Default Raspbian is not able to connect to wifi networks using corporate security setups, including eduroam. However, the issue is that the packaged networking control widget does not expose the relevant security features, rather than any underlying hardware limitation. The solution has long been to install Network Manager and configure it to handle the wifi interface.
Unfortunately, previous installation approaches didn't work for me on the Raspbian 2020-02-06 image. Following a fresh install, the below is what I did to make it work. Note that this is actually simpler than previous recipes.
sudo apt update
sudo apt install network-manager network-manager-gnome