A Simple, Comprehensive Overview of Javascript - http://betterexplained.com/articles/the-single-page-javascript-overview/

jsOverview.js

//Enabling Javascript
Include javascript inside HTML:
<script>
  x = 3;
</script>

//Reference external file:
<script src="http://example.com/script.js"></script>

//Redirect if javascript disabled:
<noscript><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=http://example.com/noscript.html"/></noscript>

//Using Variables, Objects and Arrays
var str = "Hello";                // local variable, when inside a function
str2 = "Hello World"; 	          // global variable in default context (window.str2)
str3 = 'My quote char: " ';       // single or double quote
str4 = "My really really really \
really long string broken into \
multiple lines";

str = 19;                         // change to int
str = 0xfe + 2.343 + 2.5e3;       // hex, floats, exp

var newObject = new Object();	  // constructor
newObject = {};			  // shorthand for same
newObject.name = "bob"            // dynamic attributes
newObject.name = null		  // it's there (null item)
delete newObject.name		  // it's gone (undefined)
newObject["real age"] = 33;       // array notation/hash table

var obj = {			  // create object using JSON
    name: "Bob",		  //   aka Javascript Object Notation
    details: {
        age: 33,
        "favorite color": "green"
    }
}
obj.name
obj.details["favorite color"]

var newArray = [];                // no size
newArray[3] = "hi";               // grows dynamically
newArray[2] = 13;                 // any type
newArray.push(newObject);         // add new item
newArray.pop();		          // remove it


//Comparisons and Manipulations
/* javascript types */
typeof("string") == "string"
typeof(3) == typeof(3.4) == typeof(0x34) == "number"
typeof(myObject) == typeof(myArray) == "object" // arrays are objects
typeof(true) == typeof(1 == 2) == "boolean"
typeof(Math.sin) == "function"
typeof(notthere) == "undefined"

/* comparisons */
123 == "123"                     // true => converts type
123 === "123"                    // false => checks type
typeof(x) == "undefined"     // x isn't there
x == null			 // x is defined, but null

/* Numbers */
parseInt("123")			 // base 10 => 123
parseInt("123", 16);		 // base 16 => 291
parseFloat("123.43");		 // 123.43

isNaN(0/0) == true		 // illegal number
3/0 == Infinity			 // legal...
-3/0 == -Infinity		 //
isFinite(3/0) == false		 // ... but not finite

/* regular expression (regex) string comparisons */
matches = "hello".match(/h../)   // returns array ["hel"] or null

re = new RegExp("h..", "ig");	 // construct regexp -- no slashes
matches = "hello".match(re);     // use it

"hello".replace(/h/,"b")	 // => "bello"


//Loops

if (str == "Hello"){    // if-else
  alert("Hi");		// popup dialog
}
else{
  alert("something is wrong!");
}

a = 3, b = 4;		// multi-assigment
c = a > b ? a : b;	// c gets bigger item (b)

switch (name){		// switch statement
  case "Bob":
    alert("Hi Bob!")
    break
  case "Joe":
    alert("Hey Joe.")
    break
  default: alert("Do I know you?")
}

while (i < n){          // the basics
 // do something
 i++;
}

for (var i=0; i<n; i++){
  // do something else
}

for (var key in obj){
  // do something with obj[key]
}


//Defining Functions
function foo(a,b){          // global function
  return a + b;
}

var fn = function(a,b){     // save function as variable...
  return foo(a,b);
}

obj.fn = function(a,b){     // ...or as part of object
  return a + b;
}

function bar(a,b){
    var n = 1;    	            // local var

    function helper(x) {            // inner function...
        return 1/Math.sqrt(x + n);  // .. can use local vars
    }
    return helper(input);           // avoid need for global function
}

foo(1,2) == fn(1,2) == 3;   // true


//Javascript Classes
function Person(first, last) { // create "constructor"
    this.first = first;           // public variables -- reference current object
    this.last = last;

    var privateFn = function(first, last){ 	// private function
	// ...
    }

    this.setName = function(first, last){ // public function
       	this.first = first;
	this.last = last;
    }

}

Person.prototype.fullName = function() { // extend prototype
    return this.first + ' ' + this.last; //   even at runtime!
}

var bob = new Person("Bob", "Smith"); // "new" creates an object
bob.fullName();			      // => "Bob Smith"


//Advanced Javascript
function foo(a,b){        // will raise exception
  var c = a + b;
  throw "Error Message"; // your message here
}

try{                     // try dangerous code
   foo(1,2);
}
catch(e){    		// catch exception
   alert(e.name + e.message);	// show details
}

eval("x = 3");		 // execute arbitrary code

timer = setTimeout("myfunction()", 1000)  // execute in 1 second (1000ms)
clearTimeout(timer);			  // cancel event


//Browser Document Object Model (DOM), and GUI
alert("message");  // messagebox with "OK"
var choice = confirm("message");  // OK/CANCEL true or false
var input = prompt("message", "default value"); // enter a value; null if cancelled

x = document.getElementById("foo");    // finds <div id="foo"></div>

x.style.background = "#333";           // set CSS style
x.style.borderLeft = "1px solid #ccc"; // border-left => borderLeft (camelCase)

x.className = "myclass";	       // set CSS class
x.innerHTML = "Hello";		       // set html inside div

y = document.getElementById("myinput"); // input area/textarea
y.value = "Hi";			        // get or set text