    assert Company.has_attribute?(:new_name)
    assert Company.has_attribute?(:metadata)
    assert_not Company.has_attribute?(:lastname)
    assert_not Company.has_attribute?(:age)

    company = Company.new
    assert company.has_attribute?(:id)
    assert company.has_attribute?(:type)
    assert company.has_attribute?(:name)
    assert company.has_attribute?(:new_name)
    assert company.has_attribute?(:metadata)
    assert_not company.has_attribute?(:lastname)
    assert_not company.has_attribute?(:age)
  end

  def test_attribute_names_on_table_not_exists
    assert_equal [], NonExistentTable.attribute_names
  end

  def test_attribute_names_on_abstract_class
    assert_equal [], AbstractCompany.attribute_names
  end

  def test_touch_should_raise_error_on_a_new_object
    company = Company.new(rating: 1, name: "37signals", firm_name: "37signals")
    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
      company.touch :updated_at
    end
  end

  def test_distinct_delegates_to_scoped
    assert_equal Bird.all.distinct, Bird.distinct
  end

  def test_table_name_with_2_abstract_subclasses
    assert_equal "photos", Photo.table_name
  end

  def test_column_types_typecast
    topic = Topic.first
    assert_not_equal "t.lo", topic.author_name

    attrs = topic.attributes.dup
    attrs.delete "id"

    typecast = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) {
      def cast(value)
        "t.lo"
      end
    }

    types = { "author_name" => typecast.new }
    topic = Topic.instantiate(attrs, types)

    assert_equal "t.lo", topic.author_name
  end

  def test_typecasting_aliases
    assert_equal 10, Topic.select("10 as tenderlove").first.tenderlove
  end

  def test_default_values_are_deeply_dupped
    company = Company.new
    company.description << "foo"
    assert_equal "", Company.new.description
  end

  test "scoped can take a values hash" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    klass.table_name = "bar"
    assert_equal ["foo"], klass.all.merge!(select: "foo").select_values
  end

  test "connection_handler can be overridden" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    orig_handler = klass.connection_handler
    new_handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    thread_connection_handler = nil

    t = Thread.new do
      klass.connection_handler = new_handler
      thread_connection_handler = klass.connection_handler
    end
    t.join

    assert_equal klass.connection_handler, orig_handler
    assert_equal thread_connection_handler, new_handler
  end

  test "new threads get default the default connection handler" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    orig_handler = klass.connection_handler
    handler = nil

    t = Thread.new do
      handler = klass.connection_handler
    end
    t.join

    assert_equal handler, orig_handler
    assert_equal klass.connection_handler, orig_handler
    assert_equal klass.default_connection_handler, orig_handler
  end

  test "changing a connection handler in a main thread does not poison the other threads" do
    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
    orig_handler = klass.connection_handler
    new_handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
    after_handler = nil
    latch1 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
    latch2 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new

    t = Thread.new do
      klass.connection_handler = new_handler
      latch1.count_down
      latch2.wait
      after_handler = klass.connection_handler
    end

    latch1.wait

    klass.connection_handler = orig_handler
    latch2.count_down
    t.join

    assert_equal after_handler, new_handler
    assert_equal orig_handler, klass.connection_handler
  end

  # Note: This is a performance optimization for Array#uniq and Hash#[] with
  # AR::Base objects. If the future has made this irrelevant, feel free to
  # delete this.
  test "records without an id have unique hashes" do
    assert_not_equal Post.new.hash, Post.new.hash
  end

  test "records of different classes have different hashes" do
    assert_not_equal Post.new(id: 1).hash, Developer.new(id: 1).hash
  end

  test "resetting column information doesn't remove attribute methods" do
    topic = topics(:first)

    assert_not_predicate topic, :id_changed?

    Topic.reset_column_information

    assert_not_predicate topic, :id_changed?
  end

  test "ignored columns are not present in columns_hash" do
    cache_columns = Developer.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(Developer.table_name)
    assert_includes cache_columns.keys, "first_name"
    assert_not_includes Developer.columns_hash.keys, "first_name"
    assert_not_includes SubDeveloper.columns_hash.keys, "first_name"
    assert_not_includes SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.columns_hash.keys, "first_name"
  end

  test ".columns_hash raises an error if the record has an empty table name" do
    expected_message = "FirstAbstractClass has no table configured. Set one with FirstAbstractClass.table_name="
    exception = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified) do
      FirstAbstractClass.columns_hash
    end
    assert_equal expected_message, exception.message
  end

  test "ignored columns have no attribute methods" do
    assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name
    assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name=
    assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name?
    assert_not_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :first_name
    assert_not_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :first_name=
    assert_not_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :first_name?
    assert_not_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :first_name
    assert_not_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :first_name=
    assert_not_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :first_name?
  end

  test "ignored columns don't prevent explicit declaration of attribute methods" do
    assert_respond_to Developer.new, :last_name
    assert_respond_to Developer.new, :last_name=
    assert_respond_to Developer.new, :last_name?
    assert_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :last_name
    assert_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :last_name=
    assert_respond_to SubDeveloper.new, :last_name?
    assert_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :last_name
    assert_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :last_name=
    assert_respond_to SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.new, :last_name?
  end

  test "ignored columns are stored as an array of string" do
    assert_equal(%w(first_name last_name), Developer.ignored_columns)
    assert_equal(%w(first_name last_name), SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.ignored_columns)
  end

  test "when #reload called, ignored columns' attribute methods are not defined" do
    developer = Developer.create!(name: "Developer")
    assert_not_respond_to developer, :first_name
    assert_not_respond_to developer, :first_name=

    developer.reload

    assert_not_respond_to developer, :first_name
    assert_not_respond_to developer, :first_name=
  end

  test "when ignored attribute is loaded, cast type should be preferred over DB type" do
    developer = AttributedDeveloper.create
    developer.update_column :name, "name"

    loaded_developer = AttributedDeveloper.where(id: developer.id).select("*").first
    assert_equal "Developer: name", loaded_developer.name
  end

  test "when assigning new ignored columns it invalidates cache for column names" do
    assert_not_includes ColumnNamesCachedDeveloper.column_names, "name"
  end

  test "ignored columns not included in SELECT" do
    query = Developer.all.to_sql.downcase

    # ignored column
    assert_not query.include?("first_name")

    # regular column
    assert query.include?("name")
  end

  test "column names are quoted when using #from clause and model has ignored columns" do
    assert_not_empty Developer.ignored_columns
    query = Developer.from("developers").to_sql
    quoted_id = "#{Developer.quoted_table_name}.#{Developer.quoted_primary_key}"

    assert_match(/SELECT #{Regexp.escape(quoted_id)}.* FROM developers/, query)
  end

  test "using table name qualified column names unless having SELECT list explicitly" do
    assert_equal developers(:david), Developer.from("developers").joins(:shared_computers).take
  end

  test "protected environments by default is an array with production" do
    assert_equal ["production"], ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments
  end

  def test_protected_environments_are_stored_as_an_array_of_string
    previous_protected_environments = ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments
    ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments = [:staging, "production"]
    assert_equal ["staging", "production"], ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments = previous_protected_environments
  end

  test "cannot call connects_to on non-abstract or non-ActiveRecord::Base classes" do
    error = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
      Bird.connects_to(database: { writing: :arunit })
    end

    assert_equal "`connects_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes", error.message
  end

  test "cannot call connected_to on subclasses of ActiveRecord::Base with legacy connection handling" do
    old_value = ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = true

    error = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
      Bird.connected_to(role: :reading) { }
    end

    assert_equal "`connected_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base with legacy connection handling.", error.message
  ensure
    clean_up_legacy_connection_handlers
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = old_value
  end

  test "cannot call connected_to with role and shard on non-abstract classes" do
    error = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
      Bird.connected_to(role: :reading, shard: :default) { }
    end

    assert_equal "calling `connected_to` is only allowed on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes.", error.message
  end

  test "can call connected_to with role and shard on abstract classes" do
    SecondAbstractClass.connected_to(role: :reading, shard: :default) do
      assert SecondAbstractClass.connected_to?(role: :reading, shard: :default)
    end
  end

  test "cannot call connected_to on the abstract class that did not establish the connection" do
    error = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
      ThirdAbstractClass.connected_to(role: :reading) { }
    end

    assert_equal "calling `connected_to` is only allowed on the abstract class that established the connection.", error.message
  end

  test "#connecting_to with role" do
    SecondAbstractClass.connecting_to(role: :reading)

    assert SecondAbstractClass.connected_to?(role: :reading)
    assert SecondAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_stack.pop
  end

  test "#connecting_to with role and shard" do
    SecondAbstractClass.connecting_to(role: :reading, shard: :default)

    assert SecondAbstractClass.connected_to?(role: :reading, shard: :default)
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_stack.pop
  end

  test "#connecting_to with prevent_writes" do
    SecondAbstractClass.connecting_to(role: :writing, prevent_writes: true)

    assert SecondAbstractClass.connected_to?(role: :writing)
    assert SecondAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_stack.pop
  end

  test "#connecting_to doesn't work with legacy connection handling" do
    old_value = ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = true

    assert_raises NotImplementedError do
      SecondAbstractClass.connecting_to(role: :writing, prevent_writes: true)
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = old_value
  end

  test "#connected_to_many doesn't work with legacy connection handling" do
    old_value = ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = true

    assert_raises NotImplementedError do
      ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many([SecondAbstractClass], role: :writing)
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling = old_value
  end

  test "#connected_to_many cannot be called on anything but ActiveRecord::Base" do
    assert_raises NotImplementedError do
      SecondAbstractClass.connected_to_many([SecondAbstractClass], role: :writing)
    end
  end

  test "#connected_to_many cannot be called with classes that include ActiveRecord::Base" do
    assert_raises NotImplementedError do
      ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many([ActiveRecord::Base], role: :writing)
    end
  end

  test "#connected_to_many sets prevent_writes if role is reading" do
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many([SecondAbstractClass], role: :reading) do
      assert SecondAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes
    end
  end

  test "#connected_to_many with a single argument for classes" do
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many(SecondAbstractClass, role: :reading) do
      assert SecondAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes
    end
  end

  test "#connected_to_many with a multiple classes without brackets works" do
    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many(FirstAbstractClass, SecondAbstractClass, role: :reading) do
      assert FirstAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
      assert SecondAbstractClass.current_preventing_writes
      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes
    end
  end
end

basic_object_handler.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  class PredicateBuilder
    class BasicObjectHandler # :nodoc:
      def initialize(predicate_builder)
        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
      end

      def call(attribute, value)
        bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value)
        attribute.eq(bind)
      end

      private
        attr_reader :predicate_builder
    end
  end
end

batch.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    class Preloader
      class Batch # :nodoc:
        def initialize(preloaders, available_records:)
          @preloaders = preloaders.reject(&:empty?)
          @available_records = available_records.flatten.group_by { |r| r.class.base_class }
        end

        def call
          branches = @preloaders.flat_map(&:branches)
          until branches.empty?
            loaders = branches.flat_map(&:runnable_loaders)

            loaders.each { |loader| loader.associate_records_from_unscoped(@available_records[loader.klass.base_class]) }

            if loaders.any?
              future_tables = branches.flat_map do |branch|
                branch.future_classes - branch.runnable_loaders.map(&:klass)
              end.map(&:table_name).uniq

              target_loaders = loaders.reject { |l| future_tables.include?(l.table_name)  }
              target_loaders = loaders if target_loaders.empty?

              group_and_load_similar(target_loaders)
              target_loaders.each(&:run)
            end

            finished, in_progress = branches.partition(&:done?)

            branches = in_progress + finished.flat_map(&:children)
          end
        end

        private
          attr_reader :loaders

          def group_and_load_similar(loaders)
            loaders.grep_v(ThroughAssociation).group_by(&:loader_query).each_pair do |query, similar_loaders|
              query.load_records_in_batch(similar_loaders)
            end
          end
      end
    end
  end
end

batch_enumerator.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Batches
    class BatchEnumerator
      include Enumerable

      def initialize(of: 1000, start: nil, finish: nil, relation:) # :nodoc:
        @of       = of
        @relation = relation
        @start = start
        @finish = finish
      end

      # The primary key value from which the BatchEnumerator starts, inclusive of the value.
      attr_reader :start

      # The primary key value at which the BatchEnumerator ends, inclusive of the value.
      attr_reader :finish

      # The relation from which the BatchEnumerator yields batches.
      attr_reader :relation

      # The size of the batches yielded by the BatchEnumerator.
      def batch_size
        @of
      end

      # Looping through a collection of records from the database (using the
      # +all+ method, for example) is very inefficient since it will try to
      # instantiate all the objects at once.
      #
      # In that case, batch processing methods allow you to work with the
      # records in batches, thereby greatly reducing memory consumption.
      #
      #   Person.in_batches.each_record do |person|
      #     person.do_awesome_stuff
      #   end
      #
      #   Person.where("age > 21").in_batches(of: 10).each_record do |person|
      #     person.party_all_night!
      #   end
      #
      # If you do not provide a block to #each_record, it will return an Enumerator
      # for chaining with other methods:
      #
      #   Person.in_batches.each_record.with_index do |person, index|
      #     person.award_trophy(index + 1)
      #   end
      def each_record(&block)
        return to_enum(:each_record) unless block_given?

        @relation.to_enum(:in_batches, of: @of, start: @start, finish: @finish, load: true).each do |relation|
          relation.records.each(&block)
        end
      end

      # Deletes records in batches. Returns the total number of rows affected.
      #
      #   Person.in_batches.delete_all
      #
      # See Relation#delete_all for details of how each batch is deleted.
      def delete_all
        sum(&:delete_all)
      end

      # Updates records in batches. Returns the total number of rows affected.
      #
      #   Person.in_batches.update_all("age = age + 1")
      #
      # See Relation#update_all for details of how each batch is updated.
      def update_all(updates)
        sum do |relation|
          relation.update_all(updates)
        end
      end

      # Destroys records in batches.
      #
      #   Person.where("age < 10").in_batches.destroy_all
      #
      # See Relation#destroy_all for details of how each batch is destroyed.
      def destroy_all
        each(&:destroy_all)
      end

      # Yields an ActiveRecord::Relation object for each batch of records.
      #
      #   Person.in_batches.each do |relation|
      #     relation.update_all(awesome: true)
      #   end
      def each(&block)
        enum = @relation.to_enum(:in_batches, of: @of, start: @start, finish: @finish, load: false)
        return enum.each(&block) if block_given?
        enum
      end
    end
  end
end

batches.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_record/relation/batches/batch_enumerator"

module ActiveRecord
  module Batches
    ORDER_IGNORE_MESSAGE = "Scoped order is ignored, it's forced to be batch order."

    # Looping through a collection of records from the database
    # (using the Scoping::Named::ClassMethods.all method, for example)
    # is very inefficient since it will try to instantiate all the objects at once.
    #
    # In that case, batch processing methods allow you to work
    # with the records in batches, thereby greatly reducing memory consumption.
    #
    # The #find_each method uses #find_in_batches with a batch size of 1000 (or as
    # specified by the +:batch_size+ option).
    #
    #   Person.find_each do |person|
    #     person.do_awesome_stuff
    #   end
    #
    #   Person.where("age > 21").find_each do |person|
    #     person.party_all_night!
    #   end
    #
    # If you do not provide a block to #find_each, it will return an Enumerator
    # for chaining with other methods:
    #
    #   Person.find_each.with_index do |person, index|
    #     person.award_trophy(index + 1)
    #   end
    #
    # ==== Options
    # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Defaults to 1000.
    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:finish</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:error_on_ignore</tt> - Overrides the application config to specify if an error should be raised when
    #   an order is present in the relation.
    # * <tt>:order</tt> - Specifies the primary key order (can be +:asc+ or +:desc+). Defaults to +:asc+.
    #
    # Limits are honored, and if present there is no requirement for the batch
    # size: it can be less than, equal to, or greater than the limit.
    #
    # The options +start+ and +finish+ are especially useful if you want
    # multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can make
    # worker 1 handle all the records between id 1 and 9999 and worker 2
    # handle from 10000 and beyond by setting the +:start+ and +:finish+
    # option on each worker.
    #
    #   # In worker 1, let's process until 9999 records.
    #   Person.find_each(finish: 9_999) do |person|
    #     person.party_all_night!
    #   end
    #
    #   # In worker 2, let's process from record 10_000 and onwards.
    #   Person.find_each(start: 10_000) do |person|
    #     person.party_all_night!
    #   end
    #
    # NOTE: Order can be ascending (:asc) or descending (:desc). It is automatically set to
    # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC").
    # This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
    #
    # NOTE: By its nature, batch processing is subject to race conditions if
    # other processes are modifying the database.
    def find_each(start: nil, finish: nil, batch_size: 1000, error_on_ignore: nil, order: :asc, &block)
      if block_given?
        find_in_batches(start: start, finish: finish, batch_size: batch_size, error_on_ignore: error_on_ignore, order: order) do |records|
          records.each(&block)
        end
      else
        enum_for(:find_each, start: start, finish: finish, batch_size: batch_size, error_on_ignore: error_on_ignore, order: order) do
          relation = self
          apply_limits(relation, start, finish, order).size
        end
      end
    end

    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find options as
    # an array.
    #
    #   Person.where("age > 21").find_in_batches do |group|
    #     sleep(50) # Make sure it doesn't get too crowded in there!
    #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
    #   end
    #
    # If you do not provide a block to #find_in_batches, it will return an Enumerator
    # for chaining with other methods:
    #
    #   Person.find_in_batches.with_index do |group, batch|
    #     puts "Processing group ##{batch}"
    #     group.each(&:recover_from_last_night!)
    #   end
    #
    # To be yielded each record one by one, use #find_each instead.
    #
    # ==== Options
    # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Defaults to 1000.
    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:finish</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:error_on_ignore</tt> - Overrides the application config to specify if an error should be raised when
    #   an order is present in the relation.
    # * <tt>:order</tt> - Specifies the primary key order (can be +:asc+ or +:desc+). Defaults to +:asc+.
    #
    # Limits are honored, and if present there is no requirement for the batch
    # size: it can be less than, equal to, or greater than the limit.
    #
    # The options +start+ and +finish+ are especially useful if you want
    # multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can make
    # worker 1 handle all the records between id 1 and 9999 and worker 2
    # handle from 10000 and beyond by setting the +:start+ and +:finish+
    # option on each worker.
    #
    #   # Let's process from record 10_000 on.
    #   Person.find_in_batches(start: 10_000) do |group|
    #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
    #   end
    #
    # NOTE: Order can be ascending (:asc) or descending (:desc). It is automatically set to
    # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC").
    # This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
    #
    # NOTE: By its nature, batch processing is subject to race conditions if
    # other processes are modifying the database.
    def find_in_batches(start: nil, finish: nil, batch_size: 1000, error_on_ignore: nil, order: :asc)
      relation = self
      unless block_given?
        return to_enum(:find_in_batches, start: start, finish: finish, batch_size: batch_size, error_on_ignore: error_on_ignore, order: order) do
          total = apply_limits(relation, start, finish, order).size
          (total - 1).div(batch_size) + 1
        end
      end

      in_batches(of: batch_size, start: start, finish: finish, load: true, error_on_ignore: error_on_ignore, order: order) do |batch|
        yield batch.to_a
      end
    end

    # Yields ActiveRecord::Relation objects to work with a batch of records.
    #
    #   Person.where("age > 21").in_batches do |relation|
    #     relation.delete_all
    #     sleep(10) # Throttle the delete queries
    #   end
    #
    # If you do not provide a block to #in_batches, it will return a
    # BatchEnumerator which is enumerable.
    #
    #   Person.in_batches.each_with_index do |relation, batch_index|
    #     puts "Processing relation ##{batch_index}"
    #     relation.delete_all
    #   end
    #
    # Examples of calling methods on the returned BatchEnumerator object:
    #
    #   Person.in_batches.delete_all
    #   Person.in_batches.update_all(awesome: true)
    #   Person.in_batches.each_record(&:party_all_night!)
    #
    # ==== Options
    # * <tt>:of</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Defaults to 1000.
    # * <tt>:load</tt> - Specifies if the relation should be loaded. Defaults to false.
    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:finish</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
    # * <tt>:error_on_ignore</tt> - Overrides the application config to specify if an error should be raised when
    #   an order is present in the relation.
    # * <tt>:order</tt> - Specifies the primary key order (can be +:asc+ or +:desc+). Defaults to +:asc+.
    #
    # Limits are honored, and if present there is no requirement for the batch
    # size, it can be less than, equal, or greater than the limit.
    #
    # The options +start+ and +finish+ are especially useful if you want
    # multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can make
    # worker 1 handle all the records between id 1 and 9999 and worker 2
    # handle from 10000 and beyond by setting the +:start+ and +:finish+
    # option on each worker.
    #
    #   # Let's process from record 10_000 on.
    #   Person.in_batches(start: 10_000).update_all(awesome: true)
    #
    # An example of calling where query method on the relation:
    #
    #   Person.in_batches.each do |relation|
    #     relation.update_all('age = age + 1')
    #     relation.where('age > 21').update_all(should_party: true)
    #     relation.where('age <= 21').delete_all
    #   end
    #
    # NOTE: If you are going to iterate through each record, you should call
    # #each_record on the yielded BatchEnumerator:
    #
    #   Person.in_batches.each_record(&:party_all_night!)
    #
    # NOTE: Order can be ascending (:asc) or descending (:desc). It is automatically set to
    # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC").
    # This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
    #
    # NOTE: By its nature, batch processing is subject to race conditions if
    # other processes are modifying the database.
    def in_batches(of: 1000, start: nil, finish: nil, load: false, error_on_ignore: nil, order: :asc)
      relation = self
      unless block_given?
        return BatchEnumerator.new(of: of, start: start, finish: finish, relation: self)
      end

      unless [:asc, :desc].include?(order)
        raise ArgumentError, ":order must be :asc or :desc, got #{order.inspect}"
      end

      if arel.orders.present?
        act_on_ignored_order(error_on_ignore)
      end

      batch_limit = of
      if limit_value
        remaining   = limit_value
        batch_limit = remaining if remaining < batch_limit
      end

      relation = relation.reorder(batch_order(order)).limit(batch_limit)
      relation = apply_limits(relation, start, finish, order)
      relation.skip_query_cache! # Retaining the results in the query cache would undermine the point of batching
      batch_relation = relation

      loop do
        if load
          records = batch_relation.records
          ids = records.map(&:id)
          yielded_relation = where(primary_key => ids)
          yielded_relation.load_records(records)
        else
          ids = batch_relation.pluck(primary_key)
          yielded_relation = where(primary_key => ids)
        end

        break if ids.empty?

        primary_key_offset = ids.last
        raise ArgumentError.new("Primary key not included in the custom select clause") unless primary_key_offset

        yield yielded_relation

        break if ids.length < batch_limit

        if limit_value
          remaining -= ids.length

          if remaining == 0
            # Saves a useless iteration when the limit is a multiple of the
            # batch size.
            break
          elsif remaining < batch_limit
            relation = relation.limit(remaining)
          end
        end

        batch_relation = relation.where(
          predicate_builder[primary_key, primary_key_offset, order == :desc ? :lt : :gt]
        )
      end
    end

    private
      def apply_limits(relation, start, finish, order)
        relation = apply_start_limit(relation, start, order) if start
        relation = apply_finish_limit(relation, finish, order) if finish
        relation
      end

      def apply_start_limit(relation, start, order)
        relation.where(predicate_builder[primary_key, start, order == :desc ? :lteq : :gteq])
      end

      def apply_finish_limit(relation, finish, order)
        relation.where(predicate_builder[primary_key, finish, order == :desc ? :gteq : :lteq])
      end

      def batch_order(order)
        table[primary_key].public_send(order)
      end

      def act_on_ignored_order(error_on_ignore)
        raise_error = (error_on_ignore.nil? ? ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order : error_on_ignore)

        if raise_error
          raise ArgumentError.new(ORDER_IGNORE_MESSAGE)
        elsif logger
          logger.warn(ORDER_IGNORE_MESSAGE)
        end
      end
  end
end

batches_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/comment"
require "models/post"
require "models/subscriber"

class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :posts, :subscribers

  def setup
    @posts = Post.order("id asc")
    @total = Post.count
    Post.count("id") # preheat arel's table cache
  end

  def test_each_should_execute_one_query_per_batch
    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
      Post.find_each(batch_size: 1) do |post|
        assert_kind_of Post, post
      end
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_not_return_query_chain_and_execute_only_one_query
    assert_queries(1) do
      result = Post.find_each(batch_size: 100000) { }
      assert_nil result
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_return_an_enumerator_if_no_block_is_present
    assert_queries(1) do
      Post.find_each(batch_size: 100000).with_index do |post, index|
        assert_kind_of Post, post
        assert_kind_of Integer, index
      end
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
    assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(batch_size: 1).size
    assert_equal 5, Post.find_each(batch_size:  2, start: 7).size
    assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(batch_size: 10_000).size
  end

  def test_each_enumerator_should_execute_one_query_per_batch
    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
      Post.find_each(batch_size: 1).with_index do |post, index|
        assert_kind_of Post, post
        assert_kind_of Integer, index
      end
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_raise_if_select_is_set_without_id
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
      Post.select(:title).find_each(batch_size: 1) { |post|
        flunk "should not call this block"
      }
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_execute_if_id_is_in_select
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.select("id, title, type").find_each(batch_size: 2) do |post|
        assert_kind_of Post, post
      end
    end
  end

  test "find_each should honor limit if passed a block" do
    limit = @total - 1
    total = 0

