Runtime output of the https://gist.github.com/vblagoje/430def6cda347c0b65f5f244bc0f2ede script

output.txt

/Users/vblagoje/miniconda3/envs/haystack/bin/python /Users/vblagoje/Library/Application Support/JetBrains/PyCharmCE2023.2/scratches/scratch.py 
/Users/vblagoje/miniconda3/envs/haystack/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/_utils.py:776: UserWarning: TypedStorage is deprecated. It will be removed in the future and UntypedStorage will be the only storage class. This should only matter to you if you are using storages directly.  To access UntypedStorage directly, use tensor.untyped_storage() instead of tensor.storage()
  return self.fget.__get__(instance, owner)()

Running optimized pipeline with gpt-3.5-turbo


Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?
html handler failed to extract content from https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/int/int_0503b.pdf
Answer: {'results': ["The main reasons for the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be traced back to historical events and ongoing issues. One significant factor is the history of territorial disputes and invasions. Throughout history, Russia and Poland have engaged in conflicts and wars, such as the Russo-Polish War in the 17th century and the Polish-Soviet War in the early 20th century. These conflicts resulted in the partitioning and annexation of Polish territories by Russia, erasing Poland from the map of Europe for over a century.\n\nAnother contributing factor is the historical revisionism and nationalist opposition to Russian rule in Poland. Both countries have accused each other of distorting history to serve their own narratives. The 1940 Katyn massacre, where thousands of Polish military and intellectuals were killed by the Soviet secret police, is a particularly sensitive issue for Poland and exemplifies the history of repression and suffering.\n\nEconomic issues and energy security also play a role in the animosities. Poland heavily relies on energy imports from Russia, making it vulnerable to potential disruptions. The Nord Stream 1 pipeline, which threatens Poland's energy security, and the Russian ban on Polish food imports have further strained relations.\n\nMore recent events, such as the 2010 Polish Air Force crash and the Russian annexation of Crimea, have also contributed to tensions. The crash raised suspicions in Poland about the transparency of the investigation and increased distrust towards Russia. The annexation of Crimea heightened concerns in Poland, as Russia maintains control over the Kaliningrad Oblast, which directly borders Poland.\n\nOverall, the animosities between Russia and Poland stem from a combination of historical conflicts, territorial disputes, economic issues, and differing interpretations of history. These factors have created a deep-rooted mistrust and ongoing tensions between the two countries."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': '[27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 24, 'score': '0.07158783'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7b2cb4a342349ec3ffa564051000626e'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2] [3] [4] Muscovy, now transforming into the Russian Empire , retaliated by taking advantage of the weakening Commonwealth, taking over disputed territories and moving its borders westwards in the aftermath of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and later participated in the destruction of the Commonwealth during the Swedish Deluge . [2] By the beginning of the 18th century, with the deterioration of the Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) into anarchy , Russians were able to intervene in internal Polish affairs at will, politically and militarily, see ( Silent Sejm , War of the Polish Succession ). [2] Around the mid-18th century, the influence of ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland , could be compared to those of colonial viceroys [5] and the Commonwealth was seen by Russians as a form of protectorate . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.002442549'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a3e4d22682f442b740412f0770896347'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2] [6] [7]\nWith the failure of the Bar Confederation opposing the Russian political and military influence in Poland, the First Partition took place in 1772, followed by the Second Partition , and the Third Partition of Poland . By 1795, the three partitions of Poland erased Poland from the map of Europe. [2] As Nowak remarked, "a new justification for Russian colonialism gathered strength from the Enlightenment ": occupied Poland was portrayed by the Russian authors as an anarchic, dangerous country whose Catholic and democratic ideas had to be suppressed by the \'more enlightened neighbors.\'[2] Over the next 123 years , a large part of Polish population and former territory would be subject to the rule of the Russian Empire. [2] However, Poland was undergoing a cultural and political revival after the First Partition culminating in the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.0028172717'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'ea2a6275d07398e649e309c605caf98d'}>, <Document: {'content': "[ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia's food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland's biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 29, 'score': '0.0122428015'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '491dadd89674b003fcff86a0117b8bb4'}>, <Document: {'content': "[2]\n1955 Soviet stamp honouring Adam Mickiewicz and Alexander Pushkin\n25th Anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between USSR and Poland\nNationalist opposition to Russian rule of Poland persisted through the 19th century, and after the fall of the Romanov dynasty in the Russian Revolution the German Empire forced Vladimir Lenin 's new Bolshevik regime to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk surrendering most of Russian Poland as a German client state . [8] [9] Immediately after regaining independence in 1918 after the fall of Germany , Poland was faced with a war with the new Bolshevik Russia , with the Polish–Soviet War eventually ending up with a Polish victory at Warsaw , spoiling Lenin 's plans of sending his Red Army west to start a worldwide Communist revolution . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 10, 'score': '0.003387293'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c163f15dd5141d62afb7c00a43205765'}>, <Document: {'content': "Like the principalities that arose from the disintegration of Kievan Rus', Poland experienced several Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, despite the devastation, the Mongol yoke was not established, which subsequently provided Poland with an advantage in the development of trade, culture and public relations. In 1340, Vladimir Lvovich died, the last Galician heir to the Rurik dynasty , after which the Galician principality was inherited by Kazimierz III the Great and annexed to the Kingdom of Poland .\nMuscovy and Russian Empire[ edit ]\nCapitulation of Russian garrison of Smolensk before Władysław IV of Poland in 1634\nRelations between Poland and Muscovite Russia have been tense, as the increasingly desperate Grand Duchy of Lithuania involved the Kingdom of Poland into its war with Muscovy around 16th century . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.0032994782'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '485d1f31d374255c50c5089066f2a0f9'}>, <Document: {'content': "[37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia's response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 26, 'score': '0.014785362'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '27c83c8331d5263a5d5e85fb85022eda'}>, <Document: {'content': "It will take hard effort on both sides, such as Russia’s full and open cooperation on the investigation of Katyn and the elimination of the anti-Russian politics in Poland, to break away from the past and at long last come to terms with each other.\nMasha Lipman is the chair of the Carnegie Moscow Center's\nSociety and Regions Program. She is also the editor of the Center's Pro et Contra journal.", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/16/can-russia-and-poland-forget-centuries-of-animosity-in-a-single-weekend/', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Russian-Polish relations are overburdened by centuries-long animosity. In the 20th century alone, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union ...', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.0064807427'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e9e727616d7d33055d50707c24bbcdda'}>, <Document: {'content': 'For the Poles, the 1940 Katyn massacre, in which more than 20,000 Polish military and intellectuals were killed by the Soviet secret police, exemplifies this history of repression and suffering.\nIn the past decade, conflicting perceptions of World War II’s history have once again exacerbated the two countries’ relations. So it was truly striking to see the outpouring of emotion between Russia and Poland over the tragic deaths of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and other Polish dignitaries killed in a plane crash on their way to commemorate the victims of the Katyn massacre. As Russian President Dmitry Medvedev plans to join other world leaders at Kaczynski’s funeral on Sunday, the two countries may have a chance to overcome the dark historical legacy.\n"Russia shares the grief and mourning of Poland," Medvedev announced in the wake of the plane crash. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/16/can-russia-and-poland-forget-centuries-of-animosity-in-a-single-weekend/', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Russian-Polish relations are overburdened by centuries-long animosity. In the 20th century alone, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.030041788'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '21a796caeb06139aaa90cfa23cea998f'}>], 'results': ["The main reasons for the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be traced back to historical events and ongoing issues. One significant factor is the history of territorial disputes and invasions. Throughout history, Russia and Poland have engaged in conflicts and wars, such as the Russo-Polish War in the 17th century and the Polish-Soviet War in the early 20th century. These conflicts resulted in the partitioning and annexation of Polish territories by Russia, erasing Poland from the map of Europe for over a century.\n\nAnother contributing factor is the historical revisionism and nationalist opposition to Russian rule in Poland. Both countries have accused each other of distorting history to serve their own narratives. The 1940 Katyn massacre, where thousands of Polish military and intellectuals were killed by the Soviet secret police, is a particularly sensitive issue for Poland and exemplifies the history of repression and suffering.\n\nEconomic issues and energy security also play a role in the animosities. Poland heavily relies on energy imports from Russia, making it vulnerable to potential disruptions. The Nord Stream 1 pipeline, which threatens Poland's energy security, and the Russian ban on Polish food imports have further strained relations.\n\nMore recent events, such as the 2010 Polish Air Force crash and the Russian annexation of Crimea, have also contributed to tensions. The crash raised suspicions in Poland about the transparency of the investigation and increased distrust towards Russia. The annexation of Crimea heightened concerns in Poland, as Russia maintains control over the Kaliningrad Oblast, which directly borders Poland.\n\nOverall, the animosities between Russia and Poland stem from a combination of historical conflicts, territorial disputes, economic issues, and differing interpretations of history. These factors have created a deep-rooted mistrust and ongoing tensions between the two countries."], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: [27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast .  [2] [3] [4] Muscovy, now transforming into the Russian Empire , retaliated by taking advantage of the weakening Commonwealth, taking over disputed territories and moving its borders westwards in the aftermath of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and later participated in the destruction of the Commonwealth during the Swedish Deluge . [2] By the beginning of the 18th century, with the deterioration of the Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) into anarchy , Russians were able to intervene in internal Polish affairs at will, politically and militarily, see ( Silent Sejm , War of the Polish Succession ). [2] Around the mid-18th century, the influence of ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland , could be compared to those of colonial viceroys [5] and the Commonwealth was seen by Russians as a form of protectorate .  [2] [6] [7]\nWith the failure of the Bar Confederation opposing the Russian political and military influence in Poland, the First Partition took place in 1772, followed by the Second Partition , and the Third Partition of Poland . By 1795, the three partitions of Poland erased Poland from the map of Europe. [2] As Nowak remarked, "a new justification for Russian colonialism gathered strength from the Enlightenment ": occupied Poland was portrayed by the Russian authors as an anarchic, dangerous country whose Catholic and democratic ideas had to be suppressed by the \'more enlightened neighbors.\'[2] Over the next 123 years , a large part of Polish population and former territory would be subject to the rule of the Russian Empire. [2] However, Poland was undergoing a cultural and political revival after the First Partition culminating in the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794.  [ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia\'s food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland\'s biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism .  [2]\n1955 Soviet stamp honouring Adam Mickiewicz and Alexander Pushkin\n25th Anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between USSR and Poland\nNationalist opposition to Russian rule of Poland persisted through the 19th century, and after the fall of the Romanov dynasty in the Russian Revolution the German Empire forced Vladimir Lenin \'s new Bolshevik regime to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk surrendering most of Russian Poland as a German client state . [8] [9] Immediately after regaining independence in 1918 after the fall of Germany , Poland was faced with a war with the new Bolshevik Russia , with the Polish–Soviet War eventually ending up with a Polish victory at Warsaw , spoiling Lenin \'s plans of sending his Red Army west to start a worldwide Communist revolution .  Like the principalities that arose from the disintegration of Kievan Rus\', Poland experienced several Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, despite the devastation, the Mongol yoke was not established, which subsequently provided Poland with an advantage in the development of trade, culture and public relations. In 1340, Vladimir Lvovich died, the last Galician heir to the Rurik dynasty , after which the Galician principality was inherited by Kazimierz III the Great and annexed to the Kingdom of Poland .\nMuscovy and Russian Empire[ edit ]\nCapitulation of Russian garrison of Smolensk before Władysław IV of Poland in 1634\nRelations between Poland and Muscovite Russia have been tense, as the increasingly desperate Grand Duchy of Lithuania involved the Kingdom of Poland into its war with Muscovy around 16th century .  [37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia\'s response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation.  It will take hard effort on both sides, such as Russia’s full and open cooperation on the investigation of Katyn and the elimination of the anti-Russian politics in Poland, to break away from the past and at long last come to terms with each other.\nMasha Lipman is the chair of the Carnegie Moscow Center\'s\nSociety and Regions Program. She is also the editor of the Center\'s Pro et Contra journal. For the Poles, the 1940 Katyn massacre, in which more than 20,000 Polish military and intellectuals were killed by the Soviet secret police, exemplifies this history of repression and suffering.\nIn the past decade, conflicting perceptions of World War II’s history have once again exacerbated the two countries’ relations. So it was truly striking to see the outpouring of emotion between Russia and Poland over the tragic deaths of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and other Polish dignitaries killed in a plane crash on their way to commemorate the victims of the Katyn massacre. As Russian President Dmitry Medvedev plans to join other world leaders at Kaczynski’s funeral on Sunday, the two countries may have a chance to overcome the dark historical legacy.\n"Russia shares the grief and mourning of Poland," Medvedev announced in the wake of the plane crash.  \n\n Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': '[27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 24, 'score': '0.07158783'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7b2cb4a342349ec3ffa564051000626e'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2] [3] [4] Muscovy, now transforming into the Russian Empire , retaliated by taking advantage of the weakening Commonwealth, taking over disputed territories and moving its borders westwards in the aftermath of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and later participated in the destruction of the Commonwealth during the Swedish Deluge . [2] By the beginning of the 18th century, with the deterioration of the Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) into anarchy , Russians were able to intervene in internal Polish affairs at will, politically and militarily, see ( Silent Sejm , War of the Polish Succession ). [2] Around the mid-18th century, the influence of ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland , could be compared to those of colonial viceroys [5] and the Commonwealth was seen by Russians as a form of protectorate . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.002442549'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a3e4d22682f442b740412f0770896347'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2] [6] [7]\nWith the failure of the Bar Confederation opposing the Russian political and military influence in Poland, the First Partition took place in 1772, followed by the Second Partition , and the Third Partition of Poland . By 1795, the three partitions of Poland erased Poland from the map of Europe. [2] As Nowak remarked, "a new justification for Russian colonialism gathered strength from the Enlightenment ": occupied Poland was portrayed by the Russian authors as an anarchic, dangerous country whose Catholic and democratic ideas had to be suppressed by the \'more enlightened neighbors.\'[2] Over the next 123 years , a large part of Polish population and former territory would be subject to the rule of the Russian Empire. [2] However, Poland was undergoing a cultural and political revival after the First Partition culminating in the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.0028172717'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'ea2a6275d07398e649e309c605caf98d'}>, <Document: {'content': "[ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia's food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland's biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 29, 'score': '0.0122428015'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '491dadd89674b003fcff86a0117b8bb4'}>, <Document: {'content': "[2]\n1955 Soviet stamp honouring Adam Mickiewicz and Alexander Pushkin\n25th Anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between USSR and Poland\nNationalist opposition to Russian rule of Poland persisted through the 19th century, and after the fall of the Romanov dynasty in the Russian Revolution the German Empire forced Vladimir Lenin 's new Bolshevik regime to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk surrendering most of Russian Poland as a German client state . [8] [9] Immediately after regaining independence in 1918 after the fall of Germany , Poland was faced with a war with the new Bolshevik Russia , with the Polish–Soviet War eventually ending up with a Polish victory at Warsaw , spoiling Lenin 's plans of sending his Red Army west to start a worldwide Communist revolution . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 10, 'score': '0.003387293'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c163f15dd5141d62afb7c00a43205765'}>, <Document: {'content': "Like the principalities that arose from the disintegration of Kievan Rus', Poland experienced several Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, despite the devastation, the Mongol yoke was not established, which subsequently provided Poland with an advantage in the development of trade, culture and public relations. In 1340, Vladimir Lvovich died, the last Galician heir to the Rurik dynasty , after which the Galician principality was inherited by Kazimierz III the Great and annexed to the Kingdom of Poland .\nMuscovy and Russian Empire[ edit ]\nCapitulation of Russian garrison of Smolensk before Władysław IV of Poland in 1634\nRelations between Poland and Muscovite Russia have been tense, as the increasingly desperate Grand Duchy of Lithuania involved the Kingdom of Poland into its war with Muscovy around 16th century . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.0032994782'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '485d1f31d374255c50c5089066f2a0f9'}>, <Document: {'content': "[37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia's response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.16363636363636364, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 26, 'score': '0.014785362'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '27c83c8331d5263a5d5e85fb85022eda'}>, <Document: {'content': "It will take hard effort on both sides, such as Russia’s full and open cooperation on the investigation of Katyn and the elimination of the anti-Russian politics in Poland, to break away from the past and at long last come to terms with each other.\nMasha Lipman is the chair of the Carnegie Moscow Center's\nSociety and Regions Program. She is also the editor of the Center's Pro et Contra journal.", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/16/can-russia-and-poland-forget-centuries-of-animosity-in-a-single-weekend/', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Russian-Polish relations are overburdened by centuries-long animosity. In the 20th century alone, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union ...', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.0064807427'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e9e727616d7d33055d50707c24bbcdda'}>, <Document: {'content': 'For the Poles, the 1940 Katyn massacre, in which more than 20,000 Polish military and intellectuals were killed by the Soviet secret police, exemplifies this history of repression and suffering.\nIn the past decade, conflicting perceptions of World War II’s history have once again exacerbated the two countries’ relations. So it was truly striking to see the outpouring of emotion between Russia and Poland over the tragic deaths of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and other Polish dignitaries killed in a plane crash on their way to commemorate the victims of the Katyn massacre. As Russian President Dmitry Medvedev plans to join other world leaders at Kaczynski’s funeral on Sunday, the two countries may have a chance to overcome the dark historical legacy.\n"Russia shares the grief and mourning of Poland," Medvedev announced in the wake of the plane crash. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/16/can-russia-and-poland-forget-centuries-of-animosity-in-a-single-weekend/', 'timestamp': 1690982710, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Russian-Polish relations are overburdened by centuries-long animosity. In the 20th century alone, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.030041788'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '21a796caeb06139aaa90cfa23cea998f'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?
We found one or more sentences whose word count is higher than the split length.
