Catch throw vs raise rescue vs baseline return but with unique lambda variable names (Ruby v3.2.2)

bench-rebuttal.rb

require 'benchmark/ips'

Benchmark.ips do |x|
  code1 = -> { catch(:foo) { throw(:foo, 'catch/throw') } }
  x.report("catch a throw") {
    value = code1.call
  }

  code2 = -> { begin; raise RuntimeError; rescue RuntimeError; 'raise/rescue' end }
  x.report("rescue and exception") {
    value = code2.call
  }

  empty_backtrace = []
  code3 = -> { begin; raise RuntimeError, '', empty_backtrace; rescue RuntimeError; 'raise/rescue empty backtrace' end }
  x.report('Rescue no backtrace') {
    value = code3.call
  }

  code4 = -> { 'string' }
  x.report("return string") {
    value = code4.call
  }

  x.compare!
end

# Warming up --------------------------------------
#        catch a throw   311.884k i/100ms
# rescue and exception   103.576k i/100ms
#  Rescue no backtrace   169.104k i/100ms
#        return string     1.000M i/100ms
# Calculating -------------------------------------
#        catch a throw      3.221M (± 2.9%) i/s -     16.218M in   5.039158s
# rescue and exception      1.026M (± 2.9%) i/s -      5.179M in   5.052430s
#  Rescue no backtrace      1.643M (± 4.3%) i/s -      8.286M in   5.051742s
#        return string     10.117M (± 2.8%) i/s -     51.024M in   5.047568s

# Comparison:
#        return string: 10116850.1 i/s
#        catch a throw:  3221372.1 i/s - 3.14x  slower
#  Rescue no backtrace:  1643378.7 i/s - 6.16x  slower
# rescue and exception:  1025930.8 i/s - 9.86x  slower

updated by adding the empty backtrace option based on this stack overflow.