slankdev/dpdk_nic_bind.py

## dpdk_nic_bind.py
#! /usr/bin/python
#
#   BSD LICENSE
#
#   Copyright(c) 2010-2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
#   All rights reserved.
#
#   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
#   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
#   are met:
#
#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
#       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
#       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
#       the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
#       distribution.
#     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
#       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
#       from this software without specific prior written permission.
#
#   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
#   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
#   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
#   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
#   OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
#   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
#   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
#   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
#   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
#   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
#   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#

import sys, os, getopt, subprocess
from os.path import exists, abspath, dirname, basename


# The PCI device class for ETHERNET devices
ETHERNET_CLASS = "0200"

# global dict ethernet devices present. Dictionary indexed by PCI address.
# Each device within this is itself a dictionary of device properties
devices = {}
# list of supported DPDK drivers
dpdk_drivers = [ "igb_uio", "vfio-pci", "uio_pci_generic" ]

# command-line arg flags
b_flag = None
status_flag = False
force_flag = False
args = []

def usage():
    '''Print usage information for the program'''
    argv0 = basename(sys.argv[0])
    print ("""
Usage:
------

     %(argv0)s [options] DEVICE1 DEVICE2 ....

where DEVICE1, DEVICE2 etc, are specified via PCI "domain:bus:slot.func" syntax
or "bus:slot.func" syntax. For devices bound to Linux kernel drivers, they may
also be referred to by Linux interface name e.g. eth0, eth1, em0, em1, etc.

Options:
    --help, --usage:
        Display usage information and quit

    -s, --status:
        Print the current status of all known network interfaces.
        For each device, it displays the PCI domain, bus, slot and function,
        along with a text description of the device. Depending upon whether the
        device is being used by a kernel driver, the igb_uio driver, or no
        driver, other relevant information will be displayed:
        * the Linux interface name e.g. if=eth0
        * the driver being used e.g. drv=igb_uio
        * any suitable drivers not currently using that device
            e.g. unused=igb_uio
        NOTE: if this flag is passed along with a bind/unbind option, the status
        display will always occur after the other operations have taken place.

    -b driver, --bind=driver:
        Select the driver to use or \"none\" to unbind the device

    -u, --unbind:
        Unbind a device (Equivalent to \"-b none\")

    --force:
        By default, devices which are used by Linux - as indicated by having
        routes in the routing table - cannot be modified. Using the --force
        flag overrides this behavior, allowing active links to be forcibly
        unbound.
        WARNING: This can lead to loss of network connection and should be used
        with caution.

Examples:
---------

To display current device status:
        %(argv0)s --status

To bind eth1 from the current driver and move to use igb_uio
        %(argv0)s --bind=igb_uio eth1

To unbind 0000:01:00.0 from using any driver
        %(argv0)s -u 0000:01:00.0

To bind 0000:02:00.0 and 0000:02:00.1 to the ixgbe kernel driver
        %(argv0)s -b ixgbe 02:00.0 02:00.1

    """ % locals()) # replace items from local variables

# This is roughly compatible with check_output function in subprocess module
# which is only available in python 2.7.
def check_output(args, stderr=None):
    '''Run a command and capture its output'''
    return subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=stderr).communicate()[0]

def find_module(mod):
    '''find the .ko file for kernel module named mod.
    Searches the $RTE_SDK/$RTE_TARGET directory, the kernel
    modules directory and finally under the parent directory of
    the script '''
    # check $RTE_SDK/$RTE_TARGET directory
    if 'RTE_SDK' in os.environ and 'RTE_TARGET' in os.environ:
        path = "%s/%s/kmod/%s.ko" % (os.environ['RTE_SDK'],\
                                     os.environ['RTE_TARGET'], mod)
        if exists(path):
            return path

    # check using depmod
    try:
        depmod_out = check_output(["modinfo", "-n", mod], \
                                  stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).lower()
        if "error" not in depmod_out:
            path = depmod_out.strip()
            if exists(path):
                return path
    except: # if modinfo can't find module, it fails, so continue
        pass

