A quick AVL tree implementation in c.

avl.c

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 /* Enable certain library functions (strdup) on linux. See feature_test_macros(7) */

#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>

struct avl_node_s {
	struct avl_node_s *left;
	struct avl_node_s *right;
	int value;
};

typedef struct avl_node_s avl_node_t;

struct avl_tree_s {
	struct avl_node_s *root;
};

typedef struct avl_tree_s avl_tree_t;


/* Create a new AVL tree. */
avl_tree_t *avl_create() {
	avl_tree_t *tree = NULL;

	if( ( tree = malloc( sizeof( avl_tree_t ) ) ) == NULL ) {
		return NULL;
	}

	tree->root = NULL;

	return tree;
}

/* Initialize a new node. */
avl_node_t *avl_create_node() {
	avl_node_t *node = NULL;
	
	if( ( node = malloc( sizeof( avl_node_t ) ) ) == NULL ) {
		return NULL;
	}

	node->left = NULL;
	node->right = NULL;
	node->value = 0;

	return node;	
}

/* Find the height of an AVL node recursively */
int avl_node_height( avl_node_t *node ) {
	int height_left = 0;
	int height_right = 0;

	if( node->left ) height_left = avl_node_height( node->left );
	if( node->right ) height_right = avl_node_height( node->right );

	return height_right > height_left ? ++height_right : ++height_left;
}

/* Find the balance of an AVL node */
int avl_balance_factor( avl_node_t *node ) {
	int bf = 0;

	if( node->left  ) bf += avl_node_height( node->left );
	if( node->right ) bf -= avl_node_height( node->right );

	return bf ;
}

/* Left Left Rotate */
avl_node_t *avl_rotate_leftleft( avl_node_t *node ) {
 	avl_node_t *a = node;
	avl_node_t *b = a->left;
	
	a->left = b->right;
	b->right = a;

	return( b );
}

/* Left Right Rotate */
avl_node_t *avl_rotate_leftright( avl_node_t *node ) {
	avl_node_t *a = node;
	avl_node_t *b = a->left;
	avl_node_t *c = b->right;
	
	a->left = c->right;
	b->right = c->left; 
	c->left = b;
	c->right = a;

	return( c );
}

/* Right Left Rotate */
avl_node_t *avl_rotate_rightleft( avl_node_t *node ) {
	avl_node_t *a = node;
	avl_node_t *b = a->right;
	avl_node_t *c = b->left;
	
	a->right = c->left;
	b->left = c->right; 
	c->right = b;
	c->left = a;

	return( c );
}

/* Right Right Rotate */
avl_node_t *avl_rotate_rightright( avl_node_t *node ) {
	avl_node_t *a = node;
	avl_node_t *b = a->right;
	
	a->right = b->left;
	b->left = a; 

	return( b );
}

/* Balance a given node */
avl_node_t *avl_balance_node( avl_node_t *node ) {
	avl_node_t *newroot = NULL;

	/* Balance our children, if they exist. */
	if( node->left )
		node->left  = avl_balance_node( node->left  );
	if( node->right ) 
		node->right = avl_balance_node( node->right );

	int bf = avl_balance_factor( node );

	if( bf >= 2 ) {
		/* Left Heavy */	

		if( avl_balance_factor( node->left ) <= -1 ) 
			newroot = avl_rotate_leftright( node );
		else 
			newroot = avl_rotate_leftleft( node );

	} else if( bf <= -2 ) {
		/* Right Heavy */

		if( avl_balance_factor( node->right ) >= 1 )
			newroot = avl_rotate_rightleft( node );
		else 
			newroot = avl_rotate_rightright( node );

	} else {
		/* This node is balanced -- no change. */

		newroot = node;
	}

	return( newroot );	
}

/* Balance a given tree */
void avl_balance( avl_tree_t *tree ) {

	avl_node_t *newroot = NULL;

	newroot = avl_balance_node( tree->root );

	if( newroot != tree->root )  {
		tree->root = newroot; 
	}
}

/* Insert a new node. */
void avl_insert( avl_tree_t *tree, int value ) {
	avl_node_t *node = NULL;
	avl_node_t *next = NULL;
	avl_node_t *last = NULL;

	/* Well, there must be a first case */ 	
	if( tree->root == NULL ) {
		node = avl_create_node();
		node->value = value;

		tree->root = node;

	/* Okay.  We have a root already.  Where do we put this? */
	} else {
		next = tree->root;

		while( next != NULL ) {
			last = next;

			if( value < next->value ) {
				next = next->left;

			} else if( value > next->value ) {
				next = next->right;

			/* Have we already inserted this node? */
			} else if( value == next->value ) {
				/* This shouldn't happen. */	
			}
		}

		node = avl_create_node();
		node->value = value;

		if( value < last->value ) last->left = node;
		if( value > last->value ) last->right = node;
		
	}

	avl_balance( tree );
}

/* Find the node containing a given value */
avl_node_t *avl_find( avl_tree_t *tree, int value ) {
	avl_node_t *current = tree->root;

	while( current && current->value != value ) {
		if( value > current->value )
			current = current->right;
		else
			current = current->left;
	}

	return current;
}

/* Do a depth first traverse of a node. */
void avl_traverse_node_dfs( avl_node_t *node, int depth ) {
	int i = 0;

	if( node->left ) avl_traverse_node_dfs( node->left, depth + 2 );

	for( i = 0; i < depth; i++ ) putchar( ' ' );
	printf( "%d: %d\n", node->value, avl_balance_factor( node ) );

	if( node->right ) avl_traverse_node_dfs( node->right, depth + 2 );
}

/* Do a depth first traverse of a tree. */
void avl_traverse_dfs( avl_tree_t *tree ) {
	avl_traverse_node_dfs( tree->root, 0 );
}

int main( int argc, char **argv ) {
	avl_tree_t *tree = NULL;
	int i = 0; 
	int r = 0;


	tree = avl_create();

	/* Insert 1-20 in random order -- this is suboptimal, but easy */
	srand( time( NULL ) );

	for( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ) {
		do {
			r = rand() % 20 + 1;
		} while( avl_find( tree, r ) );

		avl_insert( tree, r );
	}

	avl_traverse_dfs( tree );

	return 0;
}

@JKornev well said. I stand corrected.

I am looking for a function to delete nodes! OTL

This isn't an AVL tree it's just a generic BST with balance and height functions. Plus the recursive calls will kill the stack for large data sets, such as described by other users.

I have done a benchmark test to this code, it takes 8331ms to insert 16 * 1024 randomly distributed int32_t values generated by mt19937 (gcc-13, -O2), it's totally a SLOW AVL tree implementation!

#include <kerbal/container/vector.hpp>
#include <kerbal/test/runtime_timer.hpp>
#include <kerbal/random/mersenne_twister_engine.hpp>
#include <iostream>


int main( int argc, char **argv ) {

	typedef kerbal::type_traits::integral_constant<std::size_t, 16 * 1024> N;

	kerbal::container::vector<int> v;
	{
		v.resize(N::value);
		kerbal::random::mt19937 eg;
		eg.generate_n(&v[0], N::value);
		
		//kerbal::algorithm::iota(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
	}

	avl_tree_t *tree = avl_create();

	{
		kerbal::test::runtime_timer t;
		for (N::value_type i = 0; i < N::value; ++i) {
			avl_insert(tree, v[i]);
		}
		std::cout << t.count() << std::endl;
	}

	return 0;
}