shashankgroovy/gist:1461906

## gistfile1.py
"""
A really stupid python template language inspired by coffeekup, markaby.
Do not use this code, it will ruin your day.  A byproduct of insomnia.

TL;DR
-----

This module defines a template language that allows us to do:

    d = Doc()
    with d.html:

        with d.head:
            d.title ('example page')
            d.link  (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

        with d.body (style='foo'):
            d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
            d.p ('stuff on this page')


Motivation
----------

Python templating has always been a problem for me.  You normally have to
write in your target language (i.e. HTML) with some horrible syntax for
inlining python.  For example, this is a Cheetah [1] template:

    <html>
      <head><title>$title</title></head>
      <body>
        <table>
          #for $client in $clients
          <tr>
            <td>$client.surname, $client.firstname</td>
            <td><a href="mailto:$client.email">$client.email</a></td>
          </tr>
          #end for
        </table>
      </body>
    </html>

We have '$' and '#' to inline python code and variables.  This to me is the
wrong way round.  I want to write python and not html.  I do not want to manage
html braces.  Travis Rudd has pointed out that many of the arguments for
non python templates are unfounded [2] and I agree with him.  This has been
further enforced for me by using haml [3] and coffeekup [4], which leaves us in the
ridiculous position that the best indent based templating DSLs for html are in
non indent based languages (ruby, javascript).

This is why we can't have nice things
-------------------------------------

Coffescript and ruby have some advantage over python for a DSL including the
way anonymous blocks are defined and the ability to omit brackets and still get
function execution.  This means that the most direct python templates, such as
lxml builder[5] and breve [6] end up with a nested structure.  For example,
this is an lxml template:

    html = E.HTML(
          E.HEAD(
            E.LINK(rel="stylesheet", href="great.css", type="text/css"),
            E.TITLE("Best Page Ever")
          ),
          E.BODY(
            E.H1(E.CLASS("heading"), "Top News"),
            E.P("World News only on this page", style="font-size: 200%"),
            "Ah, and here's some more text, by the way.",
            lxml.html.fromstring("<p>    and this is a parsed fragment    </p>")
          )
        )

Now, this code is python, but logic expressed this way still requires
management of parens and is not indent based - so is not really 'pythonic'.
It also cannot really use conditionals and loops beyond ternarys and list comprehensions.
So I wondered if we could hook up a bit of magic using some other method.
So which way to go?  Function definitions would require too much magic, so it
seems that the best way is the _with_ statement.

The result is the style shown in the TL;DR above.  We can also
wrap this in a template method to use python conditional logic based
on supplied data:

    def example_template(items):
        d = Doc()
        with d.html:

            with d.head:
                d.title ('other stuff on this page')
                d.link  (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

            with d.body (style='foo'):
                d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
                d.p ('stuff on this page')
                with d.ul:
                    for i in items:
                        with d.li:
                            d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')
        return d.to_string()

The code below also shows template inheritance from python classes.

This is currently based on the lxml builder, and so it is slightly slower
than the elementree benchmarks [7] (which is pretty slow).  The lazy decorator
that allows us to miss out brackets on with statements is probably going
to make you cry.  Still this seems like a reasonable template language in
about 40 lines of code.

[1] http://www.cheetahtemplate.org/examples.html
[2] https://bitbucket.org/tavisrudd/throw-out-your-templates/src/98c5afba7f35/throw_out_your_templates.py
[3] http://haml-lang.com/
[4] http://coffeekup.org/
[5] http://lxml.de/dev/api/lxml.builder.ElementMaker-class.html
[6] http://breve.twisty-industries.com/
[7] http://spitfire.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/tests/perf/bigtable.py

Comments, abuse, etc to twitter @casualbon or casbon (at) gmail.com
"""
from lxml.html import builder as E
import lxml


class TagContext(object):
    """ The context manager for an HTML tag """

    def __init__(self, tag, doc, *content, **props):
        """ create an html tag belonging to doc with given content and properties"""
        self.tag = tag
        self.doc = doc
        self.content = content
        self.props = props
        self.stack = self.doc.stack
        self.node = self.make_node()

    def make_node(self):
        """ create an lxml element and append it to the node at the top
            of the document tack """
        node = getattr(E, self.tag.upper())(*self.content, **self.props)
        if self.stack:
            self.stack[-1].append(node)
        return node

    def __enter__(self):
        """ entering the node appends it to the document stack """
        self.stack.append(self.node)

    def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
        """ exiting the node pops it from the stack """
        if len(self.stack) > 1:
            self.stack.pop()


class Lazydec(object):
    """ Horrible decorator to allow the with statement to omit
        brackets by tracking if context returned by doc has been entered
    """