    # check for a copy based off current path
    tools_dir = dirname(abspath(sys.argv[0]))
    if (tools_dir.endswith("tools")):
        base_dir = dirname(tools_dir)
        find_out = check_output(["find", base_dir, "-name", mod + ".ko"])
        if len(find_out) > 0: #something matched
            path = find_out.splitlines()[0]
            if exists(path):
                return path

def check_modules():
    '''Checks that igb_uio is loaded'''
    global dpdk_drivers

    # list of supported modules
    mods =  [{"Name" : driver, "Found" : False} for driver in dpdk_drivers]

    # first check if module is loaded
    try:
        # Get list of sysfs modules (both built-in and dynamically loaded)
        sysfs_path = '/sys/module/'

        # Get the list of directories in sysfs_path
        sysfs_mods = [os.path.join(sysfs_path, o) for o
                      in os.listdir(sysfs_path)
                      if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(sysfs_path, o))]

        # Extract the last element of '/sys/module/abc' in the array
        sysfs_mods = [a.split('/')[-1] for a in sysfs_mods]

        # special case for vfio_pci (module is named vfio-pci,
        # but its .ko is named vfio_pci)
        sysfs_mods = map(lambda a:
                         a if a != 'vfio_pci' else 'vfio-pci', sysfs_mods)

        for mod in mods:
            if mod["Name"] in sysfs_mods:
                mod["Found"] = True
    except:
        pass

    # check if we have at least one loaded module
    if True not in [mod["Found"] for mod in mods] and b_flag is not None:
        if b_flag in dpdk_drivers:
            print ("Error - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded")
            sys.exit(1)
        else:
            print ("Warning - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded")

    # change DPDK driver list to only contain drivers that are loaded
    dpdk_drivers = [mod["Name"] for mod in mods if mod["Found"]]

def has_driver(dev_id):
    '''return true if a device is assigned to a driver. False otherwise'''
    return "Driver_str" in devices[dev_id]

def get_pci_device_details(dev_id):
    '''This function gets additional details for a PCI device'''
    device = {}

    extra_info = check_output(["lspci", "-vmmks", dev_id]).splitlines()

    # parse lspci details
    for line in extra_info:
        if len(line) == 0:
            continue
        name, value = line.decode().split("\t", 1)
        name = name.strip(":") + "_str"
        device[name] = value
    # check for a unix interface name
    sys_path = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/net/" % dev_id
    if exists(sys_path):
        device["Interface"] = ",".join(os.listdir(sys_path))
    else:
        device["Interface"] = ""
    # check if a port is used for ssh connection
    device["Ssh_if"] = False
    device["Active"] = ""

    return device

def get_nic_details():
    '''This function populates the "devices" dictionary. The keys used are
    the pci addresses (domain:bus:slot.func). The values are themselves
    dictionaries - one for each NIC.'''
    global devices
    global dpdk_drivers

    # clear any old data
    devices = {}
    # first loop through and read details for all devices
    # request machine readable format, with numeric IDs
    dev = {};
    dev_lines = check_output(["lspci", "-Dvmmn"]).splitlines()
    for dev_line in dev_lines:
        if (len(dev_line) == 0):
            if dev["Class"] == ETHERNET_CLASS:
                #convert device and vendor ids to numbers, then add to global
                dev["Vendor"] = int(dev["Vendor"],16)
                dev["Device"] = int(dev["Device"],16)
                devices[dev["Slot"]] = dict(dev) # use dict to make copy of dev
        else:
            name, value = dev_line.decode().split("\t", 1)
            dev[name.rstrip(":")] = value

    # check what is the interface if any for an ssh connection if
    # any to this host, so we can mark it later.
    ssh_if = []
    route = check_output(["ip", "-o", "route"])
    # filter out all lines for 169.254 routes
    route = "\n".join(filter(lambda ln: not ln.startswith("169.254"),
                             route.decode().splitlines()))
    rt_info = route.split()
    for i in range(len(rt_info) - 1):
        if rt_info[i] == "dev":
            ssh_if.append(rt_info[i+1])

