visnup/philosophers.json

## philosophers.json
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stable \u2018things\u2019; everything is flux, changing all the time.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":9,"person":5,"order":"3","line":"A hidden connection is stronger than an obvious one.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":10,"person":5,"order":"4","line":"It is not possible to step into the same river twice.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":11,"person":6,"order":"1","line":"There can never have been nothing; everything must always have existed.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":12,"person":6,"order":"2","line":"It is not possible for anything to pass into nothing; everything is eternal.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":13,"person":6,"order":"3","line":"The universe is a single unchanging entity; all is 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mathematics.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":29,"person":11,"order":"3","line":"The underlying perfect reality is accessible to the mind and the intellect.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":30,"person":11,"order":"4","line":"We are born possessing all knowledge; when an Idea is learned it is actually just recalled.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":31,"person":11,"order":"5","line":"In our visible world with space and time, everything is becoming, nothing is.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":32,"person":11,"order":"6","line":"Our bodies are ephemeral; our souls are our permanent Forms, timeless and indestructible.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":33,"person":11,"order":"7","line":"Our aim in life should be to penetrate to the level of underlying reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":34,"person":11,"order":"8","line":"The moral Forms set the objective moral standards by which human conduct and character should be judged.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":35,"person":11,"order":"9","line":"Man is made up of three conflicting elements: passion (desire, appetite), intellect (reason), and will (spirit).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":36,"person":11,"order":"10","line":"Intellect should govern passions through the will.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":37,"person":11,"order":"11","line":"Virtue is not solely a matter of knowing what is right.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 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subjective.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":69,"person":14,"order":"2","line":"We cannot assume the truth of one explanation rather than any other.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":70,"person":14,"order":"3","line":"We should just go with the flow \u2013 the customs of wherever and whenever we happen to live.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":71,"person":15,"order":"1","line":"All there is in the universe are atoms and space.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":72,"person":15,"order":"2","line":"Atoms are indestructible and eternal, but their combinations (objects) are always changing.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":73,"person":15,"order":"3","line":"We, body and mind, are among the ephemeral objects built of atoms.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":74,"person":15,"order":"4","line":"Don\u2019t fear death; so long as you exist, death is not, and when death is, you are not.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":75,"person":15,"order":"5","line":"Gods are far away and have no desire to be involved with us; it\u2019s as if they don\u2019t exist.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","po","th"]},{"id":76,"person":15,"order":"6","line":"Happiness in this world should be our aim.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":77,"person":15,"order":"7","line":"The way to be happy is to withdraw from public life into private communities of like-minded people.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":78,"person":15,"order":"8","line":"We should enjoy pleasures in moderation, though no non-injurious activity needs to be forbidden.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":79,"person":15,"order":"9","line":"The greatest pleasure is attainable through knowledge, friendship, and with freedom from fear.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":80,"person":16,"order":"1","line":"There can be no authority higher than reason.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":81,"person":16,"order":"2","line":"The world as our reason presents it to us (the world of Nature) is all there is.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":82,"person":16,"order":"3","line":"Nature is governed by rationally intelligible principles.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":83,"person":16,"order":"4","line":"The rationality within us and the Nature is what is meant by God.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":84,"person":16,"order":"5","line":"God is not separate from the world \u2013 he is the mind, the self-awareness of the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":85,"person":16,"order":"6","line":"When we die we dissolve back into Nature; there is nowhere else to go.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":86,"person":16,"order":"7","line":"We should accept our mortality with dignity.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":87,"person":16,"order":"8","line":"If our emotions rebel against our acceptance of mortality, they are in the wrong.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":88,"person":16,"order":"9","line":"Emotions are cognitive judgements \u2013 forms of knowledge, true or false.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":89,"person":16,"order":"10","line":"With reason we can eliminate our \u2018false\u2019 emotions; we can then be one with the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":90,"person":17,"order":"1","line":"Every proof has premises which it does not itself establish; no ultimate ground of certainty exists.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":91,"person":18,"order":"1","line":"What exists is ultimately mental; for something to be created is for it to be thought.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":92,"person":18,"order":"2","line":"There are three ascending levels of being: soul (humans), intellect, and good.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":93,"person":18,"order":"3","line":"We should be in an attempted ascent towards one-ness with the good.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":94,"person":19,"order":"1","line":"The flow of time exists for living creatures but not for God.