    Post.limit(limit).find_each do |post|
      total += 1
    end

    assert_equal limit, total
  end

  test "find_each should honor limit if no block is passed" do
    limit = @total - 1
    total = 0

    Post.limit(limit).find_each.each do |post|
      total += 1
    end

    assert_equal limit, total
  end

  def test_warn_if_order_scope_is_set
    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.logger, :warn) do
      Post.order("title").find_each { |post| post }
    end
  end

  def test_logger_not_required
    previous_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = nil
    assert_nothing_raised do
      Post.order("comments_count DESC").find_each { |post| post }
    end
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = previous_logger
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_return_batches
    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_start_from_the_start_option
    assert_queries(@total) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, start: 2) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_end_at_the_finish_option
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, finish: 5) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_shouldnt_execute_query_unless_needed
    assert_queries(2) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: @total) { |batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
    end

    assert_queries(1) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: @total + 1) { |batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order
    c = Post.connection
    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("posts.id"))}/i) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order_with_desc_order
    c = Post.connection
    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("posts.id"))} DESC/) do
      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, order: :desc) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_each_should_raise_if_order_is_invalid
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
      Post.select(:title).find_each(batch_size: 1, order: :invalid) { |post|
        flunk "should not call this block"
      }
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_use_records_after_yielding_them_in_case_original_array_is_modified
    not_a_post = +"not a post"
    def not_a_post.id; end
    not_a_post.stub(:id, -> { raise StandardError.new("not_a_post had #id called on it") }) do
      assert_nothing_raised do
        Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
          assert_kind_of Array, batch
          assert_kind_of Post, batch.first

          batch.map! { not_a_post }
        end
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_ignore_the_order_default_scope
    # First post is with title scope
    first_post = PostWithDefaultScope.first
    posts = []
    PostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches  do |batch|
      posts.concat(batch)
    end
    # posts.first will be ordered using id only. Title order scope should not apply here
    assert_not_equal first_post, posts.first
    assert_equal posts(:welcome).id, posts.first.id
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_error_on_ignore_the_order
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
      PostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches(error_on_ignore: true) { }
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_error_if_config_overridden
    # Set the config option which will be overridden
    prev = ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order
    ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order = true
    assert_nothing_raised do
      PostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches(error_on_ignore: false) { }
    end
  ensure
    # Set back to default
    ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order = prev
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_error_on_config_specified_to_error
    # Set the config option
    prev = ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order
    ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order = true
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
      PostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches() { }
    end
  ensure
    # Set back to default
    ActiveRecord.error_on_ignored_order = prev
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_error_by_default
    assert_nothing_raised do
      PostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches() { }
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_ignore_the_default_scope_if_it_is_other_then_order
    default_scope = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.all
    posts = []
    SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.find_in_batches do |batch|
      posts.concat(batch)
    end
    assert_equal default_scope.pluck(:id).sort, posts.map(&:id).sort
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key
    nick_order_subscribers = Subscriber.order("nick asc")
    start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick

    subscribers = []
    Subscriber.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, start: start_nick) do |batch|
      subscribers.concat(batch)
    end

    assert_equal nick_order_subscribers[1..-1].map(&:id), subscribers.map(&:id)
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key_when_start_is_not_specified
    assert_queries(Subscriber.count + 1) do
      Subscriber.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Subscriber, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
    enum = nil
    assert_no_queries do
      enum = Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1)
    end
    assert_queries(4) do
      enum.first(4) do |batch|
        assert_kind_of Array, batch
        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
      end
    end
  end

  test "find_in_batches should honor limit if passed a block" do
    limit = @total - 1
    total = 0

    Post.limit(limit).find_in_batches do |batch|
      total += batch.size
    end

    assert_equal limit, total
  end

  test "find_in_batches should honor limit if no block is passed" do
    limit = @total - 1
    total = 0

    Post.limit(limit).find_in_batches.each do |batch|
      total += batch.size
    end

    assert_equal limit, total
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_not_execute_any_query
    assert_no_queries do
      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Batches::BatchEnumerator, Post.in_batches(of: 2)
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_has_attribute_readers
    enumerator = Post.no_comments.in_batches(of: 2, start: 42, finish: 84)
    assert_equal Post.no_comments, enumerator.relation
    assert_equal 2, enumerator.batch_size
    assert_equal 42, enumerator.start
    assert_equal 84, enumerator.finish
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_yield_relation_if_block_given
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_be_enumerable_if_no_block_given
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_yield_record_if_block_is_given
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record do |post|
        assert_predicate post.title, :present?
        assert_kind_of Post, post
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_return_enumerator_if_no_block_given
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record.with_index do |post, i|
        assert_predicate post.title, :present?
        assert_kind_of Post, post
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_be_ordered_by_id
    ids = Post.order("id ASC").pluck(:id)
    assert_queries(6) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record.with_index do |post, i|
        assert_equal ids[i], post.id
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_update_all_affect_all_records
    assert_queries(6 + 6) do # 6 selects, 6 updates
      Post.in_batches(of: 2).update_all(title: "updated-title")
    end
    assert_equal Post.all.pluck(:title), ["updated-title"] * Post.count
  end

  def test_in_batches_update_all_returns_rows_affected
    assert_equal 11, Post.in_batches(of: 2).update_all(title: "updated-title")
  end

  def test_in_batches_update_all_returns_zero_when_no_batches
    assert_equal 0, Post.where("1=0").in_batches(of: 2).update_all(title: "updated-title")
  end

  def test_in_batches_delete_all_should_not_delete_records_in_other_batches
    not_deleted_count = Post.where("id <= 2").count
    Post.where("id > 2").in_batches(of: 2).delete_all
    assert_equal 0, Post.where("id > 2").count
    assert_equal not_deleted_count, Post.count
  end

  def test_in_batches_delete_all_returns_rows_affected
    assert_equal 11, Post.in_batches(of: 2).delete_all
  end

  def test_in_batches_delete_all_returns_zero_when_no_batches
    assert_equal 0, Post.where("1=0").in_batches(of: 2).delete_all
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_not_be_loaded
    Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
      assert_not_predicate relation, :loaded?
    end

    Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: false) do |relation|
      assert_not_predicate relation, :loaded?
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_be_loaded
    Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: true) do |relation|
      assert_predicate relation, :loaded?
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_if_not_loaded_executes_more_queries
    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: false) do |relation|
        assert_not_predicate relation, :loaded?
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_return_relations
    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_start_from_the_start_option
    post = Post.order("id ASC").where("id >= ?", 2).first
    assert_queries(2) do
      relation = Post.in_batches(of: 1, start: 2).first
      assert_equal post, relation.first
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_end_at_the_finish_option
    post = Post.order("id DESC").where("id <= ?", 5).first
    assert_queries(7) do
      relation = Post.in_batches(of: 1, finish: 5, load: true).reverse_each.first
      assert_equal post, relation.last
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_shouldnt_execute_query_unless_needed
    assert_queries(2) do
      Post.in_batches(of: @total) { |relation| assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation }
    end

    assert_queries(1) do
      Post.in_batches(of: @total + 1) { |relation| assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation }
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order
    c = Post.connection
    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{c.quote_table_name('posts')}\.#{c.quote_column_name('id')}/) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order_with_desc_order
    c = Post.connection
    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("posts.id"))} DESC/) do
      Post.in_batches(of: 1, order: :desc) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_not_use_records_after_yielding_them_in_case_original_array_is_modified
    not_a_post = +"not a post"
    def not_a_post.id
      raise StandardError.new("not_a_post had #id called on it")
    end

    assert_nothing_raised do
      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first

        [not_a_post] * relation.count
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_not_ignore_default_scope_without_order_statements
    default_scope = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.all
    posts = []
    SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.in_batches do |relation|
      posts.concat(relation)
    end
    assert_equal default_scope.pluck(:id).sort, posts.map(&:id).sort
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key
    nick_order_subscribers = Subscriber.order("nick asc")
    start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick

    subscribers = []
    Subscriber.in_batches(of: 1, start: start_nick) do |relation|
      subscribers.concat(relation)
    end

    assert_equal nick_order_subscribers[1..-1].map(&:id), subscribers.map(&:id)
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key_when_start_is_not_specified
    assert_queries(Subscriber.count + 1) do
      Subscriber.in_batches(of: 1, load: true) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
        assert_kind_of Subscriber, relation.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
    enum = nil
    assert_no_queries do
      enum = Post.in_batches(of: 1)
    end
    assert_queries(4) do
      enum.first(4) do |relation|
        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_relations_should_not_overlap_with_each_other
    seen_posts = []
    Post.in_batches(of: 2, load: true) do |relation|
      relation.to_a.each do |post|
        assert_not seen_posts.include?(post)
        seen_posts << post
      end
    end
  end

  def test_in_batches_relations_with_condition_should_not_overlap_with_each_other
    seen_posts = []
    author_id = Post.first.author_id
    posts_by_author = Post.where(author_id: author_id)
    Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |batch|
      seen_posts += batch.where(author_id: author_id)
    end

    assert_equal posts_by_author.pluck(:id).sort, seen_posts.map(&:id).sort
  end

  def test_in_batches_relations_update_all_should_not_affect_matching_records_in_other_batches
    Post.update_all(author_id: 0)
    person = Post.last
    person.update(author_id: 1)

    Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |batch|
      batch.where("author_id >= 1").update_all("author_id = author_id + 1")
    end
    assert_equal 2, person.reload.author_id # incremented only once
  end

  def test_find_in_batches_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
    assert_equal 11, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1).size
    assert_equal 6, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 2).size
    assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 2, start: 4).size
    assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 3).size
    assert_equal 1, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 10_000).size
  end

  [true, false].each do |load|
    test "in_batches should return limit records when limit is less than batch size and load is #{load}" do
      limit      = 3
      batch_size = 5
      total      = 0

      Post.limit(limit).in_batches(of: batch_size, load: load) do |batch|
        total += batch.count
      end

      assert_equal limit, total
    end

    test "in_batches should return limit records when limit is greater than batch size and load is #{load}" do
      limit      = 5
      batch_size = 3
      total      = 0

      Post.limit(limit).in_batches(of: batch_size, load: load) do |batch|
        total += batch.count
      end

      assert_equal limit, total
    end

    test "in_batches should return limit records when limit is a multiple of the batch size and load is #{load}" do
      limit      = 6
      batch_size = 3
      total      = 0

      Post.limit(limit).in_batches(of: batch_size, load: load) do |batch|
        total += batch.count
      end

      assert_equal limit, total
    end

    test "in_batches should return no records if the limit is 0 and load is #{load}" do
      limit      = 0
      batch_size = 1
      total      = 0

      Post.limit(limit).in_batches(of: batch_size, load: load) do |batch|
        total += batch.count
      end

      assert_equal limit, total
    end

    test "in_batches should return all if the limit is greater than the number of records when load is #{load}" do
      limit      = @total + 1
      batch_size = 1
      total      = 0

      Post.limit(limit).in_batches(of: batch_size, load: load) do |batch|
        total += batch.count
      end

      assert_equal @total, total
    end
  end

  test ".find_each respects table alias" do
    assert_queries(1) do
      table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias("omg_posts")
      table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
      predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)

      posts = ActiveRecord::Relation.create(
        Post,
        table: table_alias,
        predicate_builder: predicate_builder
      )
      posts.find_each { }
    end
  end

  test ".find_each bypasses the query cache for its own queries" do
    Post.cache do
      assert_queries(2) do
        Post.find_each { }
        Post.find_each { }
      end
    end
  end

  test ".find_each does not disable the query cache inside the given block" do
    Post.cache do
      Post.find_each(start: 1, finish: 1) do |post|
        assert_queries(1) do
          post.comments.count
          post.comments.count
        end
      end
    end
  end

  test ".find_in_batches bypasses the query cache for its own queries" do
    Post.cache do
      assert_queries(2) do
        Post.find_in_batches { }
        Post.find_in_batches { }
      end
    end
  end

  test ".find_in_batches does not disable the query cache inside the given block" do
    Post.cache do
      Post.find_in_batches(start: 1, finish: 1) do |batch|
        assert_queries(1) do
          batch.first.comments.count
          batch.first.comments.count
        end
      end
    end
  end

  test ".in_batches bypasses the query cache for its own queries" do
    Post.cache do
      assert_queries(2) do
        Post.in_batches { }
        Post.in_batches { }
      end
    end
  end

  test ".in_batches does not disable the query cache inside the given block" do
    Post.cache do
      Post.in_batches(start: 1, finish: 1) do |relation|
        assert_queries(1) do
          relation.count
          relation.count
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

before_type_cast.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module AttributeMethods
    # = Active Record Attribute Methods Before Type Cast
    #
    # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast provides a way to
    # read the value of the attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
    #
    #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
    #   end
    #
    #   task = Task.new(id: '1', completed_on: '2012-10-21')
    #   task.id           # => 1
    #   task.completed_on # => Sun, 21 Oct 2012
    #
    #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
    #   # => {"id"=>"1", "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", ... }
    #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('id')           # => "1"
    #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
    #
    # In addition to #read_attribute_before_type_cast and #attributes_before_type_cast,
    # it declares a method for all attributes with the <tt>*_before_type_cast</tt>
    # suffix.
    #
    #   task.id_before_type_cast           # => "1"
    #   task.completed_on_before_type_cast # => "2012-10-21"
    module BeforeTypeCast
      extend ActiveSupport::Concern

      included do
        attribute_method_suffix "_before_type_cast", "_for_database", parameters: false
        attribute_method_suffix "_came_from_user?", parameters: false
      end

      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by +attr_name+ before
      # typecasting and deserialization.
      #
      #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
      #   end
      #
      #   task = Task.new(id: '1', completed_on: '2012-10-21')
      #   task.read_attribute('id')                            # => 1
      #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('id')           # => '1'
      #   task.read_attribute('completed_on')                  # => Sun, 21 Oct 2012
      #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
      #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
      def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
        name = attr_name.to_s
        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name

        attribute_before_type_cast(name)
      end

      # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
      #
      #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
      #   end
      #
      #   task = Task.new(title: nil, is_done: true, completed_on: '2012-10-21')
      #   task.attributes
      #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012, "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
      #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
      #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
      def attributes_before_type_cast
        @attributes.values_before_type_cast
      end

      # Returns a hash of attributes for assignment to the database.
      def attributes_for_database
        @attributes.values_for_database
      end

      private
        # Dispatch target for <tt>*_before_type_cast</tt> attribute methods.
        def attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
          @attributes[attr_name].value_before_type_cast
        end

        def attribute_for_database(attr_name)
          @attributes[attr_name].value_for_database
        end

        def attribute_came_from_user?(attr_name)
          @attributes[attr_name].came_from_user?
        end
    end
  end
end

belongs_to.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
  class BelongsTo < SingularAssociation # :nodoc:
    def self.macro
      :belongs_to
    end

    def self.valid_options(options)
      valid = super + [:polymorphic, :counter_cache, :optional, :default]
      valid += [:foreign_type] if options[:polymorphic]
      valid += [:ensuring_owner_was] if options[:dependent] == :destroy_async
      valid
    end

    def self.valid_dependent_options
      [:destroy, :delete, :destroy_async]
    end

    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
      super
      add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:counter_cache]
      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)         if reflection.options[:touch]
      add_default_callbacks(model, reflection)       if reflection.options[:default]
    end

    def self.add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
      cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column

      model.after_update lambda { |record|
        association = association(reflection.name)

        if association.saved_change_to_target?
          association.increment_counters
          association.decrement_counters_before_last_save
        end
      }

      klass = reflection.class_name.safe_constantize
      klass.attr_readonly cache_column if klass && klass.respond_to?(:attr_readonly)
    end

    def self.touch_record(o, changes, foreign_key, name, touch, touch_method) # :nodoc:
      old_foreign_id = changes[foreign_key] && changes[foreign_key].first

      if old_foreign_id
        association = o.association(name)
        reflection = association.reflection
        if reflection.polymorphic?
          foreign_type = reflection.foreign_type
          klass = changes[foreign_type] && changes[foreign_type].first || o.public_send(foreign_type)
          klass = o.class.polymorphic_class_for(klass)
        else
          klass = association.klass
        end
        primary_key = reflection.association_primary_key(klass)
        old_record = klass.find_by(primary_key => old_foreign_id)

        if old_record
          if touch != true
            old_record.public_send(touch_method, touch)
          else
            old_record.public_send(touch_method)
          end
        end
      end

      record = o.public_send name
      if record && record.persisted?
        if touch != true
          record.public_send(touch_method, touch)
        else
          record.public_send(touch_method)
        end
      end
    end

    def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
      foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
      name        = reflection.name
      touch       = reflection.options[:touch]

      callback = lambda { |changes_method| lambda { |record|
        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, record.send(changes_method), foreign_key, name, touch, belongs_to_touch_method)
      }}

      if reflection.counter_cache_column
        touch_callback = callback.(:saved_changes)
        update_callback = lambda { |record|
          instance_exec(record, &touch_callback) unless association(reflection.name).saved_change_to_target?
        }
        model.after_update update_callback, if: :saved_changes?
      else
        model.after_create callback.(:saved_changes), if: :saved_changes?
        model.after_update callback.(:saved_changes), if: :saved_changes?
        model.after_destroy callback.(:changes_to_save)
      end

      model.after_touch callback.(:changes_to_save)
    end

    def self.add_default_callbacks(model, reflection)
      model.before_validation lambda { |o|
        o.association(reflection.name).default(&reflection.options[:default])
      }
    end

    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
      model.after_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(reflection.name).handle_dependency }
    end

    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
      if reflection.options.key?(:required)
        reflection.options[:optional] = !reflection.options.delete(:required)
      end

      if reflection.options[:optional].nil?
        required = model.belongs_to_required_by_default
      else
        required = !reflection.options[:optional]
      end

      super

      if required
        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
      end
    end

    def self.define_change_tracking_methods(model, reflection)
      model.generated_association_methods.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
        def #{reflection.name}_changed?
          association(:#{reflection.name}).target_changed?
        end

        def #{reflection.name}_previously_changed?
          association(:#{reflection.name}).target_previously_changed?
        end
      CODE
    end

    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options, :define_callbacks,
      :define_validations, :define_change_tracking_methods, :add_counter_cache_callbacks,
      :add_touch_callbacks, :add_default_callbacks, :add_destroy_callbacks
  end
end

belongs_to_association.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    # = Active Record Belongs To Association
    class BelongsToAssociation < SingularAssociation # :nodoc:
      def handle_dependency
        return unless load_target

        case options[:dependent]
        when :destroy
          raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless target.destroy
        when :destroy_async
          id = owner.public_send(reflection.foreign_key.to_sym)
          primary_key_column = reflection.active_record_primary_key.to_sym

          enqueue_destroy_association(
            owner_model_name: owner.class.to_s,
            owner_id: owner.id,
            association_class: reflection.klass.to_s,
            association_ids: [id],
            association_primary_key_column: primary_key_column,
            ensuring_owner_was_method: options.fetch(:ensuring_owner_was, nil)
          )
        else
          target.public_send(options[:dependent])
        end
      end

      def inversed_from(record)
        replace_keys(record)
        super
      end

      def default(&block)
        writer(owner.instance_exec(&block)) if reader.nil?
      end

      def reset
        super
        @updated = false
      end

      def updated?
        @updated
      end

      def decrement_counters
        update_counters(-1)
      end

      def increment_counters
        update_counters(1)
      end

      def decrement_counters_before_last_save
        if reflection.polymorphic?
          model_type_was = owner.attribute_before_last_save(reflection.foreign_type)
          model_was = owner.class.polymorphic_class_for(model_type_was) if model_type_was
        else
          model_was = klass
        end

        foreign_key_was = owner.attribute_before_last_save(reflection.foreign_key)

        if foreign_key_was && model_was < ActiveRecord::Base
          update_counters_via_scope(model_was, foreign_key_was, -1)
        end
      end

      def target_changed?
        owner.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_key) || (!foreign_key_present? && target&.new_record?)
      end

      def target_previously_changed?
        owner.attribute_previously_changed?(reflection.foreign_key)
      end

      def saved_change_to_target?
        owner.saved_change_to_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
      end

      private
        def replace(record)
          if record
            raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
            set_inverse_instance(record)
            @updated = true
          elsif target
            remove_inverse_instance(target)
          end

          replace_keys(record, force: true)

          self.target = record
        end

        def update_counters(by)
          if require_counter_update? && foreign_key_present?
            if target && !stale_target?
              target.increment!(reflection.counter_cache_column, by, touch: reflection.options[:touch])
            else
              update_counters_via_scope(klass, owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key), by)
            end
          end
        end

        def update_counters_via_scope(klass, foreign_key, by)
          scope = klass.unscoped.where!(primary_key(klass) => foreign_key)
          scope.update_counters(reflection.counter_cache_column => by, touch: reflection.options[:touch])
        end

        def find_target?
          !loaded? && foreign_key_present? && klass
        end

        def require_counter_update?
          reflection.counter_cache_column && owner.persisted?
        end

        def replace_keys(record, force: false)
          target_key = record ? record._read_attribute(primary_key(record.class)) : nil

          if force || owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key) != target_key
            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = target_key
          end
        end

        def primary_key(klass)
          reflection.association_primary_key(klass)
        end

        def foreign_key_present?
          owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
        end

        def invertible_for?(record)
          inverse = inverse_reflection_for(record)
          inverse && (inverse.has_one? || inverse.klass.has_many_inversing)
        end

        def stale_state
          result = owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key) { |n| owner.send(:missing_attribute, n, caller) }
          result && result.to_s
        end
    end
  end
end

belongs_to_associations_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/developer"
require "models/project"
require "models/company"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/computer"
require "models/post"
require "models/author"
require "models/tag"
require "models/tagging"
require "models/comment"
require "models/sponsor"
require "models/member"
require "models/essay"
require "models/toy"
require "models/invoice"
require "models/line_item"
require "models/column"
require "models/record"
require "models/admin"
require "models/admin/user"
require "models/ship"
require "models/treasure"
require "models/parrot"
require "models/book"
require "models/citation"
require "models/tree"
require "models/node"
require "models/club"

class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
           :developers_projects, :computers, :authors, :author_addresses,
           :essays, :posts, :tags, :taggings, :comments, :sponsors, :members, :nodes

  def test_belongs_to
    client = Client.find(3)
    first_firm = companies(:first_firm)
    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=|FETCH FIRST/) do
      assert_equal first_firm, client.firm
      assert_equal first_firm.name, client.firm.name
    end
  end

  def test_where_with_custom_primary_key
    assert_equal [authors(:david)], Author.where(owned_essay: essays(:david_modest_proposal))
  end

  def test_find_by_with_custom_primary_key
    assert_equal authors(:david), Author.find_by(owned_essay: essays(:david_modest_proposal))
  end

  def test_where_on_polymorphic_association_with_nil
    assert_equal comments(:greetings), Comment.where(author: nil).first
    assert_equal comments(:greetings), Comment.where(author: [nil]).first
  end

  def test_where_on_polymorphic_association_with_empty_array
    assert_empty Comment.where(author: [])
  end

  def test_assigning_belongs_to_on_destroyed_object
    client = Client.create!(name: "Client")
    client.destroy!
    assert_raise(FrozenError) { client.firm = nil }
    assert_raise(FrozenError) { client.firm = Firm.new(name: "Firm") }
  end

  def test_eager_loading_wont_mutate_owner_record
    client = Client.eager_load(:firm_with_basic_id).first
    assert_not_predicate client, :firm_id_came_from_user?

    client = Client.preload(:firm_with_basic_id).first
    assert_not_predicate client, :firm_id_came_from_user?
  end

  def test_missing_attribute_error_is_raised_when_no_foreign_key_attribute
    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Client.select(:id).first.firm }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_does_not_use_order_by
    sql_log = capture_sql { Client.find(3).firm }
    assert sql_log.all? { |sql| !/order by/i.match?(sql) }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{sql_log}"
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key
    client = Client.create(name: "Primary key client", firm_name: companies(:first_firm).name)
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, client.firm_with_primary_key.name
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key_joins_on_correct_column
    sql = Client.joins(:firm_with_primary_key).to_sql
    if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
      assert_no_match(/`firm_with_primary_keys_companies`\.`id`/, sql)
      assert_match(/`firm_with_primary_keys_companies`\.`name`/, sql)
    elsif current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      # on Oracle aliases are truncated to 30 characters and are quoted in uppercase
      assert_no_match(/"firm_with_primary_keys_compani"\."id"/i, sql)
      assert_match(/"firm_with_primary_keys_compani"\."name"/i, sql)
    else
      assert_no_match(/"firm_with_primary_keys_companies"\."id"/, sql)
      assert_match(/"firm_with_primary_keys_companies"\."name"/, sql)
    end
  end

  def test_optional_relation_can_be_set_per_model
    model1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "accounts"
      self.belongs_to_required_by_default = false

      belongs_to :company

      def self.name
        "FirstModel"
      end
    end.new

    model2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "accounts"
      self.belongs_to_required_by_default = true

      belongs_to :company

      def self.name
        "SecondModel"
      end
    end.new

    assert_predicate model1, :valid?
    assert_not_predicate model2, :valid?
  end

  def test_optional_relation
    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true

    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "accounts"
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      belongs_to :company, optional: true
    end

    account = model.new
    assert_predicate account, :valid?
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
  end

  def test_not_optional_relation
    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true

    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "accounts"
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      belongs_to :company, optional: false
    end

    account = model.new
    assert_not_predicate account, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], account.errors.details[:company]
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
  end

  def test_required_belongs_to_config
    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true

    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "accounts"
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      belongs_to :company
    end

    account = model.new
    assert_not_predicate account, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], account.errors.details[:company]
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
  end

  def test_default
    david = developers(:david)
    jamis = developers(:jamis)