Answer: {'results': ["The primary cause of climate change on a global scale is the effect of human activities on the earth's climate. Since the Industrial Revolution, large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have been released into the atmosphere, resulting in changes to the climate. While natural processes such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions also influence the climate, they do not explain the observed warming over the past century. Human influence has been unequivocally identified as the main factor in warming the atmosphere, ocean, and land.\n\nOn a local scale, climate change can be influenced by various factors. Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling. Urban areas, known as heat islands, tend to be warmer than surrounding areas due to the lower reflectivity of buildings, pavement, and roofs compared to natural surfaces. However, the overall effect of land-use changes appears to be a small cooling.\n\nEmissions of small particles known as aerosols into the air can also affect the reflectivity or absorption of the sun's energy. Human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect on the earth. Changes in the earth's reflectivity can be influenced by natural factors as well, such as the melting of sea ice, which has contributed to climate change in the past.\n\nThe effects of climate change on a global and local scale are significant. Increased droughts, exacerbated by global warming, lead to water scarcity in many regions. This, in turn, affects agriculture and ecosystems, reducing land for growing food and threatening water availability. The warming and rising of the ocean, caused by climate change, result in increased sea levels, posing a threat to coastal and island communities. The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide, but this leads to increased acidity, endangering marine life and coral reefs.\n\nClimate change also poses risks to species survival on land and in the ocean, with species being lost at an alarming rate. Forest fires, extreme weather events, and invasive pests and diseases are among the threats related to climate change. Additionally, changes in the climate and extreme weather events contribute to global hunger and poor nutrition. The production of food itself, through deforestation, clearing of land, and the use of fertilizers and energy, is a major contributor to climate change. Residential and commercial buildings, fueled by coal, oil, and natural gas, emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases.\n\nIn summary, the primary causes of climate change on a global scale are human activities, particularly the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. On a local scale, changes in reflectivity and the presence of aerosols also play a role. The effects of climate change include increased droughts, rising sea levels, species loss, food insecurity, and the emission of greenhouse gases from various sources."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.10080953'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e22576b4475297a1a2c3326d01951e2'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 19, 'score': '0.049656417'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '11100c1d24861d0f6f39f244d7f35bca'}>, <Document: {'content': "Reflectivity or Absorption of the Sun’s Energy\nActivities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling. This effect is observed in heat islands , which are urban centers that are warmer than the surrounding, less populated areas. One reason that these areas are warmer is that buildings, pavement, and roofs tend to reflect less sunlight than natural surfaces. While deforestation can increase the earth’s reflectivity globally by replacing dark trees with lighter surfaces such as crops, the net effect of all land-use changes appears to be a small cooling. 13\nEmissions of small particles, known as aerosols, into the air can also lead to reflection or absorption of the sun's energy. Many types of air pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to create aerosols. Overall, human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect on the earth. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.005373776'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e993546c8475fae5d7b4636c54eb3346'}>, <Document: {'content': '17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.08481129'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd58dd0e219cb3618221b3bb1971cd7ea'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Increased drought\nClimate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.\nA warming, rising ocean\nThe ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. The rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the past two decades, across all depths of the ocean. As the ocean warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets warmer. Melting ice sheets also cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island communities. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 6, 'score': '0.011797917'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'bbc30d37c123cdd34a65f08cff0ce4ac'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In addition, the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.\nLoss of species\nClimate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in recorded human history. One million species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.\nNot enough food\nChanges in the climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.004913056'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '43489b62961268373b885eb6b9a796f9'}>, <Document: {'content': 'And trends point to a significant increase in energy use for transport over the coming years.\nProducing food\nProducing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing crops, and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. All this makes food production a major contributor to climate change. And greenhouse gas emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.\nPowering buildings\nGlobally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.0055279457'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '5ab6aec76113b2616eb80f366f7e6a88'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Other greenhouse gases\nWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and also the most important in terms of its contribution to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime. Some human activities can influence local water vapor levels. However, on a global scale, the concentration of water vapor is controlled by temperature, which influences overall rates of evaporation and precipitation. [2] Â\xa0Therefore, the global concentration of water vapor is not substantially affected by direct human emissions.\nTropospheric ozone (O3) , which also has a short atmospheric lifetime, is a potent greenhouse gas. Chemical reactions create ozone from emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from automobiles, power plants, and other industrial and commercial sources in the presence of sunlight. In addition to trapping heat, ground-level ozone is a pollutant that can cause respiratory health problems and damage crops and ecosystems.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 14, 'score': '0.0039735907'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7e35a1d50d1c1dc4da7a41e088236e48'}>], 'results': ["The primary cause of climate change on a global scale is the effect of human activities on the earth's climate. Since the Industrial Revolution, large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have been released into the atmosphere, resulting in changes to the climate. While natural processes such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions also influence the climate, they do not explain the observed warming over the past century. Human influence has been unequivocally identified as the main factor in warming the atmosphere, ocean, and land.\n\nOn a local scale, climate change can be influenced by various factors. Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling. Urban areas, known as heat islands, tend to be warmer than surrounding areas due to the lower reflectivity of buildings, pavement, and roofs compared to natural surfaces. However, the overall effect of land-use changes appears to be a small cooling.\n\nEmissions of small particles known as aerosols into the air can also affect the reflectivity or absorption of the sun's energy. Human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect on the earth. Changes in the earth's reflectivity can be influenced by natural factors as well, such as the melting of sea ice, which has contributed to climate change in the past.\n\nThe effects of climate change on a global and local scale are significant. Increased droughts, exacerbated by global warming, lead to water scarcity in many regions. This, in turn, affects agriculture and ecosystems, reducing land for growing food and threatening water availability. The warming and rising of the ocean, caused by climate change, result in increased sea levels, posing a threat to coastal and island communities. The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide, but this leads to increased acidity, endangering marine life and coral reefs.\n\nClimate change also poses risks to species survival on land and in the ocean, with species being lost at an alarming rate. Forest fires, extreme weather events, and invasive pests and diseases are among the threats related to climate change. Additionally, changes in the climate and extreme weather events contribute to global hunger and poor nutrition. The production of food itself, through deforestation, clearing of land, and the use of fertilizers and energy, is a major contributor to climate change. Residential and commercial buildings, fueled by coal, oil, and natural gas, emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases.\n\nIn summary, the primary causes of climate change on a global scale are human activities, particularly the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. On a local scale, changes in reflectivity and the presence of aerosols also play a role. The effects of climate change include increased droughts, rising sea levels, species loss, food insecurity, and the emission of greenhouse gases from various sources."], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n [2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate.  Reflectivity or Absorption of the Sun’s Energy\nActivities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling. This effect is observed in heat islands , which are urban centers that are warmer than the surrounding, less populated areas. One reason that these areas are warmer is that buildings, pavement, and roofs tend to reflect less sunlight than natural surfaces. While deforestation can increase the earth’s reflectivity globally by replacing dark trees with lighter surfaces such as crops, the net effect of all land-use changes appears to be a small cooling. 13\nEmissions of small particles, known as aerosols, into the air can also lead to reflection or absorption of the sun's energy. Many types of air pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to create aerosols. Overall, human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect on the earth.  17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n Increased drought\nClimate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.\nA warming, rising ocean\nThe ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. The rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the past two decades, across all depths of the ocean. As the ocean warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets warmer. Melting ice sheets also cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island communities.  In addition, the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.\nLoss of species\nClimate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in recorded human history. One million species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.\nNot enough food\nChanges in the climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition.  And trends point to a significant increase in energy use for transport over the coming years.\nProducing food\nProducing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing crops, and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. All this makes food production a major contributor to climate change. And greenhouse gas emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.\nPowering buildings\nGlobally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions.  Other greenhouse gases\nWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and also the most important in terms of its contribution to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime. Some human activities can influence local water vapor levels. However, on a global scale, the concentration of water vapor is controlled by temperature, which influences overall rates of evaporation and precipitation. [2] Â\xa0Therefore, the global concentration of water vapor is not substantially affected by direct human emissions.\nTropospheric ozone (O3) , which also has a short atmospheric lifetime, is a potent greenhouse gas. Chemical reactions create ozone from emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from automobiles, power plants, and other industrial and commercial sources in the presence of sunlight. In addition to trapping heat, ground-level ozone is a pollutant that can cause respiratory health problems and damage crops and ecosystems.\n \n\n Question: What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.10080953'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e22576b4475297a1a2c3326d01951e2'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 19, 'score': '0.049656417'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '11100c1d24861d0f6f39f244d7f35bca'}>, <Document: {'content': "Reflectivity or Absorption of the Sun’s Energy\nActivities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling. This effect is observed in heat islands , which are urban centers that are warmer than the surrounding, less populated areas. One reason that these areas are warmer is that buildings, pavement, and roofs tend to reflect less sunlight than natural surfaces. While deforestation can increase the earth’s reflectivity globally by replacing dark trees with lighter surfaces such as crops, the net effect of all land-use changes appears to be a small cooling. 13\nEmissions of small particles, known as aerosols, into the air can also lead to reflection or absorption of the sun's energy. Many types of air pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to create aerosols. Overall, human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect on the earth. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.005373776'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e993546c8475fae5d7b4636c54eb3346'}>, <Document: {'content': '17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.08481129'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd58dd0e219cb3618221b3bb1971cd7ea'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Increased drought\nClimate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.\nA warming, rising ocean\nThe ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. The rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the past two decades, across all depths of the ocean. As the ocean warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets warmer. Melting ice sheets also cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island communities. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 6, 'score': '0.011797917'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'bbc30d37c123cdd34a65f08cff0ce4ac'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In addition, the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.\nLoss of species\nClimate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in recorded human history. One million species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.\nNot enough food\nChanges in the climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.004913056'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '43489b62961268373b885eb6b9a796f9'}>, <Document: {'content': 'And trends point to a significant increase in energy use for transport over the coming years.\nProducing food\nProducing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing crops, and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. All this makes food production a major contributor to climate change. And greenhouse gas emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.\nPowering buildings\nGlobally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.0055279457'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '5ab6aec76113b2616eb80f366f7e6a88'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Other greenhouse gases\nWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and also the most important in terms of its contribution to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime. Some human activities can influence local water vapor levels. However, on a global scale, the concentration of water vapor is controlled by temperature, which influences overall rates of evaporation and precipitation. [2] Â\xa0Therefore, the global concentration of water vapor is not substantially affected by direct human emissions.\nTropospheric ozone (O3) , which also has a short atmospheric lifetime, is a potent greenhouse gas. Chemical reactions create ozone from emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from automobiles, power plants, and other industrial and commercial sources in the presence of sunlight. In addition to trapping heat, ground-level ozone is a pollutant that can cause respiratory health problems and damage crops and ecosystems.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982728, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 14, 'score': '0.0039735907'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7e35a1d50d1c1dc4da7a41e088236e48'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?
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Answer: {'results': ['The key events and influences that led to the Renaissance were increased interaction between different cultures and societies, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death. These developments shaped modern Western culture in several ways.\n\nFirst, increased interaction between different societies through trade networks, such as the Silk Road, led to an exchange of goods, people, beliefs, ideas, and values. This exposure to different cultures and perspectives sparked a shift in worldview and perspective, which was a fundamental aspect of the Renaissance. Europeans studied Classical Latin texts and Greek science and philosophy, establishing early versions of universities and expanding and interpreting these Classical ideas into their own art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry.\n\nThe rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts played a crucial role in the Renaissance. Scholars and thinkers of the time began studying these texts on a larger scale, leading to a revival of interest in classical antiquity and philosophy. They used these texts as a way to revitalize their culture and developed their own style of art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry. The Renaissance saw developments in astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration, and the works of Shakespeare.\n\nThe emergence of humanism was another important factor in shaping the Renaissance and modern Western culture. Humanism emphasized the importance of human beings, their potential, and their achievements. It encouraged critical thinking, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge and self-improvement. Humanist ideas influenced various fields, including art, literature, education, and politics.\n\nArtistic and technological innovations also contributed to the Renaissance and its impact on modern Western culture. The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400s, revolutionized the production and dissemination of books and literature. Prior to the printing press, creating books was labor-intensive and slow. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and facilitating the spread of ideas.\n\nThe impacts of conflict and death also played a role in the Renaissance. The Crusades, for example, exposed Europeans to new cultures and ideas, contributing to the shift in perspective that characterized the Renaissance. However, it is important to recognize that the Renaissance had devastating impacts on indigenous populations in the Western Hemisphere and led to colonization and slavery in Africa. The ramifications of European colonization and slavery are still felt and debated today.\n\nOverall, the Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and had a profound impact on Western culture. The developments in science, art, philosophy, trade, and technology, as well as the emphasis on humanism, left lasting impressions on society and set the stage for many elements of our modern culture. The Renaissance provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment and continues to shape our understanding of history, literature, art, and the human experience.'], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.12704755'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'f897e457fdffc30f6a10e546a72ef645'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Charles Homer Haskins wrote in " The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century " (Harvard University Press, 1927) that there were three main periods that saw resurgences in the art and philosophy of antiquity: the Carolingian Renaissance, which occurred during the reign of Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (eighth and ninth centuries), the Ottonian Renaissance, which developed during the reigns of emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III (10th century) and the 12th century Renaissance.\nThe 12th century Renaissance was especially influential on the later Renaissance, said Wilde. Europeans at the time studied on a larger scale Classical Latin texts and Greek science and philosophy; they also established early versions of universities.\nThe Crusades played a role in ushering in the Renaissance, Philip Van Ness Myers wrote in "Medieval and Modern History" (Ginn & Company, 1902). ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.007965315'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '78c235da262e862e622832683b2fd6a8'}>, <Document: {'content': 'However, while the Renaissance had some positive impact for Europe, it had devastating impacts for people of the Western Hemisphere, as plagues decimated Indigenous populations and the survivors often found themselves enslaved and under the rule of European colonizers. This system of conquest, colonization and slavery also repeated itself in Africa as European power grew. Today, the ramifications of European colonization and slavery are still felt and hotly debated around the world.\nAdditional resources\n—Learn more about the geniuses of the Renaissance, from da Vinci and Galileo to Descartes and Chaucer on this History Channel page , with links to biographies of each.\n—In this book by author Catherine Fet, kids will learn about the Renaissance and its characters through tales of adventure.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.0068294615'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6ef03044de7c59f1e0e073800c679c0c'}>, <Document: {'content': 'This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.049906537'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dd39e5f7e497a28069931b76979ad107'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The seismic shift in perspective of the Renaissance was from one of looking back and copying the past to one of looking forward to create a better future by rekindling the spark that had given the Greek and Roman eras light. Changes accelerated in the 1500s as momentum from new discoveries and innovations spread across Europe.\nThere were five broad trends that shaped the Renaissance: trade and exploration, art, philosophy, science, and religious conflict.\nTrade and Exploration\nThe ancient Silk Road from China, through Central Asia, to ports in Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, had been a major avenue of trade since Roman times. During the 1100s, Venice had grown as a trading power, its merchants establishing trading posts throughout the Middle East and Central Asia. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://medium.com/the-history-inquiry/the-five-major-influences-on-the-renaissance-77674e117001', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'There were five broad trends that shaped the Renaissance: trade and exploration, art, philosophy, science, and religious conflict. Trade and ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.13040033'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '72b1b3fbd81a4ca143a57e76a60db1ec'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Many historians, including U.K.-based historian and writer Robert Wilde, prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. Interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though convenient for historians, "masks the long roots of the Renaissance," Wilde told Live Science.\nDuring this time, interest in classical antiquity and philosophy grew, with some Renaissance thinkers using it as a way to revitalize their culture . They expanded and interpreted these Classical ideas, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include developments in astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.01343548'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '40e7c23eff16f7b1da9bf9c7460a28b8'}>, <Document: {'content': "This means that European society at the time was not necessarily open to change.\xa0 However, the essence of the Renaissance was that Europe experienced a shift in worldview and perspective.\xa0 This shift was caused by new ideas, views and beliefs that Europe was exposed to in the centuries before the start of the Renaissance, which began in the 14th century.\nSilk Road Map (Click to Enlarge)\n'Caravan on the Silk Road' from 1380\nFirst, vast trade networks across Europe, Asia and Africa led to increased interaction between different societies which caused not only an exchange of goods, but also an exchange of people, beliefs, ideas and values.\xa0 The largest and most well known of these trade networks was the Silk Road .\xa0 ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.0125383595'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e4c8c53153b513d6e14b701b76a267f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The festivals included the arrivals of the king into the city or town where the festival was being held, wrote Richard Cooper, an emeritus professor of French at the University of Oxford, in a paper published in the book "Court Festivals of the European Renaissance" (Taylor & Francis, 2017). Henri II sometimes held these festivals to make an important event such as the coronation of his queen or a military victory, wrote Cooper.\nHow the Renaissance changed the world\n"The Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment," said Abernethy. The developments in science, art, philosophy and trade, as well as technological advancements like the printing press, left lasting impressions on society and set the stage for many elements of our modern culture.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 20, 'score': '0.049001433'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c063de0402e6fa2ff42dc453886514b8'}>], 'results': ['The key events and influences that led to the Renaissance were increased interaction between different cultures and societies, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death. These developments shaped modern Western culture in several ways.\n\nFirst, increased interaction between different societies through trade networks, such as the Silk Road, led to an exchange of goods, people, beliefs, ideas, and values. This exposure to different cultures and perspectives sparked a shift in worldview and perspective, which was a fundamental aspect of the Renaissance. Europeans studied Classical Latin texts and Greek science and philosophy, establishing early versions of universities and expanding and interpreting these Classical ideas into their own art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry.\n\nThe rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts played a crucial role in the Renaissance. Scholars and thinkers of the time began studying these texts on a larger scale, leading to a revival of interest in classical antiquity and philosophy. They used these texts as a way to revitalize their culture and developed their own style of art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry. The Renaissance saw developments in astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration, and the works of Shakespeare.\n\nThe emergence of humanism was another important factor in shaping the Renaissance and modern Western culture. Humanism emphasized the importance of human beings, their potential, and their achievements. It encouraged critical thinking, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge and self-improvement. Humanist ideas influenced various fields, including art, literature, education, and politics.\n\nArtistic and technological innovations also contributed to the Renaissance and its impact on modern Western culture. The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400s, revolutionized the production and dissemination of books and literature. Prior to the printing press, creating books was labor-intensive and slow. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and facilitating the spread of ideas.\n\nThe impacts of conflict and death also played a role in the Renaissance. The Crusades, for example, exposed Europeans to new cultures and ideas, contributing to the shift in perspective that characterized the Renaissance. However, it is important to recognize that the Renaissance had devastating impacts on indigenous populations in the Western Hemisphere and led to colonization and slavery in Africa. The ramifications of European colonization and slavery are still felt and debated today.\n\nOverall, the Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and had a profound impact on Western culture. The developments in science, art, philosophy, trade, and technology, as well as the emphasis on humanism, left lasting impressions on society and set the stage for many elements of our modern culture. The Renaissance provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment and continues to shape our understanding of history, literature, art, and the human experience.'], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0  Charles Homer Haskins wrote in " The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century " (Harvard University Press, 1927) that there were three main periods that saw resurgences in the art and philosophy of antiquity: the Carolingian Renaissance, which occurred during the reign of Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (eighth and ninth centuries), the Ottonian Renaissance, which developed during the reigns of emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III (10th century) and the 12th century Renaissance.\nThe 12th century Renaissance was especially influential on the later Renaissance, said Wilde. Europeans at the time studied on a larger scale Classical Latin texts and Greek science and philosophy; they also established early versions of universities.\nThe Crusades played a role in ushering in the Renaissance, Philip Van Ness Myers wrote in "Medieval and Modern History" (Ginn & Company, 1902).  However, while the Renaissance had some positive impact for Europe, it had devastating impacts for people of the Western Hemisphere, as plagues decimated Indigenous populations and the survivors often found themselves enslaved and under the rule of European colonizers. This system of conquest, colonization and slavery also repeated itself in Africa as European power grew. Today, the ramifications of European colonization and slavery are still felt and hotly debated around the world.\nAdditional resources\n—Learn more about the geniuses of the Renaissance, from da Vinci and Galileo to Descartes and Chaucer on this History Channel page , with links to biographies of each.\n—In this book by author Catherine Fet, kids will learn about the Renaissance and its characters through tales of adventure.\n This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0  The seismic shift in perspective of the Renaissance was from one of looking back and copying the past to one of looking forward to create a better future by rekindling the spark that had given the Greek and Roman eras light. Changes accelerated in the 1500s as momentum from new discoveries and innovations spread across Europe.\nThere were five broad trends that shaped the Renaissance: trade and exploration, art, philosophy, science, and religious conflict.\nTrade and Exploration\nThe ancient Silk Road from China, through Central Asia, to ports in Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, had been a major avenue of trade since Roman times. During the 1100s, Venice had grown as a trading power, its merchants establishing trading posts throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.  Many historians, including U.K.-based historian and writer Robert Wilde, prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. Interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though convenient for historians, "masks the long roots of the Renaissance," Wilde told Live Science.\nDuring this time, interest in classical antiquity and philosophy grew, with some Renaissance thinkers using it as a way to revitalize their culture . They expanded and interpreted these Classical ideas, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include developments in astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\n This means that European society at the time was not necessarily open to change.\xa0 However, the essence of the Renaissance was that Europe experienced a shift in worldview and perspective.\xa0 This shift was caused by new ideas, views and beliefs that Europe was exposed to in the centuries before the start of the Renaissance, which began in the 14th century.\nSilk Road Map (Click to Enlarge)\n\'Caravan on the Silk Road\' from 1380\nFirst, vast trade networks across Europe, Asia and Africa led to increased interaction between different societies which caused not only an exchange of goods, but also an exchange of people, beliefs, ideas and values.\xa0 The largest and most well known of these trade networks was the Silk Road .\xa0  The festivals included the arrivals of the king into the city or town where the festival was being held, wrote Richard Cooper, an emeritus professor of French at the University of Oxford, in a paper published in the book "Court Festivals of the European Renaissance" (Taylor & Francis, 2017). Henri II sometimes held these festivals to make an important event such as the coronation of his queen or a military victory, wrote Cooper.\nHow the Renaissance changed the world\n"The Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment," said Abernethy. The developments in science, art, philosophy and trade, as well as technological advancements like the printing press, left lasting impressions on society and set the stage for many elements of our modern culture.\n \n\n Question: What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.12704755'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'f897e457fdffc30f6a10e546a72ef645'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Charles Homer Haskins wrote in " The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century " (Harvard University Press, 1927) that there were three main periods that saw resurgences in the art and philosophy of antiquity: the Carolingian Renaissance, which occurred during the reign of Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (eighth and ninth centuries), the Ottonian Renaissance, which developed during the reigns of emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III (10th century) and the 12th century Renaissance.\nThe 12th century Renaissance was especially influential on the later Renaissance, said Wilde. Europeans at the time studied on a larger scale Classical Latin texts and Greek science and philosophy; they also established early versions of universities.\nThe Crusades played a role in ushering in the Renaissance, Philip Van Ness Myers wrote in "Medieval and Modern History" (Ginn & Company, 1902). ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.007965315'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '78c235da262e862e622832683b2fd6a8'}>, <Document: {'content': 'However, while the Renaissance had some positive impact for Europe, it had devastating impacts for people of the Western Hemisphere, as plagues decimated Indigenous populations and the survivors often found themselves enslaved and under the rule of European colonizers. This system of conquest, colonization and slavery also repeated itself in Africa as European power grew. Today, the ramifications of European colonization and slavery are still felt and hotly debated around the world.\nAdditional resources\n—Learn more about the geniuses of the Renaissance, from da Vinci and Galileo to Descartes and Chaucer on this History Channel page , with links to biographies of each.\n—In this book by author Catherine Fet, kids will learn about the Renaissance and its characters through tales of adventure.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.0068294615'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6ef03044de7c59f1e0e073800c679c0c'}>, <Document: {'content': 'This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.049906537'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dd39e5f7e497a28069931b76979ad107'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The seismic shift in perspective of the Renaissance was from one of looking back and copying the past to one of looking forward to create a better future by rekindling the spark that had given the Greek and Roman eras light. Changes accelerated in the 1500s as momentum from new discoveries and innovations spread across Europe.\nThere were five broad trends that shaped the Renaissance: trade and exploration, art, philosophy, science, and religious conflict.\nTrade and Exploration\nThe ancient Silk Road from China, through Central Asia, to ports in Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, had been a major avenue of trade since Roman times. During the 1100s, Venice had grown as a trading power, its merchants establishing trading posts throughout the Middle East and Central Asia. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://medium.com/the-history-inquiry/the-five-major-influences-on-the-renaissance-77674e117001', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'There were five broad trends that shaped the Renaissance: trade and exploration, art, philosophy, science, and religious conflict. Trade and ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.13040033'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '72b1b3fbd81a4ca143a57e76a60db1ec'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Many historians, including U.K.-based historian and writer Robert Wilde, prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. Interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though convenient for historians, "masks the long roots of the Renaissance," Wilde told Live Science.\nDuring this time, interest in classical antiquity and philosophy grew, with some Renaissance thinkers using it as a way to revitalize their culture . They expanded and interpreted these Classical ideas, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include developments in astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.01343548'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '40e7c23eff16f7b1da9bf9c7460a28b8'}>, <Document: {'content': "This means that European society at the time was not necessarily open to change.\xa0 However, the essence of the Renaissance was that Europe experienced a shift in worldview and perspective.\xa0 This shift was caused by new ideas, views and beliefs that Europe was exposed to in the centuries before the start of the Renaissance, which began in the 14th century.\nSilk Road Map (Click to Enlarge)\n'Caravan on the Silk Road' from 1380\nFirst, vast trade networks across Europe, Asia and Africa led to increased interaction between different societies which caused not only an exchange of goods, but also an exchange of people, beliefs, ideas and values.\xa0 The largest and most well known of these trade networks was the Silk Road .\xa0 ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.0125383595'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e4c8c53153b513d6e14b701b76a267f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The festivals included the arrivals of the king into the city or town where the festival was being held, wrote Richard Cooper, an emeritus professor of French at the University of Oxford, in a paper published in the book "Court Festivals of the European Renaissance" (Taylor & Francis, 2017). Henri II sometimes held these festivals to make an important event such as the coronation of his queen or a military victory, wrote Cooper.\nHow the Renaissance changed the world\n"The Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment," said Abernethy. The developments in science, art, philosophy and trade, as well as technological advancements like the printing press, left lasting impressions on society and set the stage for many elements of our modern culture.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982756, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 20, 'score': '0.049001433'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c063de0402e6fa2ff42dc453886514b8'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?