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":95,"person":19,"order":"2","line":"The flow of time does not exist independently of experience.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":96,"person":19,"order":"3","line":"The present is the inescapable mode of all existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":97,"person":19,"order":"4","line":"Our whole worldly being, including our intellect, is dominated by our will.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":98,"person":19,"order":"5","line":"To doubt anything, I must exist; I cannot doubt that I exist \u2013 I know that with absolute certainty.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":99,"person":19,"order":"6","line":"There may be other things than our existence that we can know with absolute certainty.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":100,"person":19,"order":"7","line":"Our soul is non-material and timeless, while our bodies are decaying material objects.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":101,"person":19,"order":"8","line":"True knowledge is of a realm of timeless and perfect non-material entities.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":102,"person":19,"order":"9","line":"Our senses can be illusory.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":103,"person":19,"order":"10","line":"God did not create evil, because evil is not a thing, but a lack or deficiency of something.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":104,"person":19,"order":"11","line":"To create rational beings, God left open the possibility that they would choose evil rather than good.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":105,"person":19,"order":"12","line":"We cannot be saved through our own will alone; souls who go to hell are damned by God\u2019s choice.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["th"]},{"id":106,"person":20,"order":"1","line":"Reason and revelation are both valid ways of arriving at the same truth.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":107,"person":20,"order":"2","line":"Since God is unknowable, it is impossible for Him to know himself.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":108,"person":21,"order":"1","line":"Existence is greater than absence; so the most perfect being possible (God) must exist, by definition.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":109,"person":22,"order":"1","line":"Reason and faith are very distinct; we believe in answers that are undecidable by reason.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":110,"person":22,"order":"2","line":"All our rational knowledge is acquired through sensory experience.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":111,"person":22,"order":"3","line":"A baby\u2019s mind is like a clean slate (\u2018tabula rasa\u2019) with nothing written on it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":112,"person":22,"order":"4","line":"The \u2018essence\u2019 of a thing is its description, and it\u2019s a separate matter from its existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":113,"person":22,"order":"5","line":"The world\u2019s essence must have preceded its existence, in God\u2019s mind.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":114,"person":22,"order":"6","line":"God\u2019s own essence cannot have preceded his existence; God must be pure existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":115,"person":22,"order":"7","line":"The soul is known by its acts.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":116,"person":23,"order":"1","line":"There is such a thing as necessity in logic but not in the natural order of things.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":117,"person":23,"order":"2","line":"We cannot learn about the world purely through logical argument; we must first observe.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":118,"person":23,"order":"3","line":"The more complicated explanation is more likely to have something wrong with it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":119,"person":23,"order":"4","line":"We should always assume the minimum we need to assume in an explanation; entities should not be posited unnecessarily.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":120,"person":24,"order":"1","line":"The scientific method consists of data collection, hypothesis generation, experiment confirmation, and prediction.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":121,"person":24,"order":"2","line":"Negative instances are as important as positive ones in guiding us to the right conclusions.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":122,"person":24,"order":"3","line":"Our senses, feelings, and ideologies can be obstacles in our search for reliable knowledge.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":123,"person":24,"order":"4","line":"Words are but the images of matter, to fall in love with them is to fall in love with a picture.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":124,"person":25,"order":"1","line":"The universe consists of matter in motion, and nothing else exists; it is a vast machine.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":125,"person":25,"order":"2","line":"Every moving object, including human beings, is some sort of machine.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":126,"person":25,"order":"3","line":"All mental processes consist of movements of matter inside the skull.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":127,"person":25,"order":"4","line":"Psychological motivations are sorts of pushes: appetites and aversions.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":128,"person":25,"order":"5","line":"Appetites (liking, love, etc.) are inherently unsatisfiable; they cannot cease until death.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":129,"person":25,"order":"6","line":"The strongest aversion is the fear of death.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":130,"person":25,"order":"7","line":"At the bottom, the fear of death causes people to form societies.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":131,"person":25,"order":"8","line":"In the state of nature there is no order or justice, violence and cunning rules; life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po","on"]},{"id":132,"person":25,"order":"9","line":"The alliances should be such that it is not in anyone\u2019s interest to break laws.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":133,"person":25,"order":"10","line":"Everyone should hand over power to a central authority with absolute power who imposes law.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":134,"person":25,"order":"11","line":"The central authority holds its power from the people, to protect their freedom and safety.