    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "ships"
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      belongs_to :developer, default: -> { david }
    end

    ship = model.create!
    assert_equal david, ship.developer

    ship = model.create!(developer: jamis)
    assert_equal jamis, ship.developer

    ship.update!(developer: nil)
    assert_equal david, ship.developer
  end

  def test_default_with_lambda
    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
      self.table_name = "ships"
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      belongs_to :developer, default: -> { default_developer }

      def default_developer
        Developer.first
      end
    end

    ship = model.create!
    assert_equal developers(:david), ship.developer

    ship = model.create!(developer: developers(:jamis))
    assert_equal developers(:jamis), ship.developer
  end

  def test_default_scope_on_relations_is_not_cached
    counter = 0

    comments = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
      self.table_name = "comments"
      self.inheritance_column = "not_there"

      posts = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
        self.table_name = "posts"
        self.inheritance_column = "not_there"

        default_scope -> {
          counter += 1
          where("id = :inc", inc: counter)
        }

        has_many :comments, anonymous_class: comments
      }
      belongs_to :post, anonymous_class: posts, inverse_of: false
    }

    assert_equal 0, counter
    comment = comments.first
    assert_equal 0, counter
    sql = capture_sql { comment.post }
    comment.reload
    assert_not_equal sql, capture_sql { comment.post }
  end

  def test_proxy_assignment
    account = Account.find(1)
    assert_nothing_raised { account.firm = account.firm }
  end

  def test_type_mismatch
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { Account.find(1).firm = 1 }
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { Account.find(1).firm = Project.find(1) }
  end

  def test_raises_type_mismatch_with_namespaced_class
    assert_nil defined?(Region), "This test requires that there is no top-level Region class"

    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_eval do
      create_table(:admin_regions, force: true) { |t| t.string :name }
      add_column :admin_users, :region_id, :integer
    end
    Admin.const_set "RegionalUser", Class.new(Admin::User) { belongs_to(:region) }
    Admin.const_set "Region", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)

    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) {
      Admin::RegionalUser.new(region: "wrong value")
    }
    assert_match(/^Region\([^)]+\) expected, got "wrong value" which is an instance of String\([^)]+\)$/, e.message)
  ensure
    Admin.send :remove_const, "Region" if Admin.const_defined?("Region")
    Admin.send :remove_const, "RegionalUser" if Admin.const_defined?("RegionalUser")

    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_eval do
      remove_column :admin_users, :region_id if column_exists?(:admin_users, :region_id)
      drop_table :admin_regions, if_exists: true
    end

    Admin::User.reset_column_information
  end

  def test_natural_assignment
    apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
    citibank.firm = apple
    assert_equal apple.id, citibank.firm_id
  end

  def test_id_assignment
    apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
    citibank.firm_id = apple
    assert_nil citibank.firm_id
  end

  def test_natural_assignment_with_primary_key
    apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    citibank = Client.create("name" => "Primary key client")
    citibank.firm_with_primary_key = apple
    assert_equal apple.name, citibank.firm_name
  end

  def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key
    Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
    citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(where: { name: "Citibank" }, includes: :firm_with_primary_key).first
    assert_predicate citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key), :loaded?
  end

  def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key_as_symbol
    Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
    citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(where: { name: "Citibank" }, includes: :firm_with_primary_key_symbols).first
    assert_predicate citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols), :loaded?
  end

  def test_creating_the_belonging_object
    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
    apple    = citibank.create_firm("name" => "Apple")
    assert_equal apple, citibank.firm
    citibank.save
    citibank.reload
    assert_equal apple, citibank.firm
  end

  def test_creating_the_belonging_object_from_new_record
    citibank = Account.new("credit_limit" => 10)
    apple    = citibank.create_firm("name" => "Apple")
    assert_equal apple, citibank.firm
    citibank.save
    citibank.reload
    assert_equal apple, citibank.firm
  end

  def test_creating_the_belonging_object_with_primary_key
    client = Client.create(name: "Primary key client")
    apple  = client.create_firm_with_primary_key("name" => "Apple")
    assert_equal apple, client.firm_with_primary_key
    client.save
    client.reload
    assert_equal apple, client.firm_with_primary_key
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object
    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
    apple    = citibank.build_firm("name" => "Apple")
    citibank.save
    assert_equal apple.id, citibank.firm_id
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
    account = Account.new
    company = account.build_firm
    assert_kind_of Company, company, "Expected #{company.class} to be a Company"
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_explicit_sti_base_class
    account = Account.new
    company = account.build_firm(type: "Company")
    assert_kind_of Company, company, "Expected #{company.class} to be a Company"
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_sti_subclass
    account = Account.new
    company = account.build_firm(type: "Firm")
    assert_kind_of Firm, company, "Expected #{company.class} to be a Firm"
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_an_invalid_type
    account = Account.new
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { account.build_firm(type: "InvalidType") }
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_an_unrelated_type
    account = Account.new
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { account.build_firm(type: "Account") }
  end

  def test_building_the_belonging_object_with_primary_key
    client = Client.create(name: "Primary key client")
    apple  = client.build_firm_with_primary_key("name" => "Apple")
    client.save
    assert_equal apple.name, client.firm_name
  end

  def test_create!
    client  = Client.create!(name: "Jimmy")
    account = client.create_account!(credit_limit: 10)
    assert_equal account, client.account
    assert_predicate account, :persisted?
    client.save
    client.reload
    assert_equal account, client.account
  end

  def test_failing_create!
    client = Client.create!(name: "Jimmy")
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { client.create_account! }
    assert_not_nil client.account
    assert_predicate client.account, :new_record?
  end

  def test_reloading_the_belonging_object
    odegy_account = accounts(:odegy_account)

    assert_equal "Odegy", odegy_account.firm.name
    Company.where(id: odegy_account.firm_id).update_all(name: "ODEGY")
    assert_equal "Odegy", odegy_account.firm.name

    assert_equal "ODEGY", odegy_account.reload_firm.name
  end

  def test_reload_the_belonging_object_with_query_cache
    odegy_account_id = accounts(:odegy_account).id

    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    connection.enable_query_cache!
    connection.clear_query_cache

    # Populate the cache with a query
    odegy_account = Account.find(odegy_account_id)

    # Populate the cache with a second query
    odegy_account.firm

    assert_equal 2, connection.query_cache.size

    # Clear the cache and fetch the firm again, populating the cache with a query
    assert_queries(1) { odegy_account.reload_firm }

    # This query is not cached anymore, so it should make a real SQL query
    assert_queries(1) { Account.find(odegy_account_id) }
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache!
  end

  def test_natural_assignment_to_nil
    client = Client.find(3)
    client.firm = nil
    client.save
    client.association(:firm).reload
    assert_nil client.firm
    assert_nil client.client_of
  end

  def test_natural_assignment_to_nil_with_primary_key
    client = Client.create(name: "Primary key client", firm_name: companies(:first_firm).name)
    client.firm_with_primary_key = nil
    client.save
    client.association(:firm_with_primary_key).reload
    assert_nil client.firm_with_primary_key
    assert_nil client.client_of
  end

  def test_with_different_class_name
    assert_equal Company.find(1).name, Company.find(3).firm_with_other_name.name
    assert_not_nil Company.find(3).firm_with_other_name, "Microsoft should have a firm"
  end

  def test_with_condition
    assert_equal Company.find(1).name, Company.find(3).firm_with_condition.name
    assert_not_nil Company.find(3).firm_with_condition, "Microsoft should have a firm"
  end

  def test_polymorphic_association_class
    sponsor = Sponsor.new
    assert_nil sponsor.association(:sponsorable).klass
    sponsor.association(:sponsorable).reload
    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable

    sponsor.sponsorable_type = "" # the column doesn't have to be declared NOT NULL
    assert_nil sponsor.association(:sponsorable).klass
    sponsor.association(:sponsorable).reload
    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable

    sponsor.sponsorable = Member.new name: "Bert"
    assert_equal Member, sponsor.association(:sponsorable).klass
  end

  def test_with_polymorphic_and_condition
    sponsor = Sponsor.create
    member = Member.create name: "Bert"

    sponsor.sponsorable = member
    sponsor.save!

    assert_equal member, sponsor.sponsorable
    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable_with_conditions

    sponsor = Sponsor.preload(:sponsorable, :sponsorable_with_conditions).last

    assert_equal member, sponsor.sponsorable
    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable_with_conditions
  end

  def test_with_select
    assert_equal 1, Post.find(2).author_with_select.attributes.size
    assert_equal 1, Post.includes(:author_with_select).find(2).author_with_select.attributes.size
  end

  def test_custom_attribute_with_select
    assert_equal 2, Company.find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
    assert_equal 2, Company.includes(:firm_with_select).find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
  end

  def test_belongs_to_without_counter_cache_option
    # Ship has a conventionally named `treasures_count` column, but the counter_cache
    # option is not given on the association.
    ship = Ship.create(name: "Countless")

    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed unless counter_cache is given on the relation" do
      treasure = Treasure.new(name: "Gold", ship: ship)
      treasure.save
    end

    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed unless counter_cache is given on the relation" do
      treasure = ship.treasures.first
      treasure.destroy
    end
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter
    debate = Topic.create("title" => "debate")
    assert_equal 0, debate.read_attribute("replies_count"), "No replies yet"

    trash = debate.replies.create("title" => "blah!", "content" => "world around!")
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply created"

    trash.destroy
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_with_assigning_nil
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "debate")
    reply = Reply.create!(title: "blah!", content: "world around!", topic: topic)

    assert_equal topic.id, reply.parent_id
    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size

    reply.topic = nil
    reply.reload

    assert_equal topic.id, reply.parent_id
    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size

    reply.topic = nil
    reply.save!

    assert_equal 0, topic.reload.replies.size
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_with_assigning_new_object
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "debate")
    reply = Reply.create!(title: "blah!", content: "world around!", topic: topic)

    assert_equal topic.id, reply.parent_id
    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies_count

    topic2 = reply.build_topic(title: "debate2")
    reply.save!

    assert_not_equal topic.id, reply.parent_id
    assert_equal topic2.id, reply.parent_id

    assert_equal 0, topic.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 1, topic2.reload.replies_count
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key_counter
    debate  = Topic.create("title" => "debate")
    debate2 = Topic.create("title" => "debate2")
    reply   = Reply.create("title" => "blah!", "content" => "world around!", "parent_title" => "debate2")

    assert_equal 0, debate.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 1, debate2.reload.replies_count

    reply.parent_title = "debate"
    reply.save!

    assert_equal 1, debate.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 0, debate2.reload.replies_count

    assert_no_queries do
      reply.topic_with_primary_key = debate
    end

    assert_equal 1, debate.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 0, debate2.reload.replies_count

    reply.topic_with_primary_key = debate2
    reply.save!

    assert_equal 0, debate.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 1, debate2.reload.replies_count

    reply.topic_with_primary_key = nil
    reply.save!

    assert_equal 0, debate.reload.replies_count
    assert_equal 0, debate2.reload.replies_count
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_with_reassigning
    topic1 = Topic.create("title" => "t1")
    topic2 = Topic.create("title" => "t2")
    reply1 = Reply.new("title" => "r1", "content" => "r1")
    reply1.topic = topic1

    assert reply1.save
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size

    reply1.topic = Topic.find(topic2.id)

    assert_no_queries do
      reply1.topic = topic2
    end

    assert reply1.save
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size

    reply1.topic = nil
    reply1.save!

    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size

    reply1.topic = topic1
    reply1.save!

    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size

    reply1.destroy

    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size
  end

  def test_belongs_to_reassign_with_namespaced_models_and_counters
    topic1 = Web::Topic.create("title" => "t1")
    topic2 = Web::Topic.create("title" => "t2")
    reply1 = Web::Reply.new("title" => "r1", "content" => "r1")
    reply1.topic = topic1

    assert reply1.save
    assert_equal 1, Web::Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 0, Web::Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size

    reply1.topic = Web::Topic.find(topic2.id)

    assert reply1.save
    assert_equal 0, Web::Topic.find(topic1.id).replies.size
    assert_equal 1, Web::Topic.find(topic2.id).replies.size
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_after_save
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "monday night")

    assert_queries(2) do
      topic.replies.create!(title: "re: monday night", content: "football")
    end

    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]

    topic.save!
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_after_touch
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "topic")

    assert_equal 0, topic.replies_count
    assert_equal 0, topic.after_touch_called

    reply = Reply.create!(title: "blah!", content: "world around!", topic_with_primary_key: topic)

    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
    assert_equal 1, topic.after_touch_called

    reply.destroy!

    assert_equal 0, topic.replies_count
    assert_equal 2, topic.after_touch_called
  end

  def test_belongs_to_touch_with_reassigning
    debate  = Topic.create!(title: "debate")
    debate2 = Topic.create!(title: "debate2")
    reply   = Reply.create!(title: "blah!", content: "world around!", parent_title: "debate2")

    time = 1.day.ago

    debate.touch(time: time)
    debate2.touch(time: time)

    assert_queries(3) do
      reply.parent_title = "debate"
      reply.save!
    end

    assert_operator debate.reload.updated_at, :>, time
    assert_operator debate2.reload.updated_at, :>, time

    debate.touch(time: time)
    debate2.touch(time: time)

    assert_queries(3) do
      reply.topic_with_primary_key = debate2
      reply.save!
    end

    assert_operator debate.reload.updated_at, :>, time
    assert_operator debate2.reload.updated_at, :>, time
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    assert_queries(1) { line_item.touch }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_on_multiple_records
    line_item = LineItem.create!(amount: 1)
    line_item2 = LineItem.create!(amount: 2)
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item, line_item2])

    assert_queries(1) do
      LineItem.transaction do
        line_item.touch
        line_item2.touch
      end
    end

    assert_queries(2) do
      line_item.touch
      line_item2.touch
    end
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_without_updated_at_attributes
    assert_not LineItem.column_names.include?("updated_at")

    line_item = LineItem.create!
    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
    initial = invoice.updated_at
    travel(1.second) do
      line_item.touch
    end

    assert_not_equal initial, invoice.reload.updated_at
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_removed_parent
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    line_item.invoice = nil

    assert_queries(2) { line_item.touch }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_update
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    assert_queries(2) { line_item.update amount: 10 }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_empty_update
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    assert_no_queries { line_item.save }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    assert_queries(2) { line_item.destroy }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy_with_destroyed_parent
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    invoice   = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
    invoice.destroy

    assert_queries(1) { line_item.destroy }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_reassigned_parent
    line_item = LineItem.create!
    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])

    line_item.invoice = Invoice.create!

    assert_queries(3) { line_item.touch }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_after_update
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "37s")
    topic.replies.create!(title: "re: 37s", content: "rails")
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]

    topic.update(title: "37signals")
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
  end

  def test_belongs_to_counter_when_update_columns
    topic = Topic.create!(title: "37s")
    topic.replies.create!(title: "re: 37s", content: "rails")
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]

    topic.update_columns(content: "rails is wonderful")
    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
  end

  def test_assignment_before_child_saved
    final_cut = Client.new("name" => "Final Cut")
    firm = Firm.find(1)
    final_cut.firm = firm
    assert_not_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert final_cut.save
    assert_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert_predicate firm, :persisted?
    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm
    final_cut.association(:firm).reload
    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm
  end

  def test_assignment_before_child_saved_with_primary_key
    final_cut = Client.new("name" => "Final Cut")
    firm = Firm.find(1)
    final_cut.firm_with_primary_key = firm
    assert_not_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert final_cut.save
    assert_predicate final_cut, :persisted?
    assert_predicate firm, :persisted?
    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm_with_primary_key
    final_cut.association(:firm_with_primary_key).reload
    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm_with_primary_key
  end

  def test_new_record_with_foreign_key_but_no_object
    client = Client.new("firm_id" => 1)
    assert_equal Firm.first, client.firm_with_basic_id
  end

  def test_setting_foreign_key_after_nil_target_loaded
    client = Client.new
    client.firm_with_basic_id
    client.firm_id = 1

    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), client.firm_with_basic_id
  end

  def test_polymorphic_setting_foreign_key_after_nil_target_loaded
    sponsor = Sponsor.new
    sponsor.sponsorable
    sponsor.sponsorable_id = 1
    sponsor.sponsorable_type = "Member"

    assert_equal members(:groucho), sponsor.sponsorable
  end

  def test_dont_find_target_when_foreign_key_is_null
    tagging = taggings(:thinking_general)
    assert_no_queries { tagging.super_tag }
  end

  def test_dont_find_target_when_saving_foreign_key_after_stale_association_loaded
    client = Client.create!(name: "Test client", firm_with_basic_id: Firm.find(1))
    client.firm_id = Firm.create!(name: "Test firm").id
    assert_queries(1) { client.save! }
  end

  def test_field_name_same_as_foreign_key
    computer = Computer.find(1)
    assert_not_nil computer.developer, ":foreign key == attribute didn't lock up" # '
  end

  def test_counter_cache
    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
    assert_equal 0, topic[:replies_count]

    reply = Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
    reply.topic = topic
    reply.save!

    assert_equal 1, topic.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size

    topic[:replies_count] = 15
    assert_equal 15, topic.replies.size
  end

  def test_counter_cache_double_destroy
    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"

    5.times do
      topic.replies.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
    end

    assert_equal 5, topic.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 5, topic.replies.size

    reply = topic.replies.first

    reply.destroy
    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]

    reply.destroy
    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
  end

  def test_concurrent_counter_cache_double_destroy
    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"

    5.times do
      topic.replies.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
    end

    assert_equal 5, topic.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 5, topic.replies.size

    reply = topic.replies.first
    reply_clone = Reply.find(reply.id)

    reply.destroy
    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]

    reply_clone.destroy
    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
  end

  def test_custom_counter_cache
    reply = Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
    assert_equal 0, reply[:replies_count]

    silly = SillyReply.create(title: "gaga", content: "boo-boo")
    silly.reply = reply
    silly.save!

    assert_equal 1, reply.reload[:replies_count]
    assert_equal 1, reply.replies.size

    reply[:replies_count] = 17
    assert_equal 17, reply.replies.size
  end

  def test_replace_counter_cache
    topic = Topic.create(title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom")
    reply = Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")

    reply.topic = topic
    reply.save
    topic.reload

    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
  end

  def test_association_assignment_sticks
    post = Post.first

    author1, author2 = Author.all.merge!(limit: 2).to_a
    assert_not_nil author1
    assert_not_nil author2

    # make sure the association is loaded
    post.author

    # set the association by id, directly
    post.author_id = author2.id

    # save and reload
    post.save!
    post.reload

    # the author id of the post should be the id we set
    assert_equal post.author_id, author2.id
  end

  def test_cant_save_readonly_association
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { companies(:first_client).readonly_firm.save! }
    assert_predicate companies(:first_client).readonly_firm, :readonly?
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_key_type_string
    comment = Comment.first
    comment.author   = authors(:david)
    comment.resource = members(:groucho)
    comment.save

    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).id
    assert_equal 1, comment.author_id
    assert_equal authors(:david), Comment.includes(:author).first.author

    assert_equal 1, members(:groucho).id
    assert_equal "1", comment.resource_id
    assert_equal members(:groucho), Comment.includes(:resource).first.resource
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_type_field_updating
    # should update when assigning a saved record
    sponsor = Sponsor.new
    member = Member.create
    sponsor.sponsorable = member
    assert_equal "Member", sponsor.sponsorable_type

    # should update when assigning a new record
    sponsor = Sponsor.new
    member = Member.new
    sponsor.sponsorable = member
    assert_equal "Member", sponsor.sponsorable_type
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_with_primary_key_foreign_type_field_updating
    # should update when assigning a saved record
    essay = Essay.new
    writer = Author.create(name: "David")
    essay.writer = writer
    assert_equal "Author", essay.writer_type

    # should update when assigning a new record
    essay = Essay.new
    writer = Author.new
    essay.writer = writer
    assert_equal "Author", essay.writer_type
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_updates_foreign_id_field_for_new_and_saved_records
    sponsor = Sponsor.new
    saved_member = Member.create
    new_member = Member.new

    sponsor.sponsorable = saved_member
    assert_equal saved_member.id, sponsor.sponsorable_id

    sponsor.sponsorable = new_member
    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable_id
  end

  def test_assignment_updates_foreign_id_field_for_new_and_saved_records
    client = Client.new
    saved_firm = Firm.create name: "Saved"
    new_firm = Firm.new

    client.firm = saved_firm
    assert_equal saved_firm.id, client.client_of

    client.firm = new_firm
    assert_nil client.client_of
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_with_primary_key_updates_foreign_id_field_for_new_and_saved_records
    essay = Essay.new
    saved_writer = Author.create(name: "David")
    new_writer = Author.new

    essay.writer = saved_writer
    assert_equal saved_writer.name, essay.writer_id

    essay.writer = new_writer
    assert_nil essay.writer_id
  end

  def test_polymorphic_assignment_with_nil
    essay = Essay.new
    assert_nil essay.writer_id
    assert_nil essay.writer_type

    essay.writer_id = 1
    essay.writer_type = "Author"

    essay.writer = nil
    assert_nil essay.writer_id
    assert_nil essay.writer_type
  end

  def test_belongs_to_proxy_should_not_respond_to_private_methods
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:first_firm).private_method }
    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:second_client).firm.private_method }
  end

  def test_belongs_to_proxy_should_respond_to_private_methods_via_send
    companies(:first_firm).send(:private_method)
    companies(:second_client).firm.send(:private_method)
  end

  def test_save_of_record_with_loaded_belongs_to
    @account = companies(:first_firm).account

    assert_nothing_raised do
      Account.find(@account.id).save!
      Account.all.merge!(includes: :firm).find(@account.id).save!
    end

    @account.firm.delete

    assert_nothing_raised do
      Account.find(@account.id).save!
      Account.all.merge!(includes: :firm).find(@account.id).save!
    end
  end

  def test_dependent_delete_and_destroy_with_belongs_to
    AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids.clear

    author_address = author_addresses(:david_address)
    author_address_extra = author_addresses(:david_address_extra)
    assert_equal [], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids

    assert_difference "AuthorAddress.count", -2 do
      authors(:david).destroy
    end

    assert_equal [], AuthorAddress.where(id: [author_address.id, author_address_extra.id])
    assert_equal [author_address.id], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids
  end

  def test_belongs_to_invalid_dependent_option_raises_exception
    error = assert_raise ArgumentError do
      Class.new(Author).belongs_to :special_author_address, dependent: :nullify
    end
    assert_equal error.message, "The :dependent option must be one of [:destroy, :delete, :destroy_async], but is :nullify"
  end

  class EssayDestroy < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "essays"
    belongs_to :book, dependent: :destroy, class_name: "DestroyableBook"
  end

  class DestroyableBook < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "books"
    belongs_to :author, class_name: "UndestroyableAuthor", dependent: :destroy
  end

  class UndestroyableAuthor < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "authors"
    has_one :book, class_name: "DestroyableBook", foreign_key: "author_id"
    before_destroy :dont

    def dont
      throw(:abort)
    end
  end

  def test_dependency_should_halt_parent_destruction
    author = UndestroyableAuthor.create!(name: "Test")
    book = DestroyableBook.create!(author: author)

    assert_no_difference ["UndestroyableAuthor.count", "DestroyableBook.count"] do
      assert_not book.destroy
    end
  end

  def test_dependency_should_halt_parent_destruction_with_cascaded_three_levels
    author = UndestroyableAuthor.create!(name: "Test")
    book = DestroyableBook.create!(author: author)
    essay = EssayDestroy.create!(book: book)

    assert_no_difference ["UndestroyableAuthor.count", "DestroyableBook.count", "EssayDestroy.count"] do
      assert_not essay.destroy
      assert_not essay.destroyed?
    end
  end

  def test_attributes_are_being_set_when_initialized_from_belongs_to_association_with_where_clause
    new_firm = accounts(:signals37).build_firm(name: "Apple")
    assert_equal new_firm.name, "Apple"
  end

  def test_attributes_are_set_without_error_when_initialized_from_belongs_to_association_with_array_in_where_clause
    new_account = Account.where(credit_limit: [ 50, 60 ]).new
    assert_nil new_account.credit_limit
  end

  def test_reassigning_the_parent_id_updates_the_object
    client = companies(:second_client)

    client.firm
    client.firm_with_condition
    firm_proxy                = client.send(:association_instance_get, :firm)
    firm_with_condition_proxy = client.send(:association_instance_get, :firm_with_condition)

    assert_not_predicate firm_proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_not_predicate firm_with_condition_proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), client.firm
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), client.firm_with_condition

    client.client_of = companies(:another_firm).id

    assert_predicate firm_proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_predicate firm_with_condition_proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal companies(:another_firm), client.firm
    assert_equal companies(:another_firm), client.firm_with_condition
  end

  def test_assigning_nil_on_an_association_clears_the_associations_inverse
    with_has_many_inversing do
      book = Book.create!
      citation = book.citations.create!

      assert_same book, citation.book

      assert_nothing_raised do
        citation.book = nil
        citation.save!
      end
    end
  end

  def test_clearing_an_association_clears_the_associations_inverse
    author = Author.create(name: "Jimmy Tolkien")
    post = author.create_post(title: "The silly medallion", body: "")
    assert_equal post, author.post
    assert_equal author, post.author

    author.update!(post: nil)
    assert_nil author.post

    post.update!(title: "The Silmarillion")
    assert_nil author.post
  end

  def test_destroying_child_with_unloaded_parent_and_foreign_key_and_touch_is_possible_with_has_many_inversing
    with_has_many_inversing do
      book     = Book.create!
      citation = book.citations.create!