    # based on the basic info, get extended text details
    for d in devices.keys():
        # get additional info and add it to existing data
        devices[d] = devices[d].copy()
        devices[d].update(get_pci_device_details(d).items())

        for _if in ssh_if:
            if _if in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
                devices[d]["Ssh_if"] = True
                devices[d]["Active"] = "*Active*"
                break;

        # add igb_uio to list of supporting modules if needed
        if "Module_str" in devices[d]:
            for driver in dpdk_drivers:
                if driver not in devices[d]["Module_str"]:
                    devices[d]["Module_str"] = devices[d]["Module_str"] + ",%s" % driver
        else:
            devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(dpdk_drivers)

        # make sure the driver and module strings do not have any duplicates
        if has_driver(d):
            modules = devices[d]["Module_str"].split(",")
            if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in modules:
                modules.remove(devices[d]["Driver_str"])
                devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(modules)

def dev_id_from_dev_name(dev_name):
    '''Take a device "name" - a string passed in by user to identify a NIC
    device, and determine the device id - i.e. the domain:bus:slot.func - for
    it, which can then be used to index into the devices array'''
    dev = None
    # check if it's already a suitable index
    if dev_name in devices:
        return dev_name
    # check if it's an index just missing the domain part
    elif "0000:" + dev_name in devices:
        return "0000:" + dev_name
    else:
        # check if it's an interface name, e.g. eth1
        for d in devices.keys():
            if dev_name in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
                return devices[d]["Slot"]
    # if nothing else matches - error
    print ("Unknown device: %s. " \
        "Please specify device in \"bus:slot.func\" format" % dev_name)
    sys.exit(1)

def unbind_one(dev_id, force):
    '''Unbind the device identified by "dev_id" from its current driver'''
    dev = devices[dev_id]
    if not has_driver(dev_id):
        print ("%s %s %s is not currently managed by any driver\n" % \
            (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"], dev["Interface"]))
        return

    # prevent us disconnecting ourselves
    if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
        print ("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active" \
            ". Skipping unbind" % (dev_id))
        return

    # write to /sys to unbind
    filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/unbind" % dev["Driver_str"]
    try:
        f = open(filename, "a")
    except:
        print ("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
        sys.exit(1)
    f.write(dev_id)
    f.close()

def bind_one(dev_id, driver, force):
    '''Bind the device given by "dev_id" to the driver "driver". If the device
    is already bound to a different driver, it will be unbound first'''
    dev = devices[dev_id]
    saved_driver = None # used to rollback any unbind in case of failure

    # prevent disconnection of our ssh session
    if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
        print ("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active" \
            ". Not modifying" % (dev_id))
        return

    # unbind any existing drivers we don't want
    if has_driver(dev_id):
        if dev["Driver_str"] == driver:
            print ("%s already bound to driver %s, skipping\n" % (dev_id, driver))
            return
        else:
            saved_driver = dev["Driver_str"]
            unbind_one(dev_id, force)
            dev["Driver_str"] = "" # clear driver string

    # if we are binding to one of DPDK drivers, add PCI id's to that driver
    if driver in dpdk_drivers:
        filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/new_id" % driver
        try:
            f = open(filename, "w")
        except:
            print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
            return
        try:
            f.write("%04x %04x" % (dev["Vendor"], dev["Device"]))
            f.close()
        except:
            print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write new PCI ID to " \
                "driver %s" % (dev_id, driver))
            return

    # do the bind by writing to /sys
    filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/bind" % driver
    try:
        f = open(filename, "a")
    except:
        print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
        if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
            bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
        return
    try:
        f.write(dev_id)
        f.close()
    except:
        # for some reason, closing dev_id after adding a new PCI ID to new_id
        # results in IOError. however, if the device was successfully bound,
        # we don't care for any errors and can safely ignore IOError
        tmp = get_pci_device_details(dev_id)
        if "Driver_str" in tmp and tmp["Driver_str"] == driver:
            return
        print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot bind to driver %s" % (dev_id, driver))
        if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
            bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
        return


def unbind_all(dev_list, force=False):
    """Unbind method, takes a list of device locations"""
    dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)
    for d in dev_list:
        unbind_one(d, force)

def bind_all(dev_list, driver, force=False):
    """Bind method, takes a list of device locations"""
    global devices

    dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)

    for d in dev_list:
        bind_one(d, driver, force)