Answer: {'results': ['Advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. On one hand, these advances have led to the creation of new jobs, particularly in high-skill professions such as doctors, programmers, engineers, marketing executives, and sales managers. This is because firms need skilled and educated workers to maximize the benefits of technological investments. However, this growth in high-skill jobs has also contributed to a polarized workforce, with job growth concentrated on the high-skill and low-skill ends of the spectrum, while medium-skill jobs have shrunk.\n\nThe new technologies, which favor capital and higher-level skills, have led to a decline in labor\'s share of income and increased wage inequality. They have also resulted in more concentrated industry structures and economic rents for dominant firms. This has led to rising inequality and increased social tensions, contributing to the surge of populism and nationalist sentiment in many countries. There is a perception that technological change, along with international trade, has increased inequality by causing job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\n\nFurthermore, technology has affected jobs across the skill spectrum. On the low-skill end, the demand for jobs such as milkmen, switchboard operators, mail-sorters, dishwashers, weavers, and assembly line workers has drastically fallen or even disappeared due to technological advancements such as refrigerators, cell phones, and industrial machines. However, it is important to note that technology has also made certain forms of work more bearable. For example, the invention of industrial dishwashing machines has reduced the need for human dishwashers in restaurants, simplifying the remaining jobs.\n\nWhile technology has led to job growth in some areas, it has also slowed productivity growth, especially in advanced economies. Digital technologies have produced winners-take-most outcomes, with dominant firms acquiring more market power and market structures becoming less competitive. This has weakened productivity growth and investment in many major economies, raising concerns about the risk of "secular stagnation." \n\nOverall, advances in technology have transformed labor markets and economies, leading to a polarized workforce, increased inequality, and changes in market structures. To navigate this changing landscape, individuals and societies must adapt by continually updating their skills, seeking alternative work arrangements, and addressing the regulatory issues and investment gaps related to the digital economy. It is crucial to find ways to harness the benefits of technological advancements while ensuring that the wider economic impacts are fostered and that the workforce is prepared for the jobs of the future.'], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'As David Autor and others have noted, this makes white-collar professionals and knowledge workers such as doctors, programmers, engineers, marketing executives, and sales managers difficult to replace.55 Therefore, even though recent developments in automation have targeted high-skill work, there is still growth on this side of the spectrum.56 After all, to get the most out of their technological investments, firms have to hire workers who are more highly skilled and educated.57\nThus, we have ended up with a polarized workforceâ\x80\x94an effect thatâ\x80\x99s been occurring around the world.58 As Autor has observed, job growth has increasingly become concentrated on the two opposite sides of the skill spectrum, while medium-skill jobs are shrinking.59 Indeed, the share of US workers in low-skill and high-skill jobs both increased from 1979 to 2016.60 (See Figure 3.) ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 32, 'score': '0.005825838'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dda33cb61b80cbdf9fe3df616e5f6d74'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.017625164'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '726428c24da278754591a562cde57a93'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Machines have affected jobs all across the skill spectrumâ\x80\x94both increasing and decreasing the demand for jobs of different skill levels.47\nLow-Skill Jobs\nOn the low side of the skill spectrum, the demand for jobs ( i.e.: milkmen, switchboard operators, mail-sorters, dishwashers, ice-cutters, weavers, and assembly line workers) has fallen drastically â\x80\x93â\x80\x93or even disappearedâ\x80\x93â\x80\x93 because of technologies such as refrigerators, cell phones, and industrial machines. Although the invention of these technologies has driven out jobs, itâ\x80\x99s also allowed us to make certain forms of work more bearable. For example, by investing in industrial dishwashing machines, restaurants donâ\x80\x99t require as many human dishwashers. Consequently, the demand for dishwashing jobs would decrease, though some would still remain. These remaining jobs would then be simplified. Instead of doing the actual washing by hand, human dishwashers would only have to load and unload dishes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 27, 'score': '0.0055070147'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cfa5a04250e7be57594d04baad4a919'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.22494248'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '14c9515a5459af0bda08fcc5cea4e4e7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.081845455'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '51dbc640fa6c9e1598be39ee906a6943'}>, <Document: {'content': 'University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.077806674'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '487c7dead8761f2b4f946e84f702677b'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Introduction\nRecent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. But major innovations (defined as widely-used technologies that improve over time and have spillover effects that provoke further advancements) have been around since the beginning of recorded history. From the first metal tools, to the wheel and the printing press, these innovations (dubbed general purpose technologies, or GPTs¹ ) have changed the course of history. GPTs â\x80\x9cinterrupt and accelerate the normal march of economic progressâ\x80\x9d.1 In other words, they make humans more productive and increase standards of living. They also help open avenues to new kinds of work.\nErik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee succinctly divide historical progress into two machine â\x80\x9cagesâ\x80\x9d.2 The first machine age dates back to the invention of the steam engine, by James Watt in 1775. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.0055400985'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '94b5ceae5f63ad0975345cc38e8ff7e1'}>, <Document: {'content': 'New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.09773508'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '9a372e490e2bfb9c3d4f8ad33a143382'}>], 'results': ['Advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. On one hand, these advances have led to the creation of new jobs, particularly in high-skill professions such as doctors, programmers, engineers, marketing executives, and sales managers. This is because firms need skilled and educated workers to maximize the benefits of technological investments. However, this growth in high-skill jobs has also contributed to a polarized workforce, with job growth concentrated on the high-skill and low-skill ends of the spectrum, while medium-skill jobs have shrunk.\n\nThe new technologies, which favor capital and higher-level skills, have led to a decline in labor\'s share of income and increased wage inequality. They have also resulted in more concentrated industry structures and economic rents for dominant firms. This has led to rising inequality and increased social tensions, contributing to the surge of populism and nationalist sentiment in many countries. There is a perception that technological change, along with international trade, has increased inequality by causing job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\n\nFurthermore, technology has affected jobs across the skill spectrum. On the low-skill end, the demand for jobs such as milkmen, switchboard operators, mail-sorters, dishwashers, weavers, and assembly line workers has drastically fallen or even disappeared due to technological advancements such as refrigerators, cell phones, and industrial machines. However, it is important to note that technology has also made certain forms of work more bearable. For example, the invention of industrial dishwashing machines has reduced the need for human dishwashers in restaurants, simplifying the remaining jobs.\n\nWhile technology has led to job growth in some areas, it has also slowed productivity growth, especially in advanced economies. Digital technologies have produced winners-take-most outcomes, with dominant firms acquiring more market power and market structures becoming less competitive. This has weakened productivity growth and investment in many major economies, raising concerns about the risk of "secular stagnation." \n\nOverall, advances in technology have transformed labor markets and economies, leading to a polarized workforce, increased inequality, and changes in market structures. To navigate this changing landscape, individuals and societies must adapt by continually updating their skills, seeking alternative work arrangements, and addressing the regulatory issues and investment gaps related to the digital economy. It is crucial to find ways to harness the benefits of technological advancements while ensuring that the wider economic impacts are fostered and that the workforce is prepared for the jobs of the future.'], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: As David Autor and others have noted, this makes white-collar professionals and knowledge workers such as doctors, programmers, engineers, marketing executives, and sales managers difficult to replace.55 Therefore, even though recent developments in automation have targeted high-skill work, there is still growth on this side of the spectrum.56 After all, to get the most out of their technological investments, firms have to hire workers who are more highly skilled and educated.57\nThus, we have ended up with a polarized workforceâ\x80\x94an effect thatâ\x80\x99s been occurring around the world.58 As Autor has observed, job growth has increasingly become concentrated on the two opposite sides of the skill spectrum, while medium-skill jobs are shrinking.59 Indeed, the share of US workers in low-skill and high-skill jobs both increased from 1979 to 2016.60 (See Figure 3.)  The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies.  Machines have affected jobs all across the skill spectrumâ\x80\x94both increasing and decreasing the demand for jobs of different skill levels.47\nLow-Skill Jobs\nOn the low side of the skill spectrum, the demand for jobs ( i.e.: milkmen, switchboard operators, mail-sorters, dishwashers, ice-cutters, weavers, and assembly line workers) has fallen drastically â\x80\x93â\x80\x93or even disappearedâ\x80\x93â\x80\x93 because of technologies such as refrigerators, cell phones, and industrial machines. Although the invention of these technologies has driven out jobs, itâ\x80\x99s also allowed us to make certain forms of work more bearable. For example, by investing in industrial dishwashing machines, restaurants donâ\x80\x99t require as many human dishwashers. Consequently, the demand for dishwashing jobs would decrease, though some would still remain. These remaining jobs would then be simplified. Instead of doing the actual washing by hand, human dishwashers would only have to load and unload dishes.\n Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets.  In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation.  University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n Introduction\nRecent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. But major innovations (defined as widely-used technologies that improve over time and have spillover effects that provoke further advancements) have been around since the beginning of recorded history. From the first metal tools, to the wheel and the printing press, these innovations (dubbed general purpose technologies, or GPTs¹ ) have changed the course of history. GPTs â\x80\x9cinterrupt and accelerate the normal march of economic progressâ\x80\x9d.1 In other words, they make humans more productive and increase standards of living. They also help open avenues to new kinds of work.\nErik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee succinctly divide historical progress into two machine â\x80\x9cagesâ\x80\x9d.2 The first machine age dates back to the invention of the steam engine, by James Watt in 1775.  New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future.  \n\n Question: How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'As David Autor and others have noted, this makes white-collar professionals and knowledge workers such as doctors, programmers, engineers, marketing executives, and sales managers difficult to replace.55 Therefore, even though recent developments in automation have targeted high-skill work, there is still growth on this side of the spectrum.56 After all, to get the most out of their technological investments, firms have to hire workers who are more highly skilled and educated.57\nThus, we have ended up with a polarized workforceâ\x80\x94an effect thatâ\x80\x99s been occurring around the world.58 As Autor has observed, job growth has increasingly become concentrated on the two opposite sides of the skill spectrum, while medium-skill jobs are shrinking.59 Indeed, the share of US workers in low-skill and high-skill jobs both increased from 1979 to 2016.60 (See Figure 3.) ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 32, 'score': '0.005825838'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dda33cb61b80cbdf9fe3df616e5f6d74'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.017625164'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '726428c24da278754591a562cde57a93'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Machines have affected jobs all across the skill spectrumâ\x80\x94both increasing and decreasing the demand for jobs of different skill levels.47\nLow-Skill Jobs\nOn the low side of the skill spectrum, the demand for jobs ( i.e.: milkmen, switchboard operators, mail-sorters, dishwashers, ice-cutters, weavers, and assembly line workers) has fallen drastically â\x80\x93â\x80\x93or even disappearedâ\x80\x93â\x80\x93 because of technologies such as refrigerators, cell phones, and industrial machines. Although the invention of these technologies has driven out jobs, itâ\x80\x99s also allowed us to make certain forms of work more bearable. For example, by investing in industrial dishwashing machines, restaurants donâ\x80\x99t require as many human dishwashers. Consequently, the demand for dishwashing jobs would decrease, though some would still remain. These remaining jobs would then be simplified. Instead of doing the actual washing by hand, human dishwashers would only have to load and unload dishes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 27, 'score': '0.0055070147'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cfa5a04250e7be57594d04baad4a919'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.22494248'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '14c9515a5459af0bda08fcc5cea4e4e7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.081845455'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '51dbc640fa6c9e1598be39ee906a6943'}>, <Document: {'content': 'University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.077806674'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '487c7dead8761f2b4f946e84f702677b'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Introduction\nRecent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. But major innovations (defined as widely-used technologies that improve over time and have spillover effects that provoke further advancements) have been around since the beginning of recorded history. From the first metal tools, to the wheel and the printing press, these innovations (dubbed general purpose technologies, or GPTs¹ ) have changed the course of history. GPTs â\x80\x9cinterrupt and accelerate the normal march of economic progressâ\x80\x9d.1 In other words, they make humans more productive and increase standards of living. They also help open avenues to new kinds of work.\nErik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee succinctly divide historical progress into two machine â\x80\x9cagesâ\x80\x9d.2 The first machine age dates back to the invention of the steam engine, by James Watt in 1775. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.0055400985'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '94b5ceae5f63ad0975345cc38e8ff7e1'}>, <Document: {'content': 'New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982784, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.09773508'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '9a372e490e2bfb9c3d4f8ad33a143382'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?