      assert_difference "Citation.count", -1 do
        Citation.find(citation.id).destroy
      end
    end
  end

  def test_polymorphic_reassignment_of_associated_id_updates_the_object
    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)

    sponsor.sponsorable
    proxy = sponsor.send(:association_instance_get, :sponsorable)

    assert_not_predicate proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal members(:groucho), sponsor.sponsorable

    sponsor.sponsorable_id = members(:some_other_guy).id

    assert_predicate proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal members(:some_other_guy), sponsor.sponsorable
  end

  def test_polymorphic_reassignment_of_associated_type_updates_the_object
    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)

    sponsor.sponsorable
    proxy = sponsor.send(:association_instance_get, :sponsorable)

    assert_not_predicate proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal members(:groucho), sponsor.sponsorable

    sponsor.sponsorable_type = "Firm"

    assert_predicate proxy, :stale_target?
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), sponsor.sponsorable
  end

  def test_reloading_association_with_key_change
    client = companies(:second_client)
    firm = client.association(:firm)

    client.firm = companies(:another_firm)
    firm.reload
    assert_equal companies(:another_firm), firm.target

    client.client_of = companies(:first_firm).id
    firm.reload
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), firm.target
  end

  def test_polymorphic_counter_cache
    tagging = taggings(:welcome_general)
    post    = posts(:welcome)
    comment = comments(:greetings)

    assert_equal post.id, comment.id

    assert_difference "post.reload.tags_count", -1 do
      assert_difference "comment.reload.tags_count", +1 do
        tagging.taggable = comment
        tagging.save!
      end
    end

    assert_difference "comment.reload.tags_count", -1 do
      assert_difference "post.reload.tags_count", +1 do
        tagging.taggable_type = post.class.polymorphic_name
        tagging.taggable_id = post.id
        tagging.save!
      end
    end
  end

  def test_polymorphic_with_custom_foreign_type
    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
    groucho = members(:groucho)
    other   = members(:some_other_guy)

    assert_equal groucho, sponsor.sponsorable
    assert_equal groucho, sponsor.thing

    sponsor.thing = other

    assert_equal other, sponsor.sponsorable
    assert_equal other, sponsor.thing

    sponsor.sponsorable = groucho

    assert_equal groucho, sponsor.sponsorable
    assert_equal groucho, sponsor.thing
  end

  class WheelPolymorphicName < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "wheels"
    belongs_to :wheelable, polymorphic: true, counter_cache: :wheels_count, touch: :wheels_owned_at

    def self.polymorphic_class_for(name)
      raise "Unexpected name: #{name}" unless name == "polymorphic_car"
      CarPolymorphicName
    end
  end

  class CarPolymorphicName < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "cars"
    has_many :wheels, as: :wheelable

    def self.polymorphic_name
      "polymorphic_car"
    end
  end

  def test_polymorphic_with_custom_name_counter_cache
    car = CarPolymorphicName.create!
    wheel = WheelPolymorphicName.create!(wheelable_type: "polymorphic_car", wheelable_id: car.id)
    assert_equal 1, car.reload.wheels_count

    wheel.update! wheelable: nil

    assert_equal 0, car.reload.wheels_count
  end

  def test_polymorphic_with_custom_name_touch_old_belongs_to_model
    car = CarPolymorphicName.create!
    wheel = WheelPolymorphicName.create!(wheelable: car)

    touch_time = 1.day.ago.round
    travel_to(touch_time) do
      wheel.update!(wheelable: nil)
    end

    assert_equal touch_time, car.reload.wheels_owned_at
  end

  def test_build_with_conditions
    client = companies(:second_client)
    firm   = client.build_bob_firm

    assert_equal "Bob", firm.name
  end

  def test_create_with_conditions
    client = companies(:second_client)
    firm   = client.create_bob_firm

    assert_equal "Bob", firm.name
  end

  def test_create_bang_with_conditions
    client = companies(:second_client)
    firm   = client.create_bob_firm!

    assert_equal "Bob", firm.name
  end

  def test_build_with_block
    client = Client.create(name: "Client Company")

    firm = client.build_firm { |f| f.name = "Agency Company" }
    assert_equal "Agency Company", firm.name
  end

  def test_create_with_block
    client = Client.create(name: "Client Company")

    firm = client.create_firm { |f| f.name = "Agency Company" }
    assert_equal "Agency Company", firm.name
  end

  def test_create_bang_with_block
    client = Client.create(name: "Client Company")

    firm = client.create_firm! { |f| f.name = "Agency Company" }
    assert_equal "Agency Company", firm.name
  end

  def test_should_set_foreign_key_on_create_association
    client = Client.create! name: "fuu"

    firm = client.create_firm name: "baa"
    assert_equal firm.id, client.client_of
  end

  def test_should_set_foreign_key_on_create_association!
    client = Client.create! name: "fuu"

    firm = client.create_firm! name: "baa"
    assert_equal firm.id, client.client_of
  end

  def test_self_referential_belongs_to_with_counter_cache_assigning_nil
    comment = Comment.create! post: posts(:thinking), body: "fuu"
    comment.parent = nil
    comment.save!

    assert_nil comment.reload.parent
    assert_equal 0, comments(:greetings).reload.children_count
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_id_assigning
    post = posts(:welcome)
    comment = Comment.create! body: "foo", post: post
    parent = comments(:greetings)
    assert_equal 0, parent.reload.children_count
    comment.parent_id = parent.id

    comment.save!
    assert_equal 1, parent.reload.children_count
  end

  def test_belongs_to_with_out_of_range_value_assigning
    model = Class.new(Author) do
      def self.name; "Temp"; end
      validates :author_address, presence: true
    end

    author = model.new
    author.author_address_id = 9223372036854775808 # out of range in the bigint

    assert_nil author.author_address
    assert_not_predicate author, :valid?
    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], author.errors.details[:author_address]
  end

  def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
    toy = Toy.create!
    sponsor = Sponsor.create!(sponsorable: toy)

    assert_equal toy, sponsor.reload.sponsorable
  end

  class SponsorWithTouchInverse < Sponsor
    belongs_to :sponsorable, polymorphic: true, inverse_of: :sponsors, touch: true
  end

  def test_destroying_polymorphic_child_with_unloaded_parent_and_touch_is_possible_with_has_many_inversing
    with_has_many_inversing do
      toy     = Toy.create!
      sponsor = toy.sponsors.create!

      assert_difference "Sponsor.count", -1 do
        SponsorWithTouchInverse.find(sponsor.id).destroy
      end
    end
  end

  def test_polymorphic_with_false
    assert_nothing_raised do
      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        def self.name; "Post"; end
        belongs_to :category, polymorphic: false
      end
    end
  end

  test "stale tracking doesn't care about the type" do
    apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)

    citibank.firm_id = apple.id
    citibank.firm # load it

    citibank.firm_id = apple.id.to_s

    assert_not_predicate citibank.association(:firm), :stale_target?
  end

  def test_reflect_the_most_recent_change
    author1, author2 = Author.limit(2)
    post = Post.new(title: "foo", body: "bar")

    post.author    = author1
    post.author_id = author2.id

    assert post.save
    assert_equal post.author_id, author2.id
  end

  test "dangerous association name raises ArgumentError" do
    [:errors, "errors", :save, "save"].each do |name|
      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
          belongs_to name
        end
      end
    end
  end

  test "belongs_to works with model called Record" do
    record = Record.create!
    Column.create! record: record
    assert_equal 1, Column.count
  end

  def test_multiple_counter_cache_with_after_create_update
    post = posts(:welcome)
    parent = comments(:greetings)

    assert_difference "parent.reload.children_count", +1 do
      assert_difference "post.reload.comments_count", +1 do
        CommentWithAfterCreateUpdate.create(body: "foo", post: post, parent: parent)
      end
    end
  end

  test "assigning an association doesn't result in duplicate objects" do
    post = Post.create!(title: "title", body: "body")
    post.comments = [post.comments.build(body: "body")]
    post.save!

    assert_equal 1, post.comments.size
    assert_equal 1, Comment.where(post_id: post.id).count
    assert_equal post.id, Comment.last.post.id
  end

  test "tracking change from one persisted record to another" do
    node = nodes(:child_one_of_a)
    assert_not_nil node.parent
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.parent = nodes(:grandparent)
    assert node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.save!
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert node.parent_previously_changed?
  end

  test "tracking change from persisted record to new record" do
    node = nodes(:child_one_of_a)
    assert_not_nil node.parent
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.parent = Node.new(tree: node.tree, parent: nodes(:parent_a), name: "Child three")
    assert node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.save!
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert node.parent_previously_changed?
  end

  test "tracking change from persisted record to nil" do
    node = nodes(:child_one_of_a)
    assert_not_nil node.parent
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.parent = nil
    assert node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.save!
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert node.parent_previously_changed?
  end

  test "tracking change from nil to persisted record" do
    node = nodes(:grandparent)
    assert_nil node.parent
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.parent = Node.create!(tree: node.tree, name: "Great-grandparent")
    assert node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.save!
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert node.parent_previously_changed?
  end

  test "tracking change from nil to new record" do
    node = nodes(:grandparent)
    assert_nil node.parent
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.parent = Node.new(tree: node.tree, name: "Great-grandparent")
    assert node.parent_changed?
    assert_not node.parent_previously_changed?

    node.save!
    assert_not node.parent_changed?
    assert node.parent_previously_changed?
  end

  test "tracking polymorphic changes" do
    comment = comments(:greetings)
    assert_nil comment.author
    assert_not comment.author_changed?
    assert_not comment.author_previously_changed?

    comment.author = authors(:david)
    assert comment.author_changed?

    comment.save!
    assert_not comment.author_changed?
    assert comment.author_previously_changed?

    assert_equal authors(:david).id, companies(:first_firm).id

    comment.author = companies(:first_firm)
    assert comment.author_changed?

    comment.save!
    assert_not comment.author_changed?
    assert comment.author_previously_changed?
  end
end

class BelongsToWithForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses

  def test_destroy_linked_models
    address = AuthorAddress.create!
    author = Author.create! name: "Author", author_address_id: address.id

    author.destroy!
  end
end

belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module Associations
    # = Active Record Belongs To Polymorphic Association
    class BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation < BelongsToAssociation # :nodoc:
      def klass
        type = owner[reflection.foreign_type]
        type.presence && owner.class.polymorphic_class_for(type)
      end

      def target_changed?
        super || owner.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_type)
      end

      def target_previously_changed?
        super || owner.attribute_previously_changed?(reflection.foreign_type)
      end

      def saved_change_to_target?
        super || owner.saved_change_to_attribute?(reflection.foreign_type)
      end

      private
        def replace_keys(record, force: false)
          super

          target_type = record ? record.class.polymorphic_name : nil

          if force || owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_type) != target_type
            owner[reflection.foreign_type] = target_type
          end
        end

        def inverse_reflection_for(record)
          reflection.polymorphic_inverse_of(record.class)
        end

        def raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
          # A polymorphic association cannot have a type mismatch, by definition
        end

        def stale_state
          foreign_key = super
          foreign_key && [foreign_key.to_s, owner[reflection.foreign_type].to_s]
        end
    end
  end
end

bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/content"

class BidirectionalDestroyDependenciesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :content, :content_positions

  def setup
    Content.destroyed_ids.clear
    ContentPosition.destroyed_ids.clear
  end

  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_belongs_to_association
    content_position = ContentPosition.find(1)
    content = content_position.content
    assert_not_nil content

    content_position.destroy

    assert_equal [content_position.id], ContentPosition.destroyed_ids
    assert_equal [content.id], Content.destroyed_ids
  end

  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_has_one_association
    content = Content.find(1)
    content_position = content.content_position
    assert_not_nil content_position

    content.destroy

    assert_equal [content.id], Content.destroyed_ids
    assert_equal [content_position.id], ContentPosition.destroyed_ids
  end

  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_has_one_association_fails_first_time
    content = ContentWhichRequiresTwoDestroyCalls.find(1)

    2.times { content.destroy }

    assert_equal content.destroyed?, true
  end
end

bin_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"

module Arel
  module Nodes
    class TestBin < Arel::Test
      def test_new
        assert Arel::Nodes::Bin.new("zomg")
      end

      def test_default_to_sql
        viz  = Arel::Visitors::ToSql.new Table.engine.connection_pool
        node = Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(Arel.sql("zomg"))
        assert_equal "zomg", viz.accept(node, Collectors::SQLString.new).value
      end

      def test_mysql_to_sql
        viz  = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new Table.engine.connection_pool
        node = Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(Arel.sql("zomg"))
        assert_equal "BINARY zomg", viz.accept(node, Collectors::SQLString.new).value
      end

      def test_equality_with_same_ivars
        array = [Bin.new("zomg"), Bin.new("zomg")]
        assert_equal 1, array.uniq.size
      end

      def test_inequality_with_different_ivars
        array = [Bin.new("zomg"), Bin.new("zomg!")]
        assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
      end
    end
  end
end

binary.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Binary < ActiveRecord::Base
end

binary_field.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class BinaryField < ActiveRecord::Base
  serialize :normal_blob
  serialize :normal_text
end

binary_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/binary"

class BinaryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  FIXTURES = %w(flowers.jpg example.log test.txt)

  def test_mixed_encoding
    str = +"\x80"
    str.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")

    binary = Binary.new name: "いただきます！", data: str
    binary.save!
    binary.reload
    assert_equal str, binary.data

    name = binary.name

    assert_equal "いただきます！", name
  end

  def test_load_save
    Binary.delete_all

    FIXTURES.each do |filename|
      data = File.read(ASSETS_ROOT + "/#{filename}")
      data.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
      data.freeze

      bin = Binary.new(data: data)
      assert_equal data, bin.data, "Newly assigned data differs from original"

      bin.save!
      assert_equal data, bin.data, "Data differs from original after save"

      assert_equal data, bin.reload.data, "Reloaded data differs from original"
    end
  end
end

bind.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Collectors
    class Bind
      def initialize
        @binds = []
      end

      def <<(str)
        self
      end

      def add_bind(bind)
        @binds << bind
        self
      end

      def add_binds(binds, proc_for_binds = nil)
        @binds.concat proc_for_binds ? binds.map(&proc_for_binds) : binds
        self
      end

      def value
        @binds
      end
    end
  end
end

bind_param.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Nodes
    class BindParam < Node
      attr_reader :value

      def initialize(value)
        @value = value
        super()
      end

      def hash
        [self.class, self.value].hash
      end

      def eql?(other)
        other.is_a?(BindParam) &&
          value == other.value
      end
      alias :== :eql?

      def nil?
        value.nil?
      end

      def value_before_type_cast
        if value.respond_to?(:value_before_type_cast)
          value.value_before_type_cast
        else
          value
        end
      end

      def infinite?
        value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
      end

      def unboundable?
        value.respond_to?(:unboundable?) && value.unboundable?
      end
    end
  end
end

bind_param_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"

module Arel
  module Nodes
    describe "BindParam" do
      it "is equal to other bind params with the same value" do
        _(BindParam.new(1)).must_equal(BindParam.new(1))
        _(BindParam.new("foo")).must_equal(BindParam.new("foo"))
      end

      it "is not equal to other nodes" do
        _(BindParam.new(nil)).wont_equal(Node.new)
      end

      it "is not equal to bind params with different values" do
        _(BindParam.new(1)).wont_equal(BindParam.new(2))
      end
    end
  end
end

bind_parameter_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/author"
require "models/post"

if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
  module ActiveRecord
    class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
      fixtures :topics, :authors, :author_addresses, :posts

      class LogListener
        attr_accessor :calls

        def initialize
          @calls = []
        end

        def call(*args)
          calls << args
        end
      end

      def setup
        super
        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
        @subscriber = LogListener.new
        @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record", @subscriber)
      end

      def teardown
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
      end

      def test_statement_cache
        @connection.clear_cache!

        topics = Topic.where(id: 1)
        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)

        @connection.clear_cache!

        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
      end

      def test_statement_cache_with_query_cache
        @connection.enable_query_cache!
        @connection.clear_cache!

        topics = Topic.where(id: 1)
        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
      ensure
        @connection.disable_query_cache!
      end

      def test_statement_cache_with_find
        @connection.clear_cache!

        assert_equal 1, Topic.find(1).id
        assert_raises(RecordNotFound) { SillyReply.find(2) }

        topic_sql = cached_statement(Topic, [Topic.primary_key])
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topic_sql)

        reply_sql = cached_statement(SillyReply, [SillyReply.primary_key])
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(reply_sql)

        replies = SillyReply.where(id: 2).limit(1)
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(replies.arel)
      end

      def test_statement_cache_with_find_by
        @connection.clear_cache!

        assert_equal 1, Topic.find_by!(id: 1).id
        assert_raises(RecordNotFound) { SillyReply.find_by!(id: 2) }

        topic_sql = cached_statement(Topic, ["id"])
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topic_sql)

        reply_sql = cached_statement(SillyReply, ["id"])
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(reply_sql)

        replies = SillyReply.where(id: 2).limit(1)
        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(replies.arel)
      end

      def test_statement_cache_with_in_clause
        @connection.clear_cache!

        topics = Topic.where(id: [1, 3]).order(:id)
        assert_equal [1, 3], topics.map(&:id)
        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
      end

      def test_statement_cache_with_sql_string_literal
        @connection.clear_cache!

        topics = Topic.where("topics.id = ?", 1)
        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
      end

      def test_too_many_binds
        bind_params_length = @connection.send(:bind_params_length)

        topics = Topic.where(id: (1 .. bind_params_length).to_a << 2**63)
        assert_equal Topic.count, topics.count

        topics = Topic.where.not(id: (1 .. bind_params_length).to_a << 2**63)
        assert_equal 0, topics.count
      end

      def test_too_many_binds_with_query_cache
        @connection.enable_query_cache!

        bind_params_length = @connection.send(:bind_params_length)
        topics = Topic.where(id: (1 .. bind_params_length + 1).to_a)
        assert_equal Topic.count, topics.count

        topics = Topic.where.not(id: (1 .. bind_params_length + 1).to_a)
        assert_equal 0, topics.count
      ensure
        @connection.disable_query_cache!
      end

      def test_bind_from_join_in_subquery
        subquery = Author.joins(:thinking_posts).where(name: "David")
        scope = Author.from(subquery, "authors").where(id: 1)
        assert_equal 1, scope.count
      end

      def test_binds_are_logged
        sub   = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(1)
        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, Type::Value.new)]
        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub.to_sql}"

        @connection.exec_query(sql, "SQL", binds)

        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
        assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
      end

      def test_find_one_uses_binds
        Topic.find(1)
        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds].any? { |attr| attr.value == 1 } }
        assert message, "expected a message with binds"
      end

      def test_logs_binds_after_type_cast
        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "10", Type::Integer.new)]
        assert_logs_binds(binds)
      end

      def test_bind_params_to_sql_with_prepared_statements
        assert_bind_params_to_sql
      end

      def test_bind_params_to_sql_with_unprepared_statements
        @connection.unprepared_statement do
          assert_bind_params_to_sql
        end
      end

      def test_nested_unprepared_statements
        assert_predicate @connection, :prepared_statements?

        @connection.unprepared_statement do
          assert_not_predicate @connection, :prepared_statements?

          @connection.unprepared_statement do
            assert_not_predicate @connection, :prepared_statements?
          end

          assert_not_predicate @connection, :prepared_statements?
        end

        assert_predicate @connection, :prepared_statements?
      end

      def test_binds_with_filtered_attributes
        ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes = [:auth]

        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("auth_token", "abcd", Type::String.new)]

        assert_filtered_log_binds(binds)

        ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes = []
      end

      private
        def assert_bind_params_to_sql
          table = Author.quoted_table_name
          pk = "#{table}.#{Author.quoted_primary_key}"

          # prepared_statements: true
          #
          #   SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE (`authors`.`id` IN (?, ?, ?) OR `authors`.`id` IS NULL)
          #
          # prepared_statements: false
          #
          #   SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE (`authors`.`id` IN (1, 2, 3) OR `authors`.`id` IS NULL)
          #
          sql = "SELECT #{table}.* FROM #{table} WHERE (#{pk} IN (#{bind_params(1..3)}) OR #{pk} IS NULL)"

          authors = Author.where(id: [1, 2, 3, nil])
          assert_equal sql, @connection.to_sql(authors.arel)
          assert_sql(sql) { assert_equal 3, authors.length }

          # prepared_statements: true
          #
          #   SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE `authors`.`id` IN (?, ?, ?)
          #
          # prepared_statements: false
          #
          #   SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE `authors`.`id` IN (1, 2, 3)
          #
          sql = "SELECT #{table}.* FROM #{table} WHERE #{pk} IN (#{bind_params(1..3)})"

          authors = Author.where(id: [1, 2, 3, 9223372036854775808])
          assert_equal sql, @connection.to_sql(authors.arel)
          assert_sql(sql) { assert_equal 3, authors.length }
        end

        def bind_params(ids)
          collector = @connection.send(:collector)
          bind_params = ids.map { |i| Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(i) }
          sql, _ = @connection.visitor.compile(bind_params, collector)
          sql
        end

        def to_sql_key(arel)
          sql = @connection.to_sql(arel)
          @connection.respond_to?(:sql_key, true) ? @connection.send(:sql_key, sql) : sql
        end

        def cached_statement(klass, key)
          cache = klass.send(:cached_find_by_statement, key) do
            raise "#{klass} has no cached statement by #{key.inspect}"
          end
          cache.send(:query_builder).instance_variable_get(:@sql)
        end

        def statement_cache
          @connection.instance_variable_get(:@statements).send(:cache)
        end

        def assert_logs_binds(binds)
          payload = {
            name: "SQL",
            sql: "select * from topics where id = ?",
            binds: binds,
            type_casted_binds: @connection.send(:type_casted_binds, binds)
          }

          event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
            "foo",
            Time.now,
            Time.now,
            123,
            payload)

          logger = Class.new(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber) {
            attr_reader :debugs

            def initialize
              super
              @debugs = []
            end

            def debug(str)
              @debugs << str
            end
          }.new

          logger.sql(event)
          assert_match %r(\[\["id", 10\]\]\z), logger.debugs.first
        end

        def assert_filtered_log_binds(binds)
          payload = {
            name: "SQL",
            sql: "select * from users where auth_token = ?",
            binds: binds,
            type_casted_binds: @connection.send(:type_casted_binds, binds)
          }

          event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
            "foo",
            Time.now,
            Time.now,
            123,
            payload)

          logger = Class.new(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber) {
            attr_reader :debugs

            def initialize
              super
              @debugs = []
            end

            def debug(str)
              @debugs << str
            end
          }.new

          logger.sql(event)
          assert_match %r/#{Regexp.escape '[["auth_token", "[FILTERED]"]]'}/, logger.debugs.first
        end
    end
  end
end

bind_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"
require "arel/collectors/bind"

module Arel
  module Collectors
    class TestBind < Arel::Test
      def setup
        @conn = FakeRecord::Base.new
        @visitor = Visitors::ToSql.new @conn.connection
        super
      end

      def collect(node)
        @visitor.accept(node, Collectors::Bind.new)
      end

      def compile(node)
        collect(node).value
      end

      def ast_with_binds(bvs)
        table = Table.new(:users)
        manager = Arel::SelectManager.new table
        manager.where(table[:age].eq(Nodes::BindParam.new(bvs.shift)))
        manager.where(table[:name].eq(Nodes::BindParam.new(bvs.shift)))
        manager.ast
      end

      def test_compile_gathers_all_bind_params
        binds = compile(ast_with_binds(["hello", "world"]))
        assert_equal ["hello", "world"], binds

        binds = compile(ast_with_binds(["hello2", "world3"]))
        assert_equal ["hello2", "world3"], binds
      end
    end
  end
end

bird.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :pirate
  validates_presence_of :name

  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate

  before_save do
    # force materialize_transactions
    self.class.connection.materialize_transactions
  end

  attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
  before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, if: :cancel_save_from_callback
  def cancel_save_callback_method
    throw(:abort)
  end

  attr_accessor :total_count, :enable_count
  after_initialize do
    self.total_count = Bird.count if enable_count
  end
end

bit.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    module PostgreSQL
      module OID # :nodoc:
        class Bit < Type::Value # :nodoc:
          def type
            :bit
          end

          def cast_value(value)
            if ::String === value
              case value
              when /^0x/i
                value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
              else
                value                    # Bit-string notation
              end
            else
              value.to_s
            end
          end

          def serialize(value)
            Data.new(super) if value
          end

          class Data
            def initialize(value)
              @value = value
            end

            def to_s
              value
            end

            def binary?
              /\A[01]*\Z/.match?(value)
            end

            def hex?
              /\A[0-9A-F]*\Z/i.match?(value)
            end

            private
              attr_reader :value
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

bit_string_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/connection_helper"
require "support/schema_dumping_helper"

class PostgresqlBitStringTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
  include ConnectionHelper
  include SchemaDumpingHelper

  class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base; end

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    @connection.create_table("postgresql_bit_strings", force: true) do |t|
      t.bit :a_bit, default: "00000011", limit: 8
      t.bit_varying :a_bit_varying, default: "0011", limit: 4
      t.bit :another_bit
      t.bit_varying :another_bit_varying
    end
  end

  def teardown
    return unless @connection
    @connection.drop_table "postgresql_bit_strings", if_exists: true
  end

  def test_bit_string_column
    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit"]
    assert_equal :bit, column.type
    assert_equal "bit(8)", column.sql_type
    assert_not_predicate column, :array?