    # when binding devices to a generic driver (i.e. one that doesn't have a
    # PCI ID table), some devices that are not bound to any other driver could
    # be bound even if no one has asked them to. hence, we check the list of
    # drivers again, and see if some of the previously-unbound devices were
    # erroneously bound.
    for d in devices.keys():
        # skip devices that were already bound or that we know should be bound
        if "Driver_str" in devices[d] or d in dev_list:
            continue

        # update information about this device
        devices[d] = dict(devices[d].items() +
                          get_pci_device_details(d).items())

        # check if updated information indicates that the device was bound
        if "Driver_str" in devices[d]:
            unbind_one(d, force)

def display_devices(title, dev_list, extra_params = None):
    '''Displays to the user the details of a list of devices given in "dev_list"
    The "extra_params" parameter, if given, should contain a string with
    %()s fields in it for replacement by the named fields in each device's
    dictionary.'''
    strings = [] # this holds the strings to print. We sort before printing
    print ("\n%s" % title)
    print   ("="*len(title))
    if len(dev_list) == 0:
        strings.append("<none>")
    else:
        for dev in dev_list:
            if extra_params is not None:
                strings.append("%s '%s' %s" % (dev["Slot"], \
                                dev["Device_str"], extra_params % dev))
            else:
                strings.append("%s '%s'" % (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"]))
    # sort before printing, so that the entries appear in PCI order
    strings.sort()
    print ("\n".join(strings)) # print one per line

def show_status():
    '''Function called when the script is passed the "--status" option. Displays
    to the user what devices are bound to the igb_uio driver, the kernel driver
    or to no driver'''
    global dpdk_drivers
    kernel_drv = []
    dpdk_drv = []
    no_drv = []

    # split our list of devices into the three categories above
    for d in devices.keys():
        if not has_driver(d):
            no_drv.append(devices[d])
            continue
        if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers:
            dpdk_drv.append(devices[d])
        else:
            kernel_drv.append(devices[d])

    # print each category separately, so we can clearly see what's used by DPDK
    display_devices("Network devices using DPDK-compatible driver", dpdk_drv, \
                    "drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s")
    display_devices("Network devices using kernel driver", kernel_drv,
                    "if=%(Interface)s drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s %(Active)s")
    display_devices("Other network devices", no_drv,\
                    "unused=%(Module_str)s")

def parse_args():
    '''Parses the command-line arguments given by the user and takes the
    appropriate action for each'''
    global b_flag
    global status_flag
    global force_flag
    global args
    if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
        usage()
        sys.exit(0)

    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "b:us",
                               ["help", "usage", "status", "force",
                                "bind=", "unbind"])
    except (getopt.GetoptError, error):
        print (str(error))
        print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)

    for opt, arg in opts:
        if opt == "--help" or opt == "--usage":
            usage()
            sys.exit(0)
        if opt == "--status" or opt == "-s":
            status_flag = True
        if opt == "--force":
            force_flag = True
        if opt == "-b" or opt == "-u" or opt == "--bind" or opt == "--unbind":
            if b_flag is not None:
                print ("Error - Only one bind or unbind may be specified\n")
                sys.exit(1)
            if opt == "-u" or opt == "--unbind":
                b_flag = "none"
            else:
                b_flag = arg

def do_arg_actions():
    '''do the actual action requested by the user'''
    global b_flag
    global status_flag
    global force_flag
    global args

    if b_flag is None and not status_flag:
        print ("Error: No action specified for devices. Please give a -b or -u option")
        print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)

    if b_flag is not None and len(args) == 0:
        print ("Error: No devices specified.")
        print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)

    if b_flag == "none" or b_flag == "None":
        unbind_all(args, force_flag)
    elif b_flag is not None:
        bind_all(args, b_flag, force_flag)
    if status_flag:
        if b_flag is not None:
            get_nic_details() # refresh if we have changed anything
        show_status()

def main():
    '''program main function'''
    parse_args()
    check_modules()
    get_nic_details()
    do_arg_actions()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
	#! /usr/bin/python
	#
	# BSD LICENSE
	#
	# Copyright(c) 2010-2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
	# All rights reserved.
	#
	# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
	# are met:
	#
	# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
	# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
	# the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
	# distribution.
	# * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
	# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
	# from this software without specific prior written permission.
	#
	# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
	#

	import sys, os, getopt, subprocess
	from os.path import exists, abspath, dirname, basename


