You want what actually works for learning hard things—methods with causal evidence, not folklore. Here’s the short list that consistently moves the needle, with RCTs/meta‑analyses behind it and notes on where each shines (and where it backfires).
- Retrieval practice (“testing effect”), ideally with feedback
What it is: Actively recall (without notes), get the answer, then check/correct.
Evidence: Big, durable gains across hundreds of experiments and classroom trials; practice tests outperform restudy and other controls. Effects are larger when feedback is provided and when retrieval is spaced. Meta‑analyses with college‑level materials included. Use for: all levels; concepts, proofs, derivations, formulas. SAGE Journals[education.wsu.edu](https://education.wsu.edu/documents/2018/01/rethi