my_module.module

<?php

use Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityInterface;
use Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityTypeInterface;

/**
 * Implements hook_entity_update().
 */
function my_module_entity_presave(EntityInterface $entity) {
  /** @var \Drupal\content_moderation\ModerationInformationInterface $moderation_info */
  $moderation_info = Drupal::service('content_moderation.moderation_information');
  
  // Abort if this doesn't apply to this entity.
  if (!isset($entity->original)
    || !$moderation_info->isModeratedEntity($entity)
    || $entity->isSyncing()
    || $entity->get('moderation_state')->isEmpty()) {
    return;
  }

  // Flag all translations as affected upon moderation state change.
  $moderation_state_old = $entity->original->get('moderation_state')->value;
  $moderation_state_new = $entity->get('moderation_state')->value;
  if ($moderation_state_new !== $moderation_state_old) {
    $translation_languages = $entity->getTranslationLanguages();
    foreach ($translation_languages as $langcode => $language) {
      $translation = $entity->getTranslation($langcode);
      $translation->setRevisionTranslationAffected(TRUE);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Implements hook_entity_base_field_info_alter().
 */
function my_module_entity_base_field_info_alter(&$fields, EntityTypeInterface $entity_type) {
  /** @var \Drupal\Core\Field\FieldDefinitionInterface[] $fields */
  // Force moderation_state as untranslatable for content_moderation_state.
  if (isset($fields['moderation_state']) && $entity_type->id() === 'content_moderation_state') {
    $fields['moderation_state']->setTranslatable(FALSE);
  }

  // Force moderation_state and published (if applicable) fields as
  // untranslatable for all moderated entities.
  /** @var \Drupal\content_moderation\ModerationInformationInterface $moderation_info */
  $moderation_info = Drupal::service('content_moderation.moderation_information');
  if (isset($fields['moderation_state']) && $moderation_info->isModeratedEntityType($entity_type)) {
    $fields['moderation_state']->setTranslatable(FALSE);

    $published_field = $entity_type->getKey('published');
    if ($published_field && isset($fields[$published_field])) {
      $fields[$published_field]->setTranslatable(FALSE);
    }
  }
}