	# The PCI device class for ETHERNET devices
	ETHERNET_CLASS = "0200"

	# global dict ethernet devices present. Dictionary indexed by PCI address.
	# Each device within this is itself a dictionary of device properties
	devices = {}
	# list of supported DPDK drivers
	dpdk_drivers = [ "igb_uio", "vfio-pci", "uio_pci_generic" ]

	# command-line arg flags
	b_flag = None
	status_flag = False
	force_flag = False
	args = []

	def usage():
	'''Print usage information for the program'''
	argv0 = basename(sys.argv[0])
	print ("""
	Usage:
	------

	%(argv0)s [options] DEVICE1 DEVICE2 ....

	where DEVICE1, DEVICE2 etc, are specified via PCI "domain:bus:slot.func" syntax
	or "bus:slot.func" syntax. For devices bound to Linux kernel drivers, they may
	also be referred to by Linux interface name e.g. eth0, eth1, em0, em1, etc.

	Options:
	--help, --usage:
	Display usage information and quit

	-s, --status:
	Print the current status of all known network interfaces.
	For each device, it displays the PCI domain, bus, slot and function,
	along with a text description of the device. Depending upon whether the
	device is being used by a kernel driver, the igb_uio driver, or no
	driver, other relevant information will be displayed:
	* the Linux interface name e.g. if=eth0
	* the driver being used e.g. drv=igb_uio
	* any suitable drivers not currently using that device
	e.g. unused=igb_uio
	NOTE: if this flag is passed along with a bind/unbind option, the status
	display will always occur after the other operations have taken place.

	-b driver, --bind=driver:
	Select the driver to use or \"none\" to unbind the device

	-u, --unbind:
	Unbind a device (Equivalent to \"-b none\")

	--force:
	By default, devices which are used by Linux - as indicated by having
	routes in the routing table - cannot be modified. Using the --force
	flag overrides this behavior, allowing active links to be forcibly
	unbound.
	WARNING: This can lead to loss of network connection and should be used
	with caution.

	Examples:
	---------

	To display current device status:
	%(argv0)s --status

	To bind eth1 from the current driver and move to use igb_uio
	%(argv0)s --bind=igb_uio eth1

	To unbind 0000:01:00.0 from using any driver
	%(argv0)s -u 0000:01:00.0

	To bind 0000:02:00.0 and 0000:02:00.1 to the ixgbe kernel driver
	%(argv0)s -b ixgbe 02:00.0 02:00.1

	""" % locals()) # replace items from local variables

	# This is roughly compatible with check_output function in subprocess module
	# which is only available in python 2.7.
	def check_output(args, stderr=None):
	'''Run a command and capture its output'''
	return subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
	stderr=stderr).communicate()[0]

	def find_module(mod):
	'''find the .ko file for kernel module named mod.
	Searches the $RTE_SDK/$RTE_TARGET directory, the kernel
	modules directory and finally under the parent directory of
	the script '''
	# check $RTE_SDK/$RTE_TARGET directory
	if 'RTE_SDK' in os.environ and 'RTE_TARGET' in os.environ:
	path = "%s/%s/kmod/%s.ko" % (os.environ['RTE_SDK'],\
	os.environ['RTE_TARGET'], mod)
	if exists(path):
	return path

	# check using depmod
	try:
	depmod_out = check_output(["modinfo", "-n", mod], \
	stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).lower()
	if "error" not in depmod_out:
	path = depmod_out.strip()
	if exists(path):
	return path
	except: # if modinfo can't find module, it fails, so continue
	pass