Answer: {'results': ["The main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict have evolved over time. The conflict began in the mid-20th century and has been one of the world's most enduring conflicts. One of the main reasons for the conflict is the dispute over land and territory. The United Nations adopted Resolution 181 in 1947, which recommended the partition of Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state, along with the City of Jerusalem. This led to violence and tensions between the Arab and Jewish communities.\n\nAnother reason for the conflict is the historical and cultural ties that both parties have to the region. Both Israelis and Palestinians have strong connections to the land, and this has fueled their claims and desires for control. There have been criticisms that both sides teach incitement to their children, downplaying each other's historical ties and using propagandist maps, which further perpetuates the conflict.\n\nThe establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and subsequent waves of Jewish immigration have also played a significant role in the conflict. The Arab states and Palestinian Arabs rejected the partition plan and initiated violence against the Jewish community. This led to the 1948 war, which resulted in the establishment of Israel and the displacement of many Palestinian Arabs. The Palestinian right of return has been a contentious issue in the conflict, as Palestinians seek recognition and justice for their displacement.\n\nThe conflict has also been influenced by broader geopolitical factors. The Arab-Israeli conflict, of which the Israel-Palestine conflict is a part, has been shaped by the interests and involvement of various regional and international actors. The support and criticism from different countries and international organizations have influenced the dynamics of the conflict.\n\nEfforts to resolve the conflict have been made through the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, which has included negotiations and peace agreements such as the Oslo Accords. The two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel, has been the focus of most peace efforts. However, public support for a two-state solution has dwindled in recent years, and the conflict remains unresolved.\n\nOverall, the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict include the dispute over land and territory, historical and cultural ties, waves of Jewish immigration, and broader geopolitical factors. These reasons have evolved and been shaped by various events and developments over time."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.05118078'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c0eb584901cf304e6d16e55309b72f23'}>, <Document: {'content': "[104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] Perpetrators of murderous attacks, whether against Israelis or Palestinians, often find strong vocal support from sections of their communities despite varying levels of condemnation from politicians. [110] [111] [112]\nBoth parties to the conflict have been criticized by third-parties for teaching incitement to their children by downplaying each side's historical ties to the area, teaching propagandist maps, or indoctrinate their children to one day join the armed forces. [113] [114]\nUN and the Palestinian state\nMain article: International recognition of the State of Palestine\nThe PLO have campaigned for full member status for the state of Palestine at the UN and for recognition on the 1967 borders. The campaign has received widespread support, [115] [116] although it has been criticised by the US and Israel for allegedly avoiding bilateral negotiation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 37, 'score': '0.009596023'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8f613241de1fffb02946e94b177525b1'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Immigration quotas were established by the British, while on the other hand illegal immigration and Zionist insurgency against the British was increasing. [30]\nLand in the lighter shade represents territory within the borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war . This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.\nOn 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 181(II) [38] recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. [39] On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.0020852208'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '48a3fd82836eb6fd638fd9b3e752daa2'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Final status issues include the status of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , borders, security and water rights [14] as well as Palestinian freedom of movement [15] and the Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict in the region—rich in sites of historic, cultural, and religious interest worldwide—has been the subject of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights, security issues, and human rights; and has been a factor hampering tourism in, and general access to, areas that are hotly contested. [16] The majority of peace efforts have been centred around the two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. However, public support for a two-state solution, which formerly enjoyed support from both Israeli Jews and Palestinians , [17] [18] [19] has dwindled in recent years. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.013003827'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'b38d2fe6fe9236c70bd70c1779bcaab5'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The strike soon deteriorated into violence and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by associated forces of the Jewish Settlement Police , the Jewish Supernumerary Police , and Special Night Squads . [32] In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership was performed. The revolt led to the establishment of the Peel Commission towards partitioning of Palestine, though it was subsequently rejected by the Palestinian Arabs. The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion , accepted the recommendations but some secondary Jewish leaders disapproved of it. [35] [36] [37]\nThe renewed violence, which had sporadically lasted until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 casualties, mostly from the Arab side. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 9, 'score': '0.0042729205'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '2d16756913109560e5d370d77c6ce731'}>, <Document: {'content': "In 1978, the Coastal Road massacre led to the Israeli full-scale invasion known as Operation Litani . Israeli forces, however, quickly withdrew from Lebanon, and the attacks against Israel resumed. In 1982, following an assassination attempt on one of its diplomats by Palestinians, the Israeli government decided to take sides in the Lebanese Civil War and the 1982 Lebanon War commenced. The initial results for Israel were successful. Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat's decision. [32]\nThe first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 16, 'score': '0.0060646995'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cf59f3c2e1a2eeba35d8099ada1b3f73'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The crux of the Oslo agreement was that Israel would gradually cede control of the Palestinian territories over to the Palestinians in exchange for peace. The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts, the process took a turning point at the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and finally unraveled when Arafat and Ehud Barak failed to reach agreement at Camp David in July 2000. Robert Malley , special assistant to US President Bill Clinton for Arab–Israeli Affairs, has confirmed that while Barak made no formal written offer to Arafat, the US did present concepts for peace which were considered by the Israeli side yet left unanswered by Arafat "the Palestinians\' principal failing is that from the beginning of the Camp David summit onward they were unable either to say yes to the American ideas or to present a cogent and specific counterproposal of their own". ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.001968426'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '3033884dffb37d5801b9918ea5349b02'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In 1929, a series of violent anti-Jewish riots was initiated by the Arab leadership. The riots resulted in massive Jewish casualties in Hebron and Safed , and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza. [30]\nThe Arab revolt of 1936–1939 in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration .\nIn the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as Sheikh Izaddin al-Qassam from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the 1936 Arab revolt. Following the death of al-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.0062134326'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'ffb77a101f220295b4a12746215629ed'}>], 'results': ["The main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict have evolved over time. The conflict began in the mid-20th century and has been one of the world's most enduring conflicts. One of the main reasons for the conflict is the dispute over land and territory. The United Nations adopted Resolution 181 in 1947, which recommended the partition of Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state, along with the City of Jerusalem. This led to violence and tensions between the Arab and Jewish communities.\n\nAnother reason for the conflict is the historical and cultural ties that both parties have to the region. Both Israelis and Palestinians have strong connections to the land, and this has fueled their claims and desires for control. There have been criticisms that both sides teach incitement to their children, downplaying each other's historical ties and using propagandist maps, which further perpetuates the conflict.\n\nThe establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and subsequent waves of Jewish immigration have also played a significant role in the conflict. The Arab states and Palestinian Arabs rejected the partition plan and initiated violence against the Jewish community. This led to the 1948 war, which resulted in the establishment of Israel and the displacement of many Palestinian Arabs. The Palestinian right of return has been a contentious issue in the conflict, as Palestinians seek recognition and justice for their displacement.\n\nThe conflict has also been influenced by broader geopolitical factors. The Arab-Israeli conflict, of which the Israel-Palestine conflict is a part, has been shaped by the interests and involvement of various regional and international actors. The support and criticism from different countries and international organizations have influenced the dynamics of the conflict.\n\nEfforts to resolve the conflict have been made through the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, which has included negotiations and peace agreements such as the Oslo Accords. The two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel, has been the focus of most peace efforts. However, public support for a two-state solution has dwindled in recent years, and the conflict remains unresolved.\n\nOverall, the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict include the dispute over land and territory, historical and cultural ties, waves of Jewish immigration, and broader geopolitical factors. These reasons have evolved and been shaped by various events and developments over time."], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world\'s most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict .  [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] Perpetrators of murderous attacks, whether against Israelis or Palestinians, often find strong vocal support from sections of their communities despite varying levels of condemnation from politicians. [110] [111] [112]\nBoth parties to the conflict have been criticized by third-parties for teaching incitement to their children by downplaying each side\'s historical ties to the area, teaching propagandist maps, or indoctrinate their children to one day join the armed forces. [113] [114]\nUN and the Palestinian state\nMain article: International recognition of the State of Palestine\nThe PLO have campaigned for full member status for the state of Palestine at the UN and for recognition on the 1967 borders. The campaign has received widespread support, [115] [116] although it has been criticised by the US and Israel for allegedly avoiding bilateral negotiation.  Immigration quotas were established by the British, while on the other hand illegal immigration and Zionist insurgency against the British was increasing. [30]\nLand in the lighter shade represents territory within the borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war . This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.\nOn 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 181(II) [38] recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. [39] On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating.  Final status issues include the status of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , borders, security and water rights [14] as well as Palestinian freedom of movement [15] and the Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict in the region—rich in sites of historic, cultural, and religious interest worldwide—has been the subject of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights, security issues, and human rights; and has been a factor hampering tourism in, and general access to, areas that are hotly contested. [16] The majority of peace efforts have been centred around the two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. However, public support for a two-state solution, which formerly enjoyed support from both Israeli Jews and Palestinians , [17] [18] [19] has dwindled in recent years.  The strike soon deteriorated into violence and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by associated forces of the Jewish Settlement Police , the Jewish Supernumerary Police , and Special Night Squads . [32] In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership was performed. The revolt led to the establishment of the Peel Commission towards partitioning of Palestine, though it was subsequently rejected by the Palestinian Arabs. The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion , accepted the recommendations but some secondary Jewish leaders disapproved of it. [35] [36] [37]\nThe renewed violence, which had sporadically lasted until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 casualties, mostly from the Arab side.  In 1978, the Coastal Road massacre led to the Israeli full-scale invasion known as Operation Litani . Israeli forces, however, quickly withdrew from Lebanon, and the attacks against Israel resumed. In 1982, following an assassination attempt on one of its diplomats by Palestinians, the Israeli government decided to take sides in the Lebanese Civil War and the 1982 Lebanon War commenced. The initial results for Israel were successful. Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat\'s decision. [32]\nThe first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982.  The crux of the Oslo agreement was that Israel would gradually cede control of the Palestinian territories over to the Palestinians in exchange for peace. The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts, the process took a turning point at the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and finally unraveled when Arafat and Ehud Barak failed to reach agreement at Camp David in July 2000. Robert Malley , special assistant to US President Bill Clinton for Arab–Israeli Affairs, has confirmed that while Barak made no formal written offer to Arafat, the US did present concepts for peace which were considered by the Israeli side yet left unanswered by Arafat "the Palestinians\' principal failing is that from the beginning of the Camp David summit onward they were unable either to say yes to the American ideas or to present a cogent and specific counterproposal of their own".  In 1929, a series of violent anti-Jewish riots was initiated by the Arab leadership. The riots resulted in massive Jewish casualties in Hebron and Safed , and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza. [30]\nThe Arab revolt of 1936–1939 in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration .\nIn the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as Sheikh Izaddin al-Qassam from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the 1936 Arab revolt. Following the death of al-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott.  \n\n Question: What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.05118078'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c0eb584901cf304e6d16e55309b72f23'}>, <Document: {'content': "[104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] Perpetrators of murderous attacks, whether against Israelis or Palestinians, often find strong vocal support from sections of their communities despite varying levels of condemnation from politicians. [110] [111] [112]\nBoth parties to the conflict have been criticized by third-parties for teaching incitement to their children by downplaying each side's historical ties to the area, teaching propagandist maps, or indoctrinate their children to one day join the armed forces. [113] [114]\nUN and the Palestinian state\nMain article: International recognition of the State of Palestine\nThe PLO have campaigned for full member status for the state of Palestine at the UN and for recognition on the 1967 borders. The campaign has received widespread support, [115] [116] although it has been criticised by the US and Israel for allegedly avoiding bilateral negotiation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 37, 'score': '0.009596023'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8f613241de1fffb02946e94b177525b1'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Immigration quotas were established by the British, while on the other hand illegal immigration and Zionist insurgency against the British was increasing. [30]\nLand in the lighter shade represents territory within the borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war . This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.\nOn 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 181(II) [38] recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. [39] On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.0020852208'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '48a3fd82836eb6fd638fd9b3e752daa2'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Final status issues include the status of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , borders, security and water rights [14] as well as Palestinian freedom of movement [15] and the Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict in the region—rich in sites of historic, cultural, and religious interest worldwide—has been the subject of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights, security issues, and human rights; and has been a factor hampering tourism in, and general access to, areas that are hotly contested. [16] The majority of peace efforts have been centred around the two-state solution, which involves the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. However, public support for a two-state solution, which formerly enjoyed support from both Israeli Jews and Palestinians , [17] [18] [19] has dwindled in recent years. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.013003827'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'b38d2fe6fe9236c70bd70c1779bcaab5'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The strike soon deteriorated into violence and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by associated forces of the Jewish Settlement Police , the Jewish Supernumerary Police , and Special Night Squads . [32] In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership was performed. The revolt led to the establishment of the Peel Commission towards partitioning of Palestine, though it was subsequently rejected by the Palestinian Arabs. The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion , accepted the recommendations but some secondary Jewish leaders disapproved of it. [35] [36] [37]\nThe renewed violence, which had sporadically lasted until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 casualties, mostly from the Arab side. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 9, 'score': '0.0042729205'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '2d16756913109560e5d370d77c6ce731'}>, <Document: {'content': "In 1978, the Coastal Road massacre led to the Israeli full-scale invasion known as Operation Litani . Israeli forces, however, quickly withdrew from Lebanon, and the attacks against Israel resumed. In 1982, following an assassination attempt on one of its diplomats by Palestinians, the Israeli government decided to take sides in the Lebanese Civil War and the 1982 Lebanon War commenced. The initial results for Israel were successful. Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat's decision. [32]\nThe first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 16, 'score': '0.0060646995'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cf59f3c2e1a2eeba35d8099ada1b3f73'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The crux of the Oslo agreement was that Israel would gradually cede control of the Palestinian territories over to the Palestinians in exchange for peace. The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts, the process took a turning point at the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and finally unraveled when Arafat and Ehud Barak failed to reach agreement at Camp David in July 2000. Robert Malley , special assistant to US President Bill Clinton for Arab–Israeli Affairs, has confirmed that while Barak made no formal written offer to Arafat, the US did present concepts for peace which were considered by the Israeli side yet left unanswered by Arafat "the Palestinians\' principal failing is that from the beginning of the Camp David summit onward they were unable either to say yes to the American ideas or to present a cogent and specific counterproposal of their own". ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982807, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.001968426'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '3033884dffb37d5801b9918ea5349b02'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In 1929, a series of violent anti-Jewish riots was initiated by the Arab leadership. The riots resulted in massive Jewish casualties in Hebron and Safed , and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza. [30]\nThe Arab revolt of 1936–1939 in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration .\nIn the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as Sheikh Izaddin al-Qassam from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the 1936 Arab revolt. Following the death of al-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott. 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Question: How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?
Answer: {'results': ["The European Union has had a significant influence on the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe. It began as an economic union with the aim of fostering economic cooperation among its member states to avoid conflict. Over time, the EU has evolved into an organization that spans various policy areas, including climate, environment, health, external relations, security, justice, and migration.\n\nIn response to the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address institutional weaknesses and create a safer financial sector. This included strengthening economic governance, safeguarding financial stability, improving member states' public finances, and promoting investment. These measures helped member states weather the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nThe EU plays a crucial role in decision-making at the European level. Institutions such as the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the European Union, and European Commission are involved in making decisions and implementing laws. The national parliaments of member states also have a role in decision-making, along with advisory bodies such as the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions.\n\nIn terms of the economy, the EU has established the Economic and Monetary Union, which binds member states' economies together through coordinated economic and fiscal policies, harmonized rules for financial institutions, a common monetary policy, and the euro currency. This union aims to provide stability, jobs, and growth across the EU.\n\nThe EU also has a significant impact on social dynamics in Europe. It has developed policies and initiatives to address challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, social inclusion, and skills development. The European Skills Agenda, for example, sets objectives to be achieved by 2025 and aims to create a fair and inclusive European labor market. The EU also empowers citizens through initiatives such as the European Citizens' Initiative, which allows citizens to have a greater say in EU policies.\n\nFurthermore, the EU is founded on values such as respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, and human rights. These values are enshrined in the Treaty on European Union and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. They are seen as integral to the European way of life and are aimed at promoting pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity, and equality between men and women.\n\nOverall, the EU has influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe by promoting economic cooperation, addressing crises, making decisions through various institutions, fostering social inclusion and sustainable development, and upholding fundamental values and human rights."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic Community, created in 1958 with the initial aim of increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.\nSince then, 22 more countries have joined (the United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020) and a huge single market (also known as the internal market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.\nWhat began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation spanning many different policy areas â\x80\x93 from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.15284826'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e6fc0f1e113c9f07e50262f9f0b41a55'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. Moreover, the EU put in place harmonised rules to increase the resilience of EU financial institutions and strengthen supervision of banks in the euro area.\nThe strong foundations provided by the Economic and Monetary Union have helped Member States weather the unprecedented economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic highlighted the necessity of responding to crises quickly, decisively and in a coordinated manner. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 43, 'score': '0.57593834'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a99f08e2c54600e081d29d1e104fd3ca'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Generally, it is the Commission that proposes new laws and the Parliament and the Council that adopt them.\nThe advisory bodies (the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions) and the national parliaments are involved in the process by providing their opinions on the proposals, mainly from the perspective of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Subsidiarity means that, except in the areas where it has exclusive powers, the EU only acts where action will be more effective at the EU level than at the national level. Under the principle of proportionality, the EUâ\x80\x99s action must be limited to what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the EU treaties.\nThe Member States and the EU institution or institutions concerned then implement adopted EU laws. The third section of this publication contains more information on how the EU makes decisions, and how it implements them.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.00202928'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '191e40e491eddb33ac31b4eb052e227c'}>, <Document: {'content': '2 What the European Union does\nThe second part of this publication presents a summary of what the EU does in different policy areas, including useful links to more information.\nHealth\nMarch 2022\nCOVID-19 response\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to human tragedy, lockdowns and economic slowdown. The EU rapidly took action to protect lives and livelihoods and developed a common European response to the public health and economic challenges.\nWhat the EU does\nSolidarity is at the heart of the common EU response to COVID-19 . The EU is mobilising all resources available to help Member States coordinate their national responses. This includes providing objective information about the spread of the virus, effective efforts to contain it and action to repair the economic and social damage resulting from the pandemic.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 12, 'score': '0.018423771'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'be6e096cd2b2b0ee30985edf74322ced'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Member States of the European Union in 2022\nSeveral institutions are involved in making decisions at the EU level, in particular:\nthe European Parliament , which represents EU citizens and is directly elected by them;\nthe European Council , which consists of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States;\nthe Council of the European Union (also called the Council), which represents the governments of the EU Member States; and\nthe European Commission , which represents the interests of the EU as a whole.\nThe national parliaments of the Member States also play a role in taking decisions and making laws, as do two advisory bodies. These are: the European Committee of the Regions, which consists of representatives of regional and local government; and the European Economic and Social Committee, comprising representatives of employeesâ\x80\x99 and employersâ\x80\x99 organisations and stakeholdersâ\x80\x99 groups.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.020917015'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd2c58f1db04583f70cf658dbf7fbb91f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Pending its final approval, this fund will provide over â\x82¬6.1 billion (2021â\x80\x932027) for sustainable development in the sector, with a particular focus on supporting small-scale coastal fisheries.\nFind out more: https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/index_en\nMarch 2022\nEconomy, finance and the euro\nThe Economic and Monetary Union provides a common foundation for stability, jobs and growth across the EU.\nThe Economic and Monetary Union binds the EUâ\x80\x99s economies together through coordinated economic and fiscal policies, harmonised rules for financial institutions, a common monetary policy and a common currency, the euro. It is a powerful tool to deliver jobs, growth, social fairness and financial stability. However, while there have been important institutional reforms to strengthen the Economic and Monetary Union in recent years, it remains a work in progress.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 41, 'score': '0.002452012'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6fb1bda58edd6c7215c0a6aab2711e73'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The programme focuses on four key policy areas:\nsustainable infrastructure,\nsmall and medium-sized businesses, and\nsocial investment and skills.\nTo complement the programme, the InvestEU advisory hub will act as a one-stop shop for the identification, preparation and development of investment projects across the EU.\nThe rapid shift towards a climate neutral and digital Europe is changing the way we work. The European Skills Agenda is already helping to address this challenge and sets objectives to be achieved by 2025. It puts into practice key principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights , which aims to create a fair and inclusive European labour market. To ensure concrete benefits for citizens, key targets for employment, training, and social protection and inclusion have been set for 2030.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 49, 'score': '0.0016035518'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8138d65c8a283e4ed181750d4aa244b5'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The European Citizensâ\x80\x99 Initiative empowers citizens to have a greater say on EU policies that affect their lives. Citizens can also submit complaints and enquiries concerning the application of EU law .\nAs enshrined in the Treaty on European Union, â\x80\x98The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.â\x80\x99\nThese values are an integral part of the European way of life. Human dignity constitutes the basis of fundamental rights; it must be respected and protected.\nHuman rights are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.0017908347'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c372f1455b1295d4ac12cd47e16ef0b8'}>], 'results': ["The European Union has had a significant influence on the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe. It began as an economic union with the aim of fostering economic cooperation among its member states to avoid conflict. Over time, the EU has evolved into an organization that spans various policy areas, including climate, environment, health, external relations, security, justice, and migration.\n\nIn response to the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address institutional weaknesses and create a safer financial sector. This included strengthening economic governance, safeguarding financial stability, improving member states' public finances, and promoting investment. These measures helped member states weather the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nThe EU plays a crucial role in decision-making at the European level. Institutions such as the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the European Union, and European Commission are involved in making decisions and implementing laws. The national parliaments of member states also have a role in decision-making, along with advisory bodies such as the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions.\n\nIn terms of the economy, the EU has established the Economic and Monetary Union, which binds member states' economies together through coordinated economic and fiscal policies, harmonized rules for financial institutions, a common monetary policy, and the euro currency. This union aims to provide stability, jobs, and growth across the EU.\n\nThe EU also has a significant impact on social dynamics in Europe. It has developed policies and initiatives to address challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, social inclusion, and skills development. The European Skills Agenda, for example, sets objectives to be achieved by 2025 and aims to create a fair and inclusive European labor market. The EU also empowers citizens through initiatives such as the European Citizens' Initiative, which allows citizens to have a greater say in EU policies.\n\nFurthermore, the EU is founded on values such as respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, and human rights. These values are enshrined in the Treaty on European Union and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. They are seen as integral to the European way of life and are aimed at promoting pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity, and equality between men and women.\n\nOverall, the EU has influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe by promoting economic cooperation, addressing crises, making decisions through various institutions, fostering social inclusion and sustainable development, and upholding fundamental values and human rights."], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic Community, created in 1958 with the initial aim of increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.\nSince then, 22 more countries have joined (the United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020) and a huge single market (also known as the internal market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.\nWhat began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation spanning many different policy areas â\x80\x93 from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration.\n In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. Moreover, the EU put in place harmonised rules to increase the resilience of EU financial institutions and strengthen supervision of banks in the euro area.\nThe strong foundations provided by the Economic and Monetary Union have helped Member States weather the unprecedented economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic highlighted the necessity of responding to crises quickly, decisively and in a coordinated manner.  Generally, it is the Commission that proposes new laws and the Parliament and the Council that adopt them.\nThe advisory bodies (the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions) and the national parliaments are involved in the process by providing their opinions on the proposals, mainly from the perspective of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Subsidiarity means that, except in the areas where it has exclusive powers, the EU only acts where action will be more effective at the EU level than at the national level. Under the principle of proportionality, the EUâ\x80\x99s action must be limited to what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the EU treaties.\nThe Member States and the EU institution or institutions concerned then implement adopted EU laws. The third section of this publication contains more information on how the EU makes decisions, and how it implements them.\n 2 What the European Union does\nThe second part of this publication presents a summary of what the EU does in different policy areas, including useful links to more information.\nHealth\nMarch 2022\nCOVID-19 response\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to human tragedy, lockdowns and economic slowdown. The EU rapidly took action to protect lives and livelihoods and developed a common European response to the public health and economic challenges.\nWhat the EU does\nSolidarity is at the heart of the common EU response to COVID-19 . The EU is mobilising all resources available to help Member States coordinate their national responses. This includes providing objective information about the spread of the virus, effective efforts to contain it and action to repair the economic and social damage resulting from the pandemic.\n Member States of the European Union in 2022\nSeveral institutions are involved in making decisions at the EU level, in particular:\nthe European Parliament , which represents EU citizens and is directly elected by them;\nthe European Council , which consists of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States;\nthe Council of the European Union (also called the Council), which represents the governments of the EU Member States; and\nthe European Commission , which represents the interests of the EU as a whole.\nThe national parliaments of the Member States also play a role in taking decisions and making laws, as do two advisory bodies. These are: the European Committee of the Regions, which consists of representatives of regional and local government; and the European Economic and Social Committee, comprising representatives of employeesâ\x80\x99 and employersâ\x80\x99 organisations and stakeholdersâ\x80\x99 groups.\n Pending its final approval, this fund will provide over â\x82¬6.1 billion (2021â\x80\x932027) for sustainable development in the sector, with a particular focus on supporting small-scale coastal fisheries.\nFind out more: https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/index_en\nMarch 2022\nEconomy, finance and the euro\nThe Economic and Monetary Union provides a common foundation for stability, jobs and growth across the EU.\nThe Economic and Monetary Union binds the EUâ\x80\x99s economies together through coordinated economic and fiscal policies, harmonised rules for financial institutions, a common monetary policy and a common currency, the euro. It is a powerful tool to deliver jobs, growth, social fairness and financial stability. However, while there have been important institutional reforms to strengthen the Economic and Monetary Union in recent years, it remains a work in progress.\n The programme focuses on four key policy areas:\nsustainable infrastructure,\nsmall and medium-sized businesses, and\nsocial investment and skills.\nTo complement the programme, the InvestEU advisory hub will act as a one-stop shop for the identification, preparation and development of investment projects across the EU.\nThe rapid shift towards a climate neutral and digital Europe is changing the way we work. The European Skills Agenda is already helping to address this challenge and sets objectives to be achieved by 2025. It puts into practice key principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights , which aims to create a fair and inclusive European labour market. To ensure concrete benefits for citizens, key targets for employment, training, and social protection and inclusion have been set for 2030.\n The European Citizensâ\x80\x99 Initiative empowers citizens to have a greater say on EU policies that affect their lives. Citizens can also submit complaints and enquiries concerning the application of EU law .\nAs enshrined in the Treaty on European Union, â\x80\x98The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.â\x80\x99\nThese values are an integral part of the European way of life. Human dignity constitutes the basis of fundamental rights; it must be respected and protected.\nHuman rights are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights .  \n\n Question: How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic Community, created in 1958 with the initial aim of increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.\nSince then, 22 more countries have joined (the United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020) and a huge single market (also known as the internal market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.\nWhat began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation spanning many different policy areas â\x80\x93 from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.15284826'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e6fc0f1e113c9f07e50262f9f0b41a55'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. Moreover, the EU put in place harmonised rules to increase the resilience of EU financial institutions and strengthen supervision of banks in the euro area.\nThe strong foundations provided by the Economic and Monetary Union have helped Member States weather the unprecedented economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic highlighted the necessity of responding to crises quickly, decisively and in a coordinated manner. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 43, 'score': '0.57593834'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a99f08e2c54600e081d29d1e104fd3ca'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Generally, it is the Commission that proposes new laws and the Parliament and the Council that adopt them.\nThe advisory bodies (the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions) and the national parliaments are involved in the process by providing their opinions on the proposals, mainly from the perspective of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Subsidiarity means that, except in the areas where it has exclusive powers, the EU only acts where action will be more effective at the EU level than at the national level. Under the principle of proportionality, the EUâ\x80\x99s action must be limited to what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the EU treaties.\nThe Member States and the EU institution or institutions concerned then implement adopted EU laws. The third section of this publication contains more information on how the EU makes decisions, and how it implements them.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.00202928'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '191e40e491eddb33ac31b4eb052e227c'}>, <Document: {'content': '2 What the European Union does\nThe second part of this publication presents a summary of what the EU does in different policy areas, including useful links to more information.\nHealth\nMarch 2022\nCOVID-19 response\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to human tragedy, lockdowns and economic slowdown. The EU rapidly took action to protect lives and livelihoods and developed a common European response to the public health and economic challenges.\nWhat the EU does\nSolidarity is at the heart of the common EU response to COVID-19 . The EU is mobilising all resources available to help Member States coordinate their national responses. This includes providing objective information about the spread of the virus, effective efforts to contain it and action to repair the economic and social damage resulting from the pandemic.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 12, 'score': '0.018423771'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'be6e096cd2b2b0ee30985edf74322ced'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Member States of the European Union in 2022\nSeveral institutions are involved in making decisions at the EU level, in particular:\nthe European Parliament , which represents EU citizens and is directly elected by them;\nthe European Council , which consists of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States;\nthe Council of the European Union (also called the Council), which represents the governments of the EU Member States; and\nthe European Commission , which represents the interests of the EU as a whole.\nThe national parliaments of the Member States also play a role in taking decisions and making laws, as do two advisory bodies. These are: the European Committee of the Regions, which consists of representatives of regional and local government; and the European Economic and Social Committee, comprising representatives of employeesâ\x80\x99 and employersâ\x80\x99 organisations and stakeholdersâ\x80\x99 groups.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.020917015'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd2c58f1db04583f70cf658dbf7fbb91f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Pending its final approval, this fund will provide over â\x82¬6.1 billion (2021â\x80\x932027) for sustainable development in the sector, with a particular focus on supporting small-scale coastal fisheries.\nFind out more: https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/index_en\nMarch 2022\nEconomy, finance and the euro\nThe Economic and Monetary Union provides a common foundation for stability, jobs and growth across the EU.\nThe Economic and Monetary Union binds the EUâ\x80\x99s economies together through coordinated economic and fiscal policies, harmonised rules for financial institutions, a common monetary policy and a common currency, the euro. It is a powerful tool to deliver jobs, growth, social fairness and financial stability. However, while there have been important institutional reforms to strengthen the Economic and Monetary Union in recent years, it remains a work in progress.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 41, 'score': '0.002452012'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6fb1bda58edd6c7215c0a6aab2711e73'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The programme focuses on four key policy areas:\nsustainable infrastructure,\nsmall and medium-sized businesses, and\nsocial investment and skills.\nTo complement the programme, the InvestEU advisory hub will act as a one-stop shop for the identification, preparation and development of investment projects across the EU.\nThe rapid shift towards a climate neutral and digital Europe is changing the way we work. The European Skills Agenda is already helping to address this challenge and sets objectives to be achieved by 2025. It puts into practice key principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights , which aims to create a fair and inclusive European labour market. To ensure concrete benefits for citizens, key targets for employment, training, and social protection and inclusion have been set for 2030.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 49, 'score': '0.0016035518'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8138d65c8a283e4ed181750d4aa244b5'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The European Citizensâ\x80\x99 Initiative empowers citizens to have a greater say on EU policies that affect their lives. Citizens can also submit complaints and enquiries concerning the application of EU law .\nAs enshrined in the Treaty on European Union, â\x80\x98The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.â\x80\x99\nThese values are an integral part of the European way of life. Human dignity constitutes the basis of fundamental rights; it must be respected and protected.\nHuman rights are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982832, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 4, 'score': '0.0017908347'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c372f1455b1295d4ac12cd47e16ef0b8'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

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Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.5978617668151855
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Running regular pipeline with gpt-3.5-turbo


Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?