    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

    def __call__(self, *args, **kws):
        return self.x(*args, **kws)

    def __enter__(self):
        if self.x.__name__ == 'tagcallable':
            self.x = self.x()
        return self.x.__enter__()

    def __exit__(self, *args):
        return self.x.__exit__(*args)


class Doc(object):
    """ A document manages a stack, the head of which is the current context node """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kws):
        self.stack = []

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        """ Override getattr for quick tag access

            This means Doc.html returns a tag
        """
        # TODO: incomplete list of tags
        if attr in ['html', 'head', 'body', 'a', 'p', 'ul', 'li', 'div',
            'table', 'tr', 'td', 'link', 'title', 'span']:
            return self.make_tag(attr)
        else:
            return object.getattr(self, attr)

    def to_string(self, pretty_print=True):
        """ convert this document to string """
        return lxml.html.tostring(self.stack[0], pretty_print=pretty_print)

    def make_tag(self, name):
        """ create a tag by creating a TagContext and then decorating it with the lazy decorator"""
        def tagcallable(*content, **props):
            return TagContext(name, self, *content, **props)
        f =  Lazydec(tagcallable)
        return f


if __name__ == '__main__':

    def example_template(items):
        """ template function example"""

        d = Doc()
        with d.html:

            with d.head:
                d.title ('other stuff on this page')
                d.link  (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

            with d.body (style='foo'):
                d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
                d.p ('stuff on this page')
                with d.ul:
                    for i in items:
                        with d.li:
                            d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')
        return d.to_string()


    class BaseTemplate(object):
        """ template inheritance example """

        title = 'base'

        def render(self):
            d = Doc()
            with d.html:

                with d.head:
                    d.title (self.title)
                    d.link  (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

                with d.body (style='foo'):
                    with d.div (id='header'):
                        self.header(d)
                    with d.div (id='content'):
                        self.content(d)
                    with d.div (id='footer'):
                        self.footer(d)

            return d.to_string()

        def header(self, d):
            pass

        def content(self, d):
            pass

        def footer(self, d):
            d.span('Never read this content')


    class ItemTemplate(BaseTemplate):

        title = 'item view'

        def __init__(self, items):
            self.items = items

        def header(self, d):
            d.p('view of %s items' % len(self.items))

        def content(self, d):
            with d.ul:
                for i in self.items:
                    with d.li:
                        d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')

    print example_template(range(10))
    print
    print ItemTemplate(range(10)).render()
	"""
	A really stupid python template language inspired by coffeekup, markaby.
	Do not use this code, it will ruin your day. A byproduct of insomnia.

	TL;DR
	-----

	This module defines a template language that allows us to do:

	d = Doc()
	with d.html:

	with d.head:
	d.title ('example page')
	d.link (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

	with d.body (style='foo'):
	d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
	d.p ('stuff on this page')


	Motivation
	----------

	Python templating has always been a problem for me. You normally have to
	write in your target language (i.e. HTML) with some horrible syntax for
	inlining python. For example, this is a Cheetah [1] template:

	<html>
	<head><title>$title</title></head>
	<body>
	<table>
	#for $client in $clients
	<tr>
	<td>$client.surname, $client.firstname</td>
	<td><a href="mailto:$client.email">$client.email</a></td>
	</tr>
	#end for
	</table>
	</body>
	</html>

	We have '$' and '#' to inline python code and variables. This to me is the
	wrong way round. I want to write python and not html. I do not want to manage
	html braces. Travis Rudd has pointed out that many of the arguments for
	non python templates are unfounded [2] and I agree with him. This has been
	further enforced for me by using haml [3] and coffeekup [4], which leaves us in the
	ridiculous position that the best indent based templating DSLs for html are in
	non indent based languages (ruby, javascript).

	This is why we can't have nice things
	-------------------------------------

	Coffescript and ruby have some advantage over python for a DSL including the
	way anonymous blocks are defined and the ability to omit brackets and still get
	function execution. This means that the most direct python templates, such as
	lxml builder[5] and breve [6] end up with a nested structure. For example,
	this is an lxml template:

	html = E.HTML(
	E.HEAD(
	E.LINK(rel="stylesheet", href="great.css", type="text/css"),
	E.TITLE("Best Page Ever")
	),
	E.BODY(
	E.H1(E.CLASS("heading"), "Top News"),
	E.P("World News only on this page", style="font-size: 200%"),
	"Ah, and here's some more text, by the way.",
	lxml.html.fromstring("<p> and this is a parsed fragment </p>")
	)
	)

	Now, this code is python, but logic expressed this way still requires
	management of parens and is not indent based - so is not really 'pythonic'.
	It also cannot really use conditionals and loops beyond ternarys and list comprehensions.
	So I wondered if we could hook up a bit of magic using some other method.
	So which way to go? Function definitions would require too much magic, so it
	seems that the best way is the _with_ statement.