    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit")
    assert_not_predicate type, :binary?
  end

  def test_bit_string_varying_column
    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit_varying"]
    assert_equal :bit_varying, column.type
    assert_equal "bit varying(4)", column.sql_type
    assert_not_predicate column, :array?

    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit_varying")
    assert_not_predicate type, :binary?
  end

  def test_default
    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults["a_bit"]
    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit

    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults["a_bit_varying"]
    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit_varying
  end

  def test_schema_dumping
    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_bit_strings")
    assert_match %r{t\.bit\s+"a_bit",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: "00000011"$}, output
    assert_match %r{t\.bit_varying\s+"a_bit_varying",\s+limit: 4,\s+default: "0011"$}, output
  end

  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
    def test_assigning_invalid_hex_string_raises_exception
      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "FF" }
      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit_varying: "F" }
    end
  end

  def test_roundtrip
    record = PostgresqlBitString.create!(a_bit: "00001010", a_bit_varying: "0101")
    assert_equal "00001010", record.a_bit
    assert_equal "0101", record.a_bit_varying
    assert_nil record.another_bit
    assert_nil record.another_bit_varying

    record.a_bit = "11111111"
    record.a_bit_varying = "0xF"
    record.save!

    assert record.reload
    assert_equal "11111111", record.a_bit
    assert_equal "1111", record.a_bit_varying
  end
end

bit_varying.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    module PostgreSQL
      module OID # :nodoc:
        class BitVarying < OID::Bit # :nodoc:
          def type
            :bit_varying
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

book.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :author

  has_many :citations, foreign_key: "book1_id", inverse_of: :book
  has_many :references, -> { distinct }, through: :citations, source: :reference_of

  has_many :subscriptions
  has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions

  has_one :essay

  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
  enum last_read: { unread: 0, reading: 2, read: 3, forgotten: nil }
  enum nullable_status: [:single, :married]
  enum language: [:english, :spanish, :french], _prefix: :in
  enum author_visibility: [:visible, :invisible], _prefix: true
  enum illustrator_visibility: [:visible, :invisible], _prefix: true
  enum font_size: [:small, :medium, :large], _prefix: :with, _suffix: true
  enum difficulty: [:easy, :medium, :hard], _suffix: :to_read
  enum cover: { hard: "hard", soft: "soft" }
  enum boolean_status: { enabled: true, disabled: false }

  def published!
    super
    "do publish work..."
  end
end

class PublishedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "books"

  enum :cover, { hard: "0", soft: "1" }, default: :hard

  validates_uniqueness_of :isbn
end

book_destroy_async.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class BookDestroyAsync < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "books"

  has_many :taggings, as: :taggable, class_name: "Tagging"
  has_many :tags, through: :taggings, dependent: :destroy_async
  has_many :essays, dependent: :destroy_async, class_name: "EssayDestroyAsync", foreign_key: "book_id"
  has_one :content, dependent: :destroy_async

  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]

  def published!
    super
    "do publish work..."
  end
end

class BookDestroyAsyncWithScopedTags < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "books"

  has_many :taggings, as: :taggable, class_name: "Tagging"
  has_many :tags, -> { where name: "Der be rum" }, through: :taggings, dependent: :destroy_async
end

book_encrypted.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class UnencryptedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"
end

class EncryptedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"

  encrypts :name, deterministic: true
end

class EncryptedBookWithDowncaseName < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"

  validates :name, uniqueness: true
  encrypts :name, deterministic: true, downcase: true
end

class EncryptedBookThatIgnoresCase < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"

  encrypts :name, deterministic: true, ignore_case: true
end

boolean.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Boolean < ActiveRecord::Base
  def has_fun
    super
  end
end

boolean_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/boolean"

class BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  def test_boolean
    b_nil   = Boolean.create!(value: nil)
    b_false = Boolean.create!(value: false)
    b_true  = Boolean.create!(value: true)

    assert_nil Boolean.find(b_nil.id).value
    assert_not_predicate Boolean.find(b_false.id), :value?
    assert_predicate Boolean.find(b_true.id), :value?
  end

  def test_boolean_without_questionmark
    b_true = Boolean.create!(value: true)

    subclass   = Class.new(Boolean).find(b_true.id)
    superclass = Boolean.find(b_true.id)

    assert_equal superclass.read_attribute(:has_fun), subclass.read_attribute(:has_fun)
  end

  def test_boolean_cast_from_string
    b_blank = Boolean.create!(value: "")
    b_false = Boolean.create!(value: "0")
    b_true  = Boolean.create!(value: "1")

    assert_nil Boolean.find(b_blank.id).value
    assert_not_predicate Boolean.find(b_false.id), :value?
    assert_predicate Boolean.find(b_true.id), :value?
  end

  def test_find_by_boolean_string
    b_false = Boolean.create!(value: "false")
    b_true  = Boolean.create!(value: "true")

    assert_equal b_false, Boolean.find_by(value: "false")
    assert_equal b_true, Boolean.find_by(value: "true")
  end

  def test_find_by_falsy_boolean_symbol
    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
      b_false = Boolean.create!(value: value)

      assert_not_predicate b_false, :value?
      assert_equal b_false, Boolean.find_by(id: b_false.id, value: value.to_s.to_sym)
    end
  end
end

branch.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Branch < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :branches
  belongs_to :branch, optional: true
end

class BrokenBranch < Branch
  has_many :branches, class_name: "BrokenBranch", foreign_key: :branch_id
  belongs_to :branch, optional: true, inverse_of: :branch, class_name: "BrokenBranch"
end

bulb.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Bulb < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where(name: "defaulty") }
  belongs_to :car, touch: true
  scope :awesome, -> { where(frickinawesome: true) }

  attr_reader :scope_after_initialize, :attributes_after_initialize, :count_after_create

  after_initialize :record_scope_after_initialize
  def record_scope_after_initialize
    @scope_after_initialize = self.class.all
  end

  after_initialize :record_attributes_after_initialize
  def record_attributes_after_initialize
    @attributes_after_initialize = attributes.dup
  end

  after_create :record_count_after_create
  def record_count_after_create
    @count_after_create = Bulb.unscoped do
      car&.bulbs&.count
    end
  end

  def color=(color)
    self[:color] = color.upcase + "!"
  end

  def self.new(attributes = {}, &block)
    bulb_type = (attributes || {}).delete(:bulb_type)

    if bulb_type.present?
      bulb_class = "#{bulb_type.to_s.camelize}Bulb".constantize
      bulb_class.new(attributes, &block)
    else
      super
    end
  end
end

class CustomBulb < Bulb
  after_initialize :set_awesomeness

  def set_awesomeness
    self.frickinawesome = true if name == "Dude"
  end
end

class FunkyBulb < Bulb
  before_destroy do
    raise "before_destroy was called"
  end
end

class FailedBulb < Bulb
  before_destroy do
    throw(:abort)
  end
end

bytea.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    module PostgreSQL
      module OID # :nodoc:
        class Bytea < Type::Binary # :nodoc:
          def deserialize(value)
            return if value.nil?
            return value.to_s if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
            PG::Connection.unescape_bytea(super)
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

bytea_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "support/schema_dumping_helper"

class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
  include SchemaDumpingHelper

  class ByteaDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.table_name = "bytea_data_type"
  end

  def setup
    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
    @connection.transaction do
      @connection.create_table("bytea_data_type") do |t|
        t.binary "payload"
        t.binary "serialized"
      end
    end
    @column = ByteaDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
    @type = ByteaDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
  end

  teardown do
    @connection.drop_table "bytea_data_type", if_exists: true
  end

  def test_column
    assert @column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn)
    assert_equal :binary, @column.type
  end

  def test_binary_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
    assert_equal "bytea", @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, limit: 100_000)
    assert_raise ArgumentError do
      @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, limit: 4294967295)
    end
  end

  def test_type_cast_binary_converts_the_encoding
    assert @column

    data = "\u001F\x8B"
    assert_equal("UTF-8", data.encoding.name)
    assert_equal("ASCII-8BIT", @type.deserialize(data).encoding.name)
  end

  def test_type_cast_binary_value
    data = (+"\u001F\x8B").force_encoding("BINARY")
    assert_equal(data, @type.deserialize(data))
  end

  def test_type_case_nil
    assert_nil(@type.deserialize(nil))
  end

  def test_read_value
    data = "\u001F"
    @connection.execute "insert into bytea_data_type (payload) VALUES ('#{data}')"
    record = ByteaDataType.first
    assert_equal(data, record.payload)
    record.delete
  end

  def test_read_nil_value
    @connection.execute "insert into bytea_data_type (payload) VALUES (null)"
    record = ByteaDataType.first
    assert_nil(record.payload)
    record.delete
  end

  def test_write_value
    data = "\u001F"
    record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
    assert_not_predicate record, :new_record?
    assert_equal(data, record.payload)
  end

  def test_via_to_sql
    data = "'\u001F\\"
    ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
    sql = ByteaDataType.where(payload: data).select(:payload).to_sql
    result = @connection.query(sql)
    assert_equal([[data]], result)
  end

  def test_via_to_sql_with_complicating_connection
    Thread.new do
      other_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
      other_conn.execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = off")
      other_conn.execute("SET escape_string_warning = off")
    end.join

    test_via_to_sql
  end

  def test_write_binary
    data = File.read(File.join(__dir__, "..", "..", "..", "assets", "example.log"))
    assert(data.size > 1)
    record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
    assert_not_predicate record, :new_record?
    assert_equal(data, record.payload)
    assert_equal(data, ByteaDataType.where(id: record.id).first.payload)
  end

  def test_write_nil
    record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: nil)
    assert_not_predicate record, :new_record?
    assert_nil(record.payload)
    assert_nil(ByteaDataType.where(id: record.id).first.payload)
  end

  class Serializer
    def load(str); str; end
    def dump(str); str; end
  end

  def test_serialize
    klass = Class.new(ByteaDataType) {
      serialize :serialized, Serializer.new
    }
    obj = klass.new
    obj.serialized = "hello world"
    obj.save!
    obj.reload
    assert_equal "hello world", obj.serialized
  end

  def test_schema_dumping
    output = dump_table_schema("bytea_data_type")
    assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"payload"$}, output
    assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"serialized"$}, output
  end
end

cache_key_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

module ActiveRecord
  class CacheKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
    self.use_transactional_tests = false

    class CacheMe < ActiveRecord::Base
      self.cache_versioning = false
    end

    class CacheMeWithVersion < ActiveRecord::Base
      self.cache_versioning = true
    end

    setup do
      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
      @connection.create_table(:cache_mes, force: true) { |t| t.timestamps }
      @connection.create_table(:cache_me_with_versions, force: true) { |t| t.timestamps }
    end

    teardown do
      @connection.drop_table :cache_mes, if_exists: true
      @connection.drop_table :cache_me_with_versions, if_exists: true
    end

    test "cache_key format is not too precise" do
      record = CacheMe.create
      key = record.cache_key

      assert_equal key, record.reload.cache_key
    end

    test "cache_key has no version when versioning is on" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_me_with_versions/#{record.id}", record.cache_key
    end

    test "cache_version is only there when versioning is on" do
      assert_predicate CacheMeWithVersion.create.cache_version, :present?
      assert_not_predicate CacheMe.create.cache_version, :present?
    end

    test "cache_key_with_version always has both key and version" do
      r1 = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_me_with_versions/#{r1.id}-#{r1.updated_at.utc.to_fs(:usec)}", r1.cache_key_with_version

      r2 = CacheMe.create
      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_mes/#{r2.id}-#{r2.updated_at.utc.to_fs(:usec)}", r2.cache_key_with_version
    end

    test "cache_version is the same when it comes from the DB or from the user" do
      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)

      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
      assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end

      assert_equal record.cache_version, record_from_db.cache_version
    end

    test "cache_version does not truncate zeros when timestamp ends in zeros" do
      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)

      travel_to Time.now.beginning_of_day do
        record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
        record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
        assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
          record_from_db.cache_version
        end

        assert_equal record.cache_version, record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "cache_version calls updated_at when the value is generated at create time" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      assert_called(record, :updated_at) do
        record.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "cache_version does NOT call updated_at when value is from the database" do
      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)

      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
      assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a Time object" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
        record_from_db.updated_at = Time.now
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a string" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
        record_from_db.updated_at = Time.now.to_s
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a hash" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
        record_from_db.updated_at = { 1 => 2016, 2 => 11, 3 => 12, 4 => 1, 5 => 2, 6 => 3, 7 => 22 }
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end

    test "updated_at on class but not on instance raises an error" do
      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.where(id: record.id).select(:id).first
      assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) do
        record_from_db.cache_version
      end
    end
  end
end

cake_designer.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class CakeDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :chef, as: :employable
end

calculations.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"

module ActiveRecord
  module Calculations
    # Count the records.
    #
    #   Person.count
    #   # => the total count of all people
    #
    #   Person.count(:age)
    #   # => returns the total count of all people whose age is present in database
    #
    #   Person.count(:all)
    #   # => performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*')
    #
    #   Person.distinct.count(:age)
    #   # => counts the number of different age values
    #
    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group],
    # it returns a Hash whose keys represent the aggregated column,
    # and the values are the respective amounts:
    #
    #   Person.group(:city).count
    #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
    #
    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group] for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose
    # keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value
    # of each key would be the #count.
    #
    #   Article.group(:status, :category).count
    #   # =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4,
    #   #      ["published", "business"]=>0, ["published", "technology"]=>2}
    #
    # If #count is used with {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select], it will count the selected columns:
    #
    #   Person.select(:age).count
    #   # => counts the number of different age values
    #
    # Note: not all valid {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select] expressions are valid #count expressions. The specifics differ
    # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
    def count(column_name = nil)
      if block_given?
        unless column_name.nil?
          raise ArgumentError, "Column name argument is not supported when a block is passed."
        end

        super()
      else
        calculate(:count, column_name)
      end
    end

    # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
    # no row. See #calculate for examples with options.
    #
    #   Person.average(:age) # => 35.8
    def average(column_name)
      calculate(:average, column_name)
    end

    # Calculates the minimum value on a given column. The value is returned
    # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
    # #calculate for examples with options.
    #
    #   Person.minimum(:age) # => 7
    def minimum(column_name)
      calculate(:minimum, column_name)
    end

    # Calculates the maximum value on a given column. The value is returned
    # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
    # #calculate for examples with options.
    #
    #   Person.maximum(:age) # => 93
    def maximum(column_name)
      calculate(:maximum, column_name)
    end

    # Calculates the sum of values on a given column. The value is returned
    # with the same data type of the column, +0+ if there's no row. See
    # #calculate for examples with options.
    #
    #   Person.sum(:age) # => 4562
    def sum(identity_or_column = nil, &block)
      if block_given?
        values = map(&block)
        if identity_or_column.nil? && (values.first.is_a?(Numeric) || values.first(1) == [])
          identity_or_column = 0
        end

        if identity_or_column.nil?
          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
            Rails 7.0 has deprecated Enumerable.sum in favor of Ruby's native implementation available since 2.4.
            Sum of non-numeric elements requires an initial argument.
          MSG
          values.inject(:+) || 0
        else
          values.sum(identity_or_column)
        end
      else
        calculate(:sum, identity_or_column)
      end
    end

    # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for #count, #sum, #average,
    # #minimum, and #maximum have been added as shortcuts.
    #
    #   Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
    #   Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...
    #
    #   # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
    #   Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)
    #
    #   Person.sum("2 * age")
    #
    # There are two basic forms of output:
    #
    # * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Integer for COUNT, Float
    #   for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.
    #
    # * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them. It
    #   takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.
    #
    #      values = Person.group('last_name').maximum(:age)
    #      puts values["Drake"]
    #      # => 43
    #
    #      drake  = Family.find_by(last_name: 'Drake')
    #      values = Person.group(:family).maximum(:age) # Person belongs_to :family
    #      puts values[drake]
    #      # => 43
    #
    #      values.each do |family, max_age|
    #        ...
    #      end
    def calculate(operation, column_name)
      if has_include?(column_name)
        relation = apply_join_dependency

        if operation.to_s.downcase == "count"
          unless distinct_value || distinct_select?(column_name || select_for_count)
            relation.distinct!
            relation.select_values = [ klass.primary_key || table[Arel.star] ]
          end
          # PostgreSQL: ORDER BY expressions must appear in SELECT list when using DISTINCT
          relation.order_values = [] if group_values.empty?
        end

        relation.calculate(operation, column_name)
      else
        perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
      end
    end

    # Use #pluck as a shortcut to select one or more attributes without
    # loading an entire record object per row.
    #
    #   Person.pluck(:name)
    #
    # instead of
    #
    #   Person.all.map(&:name)
    #
    # Pluck returns an Array of attribute values type-casted to match
    # the plucked column names, if they can be deduced. Plucking an SQL fragment
    # returns String values by default.
    #
    #   Person.pluck(:name)
    #   # SELECT people.name FROM people
    #   # => ['David', 'Jeremy', 'Jose']
    #
    #   Person.pluck(:id, :name)
    #   # SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
    #   # => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
    #
    #   Person.distinct.pluck(:role)
    #   # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people
    #   # => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']
    #
    #   Person.where(age: 21).limit(5).pluck(:id)
    #   # SELECT people.id FROM people WHERE people.age = 21 LIMIT 5
    #   # => [2, 3]
    #
    #   Person.pluck(Arel.sql('DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at)'))
    #   # SELECT DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at) FROM people
    #   # => ['0', '27761', '173']
    #
    # See also #ids.
    #
    def pluck(*column_names)
      if loaded? && all_attributes?(column_names)
        return records.pluck(*column_names)
      end

      if has_include?(column_names.first)
        relation = apply_join_dependency
        relation.pluck(*column_names)
      else
        klass.disallow_raw_sql!(column_names)
        columns = arel_columns(column_names)
        relation = spawn
        relation.select_values = columns
        result = skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
          if where_clause.contradiction?
            ActiveRecord::Result.empty
          else
            klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, "#{klass.name} Pluck")
          end
        end
        type_cast_pluck_values(result, columns)
      end
    end

    # Pick the value(s) from the named column(s) in the current relation.
    # This is short-hand for <tt>relation.limit(1).pluck(*column_names).first</tt>, and is primarily useful
    # when you have a relation that's already narrowed down to a single row.
    #
    # Just like #pluck, #pick will only load the actual value, not the entire record object, so it's also
    # more efficient. The value is, again like with pluck, typecast by the column type.
    #
    #   Person.where(id: 1).pick(:name)
    #   # SELECT people.name FROM people WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1
    #   # => 'David'
    #
    #   Person.where(id: 1).pick(:name, :email_address)
    #   # SELECT people.name, people.email_address FROM people WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1
    #   # => [ 'David', 'david@loudthinking.com' ]
    def pick(*column_names)
      if loaded? && all_attributes?(column_names)
        return records.pick(*column_names)
      end

      limit(1).pluck(*column_names).first
    end

    # Pluck all the ID's for the relation using the table's primary key
    #
    #   Person.ids # SELECT people.id FROM people
    #   Person.joins(:companies).ids # SELECT people.id FROM people INNER JOIN companies ON companies.person_id = people.id
    def ids
      pluck primary_key
    end

    private
      def all_attributes?(column_names)
        (column_names.map(&:to_s) - @klass.attribute_names - @klass.attribute_aliases.keys).empty?
      end

      def has_include?(column_name)
        eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && column_name && column_name != :all)
      end

      def perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
        operation = operation.to_s.downcase

        # If #count is used with #distinct (i.e. `relation.distinct.count`) it is
        # considered distinct.
        distinct = distinct_value

        if operation == "count"
          column_name ||= select_for_count
          if column_name == :all
            if !distinct
              distinct = distinct_select?(select_for_count) if group_values.empty?
            elsif group_values.any? || select_values.empty? && order_values.empty?
              column_name = primary_key
            end
          elsif distinct_select?(column_name)
            distinct = nil
          end
        end

        if group_values.any?
          execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct)
        else
          execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct)
        end
      end

      def distinct_select?(column_name)
        column_name.is_a?(::String) && /\bDISTINCT[\s(]/i.match?(column_name)
      end

      def aggregate_column(column_name)
        return column_name if Arel::Expressions === column_name

        arel_column(column_name.to_s) do |name|
          Arel.sql(column_name == :all ? "*" : name)
        end
      end

      def operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
        operation == "count" ? column.count(distinct) : column.public_send(operation)
      end

      def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) # :nodoc:
        if operation == "count" && (column_name == :all && distinct || has_limit_or_offset?)
          # Shortcut when limit is zero.
          return 0 if limit_value == 0

          query_builder = build_count_subquery(spawn, column_name, distinct)
        else
          # PostgreSQL doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
          relation = unscope(:order).distinct!(false)

          column = aggregate_column(column_name)
          select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
          select_value.distinct = true if operation == "sum" && distinct

          relation.select_values = [select_value]

          query_builder = relation.arel
        end

        result = skip_query_cache_if_necessary { @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, "#{@klass.name} #{operation.capitalize}") }

        if operation != "count"
          type = column.try(:type_caster) ||
            lookup_cast_type_from_join_dependencies(column_name.to_s) || Type.default_value
          type = type.subtype if Enum::EnumType === type
        end

        type_cast_calculated_value(result.cast_values.first, operation, type)
      end

      def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) # :nodoc:
        group_fields = group_values
        group_fields = group_fields.uniq if group_fields.size > 1

        if group_fields.size == 1 && group_fields.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
          association  = klass._reflect_on_association(group_fields.first)
          associated   = association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
          group_fields = Array(association.foreign_key) if associated
        end
        group_fields = arel_columns(group_fields)

        group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field|
          field = connection.visitor.compile(field) if Arel.arel_node?(field)
          column_alias_for(field.to_s.downcase)
        }
        group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields)

        column = aggregate_column(column_name)
        column_alias = column_alias_for("#{operation} #{column_name.to_s.downcase}")
        select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
        select_value.as(connection.quote_column_name(column_alias))

        select_values = [select_value]
        select_values += self.select_values unless having_clause.empty?

        select_values.concat group_columns.map { |aliaz, field|
          aliaz = connection.quote_column_name(aliaz)
          if field.respond_to?(:as)
            field.as(aliaz)
          else
            "#{field} AS #{aliaz}"
          end
        }

        relation = except(:group).distinct!(false)
        relation.group_values  = group_fields
        relation.select_values = select_values

        calculated_data = skip_query_cache_if_necessary { @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, "#{@klass.name} #{operation.capitalize}") }

        if association
          key_ids     = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] }
          key_records = association.klass.base_class.where(association.klass.base_class.primary_key => key_ids)
          key_records = key_records.index_by(&:id)
        end

        key_types = group_columns.each_with_object({}) do |(aliaz, col_name), types|
          types[aliaz] = type_for(col_name) do
            calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aliaz, Type.default_value)
          end
        end

        hash_rows = calculated_data.cast_values(key_types).map! do |row|
          calculated_data.columns.each_with_object({}).with_index do |(col_name, hash), i|
            hash[col_name] = row[i]
          end
        end

        if operation != "count"
          type = column.try(:type_caster) ||
            lookup_cast_type_from_join_dependencies(column_name.to_s) || Type.default_value
          type = type.subtype if Enum::EnumType === type
        end

        hash_rows.each_with_object({}) do |row, result|
          key = group_aliases.map { |aliaz| row[aliaz] }
          key = key.first if key.size == 1
          key = key_records[key] if associated

          result[key] = type_cast_calculated_value(row[column_alias], operation, type)
        end
      end