	# check for a copy based off current path
	tools_dir = dirname(abspath(sys.argv[0]))
	if (tools_dir.endswith("tools")):
	base_dir = dirname(tools_dir)
	find_out = check_output(["find", base_dir, "-name", mod + ".ko"])
	if len(find_out) > 0: #something matched
	path = find_out.splitlines()[0]
	if exists(path):
	return path

	def check_modules():
	'''Checks that igb_uio is loaded'''
	global dpdk_drivers

	# list of supported modules
	mods = [{"Name" : driver, "Found" : False} for driver in dpdk_drivers]

	# first check if module is loaded
	try:
	# Get list of sysfs modules (both built-in and dynamically loaded)
	sysfs_path = '/sys/module/'

	# Get the list of directories in sysfs_path
	sysfs_mods = [os.path.join(sysfs_path, o) for o
	in os.listdir(sysfs_path)
	if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(sysfs_path, o))]

	# Extract the last element of '/sys/module/abc' in the array
	sysfs_mods = [a.split('/')[-1] for a in sysfs_mods]

	# special case for vfio_pci (module is named vfio-pci,
	# but its .ko is named vfio_pci)
	sysfs_mods = map(lambda a:
	a if a != 'vfio_pci' else 'vfio-pci', sysfs_mods)

	for mod in mods:
	if mod["Name"] in sysfs_mods:
	mod["Found"] = True
	except:
	pass

	# check if we have at least one loaded module
	if True not in [mod["Found"] for mod in mods] and b_flag is not None:
	if b_flag in dpdk_drivers:
	print ("Error - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded")
	sys.exit(1)
	else:
	print ("Warning - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded")

	# change DPDK driver list to only contain drivers that are loaded
	dpdk_drivers = [mod["Name"] for mod in mods if mod["Found"]]

	def has_driver(dev_id):
	'''return true if a device is assigned to a driver. False otherwise'''
	return "Driver_str" in devices[dev_id]

	def get_pci_device_details(dev_id):
	'''This function gets additional details for a PCI device'''
	device = {}

	extra_info = check_output(["lspci", "-vmmks", dev_id]).splitlines()

	# parse lspci details
	for line in extra_info:
	if len(line) == 0:
	continue
	name, value = line.decode().split("\t", 1)
	name = name.strip(":") + "_str"
	device[name] = value
	# check for a unix interface name
	sys_path = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/net/" % dev_id
	if exists(sys_path):
	device["Interface"] = ",".join(os.listdir(sys_path))
	else:
	device["Interface"] = ""
	# check if a port is used for ssh connection
	device["Ssh_if"] = False
	device["Active"] = ""

	return device

	def get_nic_details():
	'''This function populates the "devices" dictionary. The keys used are
	the pci addresses (domain:bus:slot.func). The values are themselves
	dictionaries - one for each NIC.'''
	global devices
	global dpdk_drivers

	# clear any old data
	devices = {}
	# first loop through and read details for all devices
	# request machine readable format, with numeric IDs
	dev = {};
	dev_lines = check_output(["lspci", "-Dvmmn"]).splitlines()
	for dev_line in dev_lines:
	if (len(dev_line) == 0):
	if dev["Class"] == ETHERNET_CLASS:
	#convert device and vendor ids to numbers, then add to global
	dev["Vendor"] = int(dev["Vendor"],16)
	dev["Device"] = int(dev["Device"],16)
	devices[dev["Slot"]] = dict(dev) # use dict to make copy of dev
	else:
	name, value = dev_line.decode().split("\t", 1)
	dev[name.rstrip(":")] = value

	# check what is the interface if any for an ssh connection if
	# any to this host, so we can mark it later.
	ssh_if = []
	route = check_output(["ip", "-o", "route"])
	# filter out all lines for 169.254 routes
	route = "\n".join(filter(lambda ln: not ln.startswith("169.254"),
	route.decode().splitlines()))
	rt_info = route.split()
	for i in range(len(rt_info) - 1):
	if rt_info[i] == "dev":
	ssh_if.append(rt_info[i+1])

	# based on the basic info, get extended text details
	for d in devices.keys():
	# get additional info and add it to existing data
	devices[d] = devices[d].copy()
	devices[d].update(get_pci_device_details(d).items())

	for _if in ssh_if:
	if _if in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
	devices[d]["Ssh_if"] = True
	devices[d]["Active"] = "Active"
	break;