html handler failed to extract content from https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/int/int_0503b.pdf
Answer: {'results': ["The main reasons for the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be traced back to historical events and more recent conflicts. One of the earliest known events in their history was the seizure of the Cherven Cities by the Grand Prince of Kiev from the Duchy of Poland in 981. However, for much of their history, the relationship between the two countries was close and cordial, with no serious wars occurring.\n\nModern Polish-Russian relations began with the fall of communism in Poland in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. While relations initially warmed under Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and later Russian President Boris Yeltsin, they have since been characterized by constant ups and downs. The 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia, the 2014 annexation of Crimea, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine have significantly worsened relations between Poland and Russia.\n\nOther factors that have contributed to the animosity include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland, concerns about energy security due to the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, Polish influence on EU-Russian relations, and economic issues such as the Russian ban on Polish food imports. Poland's move away from the Russian sphere of influence by joining NATO and the European Union and establishing relations with post-Soviet states has also strained relations.\n\nThe 2010 Polish Air Force plane crash and the subsequent inquiry into the crash further impacted Russian-Polish relations. Russia has been accused of not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II by Poland, while Poland has accused Russia of historical distortion and revisionism. The Russian import ban on Polish fruits and vegetables in 2014 during the Ukraine sanctions war also added to the tensions.\n\nFurthermore, the Russian annexation of Crimea has increased concerns among Poles about the possibility of a future conflict, given that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast, which directly borders Poland.\n\nOverall, the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be attributed to a combination of historical conflicts, recent events, and differing political and economic interests."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Relations began worsening considerably as a result of the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia , and later the 2014 annexation of Crimea and especially the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Relations between the Polish and Russian governments have become extremely unfriendly, and according to a 2022 poll, only 2% of Poles view Russia positively, the lowest number in the world among countries polled. [1]\nHistorical[ edit ]\nPoland and Ancient Russia[ edit ]\nOne of the earliest known events in Russian-Polish history dates back to 981, when the Grand Prince of Kiev , Vladimir Svyatoslavich , seized the Cherven Cities from the Duchy of Poland . The relationship between two by that time was mostly close and cordial, as there had been no serious wars between both.\nIn 966, Poland accepted Christianity from Rome while Kievan Rus' —the ancestor of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—was Christianized by Constantinople. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.36510763'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c9115abfa0ef713b1f81ad2a8fc18951'}>, <Document: {'content': '[27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 24, 'score': '0.18692525'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7b2cb4a342349ec3ffa564051000626e'}>, <Document: {'content': "[4] Among the constantly revisited issues is the fact that Poland has moved away from the Russian sphere of influence (joining NATO and the European Union ) [2] [3] and pursuing an independent politic, including establishing a significant relations with post-Soviet states ; [3] for example, Poland was the first nation to recognize Ukraine's independence and Polish support for the pro-democratic Orange Revolution in 2004 against the pro-Russian presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine has resulted in a temporary crisis in Polish–Russian relations. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.06837524'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '1f9492087d2e6345f73d56ba61714075'}>, <Document: {'content': '[22]\nPost-communism[ edit ]\nPresident of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Poland Leszek Miller in 2002\nModern Polish–Russian relations begin with the fall of communism – 1989 in Poland ( Solidarity and the Polish Round Table Agreement ) and 1991 in Russia ( dissolution of the Soviet Union ). With a new democratic government after the 1989 elections , Poland regained full sovereignty, [2] and what was the Soviet Union, became 15 newly independent states , including the Russian Federation . Relations between modern Poland and Russia suffer from constant ups and downs. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 20, 'score': '0.04802066'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cd257cfe645617b4f210ce27113b1362'}>, <Document: {'content': "Toggle the table of contents\nToggle the table of contents\nPoland–Russia relations\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBilateral relations\nEmbassy of Poland, Moscow\nEmbassy of Russia, Warsaw\nPoland–Russia relations ( Polish : Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie, Russian : Российско-польские отношения) have a long and often turbulent history, dating to the late Middle Ages , when the Kingdom of Poland and Kievan Rus' and later the Grand Duchy of Moscow struggled over control of their borders.[ citation needed ] Over centuries, there have been several Polish–Russian Wars , with Poland once occupying Moscow and later Russia controlling much of Poland in the 19th as well as in the 20th century , leading to strained relations and multiple Polish attempts at re-acquiring independence. Polish–Russian relations entered a new phase following the fall of communism , 1989–1993, with relations warming under Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and later Russian President Boris Yeltsin . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.04618902'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '5d3f9268915f1129d21b9b6bc058b7e2'}>, <Document: {'content': "[37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia's response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 26, 'score': '0.038606532'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '27c83c8331d5263a5d5e85fb85022eda'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Russia has repeatedly accused Poland for not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II for Poland, notably in 2017, in which Poland was thought on "attempting to impose its own version of history" after Moscow was not allowed to join an international effort to renovate a World War II museum at Sobibór , site of the notorious Sobibor extermination camp . [50] Meanwhile, Poland also accuses Russia for its unlimited historical distortion, notably back to 2014 when Putin signed a bill using any comparison of Nazi to Soviet war crimes as a punishment, as the Poles were also treated brutally by the Soviets; although Russia\'s historical revisionism might have influenced Poland\'s Andrzej Duda over its Nazi war crime laws; [51] and Poland also has concerned that Russia\'s political and historical revisionism might put Poland at risk. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 30, 'score': '0.03324751'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a92ef1eaf9314ade5e2f3938bd4513c6'}>, <Document: {'content': "[ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia's food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland's biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 29, 'score': '0.031967573'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '491dadd89674b003fcff86a0117b8bb4'}>], 'results': ["The main reasons for the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be traced back to historical events and more recent conflicts. One of the earliest known events in their history was the seizure of the Cherven Cities by the Grand Prince of Kiev from the Duchy of Poland in 981. However, for much of their history, the relationship between the two countries was close and cordial, with no serious wars occurring.\n\nModern Polish-Russian relations began with the fall of communism in Poland in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. While relations initially warmed under Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and later Russian President Boris Yeltsin, they have since been characterized by constant ups and downs. The 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia, the 2014 annexation of Crimea, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine have significantly worsened relations between Poland and Russia.\n\nOther factors that have contributed to the animosity include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland, concerns about energy security due to the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, Polish influence on EU-Russian relations, and economic issues such as the Russian ban on Polish food imports. Poland's move away from the Russian sphere of influence by joining NATO and the European Union and establishing relations with post-Soviet states has also strained relations.\n\nThe 2010 Polish Air Force plane crash and the subsequent inquiry into the crash further impacted Russian-Polish relations. Russia has been accused of not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II by Poland, while Poland has accused Russia of historical distortion and revisionism. The Russian import ban on Polish fruits and vegetables in 2014 during the Ukraine sanctions war also added to the tensions.\n\nFurthermore, the Russian annexation of Crimea has increased concerns among Poles about the possibility of a future conflict, given that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast, which directly borders Poland.\n\nOverall, the long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland can be attributed to a combination of historical conflicts, recent events, and differing political and economic interests."], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Relations began worsening considerably as a result of the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia , and later the 2014 annexation of Crimea and especially the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Relations between the Polish and Russian governments have become extremely unfriendly, and according to a 2022 poll, only 2% of Poles view Russia positively, the lowest number in the world among countries polled. [1]\nHistorical[ edit ]\nPoland and Ancient Russia[ edit ]\nOne of the earliest known events in Russian-Polish history dates back to 981, when the Grand Prince of Kiev , Vladimir Svyatoslavich , seized the Cherven Cities from the Duchy of Poland . The relationship between two by that time was mostly close and cordial, as there had been no serious wars between both.\nIn 966, Poland accepted Christianity from Rome while Kievan Rus\' —the ancestor of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—was Christianized by Constantinople.  [27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast .  [4] Among the constantly revisited issues is the fact that Poland has moved away from the Russian sphere of influence (joining NATO and the European Union ) [2] [3] and pursuing an independent politic, including establishing a significant relations with post-Soviet states ; [3] for example, Poland was the first nation to recognize Ukraine\'s independence and Polish support for the pro-democratic Orange Revolution in 2004 against the pro-Russian presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine has resulted in a temporary crisis in Polish–Russian relations.  [22]\nPost-communism[ edit ]\nPresident of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Poland Leszek Miller in 2002\nModern Polish–Russian relations begin with the fall of communism – 1989 in Poland ( Solidarity and the Polish Round Table Agreement ) and 1991 in Russia ( dissolution of the Soviet Union ). With a new democratic government after the 1989 elections , Poland regained full sovereignty, [2] and what was the Soviet Union, became 15 newly independent states , including the Russian Federation . Relations between modern Poland and Russia suffer from constant ups and downs.  Toggle the table of contents\nToggle the table of contents\nPoland–Russia relations\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBilateral relations\nEmbassy of Poland, Moscow\nEmbassy of Russia, Warsaw\nPoland–Russia relations ( Polish : Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie, Russian : Российско-польские отношения) have a long and often turbulent history, dating to the late Middle Ages , when the Kingdom of Poland and Kievan Rus\' and later the Grand Duchy of Moscow struggled over control of their borders.[ citation needed ] Over centuries, there have been several Polish–Russian Wars , with Poland once occupying Moscow and later Russia controlling much of Poland in the 19th as well as in the 20th century , leading to strained relations and multiple Polish attempts at re-acquiring independence. Polish–Russian relations entered a new phase following the fall of communism , 1989–1993, with relations warming under Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and later Russian President Boris Yeltsin .  [37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia\'s response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation.  Russia has repeatedly accused Poland for not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II for Poland, notably in 2017, in which Poland was thought on "attempting to impose its own version of history" after Moscow was not allowed to join an international effort to renovate a World War II museum at Sobibór , site of the notorious Sobibor extermination camp . [50] Meanwhile, Poland also accuses Russia for its unlimited historical distortion, notably back to 2014 when Putin signed a bill using any comparison of Nazi to Soviet war crimes as a punishment, as the Poles were also treated brutally by the Soviets; although Russia\'s historical revisionism might have influenced Poland\'s Andrzej Duda over its Nazi war crime laws; [51] and Poland also has concerned that Russia\'s political and historical revisionism might put Poland at risk.  [ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia\'s food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland\'s biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism .  \n\n Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "Relations began worsening considerably as a result of the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia , and later the 2014 annexation of Crimea and especially the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Relations between the Polish and Russian governments have become extremely unfriendly, and according to a 2022 poll, only 2% of Poles view Russia positively, the lowest number in the world among countries polled. [1]\nHistorical[ edit ]\nPoland and Ancient Russia[ edit ]\nOne of the earliest known events in Russian-Polish history dates back to 981, when the Grand Prince of Kiev , Vladimir Svyatoslavich , seized the Cherven Cities from the Duchy of Poland . The relationship between two by that time was mostly close and cordial, as there had been no serious wars between both.\nIn 966, Poland accepted Christianity from Rome while Kievan Rus' —the ancestor of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—was Christianized by Constantinople. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.36510763'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c9115abfa0ef713b1f81ad2a8fc18951'}>, <Document: {'content': '[27] [28] [29]\nOther issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens , [4] NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland , [30] the Nord Stream 1 pipeline [3] [30] (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from Russia, [31] continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the EU–Russian relations [3] [30] and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports). [31] [30] Since the fall of the Soviet Union , with Lithuania , Ukraine and Belarus regaining independence, the Polish–Russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210\xa0km long border between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 24, 'score': '0.18692525'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7b2cb4a342349ec3ffa564051000626e'}>, <Document: {'content': "[4] Among the constantly revisited issues is the fact that Poland has moved away from the Russian sphere of influence (joining NATO and the European Union ) [2] [3] and pursuing an independent politic, including establishing a significant relations with post-Soviet states ; [3] for example, Poland was the first nation to recognize Ukraine's independence and Polish support for the pro-democratic Orange Revolution in 2004 against the pro-Russian presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine has resulted in a temporary crisis in Polish–Russian relations. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 21, 'score': '0.06837524'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '1f9492087d2e6345f73d56ba61714075'}>, <Document: {'content': '[22]\nPost-communism[ edit ]\nPresident of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Poland Leszek Miller in 2002\nModern Polish–Russian relations begin with the fall of communism – 1989 in Poland ( Solidarity and the Polish Round Table Agreement ) and 1991 in Russia ( dissolution of the Soviet Union ). With a new democratic government after the 1989 elections , Poland regained full sovereignty, [2] and what was the Soviet Union, became 15 newly independent states , including the Russian Federation . Relations between modern Poland and Russia suffer from constant ups and downs. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 20, 'score': '0.04802066'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cd257cfe645617b4f210ce27113b1362'}>, <Document: {'content': "Toggle the table of contents\nToggle the table of contents\nPoland–Russia relations\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBilateral relations\nEmbassy of Poland, Moscow\nEmbassy of Russia, Warsaw\nPoland–Russia relations ( Polish : Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie, Russian : Российско-польские отношения) have a long and often turbulent history, dating to the late Middle Ages , when the Kingdom of Poland and Kievan Rus' and later the Grand Duchy of Moscow struggled over control of their borders.[ citation needed ] Over centuries, there have been several Polish–Russian Wars , with Poland once occupying Moscow and later Russia controlling much of Poland in the 19th as well as in the 20th century , leading to strained relations and multiple Polish attempts at re-acquiring independence. Polish–Russian relations entered a new phase following the fall of communism , 1989–1993, with relations warming under Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and later Russian President Boris Yeltsin . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.04618902'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '5d3f9268915f1129d21b9b6bc058b7e2'}>, <Document: {'content': "[37]\n2010 plane crash[ edit ]\nDmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk , 6 December 2010\nBBC News reported that one of the main effects of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations. [38] It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland. [38] The Wall Street Journal states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin and Donald Tusk on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia's response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 26, 'score': '0.038606532'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '27c83c8331d5263a5d5e85fb85022eda'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Russia has repeatedly accused Poland for not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II for Poland, notably in 2017, in which Poland was thought on "attempting to impose its own version of history" after Moscow was not allowed to join an international effort to renovate a World War II museum at Sobibór , site of the notorious Sobibor extermination camp . [50] Meanwhile, Poland also accuses Russia for its unlimited historical distortion, notably back to 2014 when Putin signed a bill using any comparison of Nazi to Soviet war crimes as a punishment, as the Poles were also treated brutally by the Soviets; although Russia\'s historical revisionism might have influenced Poland\'s Andrzej Duda over its Nazi war crime laws; [51] and Poland also has concerned that Russia\'s political and historical revisionism might put Poland at risk. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 30, 'score': '0.03324751'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a92ef1eaf9314ade5e2f3938bd4513c6'}>, <Document: {'content': "[ citation needed ] On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia's food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland's biggest market for apples. The move follows EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine. [48]\nHowever, since the Russian annexation of Crimea , over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast , directly bordering Poland. [49]\nHistorical revisionism[ edit ]\nBoth Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations', 'timestamp': 1690982857, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between russia and poland?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of visas for Russian citizens, NATO plans for an anti-missile site in ...', '_split_id': 29, 'score': '0.031967573'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '491dadd89674b003fcff86a0117b8bb4'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?