      # Converts the given field to the value that the database adapter returns as
      # a usable column name:
      #
      #   column_alias_for("users.id")                 # => "users_id"
      #   column_alias_for("sum(id)")                  # => "sum_id"
      #   column_alias_for("count(distinct users.id)") # => "count_distinct_users_id"
      #   column_alias_for("count(*)")                 # => "count_all"
      def column_alias_for(field)
        column_alias = +field
        column_alias.gsub!(/\*/, "all")
        column_alias.gsub!(/\W+/, " ")
        column_alias.strip!
        column_alias.gsub!(/ +/, "_")

        connection.table_alias_for(column_alias)
      end

      def type_for(field, &block)
        field_name = field.respond_to?(:name) ? field.name.to_s : field.to_s.split(".").last
        @klass.type_for_attribute(field_name, &block)
      end

      def lookup_cast_type_from_join_dependencies(name, join_dependencies = build_join_dependencies)
        each_join_dependencies(join_dependencies) do |join|
          type = join.base_klass.attribute_types.fetch(name, nil)
          return type if type
        end
        nil
      end

      def type_cast_pluck_values(result, columns)
        cast_types = if result.columns.size != columns.size
          klass.attribute_types
        else
          join_dependencies = nil
          columns.map.with_index do |column, i|
            column.try(:type_caster) ||
              klass.attribute_types.fetch(name = result.columns[i]) do
                join_dependencies ||= build_join_dependencies
                lookup_cast_type_from_join_dependencies(name, join_dependencies) ||
                  result.column_types[name] || Type.default_value
              end
          end
        end
        result.cast_values(cast_types)
      end

      def type_cast_calculated_value(value, operation, type)
        case operation
        when "count"
          value.to_i
        when "sum"
          type.deserialize(value || 0)
        when "average"
          case type.type
          when :integer, :decimal
            value&.to_d
          else
            type.deserialize(value)
          end
        else # "minimum", "maximum"
          type.deserialize(value)
        end
      end

      def select_for_count
        if select_values.present?
          return select_values.first if select_values.one?
          select_values.join(", ")
        else
          :all
        end
      end

      def build_count_subquery(relation, column_name, distinct)
        if column_name == :all
          column_alias = Arel.star
          relation.select_values = [ Arel.sql(FinderMethods::ONE_AS_ONE) ] unless distinct
        else
          column_alias = Arel.sql("count_column")
          relation.select_values = [ aggregate_column(column_name).as(column_alias) ]
        end

        subquery_alias = Arel.sql("subquery_for_count")
        select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias, "count", false)

        relation.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value)
      end
  end
end

calculations_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/book"
require "models/club"
require "models/company"
require "models/contract"
require "models/edge"
require "models/organization"
require "models/possession"
require "models/author"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/numeric_data"
require "models/need_quoting"
require "models/minivan"
require "models/speedometer"
require "models/ship_part"
require "models/treasure"
require "models/developer"
require "models/post"
require "models/comment"
require "models/rating"
require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"

class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :authors, :author_addresses, :topics, :speedometers, :minivans, :books, :posts, :comments

  def test_should_sum_field
    assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_sum_arel_attribute
    assert_equal 318, Account.sum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
  end

  def test_should_average_field
    value = Account.average(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal 53.0, value
  end

  def test_should_average_arel_attribute
    value = Account.average(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
    assert_equal 53.0, value
  end

  def test_should_resolve_aliased_attributes
    assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:available_credit)
  end

  def test_should_return_decimal_average_of_integer_field
    value = Account.average(:id)

    assert_equal 3.5, value
    assert_instance_of BigDecimal, value
  end

  def test_should_return_integer_average_if_db_returns_such
    value = Book.average(:status)

    assert_equal 1.0, value
    assert_instance_of BigDecimal, value
  end

  def test_should_return_float_average_if_db_returns_such
    NumericData.create!(temperature: 37.5)
    value = NumericData.average(:temperature)

    assert_equal 37.5, value
    assert_instance_of Float, value

    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
      NumericData.create!(temperature: "Infinity")
      value = NumericData.average(:temperature)

      assert_equal Float::INFINITY, value
      assert_instance_of Float, value
    end
  end

  def test_should_return_decimal_average_if_db_returns_such
    NumericData.create!([{ bank_balance: 37.50 }, { bank_balance: 37.45 }])
    value = NumericData.average(:bank_balance)

    assert_equal 37.475, value
    assert_instance_of BigDecimal, value
  end

  def test_should_return_nil_as_average
    assert_nil NumericData.average(:bank_balance)
  end

  def test_should_get_maximum_of_field
    assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_get_maximum_of_arel_attribute
    assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
  end

  def test_should_get_maximum_of_field_with_include
    assert_equal 55, Account.where("companies.name != 'Summit'").references(:companies).includes(:firm).maximum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_get_maximum_of_arel_attribute_with_include
    assert_equal 55, Account.where("companies.name != 'Summit'").references(:companies).includes(:firm).maximum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
  end

  def test_should_get_minimum_of_field
    assert_equal 50, Account.minimum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_get_minimum_of_arel_attribute
    assert_equal 50, Account.minimum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
  end

  def test_should_group_by_field
    c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
    [1, 6, 2].each do |firm_id|
      assert_includes c.keys, firm_id, "Group #{c.inspect} does not contain firm_id #{firm_id}"
    end
  end

  def test_should_group_by_arel_attribute
    c = Account.group(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).sum(:credit_limit)
    [1, 6, 2].each do |firm_id|
      assert_includes c.keys, firm_id, "Group #{c.inspect} does not contain firm_id #{firm_id}"
    end
  end

  def test_should_group_by_multiple_fields
    c = Account.group("firm_id", :credit_limit).count(:all)
    [ [nil, 50], [1, 50], [6, 50], [6, 55], [9, 53], [2, 60] ].each { |firm_and_limit| assert_includes c.keys, firm_and_limit }
  end

  def test_should_group_by_multiple_fields_having_functions
    c = Topic.group(:author_name, "COALESCE(type, title)").count(:all)
    assert_equal 1, c[["Carl", "The Third Topic of the day"]]
    assert_equal 1, c[["Mary", "Reply"]]
    assert_equal 1, c[["David", "The First Topic"]]
    assert_equal 1, c[["Carl", "Reply"]]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field
    expected = { nil => 50, 1 => 50, 2 => 60, 6 => 105, 9 => 53 }
    assert_equal expected, Account.group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_group_by_multiple_same_field
    accounts = Account.group(:firm_id)

    expected = {
      nil => 50,
      1 => 50,
      2 => 60,
      6 => 105,
      9 => 53
    }
    assert_equal expected, accounts.sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal expected, accounts.merge!(accounts).uniq!(:group).sum(:credit_limit)

    expected = {
      nil => 50,
      1 => 50,
      2 => 60,
      6 => 55,
      9 => 53
    }

    assert_equal expected, accounts.merge!(accounts).maximum(:credit_limit)

    expected = {
      nil => 50,
      1 => 50,
      2 => 60,
      6 => 50,
      9 => 53
    }

    assert_equal expected, accounts.merge!(accounts).minimum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_generate_valid_sql_with_joins_and_group
    assert_nothing_raised do
      AuditLog.joins(:developer).group(:id).count
    end
  end

  def test_should_calculate_against_given_relation
    developer = Developer.create!(name: "developer")
    developer.audit_logs.create!(message: "first log")
    developer.audit_logs.create!(message: "second log")

    c = developer.audit_logs.joins(:developer).group(:id).count

    assert_equal developer.audit_logs.count, c.size
    developer.audit_logs.each do |log|
      assert_equal 1, c[log.id]
    end
  end

  def test_should_not_use_alias_for_grouped_field
    assert_sql(/GROUP BY #{Regexp.escape(Account.connection.quote_table_name("accounts.firm_id"))}/i) do
      c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("accounts_firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
      assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
    end
  end

  def test_should_order_by_grouped_field
    c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
  end

  def test_should_order_by_calculation
    c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("sum_credit_limit desc, firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal [105, 60, 53, 50, 50], c.keys.collect { |k| c[k] }
    assert_equal [6, 2, 9, 1], c.keys.compact
  end

  def test_should_limit_calculation
    c = Account.where("firm_id IS NOT NULL").group(:firm_id).order("firm_id").limit(2).sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal [1, 2], c.keys.compact
  end

  def test_should_limit_calculation_with_offset
    c = Account.where("firm_id IS NOT NULL").group(:firm_id).order("firm_id").
     limit(2).offset(1).sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal [2, 6], c.keys.compact
  end

  def test_limit_should_apply_before_count
    accounts = Account.order(:id).limit(4)

    assert_equal 3, accounts.count(:firm_id)
    assert_equal 3, accounts.select(:firm_id).count
  end

  def test_limit_should_apply_before_count_arel_attribute
    accounts = Account.order(:id).limit(4)

    firm_id_attribute = Account.arel_table[:firm_id]
    assert_equal 3, accounts.count(firm_id_attribute)
    assert_equal 3, accounts.select(firm_id_attribute).count
  end

  def test_count_should_shortcut_with_limit_zero
    accounts = Account.limit(0)

    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, accounts.count }
  end

  def test_limit_is_kept
    return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)

    queries = capture_sql { Account.limit(1).count }
    assert_equal 1, queries.length
    assert_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
  end

  def test_offset_is_kept
    return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)

    queries = capture_sql { Account.offset(1).count }
    assert_equal 1, queries.length
    assert_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
  end

  def test_limit_with_offset_is_kept
    return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)

    queries = capture_sql { Account.limit(1).offset(1).count }
    assert_equal 1, queries.length
    assert_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
    assert_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
  end

  def test_no_limit_no_offset
    queries = capture_sql { Account.count }
    assert_equal 1, queries.length
    assert_no_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
    assert_no_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
  end

  def test_count_on_invalid_columns_raises
    e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) {
      Account.select("credit_limit, firm_name").count
    }

    assert_match %r{accounts}i, e.sql
    assert_match "credit_limit, firm_name", e.sql
  end

  def test_apply_distinct_in_count
    queries = capture_sql do
      Account.distinct.count
      Account.group(:firm_id).distinct.count
    end

    queries.each do |query|
      assert_match %r{\ASELECT(?! DISTINCT) COUNT\(DISTINCT\b}, query
    end
  end

  def test_count_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order
    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id")
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count }
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all) }
  end

  def test_count_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order
    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").select(:type)
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count }
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all) }
  end

  def test_count_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order_and_distinct
    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").distinct
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count }
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all) }
  end

  def test_distinct_count_all_with_custom_select_and_order
    accounts = Account.distinct.select("credit_limit % 10").order(Arel.sql("credit_limit % 10"))
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 3, accounts.count(:all) }
    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 3, accounts.load.size }
  end

  def test_distinct_count_with_order_and_limit
    assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.order(:firm_id).limit(4).count
  end

  def test_distinct_count_with_order_and_offset
    assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.order(:firm_id).offset(2).count
  end

  def test_distinct_count_with_order_and_limit_and_offset
    assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.order(:firm_id).limit(4).offset(2).count
  end

  def test_distinct_joins_count_with_order_and_limit
    assert_equal 3, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.order(:firm_id).limit(3).count
  end

  def test_distinct_joins_count_with_order_and_offset
    assert_equal 3, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.order(:firm_id).offset(2).count
  end

  def test_distinct_joins_count_with_order_and_limit_and_offset
    assert_equal 3, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.order(:firm_id).limit(3).offset(2).count
  end

  def test_distinct_joins_count_with_group_by
    expected = { nil => 4, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 4 => 1, 5 => 1, 7 => 1 }
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.count(:author_id)
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.select(:author_id).count
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).count("DISTINCT posts.author_id")
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).select("DISTINCT posts.author_id").count

    expected = { nil => 6, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 4 => 1, 5 => 1, 7 => 1 }
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.count(:all)
    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.select(:author_id).count(:all)
  end

  def test_distinct_count_with_group_by_and_order_and_limit
    assert_equal({ 6 => 2 }, Account.group(:firm_id).distinct.order("1 DESC").limit(1).count)
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_having_condition
    c = Account.group(:firm_id).having("sum(credit_limit) > 50").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_nil        c[1]
    assert_equal 105, c[6]
    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_having_condition_from_select
    skip unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
    c = Account.select("MIN(credit_limit) AS min_credit_limit").group(:firm_id).having("min_credit_limit > 50").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_nil       c[1]
    assert_equal 60, c[2]
    assert_equal 53, c[9]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_association
    c = Account.group(:firm).sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal 50,   c[companies(:first_firm)]
    assert_equal 105,  c[companies(:rails_core)]
    assert_equal 60,   c[companies(:first_client)]
  end

  def test_should_sum_field_with_conditions
    assert_equal 105, Account.where("firm_id = 6").sum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_should_return_zero_if_sum_conditions_return_nothing
    assert_equal 0, Account.where("1 = 2").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal 0, companies(:rails_core).companies.where("1 = 2").sum(:id)
  end

  def test_sum_should_return_valid_values_for_decimals
    NumericData.create(bank_balance: 19.83)
    assert_equal 19.83, NumericData.sum(:bank_balance)
  end

  def test_should_return_type_casted_values_with_group_and_expression
    assert_equal 0.5, Account.group(:firm_name).sum("0.01 * credit_limit")["37signals"]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions
    c = Account.where("firm_id > 1").group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_nil        c[1]
    assert_equal 105, c[6]
    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions_and_having
    c = Account.where("firm_id > 1").group(:firm_id).
     having("sum(credit_limit) > 60").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_nil        c[1]
    assert_equal 105, c[6]
    assert_nil        c[2]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_fields_with_table_alias
    c = Account.group("accounts.firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal 50,  c[1]
    assert_equal 105, c[6]
    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_with_longer_field
    field = "a" * Account.connection.max_identifier_length

    Account.update_all("#{field} = credit_limit")

    c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(field)
    assert_equal 50,  c[1]
    assert_equal 105, c[6]
    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_with_invalid_field
    assert_equal 6, Account.calculate(:count, "*")
    assert_equal 6, Account.calculate(:count, :all)
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_with_invalid_field
    c = Account.group("accounts.firm_id").count(:all)
    assert_equal 1, c[1]
    assert_equal 2, c[6]
    assert_equal 1, c[2]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_association_with_invalid_field
    c = Account.group(:firm).count(:all)
    assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_firm)]
    assert_equal 2, c[companies(:rails_core)]
    assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_client)]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_association_with_non_numeric_foreign_key
    Speedometer.create! id: "ABC"
    Minivan.create! id: "OMG", speedometer_id: "ABC"

    c = Minivan.group(:speedometer).count(:all)
    first_key = c.keys.first
    assert_equal Speedometer, first_key.class
    assert_equal 1, c[first_key]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_association_with_foreign_key_option
    Account.belongs_to :another_firm, class_name: "Firm", foreign_key: "firm_id"
    c = Account.group(:another_firm).count(:all)
    assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_firm)]
    assert_equal 2, c[companies(:rails_core)]
    assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_client)]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_by_function
    c = Company.group("UPPER(#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
    assert_equal 2, c[nil]
    assert_equal 1, c["DEPENDENTFIRM"]
    assert_equal 5, c["CLIENT"]
    assert_equal 3, c["FIRM"]
  end

  def test_should_calculate_grouped_by_function_with_table_alias
    c = Company.group("UPPER(companies.#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
    assert_equal 2, c[nil]
    assert_equal 1, c["DEPENDENTFIRM"]
    assert_equal 5, c["CLIENT"]
    assert_equal 3, c["FIRM"]
  end

  def test_should_not_overshadow_enumerable_sum
    some_companies = companies(:rails_core).companies.order(:id)

    assert_equal 6, [1, 2, 3].sum(&:abs)
    assert_equal 15, some_companies.sum(&:id)
    assert_equal 25, some_companies.sum(10, &:id)
    assert_deprecated do
      assert_equal "LeetsoftJadedpixel", some_companies.sum(&:name)
    end
    assert_equal "companies: LeetsoftJadedpixel", some_companies.sum("companies: ", &:name)
  end

  def test_should_sum_scoped_field
    assert_equal 15, companies(:rails_core).companies.sum(:id)
  end

  def test_should_sum_scoped_field_with_from
    assert_equal Club.count, Organization.clubs.count
  end

  def test_should_sum_scoped_field_with_conditions
    assert_equal 8,  companies(:rails_core).companies.where("id > 7").sum(:id)
  end

  def test_should_group_by_scoped_field
    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.group(:name).sum(:id)
    assert_equal 7, c["Leetsoft"]
    assert_equal 8, c["Jadedpixel"]
  end

  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_through_association_and_having
    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.group(:name).having("sum(id) > 7").sum(:id)
    assert_nil      c["Leetsoft"]
    assert_equal 8, c["Jadedpixel"]
  end

  def test_should_count_selected_field_with_include
    assert_equal 6, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count
    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.select(:credit_limit).count
    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count("DISTINCT credit_limit")
    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count("DISTINCT(credit_limit)")
  end

  def test_should_not_perform_joined_include_by_default
    assert_equal Account.count, Account.includes(:firm).count
    queries = capture_sql { Account.includes(:firm).count }
    assert_no_match(/join/i, queries.last)
  end

  def test_should_perform_joined_include_when_referencing_included_tables
    joined_count = Account.includes(:firm).where(companies: { name: "37signals" }).count
    assert_equal 1, joined_count
  end

  def test_should_count_scoped_select
    Account.update_all("credit_limit = NULL")
    assert_equal 0, Account.select("credit_limit").count
  end

  def test_should_count_scoped_select_with_options
    Account.update_all("credit_limit = NULL")
    Account.last.update_columns("credit_limit" => 49)
    Account.first.update_columns("credit_limit" => 51)

    assert_equal 1, Account.select("credit_limit").where("credit_limit >= 50").count
  end

  def test_should_count_manual_select_with_include
    assert_equal 6, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.id").includes(:firm).count
  end

  def test_should_count_manual_select_with_count_all
    assert_equal 5, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").count(:all)
  end

  def test_should_count_with_manual_distinct_select_and_distinct
    assert_equal 4, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").distinct(true).count
  end

  def test_should_count_manual_select_with_group_with_count_all
    expected = { nil => 1, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 6 => 2, 9 => 1 }
    actual = Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").group("accounts.firm_id").count(:all)
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_should_count_manual_with_count_all
    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:all)
  end

  def test_count_selected_arel_attribute
    assert_equal 5, Account.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
    assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
  end

  def test_count_with_column_parameter
    assert_equal 5, Account.count(:firm_id)
  end

  def test_count_with_arel_attribute
    assert_equal 5, Account.count(Account.arel_table[:firm_id])
  end

  def test_count_with_arel_star
    assert_equal 6, Account.count(Arel.star)
  end

  def test_count_with_distinct
    assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).distinct.count
  end

  def test_count_with_aliased_attribute
    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:available_credit)
  end

  def test_count_with_column_and_options_parameter
    assert_equal 2, Account.where("credit_limit = 50 AND firm_id IS NOT NULL").count(:firm_id)
  end

  def test_should_count_field_in_joined_table
    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).count("companies.id")
    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.count("companies.id")
  end

  def test_count_arel_attribute_in_joined_table_with
    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).count(Company.arel_table[:id])
    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.count(Company.arel_table[:id])
  end

  def test_count_selected_arel_attribute_in_joined_table
    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).select(Company.arel_table[:id]).count
    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.select(Company.arel_table[:id]).count
  end

  def test_should_count_field_in_joined_table_with_group_by
    c = Account.group("accounts.firm_id").joins(:firm).count("companies.id")

    [1, 6, 2, 9].each { |firm_id| assert_includes c.keys, firm_id }
  end

  def test_should_count_field_of_root_table_with_conflicting_group_by_column
    expected = { 1 => 2, 2 => 1, 4 => 5, 5 => 3, 7 => 1 }
    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group(:post_id).count
    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group("comments.post_id").count
    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group(:post_id).select("DISTINCT posts.author_id").count(:all)
  end

  def test_count_with_no_parameters_isnt_deprecated
    assert_not_deprecated { Account.count }
  end

  def test_count_with_too_many_parameters_raises
    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Account.count(1, 2, 3) }
  end

  def test_count_with_order
    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).count
  end

  def test_count_with_reverse_order
    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).reverse_order.count
  end

  def test_count_with_where_and_order
    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: "37signals").count
    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: "37signals").order(:firm_name).count
    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: "37signals").order(:firm_name).reverse_order.count
  end

  def test_count_with_block
    assert_equal 4, Account.count { |account| account.credit_limit.modulo(10).zero? }
  end

  def test_should_sum_expression
    assert_equal 636, Account.sum("2 * credit_limit")
  end

  def test_sum_expression_returns_zero_when_no_records_to_sum
    assert_equal 0, Account.where("1 = 2").sum("2 * credit_limit")
  end

  def test_count_with_from_option
    assert_equal Company.count(:all), Company.from("companies").count(:all)
    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit = 50").count(:all),
        Account.from("accounts").where("credit_limit = 50").count(:all)
    assert_equal Company.where(type: "Firm").count(:type),
        Company.where(type: "Firm").from("companies").count(:type)
  end

  def test_sum_with_from_option
    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit), Account.from("accounts").sum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").sum(:credit_limit),
        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from("accounts").sum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_average_with_from_option
    assert_equal Account.average(:credit_limit), Account.from("accounts").average(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").average(:credit_limit),
        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from("accounts").average(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_minimum_with_from_option
    assert_equal Account.minimum(:credit_limit), Account.from("accounts").minimum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").minimum(:credit_limit),
        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from("accounts").minimum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_maximum_with_from_option
    assert_equal Account.maximum(:credit_limit), Account.from("accounts").maximum(:credit_limit)
    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").maximum(:credit_limit),
        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from("accounts").maximum(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_maximum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])

    assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).maximum(:developer_id)
  end

  def test_minimum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])

    assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).minimum(:developer_id)
  end

  def test_sum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])

    assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).sum(:developer_id)
  end

  def test_from_option_with_specified_index
    edges = Edge.from("edges /*! USE INDEX(unique_edge_index) */")
    assert_equal Edge.count(:all), edges.count(:all)
    assert_equal Edge.where("sink_id < 5").count(:all), edges.where("sink_id < 5").count(:all)
  end

  def test_from_option_with_table_different_than_class
    assert_equal Account.count(:all), Company.from("accounts").count(:all)
  end

  def test_distinct_is_honored_when_used_with_count_operation_after_group
    # Count the number of authors for approved topics
    approved_topics_count = Topic.group(:approved).count(:author_name)[true]
    assert_equal approved_topics_count, 4
    # Count the number of distinct authors for approved Topics
    distinct_authors_for_approved_count = Topic.group(:approved).distinct.count(:author_name)[true]
    assert_equal distinct_authors_for_approved_count, 3
  end

  def test_pluck
    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_empty_in
    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal [], Topic.where(id: []).pluck(:id)
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_without_column_names
    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
      assert_equal [[1, "Firm", 1, nil, "37signals", nil, 1, nil, nil]], Company.order(:id).limit(1).pluck
    else
      assert_equal [[1, "Firm", 1, nil, "37signals", nil, 1, nil, ""]], Company.order(:id).limit(1).pluck
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_type_cast
    topic = topics(:first)
    relation = Topic.where(id: topic.id)
    assert_equal [ topic.approved ], relation.pluck(:approved)
    assert_equal [ topic.last_read ], relation.pluck(:last_read)
    assert_equal [ topic.written_on ], relation.pluck(:written_on)
  end

  def test_pluck_type_cast_with_conflict_column_names
    expected = [
      [Date.new(2004, 4, 15), "unread"],
      [Date.new(2004, 4, 15), "reading"],
      [Date.new(2004, 4, 15), "read"],
    ]
    actual = AuthorAddress.joins(author: [:topics, :books]).order(:"books.last_read")
      .where("books.last_read": [:unread, :reading, :read])
      .pluck(:"topics.last_read", :"books.last_read")

    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_pluck_type_cast_with_joins_without_table_name_qualified_column
    assert_pluck_type_cast_without_table_name_qualified_column(AuthorAddress.joins(author: :books))
  end

  def test_pluck_type_cast_with_left_joins_without_table_name_qualified_column
    assert_pluck_type_cast_without_table_name_qualified_column(AuthorAddress.left_joins(author: :books))
  end

  def test_pluck_type_cast_with_eager_load_without_table_name_qualified_column
    assert_pluck_type_cast_without_table_name_qualified_column(AuthorAddress.eager_load(author: :books))
  end

  def assert_pluck_type_cast_without_table_name_qualified_column(author_addresses)
    expected = [
      [nil, "unread"],
      ["ebook", "reading"],
      ["paperback", "read"],
    ]
    actual = author_addresses.order(:last_read)
      .where("books.last_read": [:unread, :reading, :read])
      .pluck(:format, :last_read)

    assert_equal expected, actual
  end
  private :assert_pluck_type_cast_without_table_name_qualified_column

  def test_pluck_with_type_cast_does_not_corrupt_the_query_cache
    topic = topics(:first)
    relation = Topic.where(id: topic.id)
    assert_queries 1 do
      Topic.cache do
        kind = relation.select(:written_on).load.first.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:written_on).class
        relation.pluck(:written_on)
        assert_kind_of kind, relation.select(:written_on).load.first.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:written_on)
      end
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_and_distinct
    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.order(:credit_limit).distinct.pluck(:credit_limit)
  end

  def test_pluck_in_relation
    company = Company.first
    contract = company.contracts.create!
    assert_equal [contract.id], company.contracts.pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_on_aliased_attribute
    assert_equal "The First Topic", Topic.order(:id).pluck(:heading).first
  end

  def test_pluck_with_serialization
    t = Topic.create!(content: { foo: :bar })
    assert_equal [{ foo: :bar }], Topic.where(id: t.id).pluck(:content)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_qualified_column_name
    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], Topic.order(:id).pluck("topics.id")
  end

  def test_pluck_auto_table_name_prefix
    c = Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new])
    assert_equal [c.id], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_if_table_included
    c = Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
    assert_equal [c.id], Company.includes(:contracts).where("contracts.id" => c.contracts.first).pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_joined
    company = Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
    metadata = company.contracts.first.metadata
    assert_equal [metadata], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:metadata)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_selection_clause
    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck(Arel.sql("DISTINCT credit_limit")).sort
    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck(Arel.sql("DISTINCT accounts.credit_limit")).sort
    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck(Arel.sql("DISTINCT(credit_limit)")).sort
    assert_equal [50 + 53 + 55 + 60], Account.pluck(Arel.sql("SUM(DISTINCT(credit_limit))"))
  end

  def test_plucks_with_ids
    assert_equal Company.all.map(&:id).sort, Company.ids.sort
  end

  def test_pluck_with_includes_limit_and_empty_result
    assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).limit(0).pluck(:id)
    assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).limit(1).where("0 = 1").pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_includes_offset
    assert_equal [5], Topic.includes(:replies).order(:id).offset(4).pluck(:id)
    assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).order(:id).offset(5).pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_join
    assert_equal [[2, 2], [4, 4]], Reply.includes(:topic).order(:id).pluck(:id, :"topics.id")
  end

  def test_group_by_with_order_by_virtual_count_attribute
    expected = { "SpecialPost" => 1, "StiPost" => 2 }
    actual = Post.group(:type).order(:count).limit(2).maximum(:comments_count)
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)

  def test_group_by_with_limit
    expected = { "StiPost" => 3, "SpecialPost" => 1 }
    actual = Post.includes(:comments).group(:type).order(type: :desc).limit(2).count("comments.id")
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_group_by_with_offset
    expected = { "SpecialPost" => 1, "Post" => 8 }
    actual = Post.includes(:comments).group(:type).order(type: :desc).offset(1).count("comments.id")
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_group_by_with_limit_and_offset
    expected = { "SpecialPost" => 1 }
    actual = Post.includes(:comments).group(:type).order(type: :desc).offset(1).limit(1).count("comments.id")
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_group_by_with_quoted_count_and_order_by_alias
    quoted_posts_id = Post.connection.quote_table_name("posts.id")
    expected = { "SpecialPost" => 1, "StiPost" => 1, "Post" => 9 }
    actual = Post.group(:type).order("count_posts_id").count(quoted_posts_id)
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
    ids = Company.includes(:contracts).pluck(:developer_id)
    assert_equal Company.count, ids.length
    assert_equal [7], ids.compact
  end

  def test_pluck_multiple_columns
    assert_equal [
      [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"],
      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day"]
    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title)
    assert_equal [
      [1, "The First Topic", "David"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day", "Mary"],
      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"],
      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day", "Jason"]
    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title, :author_name)
  end

  def test_pluck_with_multiple_columns_and_selection_clause
    assert_equal [[1, 50], [2, 50], [3, 50], [4, 60], [5, 55], [6, 53]],
      Account.order(:id).pluck("id, credit_limit")
  end

  def test_pluck_with_line_endings
    assert_equal [[1, 50], [2, 50], [3, 50], [4, 60], [5, 55], [6, 53]],
      Account.order(:id).pluck("id, credit_limit\n")
  end

  def test_pluck_with_multiple_columns_and_includes
    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
    companies_and_developers = Company.order("companies.id").includes(:contracts).pluck(:name, :developer_id)

    assert_equal Company.count, companies_and_developers.length
    assert_equal ["37signals", nil], companies_and_developers.first
    assert_equal ["test", 7], companies_and_developers.last
  end

  def test_pluck_with_reserved_words
    Possession.create!(where: "Over There")

    assert_equal ["Over There"], Possession.pluck(:where)
  end

  def test_pluck_replaces_select_clause
    takes_relation = Topic.select(:approved, :id).order(:id)
    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], takes_relation.pluck(:id)
    assert_equal [false, true, true, true, true], takes_relation.pluck(:approved)
  end

  def test_pluck_columns_with_same_name
    expected = [["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"], ["The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day"]]
    actual = Topic.joins(:replies).order(:id)
      .pluck("topics.title", "replies_topics.title")
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_pluck_functions_with_alias
    assert_equal [
      [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"],
      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day"]
    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(
      Arel.sql("COALESCE(id, 0) id"),
      Arel.sql("COALESCE(title, 'untitled') title")
    )
  end

  def test_pluck_functions_without_alias
    assert_equal [
      [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"],
      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day"]
    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(
      Arel.sql("COALESCE(id, 0)"),
      Arel.sql("COALESCE(title, 'untitled')")
    )
  end

  def test_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
    part.trinkets.create!

