When you modify a file in your repository, the change is initially unstaged. In order to commit it, you must stage it—that is, add it to the index—using git add
. When you make a commit, the changes that are committed are those that have been added to the index.
git reset
changes, at minimum, where your current branch is pointing. The difference between --mixed
and --soft
is whether or not your index is also modified. So, if we're on branch master
with this series of commits:
- A - B - C (master)
HEAD
points to C
and the index matches C
.
When we run git reset --soft B
, master
(and thus HEAD
) now points to B
, but the index still has the changes from C
; git status
will show them as staged. So if we run git commit
at this point, we'll get a new commit with the same changes as C
.
Okay, so starting from here again:
- A - B - C (master)
Now let's do git reset --mixed B
. Once again, master
and HEAD
point to B, but this time the index is also modified to match B
. If we run git commit
at this point, nothing will happen since the index matches HEAD
. We still have the changes in the working directory, but since they're not in the index, git status
shows them as unstaged. To commit them, you would git add
and then commit as usual.
And finally, --hard
is the same as --mixed
(it changes your HEAD
and index), except that --hard
also modifies your working directory. If we're at C
and run git reset --hard B
, then the changes added in C
, as well as any uncommitted changes you have, will be removed, and the files in your working copy will match commit B
. Since you can permanently lose changes this way, you should always run git status
before doing a hard reset to make sure your working directory is clean or that you're okay with losing your uncommitted changes.
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