Answer: {'results': ["The primary causes of climate change on both global and local scales are the emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These activities have been the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for over 75% of emissions and nearly 90% of carbon dioxide emissions. Human activities, especially since the Industrial Revolution, have released significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to changes in the Earth's climate.\n\nWhile natural factors such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions also influence the Earth's climate, they do not explain the observed warming trend over the past century. It is clear that human activities have had a significant impact on warming the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The long-term trend observed in climate change can only be attributed to the effect of human activities.\n\nThe effects of climate change are seen in the form of global warming, which leads to disruptions in weather patterns and an imbalance in nature. Warmer temperatures are changing weather patterns and posing various risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth. These effects are observed both globally and locally, as climate change affects regions differently. Changes in the Earth's orbit and rotation have also played a role in past climate variations, including ice ages and interglacial periods.\n\nConcentrations of greenhouse gases, which have increased since the Industrial Revolution, trap the sun's heat and contribute to global warming. This has led to changes in the Earth's reflectivity, with dark objects and surfaces absorbing more sunlight and light-colored objects and surfaces reflecting sunlight. Changes in solar energy and variations in the Earth's energy balance, as well as changes in the greenhouse effect, have caused Earth's climate to change over time.\n\nIn conclusion, the primary causes of climate change on global and local scales are human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases. These emissions have led to global warming and disruptions in weather patterns. While natural factors also influence climate, they do not explain the observed warming trend. The effects of climate change are seen in various risks to human and ecological systems."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Videos\nCauses and Effects of Climate Change\nFossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – are by far\xa0the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all carbon dioxide emissions.\nAs greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.\nCauses of Climate Change\nGenerating power\nGenerating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.60604626'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7f4b673297f9fc30b9ff2cc4d81727d1'}>, <Document: {'content': "Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.10080953'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e22576b4475297a1a2c3326d01951e2'}>, <Document: {'content': '17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.08481129'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd58dd0e219cb3618221b3bb1971cd7ea'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 19, 'score': '0.049656417'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '11100c1d24861d0f6f39f244d7f35bca'}>, <Document: {'content': "Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earthâ\x80\x99sÂ\xa0energy balance, including:\nVariations in the sun's energy Â\xa0reaching Earth\nChanges in the reflectivity Â\xa0of Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere and surface\nChanges in the greenhouse effect , which affects the amount of heat retained by Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere\nThese factors have caused Earthâ\x80\x99s climate to change many times.\nScientists have pieced together a record of Earthâ\x80\x99s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years (and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit around the sun. [2]\nThis record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a wide range of time scales. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.045703813'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'ea0c384dada549fae7660ac15208770f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Learn more about human-generated and natural aerosols .\nNatural Processes\nNatural processes are always influencing the earth’s climate and can explain climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s. However, recent climate changes cannot be explained by natural causes alone.\nChanges in the Earth’s Orbit and Rotation\nChanges in the earth’s orbit and its axis of rotation have had a big impact on climate in the past. For example, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planet’s orbit, appears to be the primary cause of past cycles of ice ages, in which the earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.039875127'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a8e3f144784561bbf1c50723b3257e52'}>, <Document: {'content': "- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4\nScientists have pieced together a record of the earth’s climate by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate, such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the earth’s orbit around the sun. 2 This record shows that the climate varies naturally over a wide range of time scales, but this variability does not explain the observed warming since the 1950s. Rather, it is extremely likely (> 95%) that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming. 3\nHuman activities have contributed substantially to climate change through:\nHeat-trapping Greenhouse Gases And The Earth's Climate\nSource: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2018\nGreenhouse Gases\nConcentrations of the key greenhouse gases have all increased since the Industrial Revolution due to human activities. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.0146333175'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e019dcec802c5857cf6b0eab7063def6'}>], 'results': ["The primary causes of climate change on both global and local scales are the emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These activities have been the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for over 75% of emissions and nearly 90% of carbon dioxide emissions. Human activities, especially since the Industrial Revolution, have released significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to changes in the Earth's climate.\n\nWhile natural factors such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions also influence the Earth's climate, they do not explain the observed warming trend over the past century. It is clear that human activities have had a significant impact on warming the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The long-term trend observed in climate change can only be attributed to the effect of human activities.\n\nThe effects of climate change are seen in the form of global warming, which leads to disruptions in weather patterns and an imbalance in nature. Warmer temperatures are changing weather patterns and posing various risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth. These effects are observed both globally and locally, as climate change affects regions differently. Changes in the Earth's orbit and rotation have also played a role in past climate variations, including ice ages and interglacial periods.\n\nConcentrations of greenhouse gases, which have increased since the Industrial Revolution, trap the sun's heat and contribute to global warming. This has led to changes in the Earth's reflectivity, with dark objects and surfaces absorbing more sunlight and light-colored objects and surfaces reflecting sunlight. Changes in solar energy and variations in the Earth's energy balance, as well as changes in the greenhouse effect, have caused Earth's climate to change over time.\n\nIn conclusion, the primary causes of climate change on global and local scales are human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases. These emissions have led to global warming and disruptions in weather patterns. While natural factors also influence climate, they do not explain the observed warming trend. The effects of climate change are seen in various risks to human and ecological systems."], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Videos\nCauses and Effects of Climate Change\nFossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – are by far\xa0the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all carbon dioxide emissions.\nAs greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.\nCauses of Climate Change\nGenerating power\nGenerating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions.  Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n 17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n [2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate.  Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earthâ\x80\x99sÂ\xa0energy balance, including:\nVariations in the sun's energy Â\xa0reaching Earth\nChanges in the reflectivity Â\xa0of Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere and surface\nChanges in the greenhouse effect , which affects the amount of heat retained by Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere\nThese factors have caused Earthâ\x80\x99s climate to change many times.\nScientists have pieced together a record of Earthâ\x80\x99s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years (and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit around the sun. [2]\nThis record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a wide range of time scales.  Learn more about human-generated and natural aerosols .\nNatural Processes\nNatural processes are always influencing the earth’s climate and can explain climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s. However, recent climate changes cannot be explained by natural causes alone.\nChanges in the Earth’s Orbit and Rotation\nChanges in the earth’s orbit and its axis of rotation have had a big impact on climate in the past. For example, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planet’s orbit, appears to be the primary cause of past cycles of ice ages, in which the earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures.  - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4\nScientists have pieced together a record of the earth’s climate by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate, such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the earth’s orbit around the sun. 2 This record shows that the climate varies naturally over a wide range of time scales, but this variability does not explain the observed warming since the 1950s. Rather, it is extremely likely (> 95%) that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming. 3\nHuman activities have contributed substantially to climate change through:\nHeat-trapping Greenhouse Gases And The Earth's Climate\nSource: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2018\nGreenhouse Gases\nConcentrations of the key greenhouse gases have all increased since the Industrial Revolution due to human activities.  \n\n Question: What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Videos\nCauses and Effects of Climate Change\nFossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – are by far\xa0the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all carbon dioxide emissions.\nAs greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.\nCauses of Climate Change\nGenerating power\nGenerating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.60604626'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '7f4b673297f9fc30b9ff2cc4d81727d1'}>, <Document: {'content': "Contact Us\nCauses of Climate Change\nHuman and natural factors both influence the earth’s climate, but the long-term trend observed over the past century can only be explained by the effect of human activities on climate.\xa0Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate ,\xa02017.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun's energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's climate. However, they do not explain the warming that we have observed over the last century. 1\nHuman Versus Natural Causes\nIt is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.\n", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.10080953'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e22576b4475297a1a2c3326d01951e2'}>, <Document: {'content': '17\nThe sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity (bottom chart), but the effect on the earth is small. Over the same period, the average global temperature has increased markedly (top chart). Source: National Academy of Sciences, Climate Change Evidence & Causes , 2020.\nChanges in the Earth’s Reflectivity\nThe amount of sunlight that is absorbed or reflected by the planet depends on the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Dark objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, and soil, tend to absorb more sunlight. Light-colored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect sunlight. About 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed. 18 Natural changes in the earth’s surface, like the melting of sea ice , have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as feedbacks to other processes.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.08481129'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd58dd0e219cb3618221b3bb1971cd7ea'}>, <Document: {'content': '[2]\nChanges in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planetâ\x80\x99s orbit, appears to drive the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles Â\xa0of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. [1] [2] Â\nRates of Climate Change Have Varied Over Time\nClick to learn Â\xa0aboutÂ\xa0how rates of climate change have varied over time.\nThe recent role of the sunâ\x80\x99s energy\nChanges in solar energy continue to affect climate. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 19, 'score': '0.049656417'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '11100c1d24861d0f6f39f244d7f35bca'}>, <Document: {'content': "Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earthâ\x80\x99sÂ\xa0energy balance, including:\nVariations in the sun's energy Â\xa0reaching Earth\nChanges in the reflectivity Â\xa0of Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere and surface\nChanges in the greenhouse effect , which affects the amount of heat retained by Earthâ\x80\x99s atmosphere\nThese factors have caused Earthâ\x80\x99s climate to change many times.\nScientists have pieced together a record of Earthâ\x80\x99s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years (and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in Earthâ\x80\x99s orbit around the sun. [2]\nThis record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a wide range of time scales. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.045703813'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'ea0c384dada549fae7660ac15208770f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Learn more about human-generated and natural aerosols .\nNatural Processes\nNatural processes are always influencing the earth’s climate and can explain climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s. However, recent climate changes cannot be explained by natural causes alone.\nChanges in the Earth’s Orbit and Rotation\nChanges in the earth’s orbit and its axis of rotation have had a big impact on climate in the past. For example, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planet’s orbit, appears to be the primary cause of past cycles of ice ages, in which the earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.039875127'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a8e3f144784561bbf1c50723b3257e52'}>, <Document: {'content': "- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4\nScientists have pieced together a record of the earth’s climate by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate, such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the earth’s orbit around the sun. 2 This record shows that the climate varies naturally over a wide range of time scales, but this variability does not explain the observed warming since the 1950s. Rather, it is extremely likely (> 95%) that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming. 3\nHuman activities have contributed substantially to climate change through:\nHeat-trapping Greenhouse Gases And The Earth's Climate\nSource: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2018\nGreenhouse Gases\nConcentrations of the key greenhouse gases have all increased since the Industrial Revolution due to human activities. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change', 'timestamp': 1690982876, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': "Activities such as agriculture, road construction, and deforestation can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local ...", '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.0146333175'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e019dcec802c5857cf6b0eab7063def6'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?
html handler failed to extract content from https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/key-features-of-renaissance-culture
Answer: {'results': ["The key events and influences that led to the Renaissance were increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death. These developments shaped modern Western culture in several ways.\n\nThe increased interaction between different cultures and societies played a significant role in the emergence of the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, Europe was socially, religiously, and politically rigid. However, increased interaction with different cultures allowed for the exchange of ideas and knowledge, leading to a shift in European thought and worldview. This interaction led to the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, which had been largely ignored or forgotten during the Middle Ages. Renaissance thinkers sought to revitalize their culture by emphasizing classical texts and philosophies, expanding and interpreting them to create their own style of art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry.\n\nThe emergence of humanism was another crucial factor in shaping modern Western culture during the Renaissance. Renaissance humanism involved a new method of thinking, focusing on man's ability to master nature rather than religious piety. This mindset was influenced by the study of classical texts and led to a new outlook on life and the world. It also led to the Protestant Reformation, as people began to read and interpret the Bible for themselves, fundamentally altering religious life in Europe.\n\nArtistic and technological innovations also played a significant role in shaping modern Western culture during the Renaissance. Renaissance painters and sculptors shifted their focus from stylized and religious themes to the realities of everyday life and real people. This shift was likely influenced by the humanistic ideas of the time. Additionally, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg had a profound impact on the Renaissance and subsequent events. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books and literature, leading to the spread of knowledge and ideas across Europe. This innovation helped trigger a major shift in European culture and allowed for the development of modern culture.\n\nOverall, the key events and influences that led to the Renaissance, such as increased interaction between cultures, the rediscovery of classical texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death, significantly shaped modern Western culture. The Renaissance brought about a major shift in European thought and worldview, leading to advances in architecture, art, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, politics, religion, and science. These developments laid the foundation for modern-day civilization and continue to influence Western culture today."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.20718926'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'f897e457fdffc30f6a10e546a72ef645'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Terms of Use\nCAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE\nThe Renaissance was an important event in European history that stretched from the 14th century to the 17th century.\xa0 It was preceded by the Middle Ages in Europe and eventually led to the major events of the Age of Enlightenment .\xa0 In historical terms the Renaissance is important because it led to a major shift in European thought and worldview.\xa0 While the Renaissance is considered to have begun in the city-states of the Italian peninsula in the 14th century, the main ideas of the movement eventually spread to all of Europe by the 16th century.\xa0 The most significant changes that emerged as a result of the Renaissance can be seen in European architecture, art, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, politics, religion and science.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.14147729'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'afc5250b3262f4589a3a720751b642f7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'While the exact timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there’s little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that changed the way people understood and interpreted the world around them.\nSources', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.114660166'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd44b40aea7ca5c895f292e65e5a447fb'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In Africa, it also brought about the birth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade that saw Black people shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere to work as slaves on European colonies.\n"Renaissance" comes from the French word for "rebirth."According to the City University of New York at Brooklyn , intense interest in and learning about classical antiquity was "reborn" after the Middle Ages, in which classical philosophy was largely ignored or forgotten. Renaissance thinkers considered the Middle Ages to have been a period of cultural decline. They sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies. They expanded and interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\nWhat is the Renaissance?\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.10555377'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a33f3c714714b6f9749e544415fe4495'}>, <Document: {'content': 'This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.08138762'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dd39e5f7e497a28069931b76979ad107'}>, <Document: {'content': '"The demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. For me, this is the easiest and single greatest development of the Renaissance and allowed modern culture to develop," said Wilde.\nIntellectual movement\nWilde said one of the most significant changes that occurred during the Renaissance was the "evolution of Renaissance humanism as a method of thinking. … This new outlook underpinned so much of the world then and now."Renaissance humanism, Wilde said, involved "attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety."Renaissance humanism looked to classical Greek and Roman texts to change contemporary thought, allowing for a new mindset after the Middle Ages. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.08111747'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e8c22c0c91e03a0b129564c8a37f977d'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In fact, many people began to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.\xa0 This ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation and fundamentally altered religious life for people in Europe.\nRENAISSANCE ART\nAnother dramatic innovation that led to the Renaissance was in the artistic styles and methods used by Renaissance painters.\xa0 Today, the Renaissance is perhaps best known for the famous artists and their famous works of art.\xa0 Previous to the Renaissance, in the Middle Ages, art was much more stylized and focused on religious themes.\xa0 This means that the art in the Middle Ages displayed humans and the world in a more unrealistic but stylized fashion.\xa0 However, in the Renaissance, European artists were inspired to create paintings and sculptures that focused more on the realities of everyday life and real people.\xa0 This was likely due to the influence of humanism that helped spark the Renaissance.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 14, 'score': '0.05082249'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c6f8149bfca82f4afbc47466d9afd1a'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Sources\nThe Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization.\nFrom Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins\nDuring the Middle Ages , a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.044785265'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cb36764bb81f96ac27f67133679e5a23'}>], 'results': ["The key events and influences that led to the Renaissance were increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death. These developments shaped modern Western culture in several ways.\n\nThe increased interaction between different cultures and societies played a significant role in the emergence of the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, Europe was socially, religiously, and politically rigid. However, increased interaction with different cultures allowed for the exchange of ideas and knowledge, leading to a shift in European thought and worldview. This interaction led to the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, which had been largely ignored or forgotten during the Middle Ages. Renaissance thinkers sought to revitalize their culture by emphasizing classical texts and philosophies, expanding and interpreting them to create their own style of art, philosophy, and scientific inquiry.\n\nThe emergence of humanism was another crucial factor in shaping modern Western culture during the Renaissance. Renaissance humanism involved a new method of thinking, focusing on man's ability to master nature rather than religious piety. This mindset was influenced by the study of classical texts and led to a new outlook on life and the world. It also led to the Protestant Reformation, as people began to read and interpret the Bible for themselves, fundamentally altering religious life in Europe.\n\nArtistic and technological innovations also played a significant role in shaping modern Western culture during the Renaissance. Renaissance painters and sculptors shifted their focus from stylized and religious themes to the realities of everyday life and real people. This shift was likely influenced by the humanistic ideas of the time. Additionally, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg had a profound impact on the Renaissance and subsequent events. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books and literature, leading to the spread of knowledge and ideas across Europe. This innovation helped trigger a major shift in European culture and allowed for the development of modern culture.\n\nOverall, the key events and influences that led to the Renaissance, such as increased interaction between cultures, the rediscovery of classical texts, the emergence of humanism, artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death, significantly shaped modern Western culture. The Renaissance brought about a major shift in European thought and worldview, leading to advances in architecture, art, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, politics, religion, and science. These developments laid the foundation for modern-day civilization and continue to influence Western culture today."], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0  Terms of Use\nCAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE\nThe Renaissance was an important event in European history that stretched from the 14th century to the 17th century.\xa0 It was preceded by the Middle Ages in Europe and eventually led to the major events of the Age of Enlightenment .\xa0 In historical terms the Renaissance is important because it led to a major shift in European thought and worldview.\xa0 While the Renaissance is considered to have begun in the city-states of the Italian peninsula in the 14th century, the main ideas of the movement eventually spread to all of Europe by the 16th century.\xa0 The most significant changes that emerged as a result of the Renaissance can be seen in European architecture, art, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, politics, religion and science.\xa0  While the exact timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there’s little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that changed the way people understood and interpreted the world around them.\nSources In Africa, it also brought about the birth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade that saw Black people shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere to work as slaves on European colonies.\n"Renaissance" comes from the French word for "rebirth."According to the City University of New York at Brooklyn , intense interest in and learning about classical antiquity was "reborn" after the Middle Ages, in which classical philosophy was largely ignored or forgotten. Renaissance thinkers considered the Middle Ages to have been a period of cultural decline. They sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies. They expanded and interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\nWhat is the Renaissance?\n This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0  "The demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. For me, this is the easiest and single greatest development of the Renaissance and allowed modern culture to develop," said Wilde.\nIntellectual movement\nWilde said one of the most significant changes that occurred during the Renaissance was the "evolution of Renaissance humanism as a method of thinking. … This new outlook underpinned so much of the world then and now."Renaissance humanism, Wilde said, involved "attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety."Renaissance humanism looked to classical Greek and Roman texts to change contemporary thought, allowing for a new mindset after the Middle Ages.  In fact, many people began to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.\xa0 This ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation and fundamentally altered religious life for people in Europe.\nRENAISSANCE ART\nAnother dramatic innovation that led to the Renaissance was in the artistic styles and methods used by Renaissance painters.\xa0 Today, the Renaissance is perhaps best known for the famous artists and their famous works of art.\xa0 Previous to the Renaissance, in the Middle Ages, art was much more stylized and focused on religious themes.\xa0 This means that the art in the Middle Ages displayed humans and the world in a more unrealistic but stylized fashion.\xa0 However, in the Renaissance, European artists were inspired to create paintings and sculptures that focused more on the realities of everyday life and real people.\xa0 This was likely due to the influence of humanism that helped spark the Renaissance.\xa0  Sources\nThe Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization.\nFrom Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins\nDuring the Middle Ages , a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.\n \n\n Question: What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism , different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death.\nRenaissance City-States (Click to Enlarge)\nINCREASED INTERACTION\nThe first main cause of the Renaissance was the increased interaction between different cultures and societies in the time before and during the start of the Renaissance.\xa0 This is important because at the time Europe was in the midst of the Middle Ages.\xa0 The Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) had several key features such as: feudalism and devout religious faith in the form of Christianity .\xa0 These features (along with others) combined to form a society that was very rigid socially, religiously, and politically.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.20718926'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'f897e457fdffc30f6a10e546a72ef645'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Terms of Use\nCAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE\nThe Renaissance was an important event in European history that stretched from the 14th century to the 17th century.\xa0 It was preceded by the Middle Ages in Europe and eventually led to the major events of the Age of Enlightenment .\xa0 In historical terms the Renaissance is important because it led to a major shift in European thought and worldview.\xa0 While the Renaissance is considered to have begun in the city-states of the Italian peninsula in the 14th century, the main ideas of the movement eventually spread to all of Europe by the 16th century.\xa0 The most significant changes that emerged as a result of the Renaissance can be seen in European architecture, art, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, politics, religion and science.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.14147729'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'afc5250b3262f4589a3a720751b642f7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'While the exact timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there’s little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that changed the way people understood and interpreted the world around them.\nSources', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.114660166'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd44b40aea7ca5c895f292e65e5a447fb'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In Africa, it also brought about the birth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade that saw Black people shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere to work as slaves on European colonies.\n"Renaissance" comes from the French word for "rebirth."According to the City University of New York at Brooklyn , intense interest in and learning about classical antiquity was "reborn" after the Middle Ages, in which classical philosophy was largely ignored or forgotten. Renaissance thinkers considered the Middle Ages to have been a period of cultural decline. They sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies. They expanded and interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare\'s works.\nWhat is the Renaissance?\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.10555377'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a33f3c714714b6f9749e544415fe4495'}>, <Document: {'content': 'This was a fundamental shift from the feudalistic and religious life that was the reality for most people in the Europe in the Middle Ages.\xa0 As such, Petrarch’s actions are considered to be important to the emergence and growth of the overall Renaissance.\nINNOVATIONS\nThe next main cause of the Renaissance in Europe was the different innovations of the time, especially in publishing and art.\xa0 In terms of publishing, the printing press was one of the most significant innovations in all of world history.\xa0 German blacksmith, goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in the mid-1400s and it quickly had a profound impact on the events of the Renaissance (as well as later events such as the Enlightenment).\xa0 Prior to the printing press, books and other literature were created through a varied assortment of methods (woodblock press, etc.) which were all labor intensive and slow.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 11, 'score': '0.08138762'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dd39e5f7e497a28069931b76979ad107'}>, <Document: {'content': '"The demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. For me, this is the easiest and single greatest development of the Renaissance and allowed modern culture to develop," said Wilde.\nIntellectual movement\nWilde said one of the most significant changes that occurred during the Renaissance was the "evolution of Renaissance humanism as a method of thinking. … This new outlook underpinned so much of the world then and now."Renaissance humanism, Wilde said, involved "attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety."Renaissance humanism looked to classical Greek and Roman texts to change contemporary thought, allowing for a new mindset after the Middle Ages. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.08421052631578949, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 2, 'snippet_text': 'Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting ...', '_split_id': 8, 'score': '0.08111747'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e8c22c0c91e03a0b129564c8a37f977d'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In fact, many people began to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.\xa0 This ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation and fundamentally altered religious life for people in Europe.\nRENAISSANCE ART\nAnother dramatic innovation that led to the Renaissance was in the artistic styles and methods used by Renaissance painters.\xa0 Today, the Renaissance is perhaps best known for the famous artists and their famous works of art.\xa0 Previous to the Renaissance, in the Middle Ages, art was much more stylized and focused on religious themes.\xa0 This means that the art in the Middle Ages displayed humans and the world in a more unrealistic but stylized fashion.\xa0 However, in the Renaissance, European artists were inspired to create paintings and sculptures that focused more on the realities of everyday life and real people.\xa0 This was likely due to the influence of humanism that helped spark the Renaissance.\xa0 ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-renaissance.html', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'In conclusion, historians have identified several causes of the Renaissance in\nEurope, including: increased interaction between different cultures, the\nrediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism,\ndifferent artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict\nand death.\nAug 18, 2018', '_split_id': 14, 'score': '0.05082249'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c6f8149bfca82f4afbc47466d9afd1a'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Sources\nThe Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization.\nFrom Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins\nDuring the Middle Ages , a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance', 'timestamp': 1690982898, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'what were the key events and influences that led to renaissance; how did these developments shape modern western culture?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.044785265'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'cb36764bb81f96ac27f67133679e5a23'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?