    assert_equal part.id, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).sum(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_joined_with_polymorphic_relation
    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
    part.trinkets.create!

    assert_equal [part.id], ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).pluck(:id)
  end

  def test_pluck_loaded_relation
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal ["37signals", "Summit", "Microsoft"], companies.pluck(:name)
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_loaded_relation_multiple_columns
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal [[1, "37signals"], [2, "Summit"], [3, "Microsoft"]], companies.pluck(:id, :name)
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_loaded_relation_sql_fragment
    companies = Company.order(:name).limit(3).load

    assert_queries(1) do
      assert_equal ["37signals", "Apex", "Ex Nihilo"], companies.pluck(Arel.sql("DISTINCT name"))
    end
  end

  def test_pluck_loaded_relation_aliased_attribute
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal ["37signals", "Summit", "Microsoft"], companies.pluck(:new_name)
    end
  end

  def test_pick_one
    assert_equal "The First Topic", Topic.order(:id).pick(:heading)
    assert_no_queries do
      assert_nil Topic.none.pick(:heading)
      assert_nil Topic.where(id: 9999999999999999999).pick(:heading)
    end
  end

  def test_pick_two
    assert_equal ["David", "david@loudthinking.com"], Topic.order(:id).pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
    assert_no_queries do
      assert_nil Topic.none.pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
      assert_nil Topic.where(id: 9999999999999999999).pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
    end
  end

  def test_pick_delegate_to_all
    cool_first = minivans(:cool_first)
    assert_equal cool_first.color, Minivan.pick(:color)
  end

  def test_pick_loaded_relation
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_equal "37signals", companies.pick(:name)
    end
  end

  def test_pick_loaded_relation_multiple_columns
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_equal [1, "37signals"], companies.pick(:id, :name)
    end
  end

  def test_pick_loaded_relation_sql_fragment
    companies = Company.order(:name).limit(3).load

    assert_queries 1 do
      assert_equal "37signals", companies.pick(Arel.sql("DISTINCT name"))
    end
  end

  def test_pick_loaded_relation_aliased_attribute
    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_equal "37signals", companies.pick(:new_name)
    end
  end

  def test_grouped_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
    part.trinkets.create!

    assert_equal({ "has trinket" => part.id }, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).group("ship_parts.name").sum(:id))
  end

  def test_calculation_grouped_by_association_doesnt_error_when_no_records_have_association
    Client.update_all(client_of: nil)
    assert_equal({ nil => Client.count }, Client.group(:firm).count)
  end

  def test_should_reference_correct_aliases_while_joining_tables_of_has_many_through_association
    assert_nothing_raised do
      developer = Developer.create!(name: "developer")
      developer.ratings.includes(comment: :post).where(posts: { id: 1 }).count
    end
  end

  def test_sum_uses_enumerable_version_when_block_is_given
    block_called = false
    relation = Client.all.load

    assert_no_queries do
      assert_equal 0, relation.sum { block_called = true; 0 }
    end
    assert block_called
  end

  def test_having_with_strong_parameters
    params = ProtectedParams.new(credit_limit: "50")

    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
      Account.group(:id).having(params)
    end

    result = Account.group(:id).having(params.permit!)
    assert_equal 50, result[0].credit_limit
    assert_equal 50, result[1].credit_limit
    assert_equal 50, result[2].credit_limit
  end

  def test_count_takes_attribute_type_precedence_over_database_type
    assert_called(
      Account.connection, :select_all,
      returns: ActiveRecord::Result.new(["count"], [["10"]])
    ) do
      result = Account.count
      assert_equal 10, result
      assert_instance_of Integer, result
    end
  end

  def test_sum_takes_attribute_type_precedence_over_database_type
    assert_called(
      Account.connection, :select_all,
      returns: ActiveRecord::Result.new(["sum"], [[10.to_d]])
    ) do
      result = Account.sum(:credit_limit)
      assert_equal 10, result
      assert_instance_of Integer, result
    end
  end

  def test_group_by_attribute_with_custom_type
    assert_equal({ "proposed" => 2, "published" => 2 }, Book.group(:status).count)
  end

  def test_aggregate_attribute_on_enum_type
    assert_equal 4, Book.sum(:status)
    assert_equal 1, Book.sum(:difficulty)
    assert_equal 0, Book.minimum(:difficulty)
    assert_equal 1, Book.maximum(:difficulty)
    assert_equal({ "proposed" => 0, "published" => 4 }, Book.group(:status).sum(:status))
    assert_equal({ "proposed" => 0, "published" => 1 }, Book.group(:status).sum(:difficulty))
    assert_equal({ "proposed" => 0, "published" => 0 }, Book.group(:status).minimum(:difficulty))
    assert_equal({ "proposed" => 0, "published" => 1 }, Book.group(:status).maximum(:difficulty))
  end

  def test_minimum_and_maximum_on_non_numeric_type
    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 4, 15), Topic.minimum(:last_read)
    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 4, 15), Topic.maximum(:last_read)
    assert_equal({ false => Date.new(2004, 4, 15), true => nil }, Topic.group(:approved).minimum(:last_read))
    assert_equal({ false => Date.new(2004, 4, 15), true => nil }, Topic.group(:approved).maximum(:last_read))
  end

  def test_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes
    assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes(Time)
  end

  def test_minimum_and_maximum_on_tz_aware_attributes
    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
      Topic.reset_column_information
      assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
    end
  ensure
    Topic.reset_column_information
  end

  def assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes(time_class)
    skip unless supports_datetime_with_precision? # Remove once MySQL 5.5 support is dropped.

    actual = Topic.minimum(:written_on)
    assert_equal Time.utc(2003, 7, 16, 14, 28, 11, 223300), actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual

    actual = Topic.maximum(:written_on)
    assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 7, 13, 11, 11, 0, 9900), actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual

    expected = {
      false => Time.utc(2003, 7, 16, 14, 28, 11, 223300),
      true => Time.utc(2004, 7, 15, 14, 28, 0, 9900),
    }
    actual = Topic.group(:approved).minimum(:written_on)
    assert_equal expected, actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[true]
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[true]

    expected = {
      false => Time.utc(2003, 7, 16, 14, 28, 11, 223300),
      true => Time.utc(2013, 7, 13, 11, 11, 0, 9900),
    }
    actual = Topic.group(:approved).maximum(:written_on)
    assert_equal expected, actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[true]
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[true]

    assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes_joins_with_column(time_class, :"topics.written_on")
    assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes_joins_with_column(time_class, :written_on)
  end
  private :assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes

  def assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes_joins_with_column(time_class, column)
    actual = Author.joins(:topics).maximum(column)
    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 7, 15, 14, 28, 0, 9900), actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual

    actual = Author.joins(:topics).minimum(column)
    assert_equal Time.utc(2003, 7, 16, 14, 28, 11, 223300), actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual

    expected = {
      1 => Time.utc(2003, 7, 16, 14, 28, 11, 223300),
      2 => Time.utc(2004, 7, 15, 14, 28, 0, 9900),
    }

    actual = Author.joins(:topics).group(:id).maximum(column)
    assert_equal expected, actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[1]
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[2]

    actual = Author.joins(:topics).group(:id).minimum(column)
    assert_equal expected, actual
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[1]
    assert_instance_of time_class, actual[2]
  end
  private :assert_minimum_and_maximum_on_time_attributes_joins_with_column

  def test_select_avg_with_group_by_as_virtual_attribute_with_sql
    rails_core = companies(:rails_core)

    sql = <<~SQL
      SELECT firm_id, AVG(credit_limit) AS avg_credit_limit
      FROM accounts
      WHERE firm_id = ?
      GROUP BY firm_id
      LIMIT 1
    SQL

    account = Account.find_by_sql([sql, rails_core]).first

    # id was not selected, so it should be nil
    # (cannot select id because it wasn't used in the GROUP BY clause)
    assert_nil account.id

    # firm_id was explicitly selected, so it should be present
    assert_equal(rails_core, account.firm)

    # avg_credit_limit should be present as a virtual attribute
    assert_equal(52.5, account.avg_credit_limit)
  end

  def test_select_avg_with_group_by_as_virtual_attribute_with_ar
    rails_core = companies(:rails_core)

    account = Account
      .select(:firm_id, "AVG(credit_limit) AS avg_credit_limit")
      .where(firm: rails_core)
      .group(:firm_id)
      .take!

    # id was not selected, so it should be nil
    # (cannot select id because it wasn't used in the GROUP BY clause)
    assert_nil account.id

    # firm_id was explicitly selected, so it should be present
    assert_equal(rails_core, account.firm)

    # avg_credit_limit should be present as a virtual attribute
    assert_equal(52.5, account.avg_credit_limit)
  end

  def test_select_avg_with_joins_and_group_by_as_virtual_attribute_with_sql
    rails_core = companies(:rails_core)

    sql = <<~SQL
      SELECT companies.*, AVG(accounts.credit_limit) AS avg_credit_limit
      FROM companies
      INNER JOIN accounts ON companies.id = accounts.firm_id
      WHERE companies.id = ?
      GROUP BY companies.id
      LIMIT 1
    SQL

    firm = DependentFirm.find_by_sql([sql, rails_core]).first

    # all the DependentFirm attributes should be present
    assert_equal rails_core, firm
    assert_equal rails_core.name, firm.name

    # avg_credit_limit should be present as a virtual attribute
    assert_equal(52.5, firm.avg_credit_limit)
  end

  def test_select_avg_with_joins_and_group_by_as_virtual_attribute_with_ar
    rails_core = companies(:rails_core)

    firm = DependentFirm
      .select("companies.*", "AVG(accounts.credit_limit) AS avg_credit_limit")
      .where(id: rails_core)
      .joins(:account)
      .group(:id)
      .take!

    # all the DependentFirm attributes should be present
    assert_equal rails_core, firm
    assert_equal rails_core.name, firm.name

    # avg_credit_limit should be present as a virtual attribute
    assert_equal(52.5, firm.avg_credit_limit)
  end

  def test_count_with_block_and_column_name_raises_an_error
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
      Account.count(:firm_id) { true }
    end
  end

  test "#skip_query_cache! for #pluck" do
    Account.cache do
      assert_queries(1) do
        Account.pluck(:credit_limit)
        Account.pluck(:credit_limit)
      end

      assert_queries(2) do
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.pluck(:credit_limit)
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.pluck(:credit_limit)
      end
    end
  end

  test "#skip_query_cache! for a simple calculation" do
    Account.cache do
      assert_queries(1) do
        Account.calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
        Account.calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
      end

      assert_queries(2) do
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
      end
    end
  end

  test "#skip_query_cache! for a grouped calculation" do
    Account.cache do
      assert_queries(1) do
        Account.group(:firm_id).calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
        Account.group(:firm_id).calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
      end

      assert_queries(2) do
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.group(:firm_id).calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
        Account.all.skip_query_cache!.group(:firm_id).calculate(:sum, :credit_limit)
      end
    end
  end

  test "group alias is properly quoted" do
    assert_nothing_raised do
      NeedQuoting.group(:name).count
    end
  end
end

callbacks.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecord
  # = Active Record \Callbacks
  #
  # \Callbacks are hooks into the life cycle of an Active Record object that allow you to trigger logic
  # before or after a change in the object state. This can be used to make sure that associated and
  # dependent objects are deleted when {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] is called (by overwriting +before_destroy+) or
  # to massage attributes before they're validated (by overwriting +before_validation+).
  # As an example of the callbacks initiated, consider the {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] call for a new record:
  #
  # * (-) <tt>save</tt>
  # * (-) <tt>valid</tt>
  # * (1) <tt>before_validation</tt>
  # * (-) <tt>validate</tt>
  # * (2) <tt>after_validation</tt>
  # * (3) <tt>before_save</tt>
  # * (4) <tt>before_create</tt>
  # * (-) <tt>create</tt>
  # * (5) <tt>after_create</tt>
  # * (6) <tt>after_save</tt>
  # * (7) <tt>after_commit</tt>
  #
  # Also, an <tt>after_rollback</tt> callback can be configured to be triggered whenever a rollback is issued.
  # Check out ActiveRecord::Transactions for more details about <tt>after_commit</tt> and
  # <tt>after_rollback</tt>.
  #
  # Additionally, an <tt>after_touch</tt> callback is triggered whenever an
  # object is touched.
  #
  # Lastly an <tt>after_find</tt> and <tt>after_initialize</tt> callback is triggered for each object that
  # is found and instantiated by a finder, with <tt>after_initialize</tt> being triggered after new objects
  # are instantiated as well.
  #
  # There are nineteen callbacks in total, which give a lot of control over how to react and prepare for each state in the
  # Active Record life cycle. The sequence for calling {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] for an existing record is similar,
  # except that each <tt>_create</tt> callback is replaced by the corresponding <tt>_update</tt> callback.
  #
  # Examples:
  #   class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     # Strip everything but digits, so the user can specify "555 234 34" or
  #     # "5552-3434" and both will mean "55523434"
  #     before_validation(on: :create) do
  #       self.number = number.gsub(/[^0-9]/, "") if attribute_present?("number")
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  #   class Subscription < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     before_create :record_signup
  #
  #     private
  #       def record_signup
  #         self.signed_up_on = Date.today
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     # Disables access to the system, for associated clients and people when the firm is destroyed
  #     before_destroy { |record| Person.where(firm_id: record.id).update_all(access: 'disabled')   }
  #     before_destroy { |record| Client.where(client_of: record.id).update_all(access: 'disabled') }
  #   end
  #
  # == Inheritable callback queues
  #
  # Besides the overwritable callback methods, it's also possible to register callbacks through the
  # use of the callback macros. Their main advantage is that the macros add behavior into a callback
  # queue that is kept intact through an inheritance hierarchy.
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     before_destroy :destroy_author
  #   end
  #
  #   class Reply < Topic
  #     before_destroy :destroy_readers
  #   end
  #
  # When <tt>Topic#destroy</tt> is run only +destroy_author+ is called. When <tt>Reply#destroy</tt> is
  # run, both +destroy_author+ and +destroy_readers+ are called.
  #
  # *IMPORTANT:* In order for inheritance to work for the callback queues, you must specify the
  # callbacks before specifying the associations. Otherwise, you might trigger the loading of a
  # child before the parent has registered the callbacks and they won't be inherited.
  #
  # == Types of callbacks
  #
  # There are three types of callbacks accepted by the callback macros: method references (symbol), callback objects,
  # inline methods (using a proc). Method references and callback objects are the recommended approaches,
  # inline methods using a proc are sometimes appropriate (such as for creating mix-ins).
  #
  # The method reference callbacks work by specifying a protected or private method available in the object, like this:
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     before_destroy :delete_parents
  #
  #     private
  #       def delete_parents
  #         self.class.delete_by(parent_id: id)
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # The callback objects have methods named after the callback called with the record as the only parameter, such as:
  #
  #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     before_save      EncryptionWrapper.new
  #     after_save       EncryptionWrapper.new
  #     after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new
  #   end
  #
  #   class EncryptionWrapper
  #     def before_save(record)
  #       record.credit_card_number = encrypt(record.credit_card_number)
  #     end
  #
  #     def after_save(record)
  #       record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
  #     end
  #
  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
  #
  #     private
  #       def encrypt(value)
  #         # Secrecy is committed
  #       end
  #
  #       def decrypt(value)
  #         # Secrecy is unveiled
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # So you specify the object you want to be messaged on a given callback. When that callback is triggered, the object has
  # a method by the name of the callback messaged. You can make these callbacks more flexible by passing in other
  # initialization data such as the name of the attribute to work with:
  #
  #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     before_save      EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
  #     after_save       EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
  #     after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
  #   end
  #
  #   class EncryptionWrapper
  #     def initialize(attribute)
  #       @attribute = attribute
  #     end
  #
  #     def before_save(record)
  #       record.send("#{@attribute}=", encrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
  #     end
  #
  #     def after_save(record)
  #       record.send("#{@attribute}=", decrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
  #     end
  #
  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
  #
  #     private
  #       def encrypt(value)
  #         # Secrecy is committed
  #       end
  #
  #       def decrypt(value)
  #         # Secrecy is unveiled
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # == <tt>before_validation*</tt> returning statements
  #
  # If the +before_validation+ callback throws +:abort+, the process will be
  # aborted and {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will return +false+.
  # If {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] is called it will raise an ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception.
  # Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
  #
  # == Canceling callbacks
  #
  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback throws +:abort+, all the later callbacks and
  # the associated action are cancelled.
  # Callbacks are generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks defined as
  # methods on the model, which are called last.
  #
  # == Ordering callbacks
  #
  # Sometimes application code requires that callbacks execute in a specific order. For example, a +before_destroy+
  # callback (+log_children+ in this case) should be executed before records in the +children+ association are destroyed by the
  # <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> option.
  #
  # Let's look at the code below:
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :children, dependent: :destroy
  #
  #     before_destroy :log_children
  #
  #     private
  #       def log_children
  #         # Child processing
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # In this case, the problem is that when the +before_destroy+ callback is executed, records in the +children+ association no
  # longer exist because the {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] callback was executed first.
  # You can use the +prepend+ option on the +before_destroy+ callback to avoid this.
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :children, dependent: :destroy
  #
  #     before_destroy :log_children, prepend: true
  #
  #     private
  #       def log_children
  #         # Child processing
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # This way, the +before_destroy+ is executed before the <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> is called, and the data is still available.
  #
  # Also, there are cases when you want several callbacks of the same type to
  # be executed in order.
  #
  # For example:
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :children
  #
  #     after_save :log_children
  #     after_save :do_something_else
  #
  #     private
  #
  #     def log_children
  #       # Child processing
  #     end
  #
  #     def do_something_else
  #       # Something else
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # In this case the +log_children+ is executed before +do_something_else+.
  # The same applies to all non-transactional callbacks.
  #
  # As seen below, in case there are multiple transactional callbacks the order
  # is reversed.
  #
  # For example:
  #
  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  #     has_many :children
  #
  #     after_commit :log_children
  #     after_commit :do_something_else
  #
  #     private
  #
  #     def log_children
  #       # Child processing
  #     end
  #
  #     def do_something_else
  #       # Something else
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # In this case the +do_something_else+ is executed before +log_children+.
  #
  # == \Transactions
  #
  # The entire callback chain of a {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save], {#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!],
  # or {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] call runs within a transaction. That includes <tt>after_*</tt> hooks.
  # If everything goes fine a +COMMIT+ is executed once the chain has been completed.
  #
  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback cancels the action a +ROLLBACK+ is issued. You
  # can also trigger a +ROLLBACK+ raising an exception in any of the callbacks,
  # including <tt>after_*</tt> hooks. Note, however, that in that case the client
  # needs to be aware of it because an ordinary {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will raise such exception
  # instead of quietly returning +false+.
  #
  # == Debugging callbacks
  #
  # The callback chain is accessible via the <tt>_*_callbacks</tt> method on an object. Active Model \Callbacks support
  # <tt>:before</tt>, <tt>:after</tt> and <tt>:around</tt> as values for the <tt>kind</tt> property. The <tt>kind</tt> property
  # defines what part of the chain the callback runs in.
  #
  # To find all callbacks in the +before_save+ callback chain:
  #
  #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }
  #
  # Returns an array of callback objects that form the +before_save+ chain.
  #
  # To further check if the before_save chain contains a proc defined as <tt>rest_when_dead</tt> use the <tt>filter</tt> property of the callback object:
  #
  #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }.collect(&:filter).include?(:rest_when_dead)
  #
  # Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the +before_save+ callback chain on a Topic model.
  #
  module Callbacks
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    CALLBACKS = [
      :after_initialize, :after_find, :after_touch, :before_validation, :after_validation,
      :before_save, :around_save, :after_save, :before_create, :around_create,
      :after_create, :before_update, :around_update, :after_update,
      :before_destroy, :around_destroy, :after_destroy, :after_commit, :after_rollback
    ]

    module ClassMethods
      include ActiveModel::Callbacks

      ##
      # :method: after_initialize
      #
      # :call-seq: after_initialize(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is instantiated. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_find
      #
      # :call-seq: after_find(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is instantiated
      # via a finder. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_touch
      #
      # :call-seq: after_touch(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is touched. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: before_save
      #
      # :call-seq: before_save(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is saved. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: around_save
      #
      # :call-seq: around_save(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called around the save of a record. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_save
      #
      # :call-seq: after_save(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is saved. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: before_create
      #
      # :call-seq: before_create(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is created. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: around_create
      #
      # :call-seq: around_create(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called around the creation of a record. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_create
      #
      # :call-seq: after_create(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is created. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: before_update
      #
      # :call-seq: before_update(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is updated. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: around_update
      #
      # :call-seq: around_update(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called around the update of a record. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_update
      #
      # :call-seq: after_update(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is updated. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: before_destroy
      #
      # :call-seq: before_destroy(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is destroyed. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: around_destroy
      #
      # :call-seq: around_destroy(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called around the destruction of a record.
      # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.