	The result is the style shown in the TL;DR above. We can also
	wrap this in a template method to use python conditional logic based
	on supplied data:

	def example_template(items):
	d = Doc()
	with d.html:

	with d.head:
	d.title ('other stuff on this page')
	d.link (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

	with d.body (style='foo'):
	d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
	d.p ('stuff on this page')
	with d.ul:
	for i in items:
	with d.li:
	d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')
	return d.to_string()

	The code below also shows template inheritance from python classes.

	This is currently based on the lxml builder, and so it is slightly slower
	than the elementree benchmarks [7] (which is pretty slow). The lazy decorator
	that allows us to miss out brackets on with statements is probably going
	to make you cry. Still this seems like a reasonable template language in
	about 40 lines of code.

	[1] http://www.cheetahtemplate.org/examples.html
	[2] https://bitbucket.org/tavisrudd/throw-out-your-templates/src/98c5afba7f35/throw_out_your_templates.py
	[3] http://haml-lang.com/
	[4] http://coffeekup.org/
	[5] http://lxml.de/dev/api/lxml.builder.ElementMaker-class.html
	[6] http://breve.twisty-industries.com/
	[7] http://spitfire.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/tests/perf/bigtable.py

	Comments, abuse, etc to twitter @casualbon or casbon (at) gmail.com
	"""
	from lxml.html import builder as E
	import lxml


	class TagContext(object):
	""" The context manager for an HTML tag """

	def __init__(self, tag, doc, content, *props):
	""" create an html tag belonging to doc with given content and properties"""
	self.tag = tag
	self.doc = doc
	self.content = content
	self.props = props
	self.stack = self.doc.stack
	self.node = self.make_node()

	def make_node(self):
	""" create an lxml element and append it to the node at the top
	of the document tack """
	node = getattr(E, self.tag.upper())(self.content, *self.props)
	if self.stack:
	self.stack[-1].append(node)
	return node

	def __enter__(self):
	""" entering the node appends it to the document stack """
	self.stack.append(self.node)

	def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
	""" exiting the node pops it from the stack """
	if len(self.stack) > 1:
	self.stack.pop()


	class Lazydec(object):
	""" Horrible decorator to allow the with statement to omit
	brackets by tracking if context returned by doc has been entered
	"""

	def __init__(self, x):
	self.x = x

	def __call__(self, args, *kws):
	return self.x(args, *kws)

	def __enter__(self):
	if self.x.__name__ == 'tagcallable':
	self.x = self.x()
	return self.x.__enter__()

	def __exit__(self, *args):
	return self.x.__exit__(*args)



	class Doc(object):
	""" A document manages a stack, the head of which is the current context node """

	def __init__(self, args, *kws):
	self.stack = []

	def __getattr__(self, attr):
	""" Override getattr for quick tag access

	This means Doc.html returns a tag
	"""
	# TODO: incomplete list of tags
	if attr in ['html', 'head', 'body', 'a', 'p', 'ul', 'li', 'div',
	'table', 'tr', 'td', 'link', 'title', 'span']:
	return self.make_tag(attr)
	else:
	return object.getattr(self, attr)

	def to_string(self, pretty_print=True):
	""" convert this document to string """
	return lxml.html.tostring(self.stack[0], pretty_print=pretty_print)

	def make_tag(self, name):
	""" create a tag by creating a TagContext and then decorating it with the lazy decorator"""
	def tagcallable(content, *props):
	return TagContext(name, self, content, *props)
	f = Lazydec(tagcallable)
	return f



	if __name__ == '__main__':

	def example_template(items):
	""" template function example"""

	d = Doc()
	with d.html:

	with d.head:
	d.title ('other stuff on this page')
	d.link (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

	with d.body (style='foo'):
	d.a ('other stuff on another page', href='/other.html')
	d.p ('stuff on this page')
	with d.ul:
	for i in items:
	with d.li:
	d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')
	return d.to_string()


	class BaseTemplate(object):
	""" template inheritance example """

	title = 'base'

	def render(self):
	d = Doc()
	with d.html:

	with d.head:
	d.title (self.title)
	d.link (rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css', type='text/css')

	with d.body (style='foo'):
	with d.div (id='header'):
	self.header(d)
	with d.div (id='content'):
	self.content(d)
	with d.div (id='footer'):
	self.footer(d)

	return d.to_string()

	def header(self, d):
	pass

	def content(self, d):
	pass

	def footer(self, d):
	d.span('Never read this content')


	class ItemTemplate(BaseTemplate):

	title = 'item view'

	def __init__(self, items):
	self.items = items

	def header(self, d):
	d.p('view of %s items' % len(self.items))

	def content(self, d):
	with d.ul:
	for i in self.items:
	with d.li:
	d.a (str(i), href=str(i) + '.html')

	print example_template(range(10))
	print
	print ItemTemplate(range(10)).render()