Answer: {'results': ["Advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. On one hand, technological change has the potential to boost productivity and economic growth, and create new and better jobs. It is estimated that as much as two-thirds of potential productivity growth in major economies over the next decade could be related to new digital technologies. However, the reality is that technological change has been disruptive and has led to difficult transitions.\n\nOne of the main effects of technological advancements is the shift in labor demand. Automation and digital advances have shifted labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills towards higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills. This has created a demand for workers with skills that complement the new technologies. However, the supply of workers with these skills has lagged behind, hindering the broader diffusion of innovation within economies. Education and training have not kept pace with technology, leading to a skills gap.\n\nAdditionally, technology has contributed to rising inequality. The new technologies have favored capital and higher-level skills, leading to a decline in labor's share of income and increased wage inequality. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, leading to more concentrated industry structures and higher economic rents. Income has shifted from labor to capital, and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal. This has contributed to social tensions and political divisiveness, with a surge in populism and nationalist sentiment in many countries.\n\nFurthermore, the impact of technology on productivity growth has been uneven. While firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, the impact on productivity across firms has been weak. This has led to winners-take-most outcomes, with dominant firms gaining more market power and market structures becoming less competitive. Business dynamism has declined as a result.\n\nInvestment in technology has also been weak in most major economies, despite historically low interest rates. The persistent weakness of investment and productivity growth have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics. This has raised concerns about the risk of secular stagnation.\n\nIn conclusion, advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. While they hold the potential for boosting productivity and creating new jobs, the reality is that the transition has been disruptive and has led to rising inequality, concentrated industry structures, and weak productivity growth. Addressing these challenges will require strengthening digital infrastructure, improving education and training, and fostering wider economic impacts from technological advances."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'We may be on the cusp of what has been termed the “Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).” And globalization is going increasingly digital, a transformation that, analogous to 4IR, has been termed “Globalization 4.0.”\nRelated Books\nGlobal Trade Growth in a Time of Change\nHyeon-Wook Kim, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZia Qureshi\nFebruary 25, 2020\nTechnological change recently has not delivered its full potential in boosting productivity and economic growth. It has pushed income inequality higher and generated fears about a “robocalypse”—massive job losses from automation. This should not cause despair, however.\nAdvances in digital technologies hold considerable potential to lift the trajectory of productivity and economic growth, and to create new and better jobs to replace old ones. As much as two-thirds of potential productivity growth in major economies over the next decade could be related to the new digital technologies. But technological change is inherently disruptive and entails difficult transitions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.23206946'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8d4df71ad2881c9185c2f10321250a2'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.22494248'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '14c9515a5459af0bda08fcc5cea4e4e7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Automation and digital advances are shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills. On the supply side, however, equipping workers with skills that complement the new technologies has lagged, hindering the broader diffusion of innovation within economies. Education and training have been losing the race with technology.\nMost major economies face the challenge of aging populations. Many of them are also seeing a leveling off of gains in labor force participation rates and basic education attainments of the population. These trends put an even greater focus on productivity—and technological innovations that drive it—to deliver economic growth.\nRising inequality\nGrowth has also become less inclusive. Income inequality has been rising in most major economies, and the increase has been particularly pronounced in some of them, such as the United States. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.21987341'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dc234dc40dfe9a35b3c3fa0f92a89109'}>, <Document: {'content': 'New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.09773508'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '9a372e490e2bfb9c3d4f8ad33a143382'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.081845455'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '51dbc640fa6c9e1598be39ee906a6943'}>, <Document: {'content': 'University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.077806674'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '487c7dead8761f2b4f946e84f702677b'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.017625164'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '726428c24da278754591a562cde57a93'}>], 'results': ["Advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. On one hand, technological change has the potential to boost productivity and economic growth, and create new and better jobs. It is estimated that as much as two-thirds of potential productivity growth in major economies over the next decade could be related to new digital technologies. However, the reality is that technological change has been disruptive and has led to difficult transitions.\n\nOne of the main effects of technological advancements is the shift in labor demand. Automation and digital advances have shifted labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills towards higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills. This has created a demand for workers with skills that complement the new technologies. However, the supply of workers with these skills has lagged behind, hindering the broader diffusion of innovation within economies. Education and training have not kept pace with technology, leading to a skills gap.\n\nAdditionally, technology has contributed to rising inequality. The new technologies have favored capital and higher-level skills, leading to a decline in labor's share of income and increased wage inequality. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, leading to more concentrated industry structures and higher economic rents. Income has shifted from labor to capital, and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal. This has contributed to social tensions and political divisiveness, with a surge in populism and nationalist sentiment in many countries.\n\nFurthermore, the impact of technology on productivity growth has been uneven. While firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, the impact on productivity across firms has been weak. This has led to winners-take-most outcomes, with dominant firms gaining more market power and market structures becoming less competitive. Business dynamism has declined as a result.\n\nInvestment in technology has also been weak in most major economies, despite historically low interest rates. The persistent weakness of investment and productivity growth have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics. This has raised concerns about the risk of secular stagnation.\n\nIn conclusion, advances in technology in the 21st century have had a significant impact on job markets and economies around the world. While they hold the potential for boosting productivity and creating new jobs, the reality is that the transition has been disruptive and has led to rising inequality, concentrated industry structures, and weak productivity growth. Addressing these challenges will require strengthening digital infrastructure, improving education and training, and fostering wider economic impacts from technological advances."], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: We may be on the cusp of what has been termed the “Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).” And globalization is going increasingly digital, a transformation that, analogous to 4IR, has been termed “Globalization 4.0.”\nRelated Books\nGlobal Trade Growth in a Time of Change\nHyeon-Wook Kim, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZia Qureshi\nFebruary 25, 2020\nTechnological change recently has not delivered its full potential in boosting productivity and economic growth. It has pushed income inequality higher and generated fears about a “robocalypse”—massive job losses from automation. This should not cause despair, however.\nAdvances in digital technologies hold considerable potential to lift the trajectory of productivity and economic growth, and to create new and better jobs to replace old ones. As much as two-thirds of potential productivity growth in major economies over the next decade could be related to the new digital technologies. But technological change is inherently disruptive and entails difficult transitions.  Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets.  Automation and digital advances are shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills. On the supply side, however, equipping workers with skills that complement the new technologies has lagged, hindering the broader diffusion of innovation within economies. Education and training have been losing the race with technology.\nMost major economies face the challenge of aging populations. Many of them are also seeing a leveling off of gains in labor force participation rates and basic education attainments of the population. These trends put an even greater focus on productivity—and technological innovations that drive it—to deliver economic growth.\nRising inequality\nGrowth has also become less inclusive. Income inequality has been rising in most major economies, and the increase has been particularly pronounced in some of them, such as the United States.  New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future.  In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation.  University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies.  \n\n Question: How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'We may be on the cusp of what has been termed the “Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).” And globalization is going increasingly digital, a transformation that, analogous to 4IR, has been termed “Globalization 4.0.”\nRelated Books\nGlobal Trade Growth in a Time of Change\nHyeon-Wook Kim, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZia Qureshi\nFebruary 25, 2020\nTechnological change recently has not delivered its full potential in boosting productivity and economic growth. It has pushed income inequality higher and generated fears about a “robocalypse”—massive job losses from automation. This should not cause despair, however.\nAdvances in digital technologies hold considerable potential to lift the trajectory of productivity and economic growth, and to create new and better jobs to replace old ones. As much as two-thirds of potential productivity growth in major economies over the next decade could be related to the new digital technologies. But technological change is inherently disruptive and entails difficult transitions. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 5, 'score': '0.23206946'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8d4df71ad2881c9185c2f10321250a2'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Yet, paradoxically, productivity growth has slowed as digital technologies have boomed. Among advanced economies over the past 15 years or so, it has averaged less than half of the pace of the previous 15 years. Firms at the technological frontier have reaped major productivity gains, but the impact on productivity more widely across firms has been weak. The new technologies have tended to produce winners-take-most outcomes. Dominant firms have acquired more market power, market structures have become less competitive, and business dynamism has declined.\nInvestment also has been weak in most major economies. The persistent weakness of investment despite historically low interest rates has prompted concerns about the risk of “secular stagnation.” Weak productivity growth and investment have reinforced each other and are linked by similar shifts in market structures and dynamics.\nShifts in labor markets\nTechnology is having profound effects on labor markets. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.22494248'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '14c9515a5459af0bda08fcc5cea4e4e7'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Automation and digital advances are shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills. On the supply side, however, equipping workers with skills that complement the new technologies has lagged, hindering the broader diffusion of innovation within economies. Education and training have been losing the race with technology.\nMost major economies face the challenge of aging populations. Many of them are also seeing a leveling off of gains in labor force participation rates and basic education attainments of the population. These trends put an even greater focus on productivity—and technological innovations that drive it—to deliver economic growth.\nRising inequality\nGrowth has also become less inclusive. Income inequality has been rising in most major economies, and the increase has been particularly pronounced in some of them, such as the United States. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.21987341'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'dc234dc40dfe9a35b3c3fa0f92a89109'}>, <Document: {'content': 'New regulatory issues revolving around data, the lifeblood of the digital economy, must be addressed. Flexibility in markets will be key to facilitating adjustments to disruptions and structural shifts from digital transformation.\nThe innovation ecosystem should keep pushing the technological frontier but also foster wider economic impacts from the new advances. With the intangible asset of knowledge becoming an increasingly important driver of economic success, research and development systems and patent regimes should be improved to promote broader diffusion of technologies embodying new knowledge.\nThe foundation of digital infrastructure and digital literacy must be strengthened. The digital divide is narrowing but wide gaps remain.\nInvestment in education and training must be boosted and reoriented to emphasize the skills for the jobs of the future. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.09773508'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '9a372e490e2bfb9c3d4f8ad33a143382'}>, <Document: {'content': 'In spite of concerns that automation would get rid of jobs or cause mass unemployment, technology has continually led to the creation of new jobs. In fact, history has proven that as labor productivity grew, so too did job growth. (This has not been the case recently however, a point we will return to).18\nThe employment-to-population ratio (i.e., the share of the total US working-age population, aged 16 and above, that is employed) increased during the 20th century, even as more women entered the labor force.19 The development of machines increased productivity and decreased production costs, allowing the creation of mass production. The subsequent surge in economic growth during this period led to the evolution of consumerism, and thus, resulted in increased job creation. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.081845455'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '51dbc640fa6c9e1598be39ee906a6943'}>, <Document: {'content': 'University of British Columbiaâ\x80\x99s Sauder School of Business, Canada\nEstimated reading time Time 22 to read\nTechnology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which brought us Watson and self-driving cars, mark the beginning of a seismic shift in the world as we know it. To navigate the unstable labormarket and seize the plentiful opportunities offered by new technologies, we must find a way to more quickly adapt. By continually updating our skills and seeking alternative work arrangements, we can â\x80\x9crace with the machines.â\x80\x9d Whether we like it or not, change is coming, and the worst move of all would be to ignore it.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technology-s-impact-on-growth-and-employment/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.09473684210526317, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'Technology has always fueled economic growth, improved standards of living, and opened up avenues to new and better kinds of work. Recent advances in ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.077806674'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '487c7dead8761f2b4f946e84f702677b'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The new technologies favoring capital and higher-level skills have contributed to a decline in labor’s share of income and to increased wage inequality. They have also been associated with more concentrated industry structures and high economic rents enjoyed by dominant firms. Income has shifted from labor to capital and the distribution of both labor and capital income has become more unequal.\nRising inequality and mounting anxiety about jobs have contributed to increased social tensions and political divisiveness. Populism has surged in many countries. Nationalist and protectionist sentiment has been on the rise, with a backlash against international trade that, alongside technological change, is seen to have increased inequality with job losses and wage stagnation for low-skilled workers.\nChanging growth pathways\nWhile income inequality has been rising within many countries, inequality between countries has been falling as faster-growing emerging economies narrow the income gap with advanced economies. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-the-future-of-growth-challenges-of-change/', 'timestamp': 1690982922, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'how have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'shifting labor demand away from routine low- to middle-level skills to higher-level and more sophisticated analytical, technical, and managerial skills', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.017625164'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '726428c24da278754591a562cde57a93'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'How have advances in technology in the 21st century affected job markets and economies around the world?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?
Answer: {'results': ['The main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when nationalist movements among both Jews and Arabs emerged, seeking sovereignty in the Middle East. The Balfour Declaration in 1917, which supported the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, further intensified tensions. \n\nFollowing the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Arab League intervened on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Cease-fire and armistice agreements were reached in 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the West Bank, and Egypt taking control of the Gaza Strip. These territorial divisions contributed to ongoing disputes and conflicts.\n\nThrough the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported Palestinian militants\' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out reprisal operations. Mutual distrust between the two parties deepened over time, fueled by unilateral strategies, rhetoric from hardline political factions, violence, and civilian incitements against each other. This has led to mutual embitterment, hostility, and a loss of faith in the peace process.\n\nOne major issue is the issue of security. Support for Hamas among Palestinians, with its calls for the destruction of Israel, and the persistence of violence pose a threat to Israeli security. Additionally, the expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank has led many Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement but rather aims to establish permanent control over the territory.\n\nJerusalem also plays a significant role in the conflict. Declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine and the partition plan for Palestine in 1947 created tensions in the region. The Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War further complicated the situation.\n\nOver time, progress has been made towards a two-state solution with the Oslo Accords of 1993-1995. However, differing opinions and divisions within Israeli and Palestinian societies hinder the resolution of the conflict. A minority of Jewish Israelis support a two-state solution, while many prefer maintaining the status quo. A significant number of Palestinians support armed attacks against Israelis and believe that a two-state solution is no longer practical due to the expansion of Israeli settlements.\n\nIn summary, the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict include nationalist movements, territorial disputes, the issue of security, and differing views within Israeli and Palestinian societies. These reasons have evolved and intensified over time, leading to ongoing conflicts and hindering the peace process.'], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "[30]\nHistory\nFurther information: Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\nFollowing the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . [39] The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the West Bank and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the All-Palestine Government was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948. [32]\nThrough the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the Palestinian Fedayeen militants' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out reprisal operations in the host countries. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.36351392'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '318ec596cbf555212507e5be00a10dd'}>, <Document: {'content': 'One of the primary obstacles to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a deep-set and growing distrust between its participants. Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence and incitements by civilians against one another, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the peace process. Support among Palestinians for Hamas is considerable, and as its members consistently call for the destruction of Israel and violence remains a threat, [124] security becomes a prime concern for many Israelis. The expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security. [125]\nJerusalem\nSee also: Western Wall , Temple Mount , and Al-Aqsa Mosque\nGreater Jerusalem, May 2006. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 40, 'score': '0.13271189'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c9ac661413241420e8a4c56807d326c4'}>, <Document: {'content': '[8] [9] [10] [11] Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine , including the First Zionist Congress of 1897 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created early tensions in the region after waves of Jewish immigration . Following World War I , the Mandate for Palestine included a binding obligation for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Tensions grew into open sectarian conflict between Jews and Arabs . [12] [13] The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War . The current Israeli-Palestinian status quo began following Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War , known as the Palestinian territories .\nProgress was made towards a two-state solution with the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.11897162'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e82b0af77ce29d144f668f9576ec1bb'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Background\nMain article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine\nThe Palestinian Arab Christian -owned Falastin newspaper featuring a caricature on its 18 June 1936 edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "don\'t be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...". [29]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and among the Arabs , both geared towards attaining sovereignty for their people in the Middle East. [30] The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 6, 'score': '0.083208516'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '65ae31344049b5fc9f5bded66b704cbb'}>, <Document: {'content': "[20] [21] [22]\nWithin Israeli and Palestinian society, the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions. Since its inception , the conflict's casualties have not been restricted to combatants, with a large number of civilian fatalities on both sides. A minority of Jewish Israelis (32 percent) support a two-state solution with the Palestinians. [23] Israeli Jews are divided along ideological lines, and many favor maintaining the status quo. [21] Approximately 60 percent of Palestinians (77% in the Gaza Strip and 46% in the West Bank), support armed attacks against Israelis within Israel as a means of ending the occupation, while 70% believe that a two-state solution is no longer practical or possible as a result of the expansion of Israeli settlements. [22] More than two-thirds of Israeli Jews say that if the West Bank was annexed by Israel, Palestinians resident there should not be permitted to vote. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.07942603'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e4b82e43f1146fc9f0b3d82b6eb1f64a'}>, <Document: {'content': "Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.05118078'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c0eb584901cf304e6d16e55309b72f23'}>, <Document: {'content': '[31] The collision between those two movements in southern Levant upon the emergence of Palestinian nationalism after the Franco-Syrian War in the 1920s escalated into the Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine in 1930s and 1940s, and expanded into the wider Arab–Israeli conflict later on. [32]\nThe return of several hard-line Palestinian Arab nationalists, under the emerging leadership of Haj Amin al-Husseini , from Damascus to Mandatory Palestine marked the beginning of Palestinian Arab nationalist struggle towards establishment of a national home for Arabs of Palestine . [33] Amin al-Husseini, the architect of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked Jewish national movement and Jewish immigration to Palestine as the sole enemy to his cause, [34] initiating large-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 in Jerusalem and in 1921 in Jaffa . Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force Haganah . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.05020924'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8c2dacdb9ae93ba164708cc29d8d7323'}>], 'results': ['The main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when nationalist movements among both Jews and Arabs emerged, seeking sovereignty in the Middle East. The Balfour Declaration in 1917, which supported the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, further intensified tensions. \n\nFollowing the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Arab League intervened on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Cease-fire and armistice agreements were reached in 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the West Bank, and Egypt taking control of the Gaza Strip. These territorial divisions contributed to ongoing disputes and conflicts.\n\nThrough the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported Palestinian militants\' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out reprisal operations. Mutual distrust between the two parties deepened over time, fueled by unilateral strategies, rhetoric from hardline political factions, violence, and civilian incitements against each other. This has led to mutual embitterment, hostility, and a loss of faith in the peace process.\n\nOne major issue is the issue of security. Support for Hamas among Palestinians, with its calls for the destruction of Israel, and the persistence of violence pose a threat to Israeli security. Additionally, the expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank has led many Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement but rather aims to establish permanent control over the territory.\n\nJerusalem also plays a significant role in the conflict. Declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine and the partition plan for Palestine in 1947 created tensions in the region. The Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War further complicated the situation.\n\nOver time, progress has been made towards a two-state solution with the Oslo Accords of 1993-1995. However, differing opinions and divisions within Israeli and Palestinian societies hinder the resolution of the conflict. A minority of Jewish Israelis support a two-state solution, while many prefer maintaining the status quo. A significant number of Palestinians support armed attacks against Israelis and believe that a two-state solution is no longer practical due to the expansion of Israeli settlements.\n\nIn summary, the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict include nationalist movements, territorial disputes, the issue of security, and differing views within Israeli and Palestinian societies. These reasons have evolved and intensified over time, leading to ongoing conflicts and hindering the peace process.'], 'prompts': ['\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don\'t use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: [30]\nHistory\nFurther information: Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\nFollowing the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . [39] The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the West Bank and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the All-Palestine Government was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948. [32]\nThrough the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the Palestinian Fedayeen militants\' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out reprisal operations in the host countries.  One of the primary obstacles to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a deep-set and growing distrust between its participants. Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence and incitements by civilians against one another, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the peace process. Support among Palestinians for Hamas is considerable, and as its members consistently call for the destruction of Israel and violence remains a threat, [124] security becomes a prime concern for many Israelis. The expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security. [125]\nJerusalem\nSee also: Western Wall , Temple Mount , and Al-Aqsa Mosque\nGreater Jerusalem, May 2006.  [8] [9] [10] [11] Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine , including the First Zionist Congress of 1897 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created early tensions in the region after waves of Jewish immigration . Following World War I , the Mandate for Palestine included a binding obligation for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Tensions grew into open sectarian conflict between Jews and Arabs . [12] [13] The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War . The current Israeli-Palestinian status quo began following Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War , known as the Palestinian territories .\nProgress was made towards a two-state solution with the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995.  Background\nMain article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine\nThe Palestinian Arab Christian -owned Falastin newspaper featuring a caricature on its 18 June 1936 edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "don\'t be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...". [29]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and among the Arabs , both geared towards attaining sovereignty for their people in the Middle East. [30] The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.  [20] [21] [22]\nWithin Israeli and Palestinian society, the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions. Since its inception , the conflict\'s casualties have not been restricted to combatants, with a large number of civilian fatalities on both sides. A minority of Jewish Israelis (32 percent) support a two-state solution with the Palestinians. [23] Israeli Jews are divided along ideological lines, and many favor maintaining the status quo. [21] Approximately 60 percent of Palestinians (77% in the Gaza Strip and 46% in the West Bank), support armed attacks against Israelis within Israel as a means of ending the occupation, while 70% believe that a two-state solution is no longer practical or possible as a result of the expansion of Israeli settlements. [22] More than two-thirds of Israeli Jews say that if the West Bank was annexed by Israel, Palestinians resident there should not be permitted to vote.  Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world\'s most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict .  [31] The collision between those two movements in southern Levant upon the emergence of Palestinian nationalism after the Franco-Syrian War in the 1920s escalated into the Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine in 1930s and 1940s, and expanded into the wider Arab–Israeli conflict later on. [32]\nThe return of several hard-line Palestinian Arab nationalists, under the emerging leadership of Haj Amin al-Husseini , from Damascus to Mandatory Palestine marked the beginning of Palestinian Arab nationalist struggle towards establishment of a national home for Arabs of Palestine . [33] Amin al-Husseini, the architect of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked Jewish national movement and Jewish immigration to Palestine as the sole enemy to his cause, [34] initiating large-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 in Jerusalem and in 1921 in Jaffa . Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force Haganah .  \n\n Question: What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time? \n\n Answer:\n']}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': "[30]\nHistory\nFurther information: Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\nFollowing the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . [39] The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the West Bank and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the All-Palestine Government was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948. [32]\nThrough the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the Palestinian Fedayeen militants' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out reprisal operations in the host countries. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 13, 'score': '0.36351392'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '318ec596cbf555212507e5be00a10dd'}>, <Document: {'content': 'One of the primary obstacles to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a deep-set and growing distrust between its participants. Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence and incitements by civilians against one another, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the peace process. Support among Palestinians for Hamas is considerable, and as its members consistently call for the destruction of Israel and violence remains a threat, [124] security becomes a prime concern for many Israelis. The expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security. [125]\nJerusalem\nSee also: Western Wall , Temple Mount , and Al-Aqsa Mosque\nGreater Jerusalem, May 2006. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 40, 'score': '0.13271189'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c9ac661413241420e8a4c56807d326c4'}>, <Document: {'content': '[8] [9] [10] [11] Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine , including the First Zionist Congress of 1897 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created early tensions in the region after waves of Jewish immigration . Following World War I , the Mandate for Palestine included a binding obligation for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Tensions grew into open sectarian conflict between Jews and Arabs . [12] [13] The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War . The current Israeli-Palestinian status quo began following Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War , known as the Palestinian territories .\nProgress was made towards a two-state solution with the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.11897162'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '6e82b0af77ce29d144f668f9576ec1bb'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Background\nMain article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine\nThe Palestinian Arab Christian -owned Falastin newspaper featuring a caricature on its 18 June 1936 edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "don\'t be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...". [29]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and among the Arabs , both geared towards attaining sovereignty for their people in the Middle East. [30] The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 6, 'score': '0.083208516'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '65ae31344049b5fc9f5bded66b704cbb'}>, <Document: {'content': "[20] [21] [22]\nWithin Israeli and Palestinian society, the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions. Since its inception , the conflict's casualties have not been restricted to combatants, with a large number of civilian fatalities on both sides. A minority of Jewish Israelis (32 percent) support a two-state solution with the Palestinians. [23] Israeli Jews are divided along ideological lines, and many favor maintaining the status quo. [21] Approximately 60 percent of Palestinians (77% in the Gaza Strip and 46% in the West Bank), support armed attacks against Israelis within Israel as a means of ending the occupation, while 70% believe that a two-state solution is no longer practical or possible as a result of the expansion of Israeli settlements. [22] More than two-thirds of Israeli Jews say that if the West Bank was annexed by Israel, Palestinians resident there should not be permitted to vote. ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.07942603'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e4b82e43f1146fc9f0b3d82b6eb1f64a'}>, <Document: {'content': "Wikinews\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNot to be confused with Arab–Israeli conflict , the broader conflict between Israel and the Arab world as a whole.\nOngoing military and political conflict in the Levant\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nMap of Israel and Palestine , showing zones of control as outlined by the Oslo Accords\nDate\nDivision of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the Oslo II Accord (1995)\nBelligerents\nCasualties and losses\n21,500+ casualties (1965–2013) [6]\nThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. [7] Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict . ", 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.05118078'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c0eb584901cf304e6d16e55309b72f23'}>, <Document: {'content': '[31] The collision between those two movements in southern Levant upon the emergence of Palestinian nationalism after the Franco-Syrian War in the 1920s escalated into the Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine in 1930s and 1940s, and expanded into the wider Arab–Israeli conflict later on. [32]\nThe return of several hard-line Palestinian Arab nationalists, under the emerging leadership of Haj Amin al-Husseini , from Damascus to Mandatory Palestine marked the beginning of Palestinian Arab nationalist struggle towards establishment of a national home for Arabs of Palestine . [33] Amin al-Husseini, the architect of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked Jewish national movement and Jewish immigration to Palestine as the sole enemy to his cause, [34] initiating large-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 in Jerusalem and in 1921 in Jaffa . Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force Haganah . ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict', 'timestamp': 1690982945, 'search.score': 0.5263157894736843, 'search.query': 'what are the main reasons behind the israel-palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'search.position': None, 'snippet_text': 'The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.05020924'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '8c2dacdb9ae93ba164708cc29d8d7323'}>], 'root_node': 'Query', 'params': {}, 'query': 'What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?', 'node_id': 'PromptNode'}

Question: How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?
Answer: {'results': ["The European Union (EU) has had a significant influence on the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe. The EU was initially established as a means of fostering economic cooperation among countries to promote peace and avoid conflict. Over time, it has evolved into an organization that spans various policy areas, including climate, environment, health, external relations, security, justice, and migration.\n\nEconomically, the EU has created a single market that allows for the free movement of goods, services, money, and people. This has facilitated trade and economic integration among member states, leading to increased prosperity and living standards. The EU has also introduced a single European currency, the euro, which is used by over 340 million EU citizens in 19 countries. The abolition of border controls within most EU countries has made it easier for people to travel, live, and work in different countries within the EU. EU citizens have the right and freedom to choose which EU country they want to study, work, or retire in, and they are treated equally in terms of employment, social security, and tax matters.\n\nPolitically, the EU operates on the principles of representative democracy, with citizens directly represented in the European Parliament and member states represented in the European Council and the Council of the European Union. The EU aims to make its governing institutions more transparent and democratic, with decisions taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizens. The European Parliament has been given more powers, and national parliaments now play a greater role in decision-making, working alongside the EU institutions. Citizens are encouraged to contribute to the democratic life of the EU by giving their views on EU policies and suggesting improvements to existing laws and policies.\n\nSocially, the EU has played a role in addressing various social challenges. It has taken action to safeguard financial stability, strengthen economic governance, improve public finances, and promote reforms to encourage investment. The EU has also responded to crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, by coordinating national responses and mobilizing resources to protect lives and livelihoods. Solidarity is at the heart of the EU's response to the pandemic, with efforts focused on providing objective information about the virus, containing its spread, and repairing the economic and social damage caused by the crisis.\n\nIn conclusion, the EU has influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe by promoting economic cooperation, facilitating trade and integration, introducing a common currency, enabling free movement of people, fostering democratic governance, and addressing social challenges. It has contributed to peace, stability, and prosperity in the region for over half a century."], 'invocation_context': {'query': 'How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?', 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. Moreover, the EU put in place harmonised rules to increase the resilience of EU financial institutions and strengthen supervision of banks in the euro area.\nThe strong foundations provided by the Economic and Monetary Union have helped Member States weather the unprecedented economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic highlighted the necessity of responding to crises quickly, decisively and in a coordinated manner. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 43, 'score': '0.57593834'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'a99f08e2c54600e081d29d1e104fd3ca'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic Community, created in 1958 with the initial aim of increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.\nSince then, 22 more countries have joined (the United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020) and a huge single market (also known as the internal market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.\nWhat began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation spanning many different policy areas â\x80\x93 from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 1, 'score': '0.15284826'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e6fc0f1e113c9f07e50262f9f0b41a55'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The EU has delivered more than half a century of peace, stability and prosperity, helped raise living standards and launched a single European currency: the euro . More than 340 million EU citizens in 19 countries now use it as their currency and enjoy its benefits.\nThanks to the abolition of border controls between most EU countries, people can travel freely throughout most of the continent. It has also become much easier to live and work in another country in Europe. All EU citizens have the right and freedom to choose in which EU country they want to study, work or retire. Every EU country must treat EU citizens in exactly the same way as its own citizens when it comes to matters of employment, social security and tax.\nThe EUâ\x80\x99s main economic engine is the single market. It enables goods, services, money and people to move freely. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 2, 'score': '0.10594822'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'c069bb6b2a542a11a010cbb00fb3c8f3'}>, <Document: {'content': 'The EU aims to follow suit in other areas like energy, knowledge and capital markets to ensure that Europeans also obtain the maximum benefit from these resources.\nThe EU remains focused on making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic. Decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. More powers have been given to the directly elected European Parliament , while national parliaments play a greater role than before, working alongside the EU institutions.\nThe EU is governed by the principle of representative democracy, with citizens directly represented at the EU level in the European Parliament and Member States represented in the European Council and the Council of the European Union .\nCitizens are encouraged to contribute to the democratic life of the EU by giving their views on EU policies during their development or by suggesting improvements to existing laws and policies. ', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 3, 'score': '0.035566863'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': '9892022daf51a1f9fded2abe2a0a5b03'}>, <Document: {'content': 'What it is and what it does\nThis publication is a guide to the European Union (EU) and what it does.\nThe first section briefly explains what the EU is.\nThe second section, â\x80\x98What the European Union doesâ\x80\x99, describes what the EU is doing in more than 40 different areas to improve the lives of people in Europe and further afield.\nThe third section, â\x80\x98How the European Union makes decisions and takes actionâ\x80\x99, describes the institutions at the heart of the EUâ\x80\x99s decision-making process and how their decisions are translated into actions.\nThe text printed in blue indicates hyperlinks to more detailed information in the HTML and PDF versions of this book.\nHTML\nThis publication is available in the following formats\nContents\n1 The European Union in brief\nThe European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political union between 27 European countries .\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 0, 'score': '0.028494917'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'e57340b3c8d09c27fc817f0155b8446f'}>, <Document: {'content': 'Member States of the European Union in 2022\nSeveral institutions are involved in making decisions at the EU level, in particular:\nthe European Parliament , which represents EU citizens and is directly elected by them;\nthe European Council , which consists of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States;\nthe Council of the European Union (also called the Council), which represents the governments of the EU Member States; and\nthe European Commission , which represents the interests of the EU as a whole.\nThe national parliaments of the Member States also play a role in taking decisions and making laws, as do two advisory bodies. These are: the European Committee of the Regions, which consists of representatives of regional and local government; and the European Economic and Social Committee, comprising representatives of employeesâ\x80\x99 and employersâ\x80\x99 organisations and stakeholdersâ\x80\x99 groups.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 7, 'score': '0.020917015'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'd2c58f1db04583f70cf658dbf7fbb91f'}>, <Document: {'content': '2 What the European Union does\nThe second part of this publication presents a summary of what the EU does in different policy areas, including useful links to more information.\nHealth\nMarch 2022\nCOVID-19 response\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to human tragedy, lockdowns and economic slowdown. The EU rapidly took action to protect lives and livelihoods and developed a common European response to the public health and economic challenges.\nWhat the EU does\nSolidarity is at the heart of the common EU response to COVID-19 . The EU is mobilising all resources available to help Member States coordinate their national responses. This includes providing objective information about the spread of the virus, effective efforts to contain it and action to repair the economic and social damage resulting from the pandemic.\n', 'content_type': 'text', 'score': None, 'meta': {'url': 'https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/', 'timestamp': 1690982971, 'search.score': 0.18181818181818182, 'search.query': 'how has the european union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of europe?', 'search.position': 1, 'snippet_text': 'The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are ...', '_split_id': 12, 'score': '0.018423771'}, 'id_hash_keys': ['content'], 'embedding': None, 'id': 'be6e096cd2b2b0ee30985edf74322ced'}>], 'results': ["The European Union (EU) has had a significant influence on the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe. The EU was initially established as a means of fostering economic cooperation among countries to promote peace and avoid conflict. Over time, it has evolved into an organization that spans various policy areas, including climate, environment, health, external relations, security, justice, and migration.\n\nEconomically, the EU has created a single market that allows for the free movement of goods, services, money, and people. This has facilitated trade and economic integration among member states, leading to increased prosperity and living standards. The EU has also introduced a single European currency, the euro, which is used by over 340 million EU citizens in 19 countries. The abolition of border controls within most EU countries has made it easier for people to travel, live, and work in different countries within the EU. EU citizens have the right and freedom to choose which EU country they want to study, work, or retire in, and they are treated equally in terms of employment, social security, and tax matters.\n\nPolitically, the EU operates on the principles of representative democracy, with citizens directly represented in the European Parliament and member states represented in the European Council and the Council of the European Union. The EU aims to make its governing institutions more transparent and democratic, with decisions taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizens. The European Parliament has been given more powers, and national parliaments now play a greater role in decision-making, working alongside the EU institutions. Citizens are encouraged to contribute to the democratic life of the EU by giving their views on EU policies and suggesting improvements to existing laws and policies.\n\nSocially, the EU has played a role in addressing various social challenges. It has taken action to safeguard financial stability, strengthen economic governance, improve public finances, and promote reforms to encourage investment. The EU has also responded to crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, by coordinating national responses and mobilizing resources to protect lives and livelihoods. Solidarity is at the heart of the EU's response to the pandemic, with efforts focused on providing objective information about the virus, containing its spread, and repairing the economic and social damage caused by the crisis.\n\nIn conclusion, the EU has influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe by promoting economic cooperation, facilitating trade and integration, introducing a common currency, enabling free movement of people, fostering democratic governance, and addressing social challenges. It has contributed to peace, stability, and prosperity in the region for over half a century."], 'prompts': ["\nSynthesize a comprehensive answer from the provided paragraphs and the given question.\n\nAnswer in full sentences and paragraphs, don't use bullet points or lists.\n\nIf the answer includes multiple chronological events, order them chronologically.\n\n\n\n Paragraphs: In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. Moreover, the EU put in place harmonised rules to increase the resilience of EU financial institutions and strengthen supervision of banks in the euro area.\nThe strong foundations provided by the Economic and Monetary Union have helped Member States weather the unprecedented economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic highlighted the necessity of responding to crises quickly, decisively and in a coordinated manner.  The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first step was to foster economic cooperation, based on the idea that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and so are more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic Community, created in 1958 with the initial aim of increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.\nSince then, 22 more countries have joined (the United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020) and a huge single market (also known as the internal market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.\nWhat began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation spanning many different policy areas â\x80\x93 from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration.\n The EU has delivered more than half a century of peace, stability and prosperity, helped raise living standards and launched a single European currency: the euro . More than 340 million EU citizens in 19 countries now use it as their currency and enjoy its benefits.\nThanks to the abolition of border controls between most EU countries, people can travel freely throughout most of the continent. It has also become much easier to live and work in another country in Europe. All EU citizens have the right and freedom to choose in which EU country they want to study, work or retire. Every EU country must treat EU citizens in exactly the same way as its own citizens when it comes to matters of employment, social security and tax.\nThe EUâ\x80\x99s main economic engine is the single market. It enables goods, services, money and people to move freely.  The EU aims to follow suit in other areas like energy, knowledge and capital markets to ensure that Europeans also obtain the maximum benefit from these resources.\nThe EU remains focused on making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic. Decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. More powers have been given to the directly elected European Parliament , while national parliaments play a greater role than before, working alongside the EU institutions.\nThe EU is governed by the principle of representative democracy, with citizens directly represented at the EU level in the European Parliament and Member States represented in the European Council and the Council of the European Union .\nCitizens are encouraged to contribute to the democratic life of the EU by giving their views on EU policies during their development or by suggesting improvements to existing laws and policies.  What it is and what it does\nThis publication is a guide to the European Union (EU) and what it does.\nThe first section briefly explains what the EU is.\nThe second section, â\x80\x98What the European Union doesâ\x80\x99, describes what the EU is doing in more than 40 different areas to improve the lives of people in Europe and further afield.\nThe third section, â\x80\x98How the European Union makes decisions and takes actionâ\x80\x99, describes the institutions at the heart of the EUâ\x80\x99s decision-making process and how their decisions are translated into actions.\nThe text printed in blue indicates hyperlinks to more detailed information in the HTML and PDF versions of this book.\nHTML\nThis publication is available in the following formats\nContents\n1 The European Union in brief\nThe European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political union between 27 European countries .\n Member States of the European Union in 2022\nSeveral institutions are involved in making decisions at the EU level, in particular:\nthe European Parliament , which represents EU citizens and is directly elected by them;\nthe European Council , which consists of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States;\nthe Council of the European Union (also called the Council), which represents the governments of the EU Member States; and\nthe European Commission , which represents the interests of the EU as a whole.\nThe national parliaments of the Member States also play a role in taking decisions and making laws, as do two advisory bodies. These are: the European Committee of the Regions, which consists of representatives of regional and local government; and the European Economic and Social Committee, comprising representatives of employeesâ\x80\x99 and employersâ\x80\x99 organisations and stakeholdersâ\x80\x99 groups.\n 2 What the European Union does\nThe second part of this publication presents a summary of what the EU does in different policy areas, including useful links to more information.\nHealth\nMarch 2022\nCOVID-19 response\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to human tragedy, lockdowns and economic slowdown. The EU rapidly took action to protect lives and livelihoods and developed a common European response to the public health and economic challenges.\nWhat the EU does\nSolidarity is at the heart of the common EU response to COVID-19 . The EU is mobilising all resources available to help Member States coordinate their national responses. This includes providing objective information about the spread of the virus, effective efforts to contain it and action to repair the economic and social damage resulting from the pandemic.\n \n\n Question: How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe? \n\n Answer:\n"]}, 'documents': [<Document: {'content': 'In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the EU took action to address some of the institutional weaknesses the crisis exposed in the Economic and Monetary Union and create a safer financial sector. The EU has strengthened economic governance, designed a system to safeguard financial stability in the euro area, improved Member Statesâ\x80\x99 public finances and promoted reforms to encourage investment. 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Question: What are the main reasons for long-standing animosities between Russia and Poland?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.49565252661705017
Question: What are the primary causes and effects of climate change on global and local scales?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.3544887602329254
Question: What were the key events and influences that led to Renaissance; how did these developments shape modern Western culture?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.35769122838974
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Question: What are the main reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict and how have they evolved over time?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.39435073733329773
Question: How has the European Union influenced the political, economic, and social dynamics of Europe?, average pairwise cosine distance: 0.463643342256546

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