      ##
      # :method: after_destroy
      #
      # :call-seq: after_destroy(*args, &block)
      #
      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is destroyed. See
      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
    end

    included do
      include ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks

      define_model_callbacks :initialize, :find, :touch, only: :after
      define_model_callbacks :save, :create, :update, :destroy
    end

    def destroy # :nodoc:
      @_destroy_callback_already_called ||= false
      return if @_destroy_callback_already_called
      @_destroy_callback_already_called = true
      _run_destroy_callbacks { super }
    rescue RecordNotDestroyed => e
      @_association_destroy_exception = e
      false
    ensure
      @_destroy_callback_already_called = false
    end

    def touch(*, **) # :nodoc:
      _run_touch_callbacks { super }
    end

    def increment!(attribute, by = 1, touch: nil) # :nodoc:
      touch ? _run_touch_callbacks { super } : super
    end

  private
    def create_or_update(**)
      _run_save_callbacks { super }
    end

    def _create_record
      _run_create_callbacks { super }
    end

    def _update_record
      _run_update_callbacks { super }
    end
  end
end

callbacks_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/developer"
require "models/computer"

class CallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  class << self
    def callback_proc(callback_method)
      Proc.new { |model| model.history << [callback_method, :proc] }
    end

    def define_callback_method(callback_method)
      define_method(callback_method) do
        history << [callback_method, :method]
      end
      send(callback_method, :"#{callback_method}")
    end

    def callback_object(callback_method)
      klass = Class.new
      klass.define_method(callback_method) do |model|
        model.history << [callback_method, :object]
      end
      klass.new
    end
  end

  ActiveRecord::Callbacks::CALLBACKS.each do |callback_method|
    next if callback_method.start_with?("around_")
    define_callback_method(callback_method)
    send(callback_method, callback_proc(callback_method))
    send(callback_method, callback_object(callback_method))
    send(callback_method) { |model| model.history << [callback_method, :block] }
  end

  def history
    @history ||= []
  end
end

class CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation < CallbackDeveloper
  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :throwing_abort]; throw(:abort) }
  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
end

class ParentDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"
  attr_accessor :after_save_called
  before_validation { |record| record.after_save_called = true }
end

class ChildDeveloper < ParentDeveloper
end

class ImmutableDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  validates_inclusion_of :salary, in: 50000..200000

  before_save :cancel
  before_destroy :cancel

  private
    def cancel
      false
    end
end

class DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  validates_inclusion_of :salary, in: 50000..200000

  before_save :cancel
  before_destroy :cancel

  private
    def cancel
      throw(:abort)
    end
end

class OnCallbacksDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  before_validation { history << :before_validation }
  before_validation(on: :create) { history << :before_validation_on_create }
  before_validation(on: :update) { history << :before_validation_on_update }

  validate do
    history << :validate
  end

  after_validation { history << :after_validation }
  after_validation(on: :create) { history << :after_validation_on_create }
  after_validation(on: :update) { history << :after_validation_on_update }

  def history
    @history ||= []
  end
end

class ContextualCallbacksDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  before_validation { history << :before_validation }
  before_validation :before_validation_on_create_and_update, on: [ :create, :update ]

  validate do
    history << :validate
  end

  after_validation { history << :after_validation }
  after_validation :after_validation_on_create_and_update, on: [ :create, :update ]

  def before_validation_on_create_and_update
    history << "before_validation_on_#{validation_context}".to_sym
  end

  def after_validation_on_create_and_update
    history << "after_validation_on_#{validation_context}".to_sym
  end

  def history
    @history ||= []
  end
end

class CallbackHaltedDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "developers"

  attr_reader   :after_save_called, :after_create_called, :after_update_called, :after_destroy_called
  attr_accessor :cancel_before_save, :cancel_before_create, :cancel_before_update, :cancel_before_destroy

  before_save    { throw(:abort) if defined?(@cancel_before_save) }
  before_create  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_create  }
  before_update  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_update  }
  before_destroy { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_destroy }

  after_save    { @after_save_called    = true }
  after_update  { @after_update_called  = true }
  after_create  { @after_create_called  = true }
  after_destroy { @after_destroy_called = true }
end

class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :developers

  def test_initialize
    david = CallbackDeveloper.new
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_find
    david = CallbackDeveloper.find(1)
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,            :method ],
      [ :after_find,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,            :object ],
      [ :after_find,            :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_new_valid?
    david = CallbackDeveloper.new
    david.valid?
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
      [ :before_validation,           :method ],
      [ :before_validation,           :proc   ],
      [ :before_validation,           :object ],
      [ :before_validation,           :block  ],
      [ :after_validation,            :method ],
      [ :after_validation,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_validation,            :object ],
      [ :after_validation,            :block  ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_existing_valid?
    david = CallbackDeveloper.find(1)
    david.valid?
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,            :method ],
      [ :after_find,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,            :object ],
      [ :after_find,            :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
      [ :before_validation,           :method ],
      [ :before_validation,           :proc   ],
      [ :before_validation,           :object ],
      [ :before_validation,           :block  ],
      [ :after_validation,            :method ],
      [ :after_validation,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_validation,            :object ],
      [ :after_validation,            :block  ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_create
    david = CallbackDeveloper.create("name" => "David", "salary" => 1000000)
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
      [ :before_validation,           :method ],
      [ :before_validation,           :proc   ],
      [ :before_validation,           :object ],
      [ :before_validation,           :block  ],
      [ :after_validation,            :method ],
      [ :after_validation,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_validation,            :object ],
      [ :after_validation,            :block  ],
      [ :before_save,                 :method ],
      [ :before_save,                 :proc   ],
      [ :before_save,                 :object ],
      [ :before_save,                 :block  ],
      [ :before_create,               :method ],
      [ :before_create,               :proc   ],
      [ :before_create,               :object ],
      [ :before_create,               :block  ],
      [ :after_create,                :method ],
      [ :after_create,                :proc   ],
      [ :after_create,                :object ],
      [ :after_create,                :block  ],
      [ :after_save,                  :method ],
      [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
      [ :after_save,                  :object ],
      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_validate_on_create
    david = OnCallbacksDeveloper.create("name" => "David", "salary" => 1000000)
    assert_equal [
      :before_validation,
      :before_validation_on_create,
      :validate,
      :after_validation,
      :after_validation_on_create
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_validate_on_contextual_create
    david = ContextualCallbacksDeveloper.create("name" => "David", "salary" => 1000000)
    assert_equal [
      :before_validation,
      :before_validation_on_create,
      :validate,
      :after_validation,
      :after_validation_on_create
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_update
    david = CallbackDeveloper.find(1)
    david.save
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,            :method ],
      [ :after_find,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,            :object ],
      [ :after_find,            :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
      [ :before_validation,           :method ],
      [ :before_validation,           :proc   ],
      [ :before_validation,           :object ],
      [ :before_validation,           :block  ],
      [ :after_validation,            :method ],
      [ :after_validation,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_validation,            :object ],
      [ :after_validation,            :block  ],
      [ :before_save,                 :method ],
      [ :before_save,                 :proc   ],
      [ :before_save,                 :object ],
      [ :before_save,                 :block  ],
      [ :before_update,               :method ],
      [ :before_update,               :proc   ],
      [ :before_update,               :object ],
      [ :before_update,               :block  ],
      [ :after_update,                :method ],
      [ :after_update,                :proc   ],
      [ :after_update,                :object ],
      [ :after_update,                :block  ],
      [ :after_save,                  :method ],
      [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
      [ :after_save,                  :object ],
      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_validate_on_update
    david = OnCallbacksDeveloper.find(1)
    david.save
    assert_equal [
      :before_validation,
      :before_validation_on_update,
      :validate,
      :after_validation,
      :after_validation_on_update
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_validate_on_contextual_update
    david = ContextualCallbacksDeveloper.find(1)
    david.save
    assert_equal [
      :before_validation,
      :before_validation_on_update,
      :validate,
      :after_validation,
      :after_validation_on_update
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_destroy
    david = CallbackDeveloper.find(1)
    david.destroy
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,            :method ],
      [ :after_find,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,            :object ],
      [ :after_find,            :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
      [ :before_destroy,              :method ],
      [ :before_destroy,              :proc   ],
      [ :before_destroy,              :object ],
      [ :before_destroy,              :block  ],
      [ :after_destroy,               :method ],
      [ :after_destroy,               :proc   ],
      [ :after_destroy,               :object ],
      [ :after_destroy,               :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_delete
    david = CallbackDeveloper.find(1)
    CallbackDeveloper.delete(david.id)
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,            :method ],
      [ :after_find,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,            :object ],
      [ :after_find,            :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,            :block  ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
    assert_not someone.after_save_called
    assert_not someone.after_create_called
    assert_not someone.after_update_called
  end
  private :assert_save_callbacks_not_called

  def test_before_create_throwing_abort
    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.new
    someone.cancel_before_create = true
    assert_predicate someone, :valid?
    assert_not someone.save
    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
  end

  def test_before_save_throwing_abort
    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
    assert_predicate david, :valid?
    assert_not david.save
    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
    assert_equal david, exc.record

    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
    david.salary = 10_000_000
    assert_not_predicate david, :valid?
    assert_not david.save
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { david.save! }

    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
    someone.cancel_before_save = true
    assert_predicate someone, :valid?
    assert_not someone.save
    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
  end

  def test_before_update_throwing_abort
    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
    someone.cancel_before_update = true
    assert_predicate someone, :valid?
    assert_not someone.save
    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
  end

  def test_before_destroy_throwing_abort
    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
    assert_not david.destroy
    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
    assert_equal david, exc.record
    assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)

    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
    someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
    assert_not someone.destroy
    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
    assert_not someone.after_destroy_called
  end

  def test_callback_throwing_abort
    david = CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation.find(1)
    david.save
    assert_equal [
      [ :after_find,        :method ],
      [ :after_find,        :proc   ],
      [ :after_find,        :object ],
      [ :after_find,        :block  ],
      [ :after_initialize,  :method ],
      [ :after_initialize,  :proc   ],
      [ :after_initialize,  :object ],
      [ :after_initialize,  :block  ],
      [ :before_validation, :method ],
      [ :before_validation, :proc   ],
      [ :before_validation, :object ],
      [ :before_validation, :block  ],
      [ :before_validation, :throwing_abort ],
    ], david.history
  end

  def test_inheritance_of_callbacks
    parent = ParentDeveloper.new
    assert_not parent.after_save_called
    parent.save
    assert parent.after_save_called

    child = ChildDeveloper.new
    assert_not child.after_save_called
    child.save
    assert child.after_save_called
  end

  def test_before_save_doesnt_allow_on_option
    exception = assert_raises ArgumentError do
      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        before_save(on: :create) { }
      end
    end
    assert_equal "Unknown key: :on. Valid keys are: :if, :unless, :prepend", exception.message
  end

  def test_around_save_doesnt_allow_on_option
    exception = assert_raises ArgumentError do
      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        around_save(on: :create) { }
      end
    end
    assert_equal "Unknown key: :on. Valid keys are: :if, :unless, :prepend", exception.message
  end

  def test_after_save_doesnt_allow_on_option
    exception = assert_raises ArgumentError do
      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
        after_save(on: :create) { }
      end
    end
    assert_equal "Unknown key: :on. Valid keys are: :if, :unless, :prepend", exception.message
  end
end

car.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :bulbs
  has_many :all_bulbs, -> { unscope(where: :name) }, class_name: "Bulb"
  has_many :all_bulbs2, -> { unscope(:where) }, class_name: "Bulb"
  has_many :other_bulbs, -> { unscope(where: :name).where(name: "other") }, class_name: "Bulb"
  has_many :old_bulbs, -> { rewhere(name: "old") }, class_name: "Bulb"
  has_many :funky_bulbs, class_name: "FunkyBulb", dependent: :destroy
  has_many :failed_bulbs, class_name: "FailedBulb", dependent: :destroy
  has_many :foo_bulbs, -> { where(name: "foo") }, class_name: "Bulb"
  has_many :awesome_bulbs, -> { awesome }, class_name: "Bulb"

  has_one :bulb

  has_many :tyres
  has_many :engines, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :my_car
  has_many :wheels, as: :wheelable, dependent: :destroy

  has_many :price_estimates, as: :estimate_of

  scope :incl_tyres, -> { includes(:tyres) }
  scope :incl_engines, -> { includes(:engines) }

  scope :order_using_new_style,  -> { order("name asc") }

  attribute :wheels_owned_at, :datetime, default: -> { Time.now }
end

class CoolCar < Car
  default_scope { order("name desc") }
end

class FastCar < Car
  default_scope { order("name desc") }
end

carrier.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Carrier < ActiveRecord::Base
end

cart.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

class Cart < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.primary_key = :id
end

cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"
require "models/post"
require "models/comment"
require "models/author"
require "models/categorization"
require "models/category"
require "models/company"
require "models/topic"
require "models/reply"
require "models/person"
require "models/vertex"
require "models/edge"

class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses, :mixins, :companies, :posts, :topics, :accounts, :comments,
           :categorizations, :people, :categories, :edges, :vertices

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels
    authors = Author.includes(posts: :comments).order(:id).to_a
    assert_equal 3, authors.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
    assert_equal 11, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.comments.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum + i }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_and_one_level
    authors = Author.includes({ posts: :comments }, :categorizations).order(:id).to_a
    assert_equal 3, authors.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
    assert_equal 11, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.comments.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum + i }
    assert_equal 1, authors[0].categorizations.size
    assert_equal 2, authors[1].categorizations.size
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_hmt_does_not_table_name_collide_when_joining_associations
    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(posts: { tags_count: 1 }).order(:id).to_a
    assert_equal 3, assert_queries(0) { authors.size }
    assert_equal 11, assert_queries(0) { authors[0].comments.size }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_grafts_stashed_associations_to_correct_parent
    assert_equal people(:michael), Person.eager_load(primary_contact: :primary_contact).where("primary_contacts_people_2.first_name = ?", "Susan").order("people.id").first
  end

  def test_cascaded_eager_association_loading_with_join_for_count
    categories = Category.joins(:categorizations).includes([{ posts: :comments }, :authors])

    assert_equal 4, categories.count
    assert_equal 4, categories.to_a.count
    assert_equal 3, categories.distinct.count
    assert_equal 3, categories.to_a.uniq.size # Must uniq since instantiating with inner joins will get dupes
  end

  def test_cascaded_eager_association_loading_with_duplicated_includes
    categories = Category.includes(:categorizations).includes(categorizations: :author).where("categorizations.id is not null").references(:categorizations)
    assert_nothing_raised do
      assert_equal 3, categories.count
      assert_equal 3, categories.to_a.size
    end
  end

  def test_cascaded_eager_association_loading_with_twice_includes_edge_cases
    categories = Category.includes(categorizations: :author).includes(categorizations: :post).where("posts.id is not null").references(:posts)
    assert_nothing_raised do
      assert_equal 3, categories.count
      assert_equal 3, categories.to_a.size
    end
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_join_for_count
    authors = Author.joins(:special_posts).includes([:posts, :categorizations])

    assert_nothing_raised { authors.count }
    assert_queries(3) { authors.to_a }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_with_two_has_many_associations
    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: [:comments, :categorizations] }, order: "authors.id").to_a
    assert_equal 3, authors.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
    assert_equal 11, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.comments.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum + i }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_and_self_table_reference
    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: [:comments, :author] }, order: "authors.id").to_a
    assert_equal 3, authors.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
    assert_equal authors(:david).name, authors[0].name
    assert_equal [authors(:david).name], authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.author.name }.uniq
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_with_condition
    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: :comments }, where: "authors.id=1", order: "authors.id").to_a
    assert_equal 1, authors.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_three_levels_by_ping_pong
    firms = Firm.all.merge!(includes: { account: { firm: :account } }, order: "companies.id").to_a
    assert_equal 3, firms.size
    assert_equal firms.first.account, firms.first.account.firm.account
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account, assert_queries(0) { firms.first.account.firm.account }
    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account.firm.account, assert_queries(0) { firms.first.account.firm.account }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_has_many_sti
    topics = Topic.all.merge!(includes: :replies, order: "topics.id").to_a
    first, second, = topics(:first).replies.size, topics(:second).replies.size
    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal first, topics[0].replies.size
      assert_equal second, topics[1].replies.size
    end
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_has_many_sti_and_subclasses
    reply = Reply.new(title: "gaga", content: "boo-boo", parent_id: 1)
    assert reply.save

    topics = Topic.all.merge!(includes: :replies, order: ["topics.id", "replies_topics.id"]).to_a
    assert_queries(0) do
      assert_equal 2, topics[0].replies.size
      assert_equal 0, topics[1].replies.size
    end
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_sti
    replies = Reply.all.merge!(includes: :topic, order: "topics.id").to_a
    assert_includes replies, topics(:second)
    assert_not_includes replies, topics(:first)
    assert_equal topics(:first), assert_queries(0) { replies.first.topic }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_multiple_stis_and_order
    author = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] }, order: ["authors.name", "comments.body", "very_special_comments_posts.body"], where: "posts.id = 4").first
    assert_equal authors(:david), author
    assert_queries(0) do
      author.posts.first.special_comments
      author.posts.first.very_special_comment
    end
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: { special_comments: { post: [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } } }, order: "comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body", where: "posts.id = 4").to_a
    assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
    assert_queries(0) do
      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.very_special_comment
    end
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_where_first_level_returns_nil
    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { post_about_thinking: :comments }, order: "authors.id DESC").to_a
    assert_equal [authors(:bob), authors(:mary), authors(:david)], authors
    assert_queries(0) do
      authors[2].post_about_thinking.comments.first
    end
  end

  def test_preload_through_missing_records
    post = Post.where.not(author_id: Author.select(:id)).preload(author: { comments: :post }).first!
    assert_queries(0) { assert_nil post.author }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_missing_first_record
    posts = Post.where(id: 3).preload(author: { comments: :post }).to_a
    assert_equal posts.size, 1
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_many_through
    source = Vertex.all.merge!(includes: { sinks: { sinks: { sinks: :sinks } } }, order: "vertices.id").first
    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_4), assert_queries(0) { source.sinks.first.sinks.first.sinks.first }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_and_belongs_to_many
    sink = Vertex.all.merge!(includes: { sources: { sources: { sources: :sources } } }, order: "vertices.id DESC").first
    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_queries(0) { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
  end

  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_interdependent_one_level_and_two_levels
    authors_relation = Author.all.merge!(includes: [:comments, { posts: :categorizations }], order: "authors.id")
    authors = authors_relation.to_a
    assert_equal 3, authors.size
    assert_equal 11, authors[0].comments.size
    assert_equal 1, authors[1].comments.size
    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
    assert_equal 3, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.categorizations.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum + i }
  end

  def test_preloaded_records_are_not_duplicated
    author = Author.first
    expected = Post.where(author: author)
      .includes(author: :first_posts).map { |post| post.author.first_posts.size }
    actual = author.posts
      .includes(author: :first_posts).map { |post| post.author.first_posts.size }

    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_preloading_across_has_one_constrains_loaded_records
    author = authors(:david)

    old_post = author.posts.create!(title: "first post", body: "test")
    old_post.comments.create!(author: authors(:mary), body: "a response")

    recent_post = author.posts.create!(title: "first post", body: "test")
    last_comment = recent_post.comments.create!(author: authors(:bob), body: "a response")

    authors = Author.where(id: author.id)
    retrieved_comments = []

    reset_callbacks(Comment, :initialize) do
      Comment.after_initialize { |record| retrieved_comments << record }
      authors.preload(recent_post: :comments).load
    end

    assert_equal 1, retrieved_comments.size
    assert_equal [last_comment], retrieved_comments
  end

  def test_preloading_across_has_one_through_constrains_loaded_records
    author = authors(:david)

    old_post = author.posts.create!(title: "first post", body: "test")
    old_post.comments.create!(author: authors(:mary), body: "a response")

    recent_post = author.posts.create!(title: "first post", body: "test")
    recent_post.comments.create!(author: authors(:bob), body: "a response")

    authors = Author.where(id: author.id)
    retrieved_authors = []

    reset_callbacks(Author, :initialize) do
      Author.after_initialize { |record| retrieved_authors << record }
      authors.preload(recent_response: :author).load
    end

    assert_equal 2, retrieved_authors.size
    assert_equal [author, authors(:bob)], retrieved_authors
  end
end

case.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

module Arel # :nodoc: all
  module Nodes
    class Case < Arel::Nodes::NodeExpression
      attr_accessor :case, :conditions, :default

      def initialize(expression = nil, default = nil)
        @case = expression
        @conditions = []
        @default = default
      end

      def when(condition, expression = nil)
        @conditions << When.new(Nodes.build_quoted(condition), expression)
        self
      end

      def then(expression)
        @conditions.last.right = Nodes.build_quoted(expression)
        self
      end

      def else(expression)
        @default = Else.new Nodes.build_quoted(expression)
        self
      end

      def initialize_copy(other)
        super
        @case = @case.clone if @case
        @conditions = @conditions.map { |x| x.clone }
        @default = @default.clone if @default
      end

      def hash
        [@case, @conditions, @default].hash
      end

      def eql?(other)
        self.class == other.class &&
          self.case == other.case &&
          self.conditions == other.conditions &&
          self.default == other.default
      end
      alias :== :eql?
    end

    class When < Binary # :nodoc:
    end

    class Else < Unary # :nodoc:
    end
  end
end

case_insensitive_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class PostgresqlCaseInsensitiveTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
  class Default < ActiveRecord::Base; end

  def test_case_insensitiveness
    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection

    attr = Default.arel_table[:char1]
    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
    assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)

    attr = Default.arel_table[:char2]
    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
    assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)

    attr = Default.arel_table[:char3]
    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
    assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)

    attr = Default.arel_table[:multiline_default]
    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
    assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)
  end
end

case_sensitivity_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "cases/helper"

class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
  class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
  end

  repair_validations(CollationTest)

  def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
    assert_equal "utf8mb4_bin", CollationTest.columns_hash["string_cs_column"].collation
    assert_equal "utf8mb4_general_ci", CollationTest.columns_hash["string_ci_column"].collation
  end

  def test_case_sensitive
    assert_not_predicate CollationTest.columns_hash["string_ci_column"], :case_sensitive?
    assert_predicate CollationTest.columns_hash["string_cs_column"], :case_sensitive?
  end

  def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, case_sensitive: false)
    CollationTest.create!(string_ci_column: "A")
    invalid = CollationTest.new(string_ci_column: "a")
    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
    assert_no_match(/lower/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
  end

  def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, case_sensitive: false)
    CollationTest.create!(string_cs_column: "A")
    invalid = CollationTest.new(string_cs_column: "a")
    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
    assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
  end

  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, case_sensitive: true)
    CollationTest.create!(string_ci_column: "A")
    invalid = CollationTest.new(string_ci_column: "A")
    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
  end

  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, case_sensitive: true)
    CollationTest.create!(string_cs_column: "A")
    invalid = CollationTest.new(string_cs_column: "A")
    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
  end

  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_binary_column
    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:binary_column, case_sensitive: true)
    CollationTest.create!(binary_column: "A")
    invalid = CollationTest.new(binary_column: "A")
    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
    bin_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/binary_column/) }
    assert_no_match(/\bBINARY\b/, bin_uniqueness_query)
  end
end

case_test.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require_relative "../helper"

module Arel
  module Nodes
    class NodesTest < Arel::Spec
      describe "Case" do
        describe "#initialize" do
          it "sets case expression from first argument" do
            node = Case.new "foo"

            assert_equal "foo", node.case
          end

          it "sets default case from second argument" do
            node = Case.new nil, "bar"

            assert_equal "bar", node.default
          end
        end

        describe "#clone" do
          it "clones case, conditions and default" do
            foo = Nodes.build_quoted "foo"

            node = Case.new
            node.case = foo
            node.conditions = [When.new(foo, foo)]
            node.default = foo

            dolly = node.clone

            assert_equal dolly.case, node.case
            assert_not_same dolly.case, node.case

            assert_equal dolly.conditions, node.conditions
            assert_not_same doll

casted.rb

casted_test.rb

cat.rb

categorization.rb

category.rb

change_schema_test.rb

change_table_test.rb

charset_collation_test.rb

check_constraint_test.rb

chef.rb

cidr.rb

cidr_test.rb

cipher.rb

cipher_test.rb

citation.rb

citext_test.rb

clone_test.rb

club.rb

collation_test.rb

collection_association.rb

collection_cache_key_test.rb

collection_proxy.rb

college.rb

column.rb

column_alias_test.rb

column_attributes_test.rb

column_definition_test.rb

column_name.rb

column_positioning_test.rb

columns_test.rb

command_recorder.rb

command_recorder_test.rb

comment.rb

comment_test.rb

company.rb

company_in_module.rb

compatibility.rb

compatibility_test.rb

composite.rb

composite_test.rb

computer.rb

concurrency_test.rb

config.rb

config_test.rb

configurable.rb

configurable_test.rb

connection.rb

connection_adapters.rb

connection_handler.rb

connection_handler_test.rb

connection_handlers_multi_db_test.rb

connection_handlers_multi_pool_config_test.rb

connection_handlers_sharding_db_test.rb

connection_handling.rb

connection_helper.rb

connection_management_test.rb

connection_pool.rb

connection_pool_test.rb

connection_swapping_nested_test.rb

connection_test.rb

connection_url_resolver.rb

console_sandbox.rb

contact.rb

content.rb

context.rb

contexts.rb

contexts_test.rb

contract.rb

controller_runtime.rb

copy_table_test.rb

core.rb

core_test.rb

count.rb

count_deleted_rows_with_lock_test.rb

count_test.rb

counter_cache.rb

counter_cache_test.rb

country.rb

course.rb

create_join_table_test.rb

create_unlogged_tables_test.rb

crud.rb

crud_test.rb

custom_locking_test.rb

customer.rb

customer_carrier.rb

dashboard.rb

database_config.rb

database_configurations.rb

database_configurations_test.rb

database_limits.rb

database_selector.rb

database_selector_test.rb

database_statements.rb

database_statements_test.rb

database_tasks.rb

database_tasks_test.rb

datatype_test.rb

date.rb

date_test.rb

date_time.rb

date_time_precision_test.rb

date_time_test.rb

datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb

ddl_helper.rb

decimal.rb

decimal_without_scale.rb

deduplicable.rb

default.rb

default_scoping_test.rb

defaults_test.rb

delegated_type.rb

delegated_type_test.rb

delegation.rb

delegation_test.rb

delete_all_test.rb

delete_manager.rb

delete_manager_test.rb

delete_statement.rb

delete_statement_test.rb

department.rb

derived_secret_key_provider.rb

derived_secret_key_provider_test.rb

descending.rb

descending_test.rb

destroy_association_async_job.rb

destroy_association_async_test.rb

destroy_async_job_not_present_test.rb

destroy_async_parent.rb

destroy_async_parent_soft_delete.rb

deterministic_key_provider.rb

deterministic_key_provider_test.rb

developer.rb

dirty.rb

dirty_test.rb

disable_joins_association_relation.rb

disable_joins_association_scope.rb

disconnected_test.rb

discount.rb

dispatch_contamination_test.rb

distinct_test.rb

dl_keyed_belongs_to.rb

dl_keyed_belongs_to_soft_delete.rb

dl_keyed_has_many.rb

dl_keyed_has_many_through.rb

dl_keyed_has_one.rb

dl_keyed_join.rb

dog.rb

dog_lover.rb

domain_test.rb

dot.rb

dot_test.rb

doubloon.rb

drink_designer.rb

dup_test.rb

dynamic_matchers.rb

eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb

eager_load_nested_include_test.rb

eager_singularization_test.rb

eager_test.rb

edge.rb