	# add igb_uio to list of supporting modules if needed
	if "Module_str" in devices[d]:
	for driver in dpdk_drivers:
	if driver not in devices[d]["Module_str"]:
	devices[d]["Module_str"] = devices[d]["Module_str"] + ",%s" % driver
	else:
	devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(dpdk_drivers)

	# make sure the driver and module strings do not have any duplicates
	if has_driver(d):
	modules = devices[d]["Module_str"].split(",")
	if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in modules:
	modules.remove(devices[d]["Driver_str"])
	devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(modules)

	def dev_id_from_dev_name(dev_name):
	'''Take a device "name" - a string passed in by user to identify a NIC
	device, and determine the device id - i.e. the domain:bus:slot.func - for
	it, which can then be used to index into the devices array'''
	dev = None
	# check if it's already a suitable index
	if dev_name in devices:
	return dev_name
	# check if it's an index just missing the domain part
	elif "0000:" + dev_name in devices:
	return "0000:" + dev_name
	else:
	# check if it's an interface name, e.g. eth1
	for d in devices.keys():
	if dev_name in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
	return devices[d]["Slot"]
	# if nothing else matches - error
	print ("Unknown device: %s. " \
	"Please specify device in \"bus:slot.func\" format" % dev_name)
	sys.exit(1)

	def unbind_one(dev_id, force):
	'''Unbind the device identified by "dev_id" from its current driver'''
	dev = devices[dev_id]
	if not has_driver(dev_id):
	print ("%s %s %s is not currently managed by any driver\n" % \
	(dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"], dev["Interface"]))
	return

	# prevent us disconnecting ourselves
	if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
	print ("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active" \
	". Skipping unbind" % (dev_id))
	return

	# write to /sys to unbind
	filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/unbind" % dev["Driver_str"]
	try:
	f = open(filename, "a")
	except:
	print ("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
	sys.exit(1)
	f.write(dev_id)
	f.close()

	def bind_one(dev_id, driver, force):
	'''Bind the device given by "dev_id" to the driver "driver". If the device
	is already bound to a different driver, it will be unbound first'''
	dev = devices[dev_id]
	saved_driver = None # used to rollback any unbind in case of failure

	# prevent disconnection of our ssh session
	if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
	print ("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active" \
	". Not modifying" % (dev_id))
	return

	# unbind any existing drivers we don't want
	if has_driver(dev_id):
	if dev["Driver_str"] == driver:
	print ("%s already bound to driver %s, skipping\n" % (dev_id, driver))
	return
	else:
	saved_driver = dev["Driver_str"]
	unbind_one(dev_id, force)
	dev["Driver_str"] = "" # clear driver string

	# if we are binding to one of DPDK drivers, add PCI id's to that driver
	if driver in dpdk_drivers:
	filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/new_id" % driver
	try:
	f = open(filename, "w")
	except:
	print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
	return
	try:
	f.write("%04x %04x" % (dev["Vendor"], dev["Device"]))
	f.close()
	except:
	print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write new PCI ID to " \
	"driver %s" % (dev_id, driver))
	return

	# do the bind by writing to /sys
	filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/bind" % driver
	try:
	f = open(filename, "a")
	except:
	print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" % (dev_id, filename))
	if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
	bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
	return
	try:
	f.write(dev_id)
	f.close()
	except:
	# for some reason, closing dev_id after adding a new PCI ID to new_id
	# results in IOError. however, if the device was successfully bound,
	# we don't care for any errors and can safely ignore IOError
	tmp = get_pci_device_details(dev_id)
	if "Driver_str" in tmp and tmp["Driver_str"] == driver:
	return
	print ("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot bind to driver %s" % (dev_id, driver))
	if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
	bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
	return


	def unbind_all(dev_list, force=False):
	"""Unbind method, takes a list of device locations"""
	dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)
	for d in dev_list:
	unbind_one(d, force)

	def bind_all(dev_list, driver, force=False):
	"""Bind method, takes a list of device locations"""
	global devices

	dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)

	for d in dev_list:
	bind_one(d, driver, force)

	# when binding devices to a generic driver (i.e. one that doesn't have a
	# PCI ID table), some devices that are not bound to any other driver could
	# be bound even if no one has asked them to. hence, we check the list of
	# drivers again, and see if some of the previously-unbound devices were
	# erroneously bound.
	for d in devices.keys():
	# skip devices that were already bound or that we know should be bound
	if "Driver_str" in devices[d] or d in dev_list:
	continue

	# update information about this device
	devices[d] = dict(devices[d].items() +
	get_pci_device_details(d).items())

	# check if updated information indicates that the device was bound
	if "Driver_str" in devices[d]:
	unbind_one(d, force)

	def display_devices(title, dev_list, extra_params = None):
	'''Displays to the user the details of a list of devices given in "dev_list"
	The "extra_params" parameter, if given, should contain a string with
	%()s fields in it for replacement by the named fields in each device's
	dictionary.'''
	strings = [] # this holds the strings to print. We sort before printing
	print ("\n%s" % title)
	print ("="*len(title))
	if len(dev_list) == 0:
	strings.append("<none>")
	else:
	for dev in dev_list:
	if extra_params is not None:
	strings.append("%s '%s' %s" % (dev["Slot"], \
	dev["Device_str"], extra_params % dev))
	else:
	strings.append("%s '%s'" % (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"]))
	# sort before printing, so that the entries appear in PCI order
	strings.sort()
	print ("\n".join(strings)) # print one per line

	def show_status():
	'''Function called when the script is passed the "--status" option. Displays
	to the user what devices are bound to the igb_uio driver, the kernel driver
	or to no driver'''
	global dpdk_drivers
	kernel_drv = []
	dpdk_drv = []
	no_drv = []

	# split our list of devices into the three categories above
	for d in devices.keys():
	if not has_driver(d):
	no_drv.append(devices[d])
	continue
	if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers:
	dpdk_drv.append(devices[d])
	else:
	kernel_drv.append(devices[d])

	# print each category separately, so we can clearly see what's used by DPDK
	display_devices("Network devices using DPDK-compatible driver", dpdk_drv, \
	"drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s")
	display_devices("Network devices using kernel driver", kernel_drv,
	"if=%(Interface)s drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s %(Active)s")
	display_devices("Other network devices", no_drv,\
	"unused=%(Module_str)s")

	def parse_args():
	'''Parses the command-line arguments given by the user and takes the
	appropriate action for each'''
	global b_flag
	global status_flag
	global force_flag
	global args
	if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
	usage()
	sys.exit(0)

	try:
	opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "b:us",
	["help", "usage", "status", "force",
	"bind=", "unbind"])
	except (getopt.GetoptError, error):
	print (str(error))
	print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
	sys.exit(1)

	for opt, arg in opts:
	if opt == "--help" or opt == "--usage":
	usage()
	sys.exit(0)
	if opt == "--status" or opt == "-s":
	status_flag = True
	if opt == "--force":
	force_flag = True
	if opt == "-b" or opt == "-u" or opt == "--bind" or opt == "--unbind":
	if b_flag is not None:
	print ("Error - Only one bind or unbind may be specified\n")
	sys.exit(1)
	if opt == "-u" or opt == "--unbind":
	b_flag = "none"
	else:
	b_flag = arg

	def do_arg_actions():
	'''do the actual action requested by the user'''
	global b_flag
	global status_flag
	global force_flag
	global args

	if b_flag is None and not status_flag:
	print ("Error: No action specified for devices. Please give a -b or -u option")
	print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
	sys.exit(1)

	if b_flag is not None and len(args) == 0:
	print ("Error: No devices specified.")
	print ("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
	sys.exit(1)

	if b_flag == "none" or b_flag == "None":
	unbind_all(args, force_flag)
	elif b_flag is not None:
	bind_all(args, b_flag, force_flag)
	if status_flag:
	if b_flag is not None:
	get_nic_details() # refresh if we have changed anything
	show_status()

	def main():
	'''program main function'''
	parse_args()
	check_modules()
	get_nic_details()
	do_arg_actions()

	if __name__ == "__main__":
	main()