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":135,"person":25,"order":"12","line":"Any tyranny is better than social chaos.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":136,"person":26,"order":"1","line":"In mathematics we start from indubitable premises and deduce irrefutable conclusions.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":137,"person":26,"order":"2","line":"To gain reliable knowledge, we should start from indubitable premises as in mathematics.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":138,"person":26,"order":"3","line":"Sensual observations cannot be trusted, as they deceive us frequently.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":139,"person":26,"order":"4","line":"I cannot be absolutely sure at any moment that I am not being deceived by an evil demon controlling my senses.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":140,"person":26,"order":"5","line":"The only thing I can be sure of is that I am having the experiences that I am having.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":141,"person":26,"order":"6","line":"I may not know my own nature or the nature of things, but that I exist is indubitable.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":142,"person":26,"order":"7","line":"I can think of a perfect being even though I am imperfect; therefore it (God) exists.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":143,"person":26,"order":"8","line":"If I think carefully, I can be certain of my conclusions, because God will not deceive me.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":144,"person":26,"order":"9","line":"There are two kinds of substance; mind (which I am as a conscious being) and matter.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":145,"person":27,"order":"1","line":"To understand the world we should apply the methods of mathematics to reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":146,"person":27,"order":"2","line":"If God is infinite, he cannot have boundaries; everything is part of God, all is one.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":147,"person":27,"order":"3","line":"Religious and scientific conceptions are two ways of describing the same reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":148,"person":27,"order":"4","line":"Dualism is false; mind and matter are one and the same thing expressed in two ways.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":149,"person":27,"order":"5","line":"All things are alive and have minds, in different degrees.","reference":"Ethics, Benedict Spinoza, 1677","cats":["on"]},{"id":150,"person":27,"order":"6","line":"Free will is an illusion; we are mostly not aware of the causes of our actions.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":151,"person":27,"order":"7","line":"Understanding that we are not free can liberate us, coming to terms with things as they are.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":152,"person":27,"order":"8","line":"Our personal problems are insignificant in the totality of things.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":153,"person":27,"order":"9","line":"Freedom of speech is necessary to secure the public order.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":154,"person":27,"order":"10","line":"The true aim of government is liberty.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":155,"person":28,"order":"1","line":"We should analyze our mental faculties and find out their limits; we cannot know everything.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":156,"person":28,"order":"2","line":"What we have direct experience of are the contents of our own consciousness.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":157,"person":28,"order":"3","line":"The data from which we start to think should come through our senses, from the outside reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":158,"person":28,"order":"4","line":"When we are born the mind is like a blank slate on which experience begins to write.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":159,"person":28,"order":"5","line":"Science can deal with primary (objective, measurable) qualities; length, weight, velocity, etc.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":160,"person":28,"order":"6","line":"Secondary (subjective) qualities are out of the reach of science: taste, smell, colour, etc.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":161,"person":28,"order":"7","line":"We can only know the properties of a thing, not the material thing in itself.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":162,"person":28,"order":"8","line":"I can only know the contents of my awareness, not the thing (self) that is having those experiences.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":163,"person":28,"order":"9","line":"Possible knowledge consists entirely of transactions between the mysterious subject and object.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":164,"person":28,"order":"10","line":"Because knowledge\/science starts from observation, there is always room for error.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":165,"person":28,"order":"11","line":"We must always be willing to change our beliefs in the light of changing evidence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":166,"person":28,"order":"12","line":"It is mistaken and morally wrong for political and religious authorities to impose beliefs.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po","et"]},{"id":167,"person":28,"order":"13","line":"As made by God in His own image, mankind was not a jungle beast in the state of nature.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":168,"person":28,"order":"14","line":"The social contract is made between free men because the presence of government is better.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":169,"person":28,"order":"15","line":"Sovereignty ultimately remains with the people; they retain their individual rights and freedom.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":170,"person":28,"order":"16","line":"If the government abuses people\u2019s rights, they have the moral right to overthrow it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":171,"person":28,"order":"17","line":"If I work to produce something, then I have a right to the fruits of my labour.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":172,"person":28,"order":"18","line":"I can dispose of my property right as I wish; give it, sell it, etc., independently of government.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":173,"person":29,"order":"1","line":"There are three \u2018species\u2019: God, the source of all being; Christ, the \u2018middle nature\u2019; and \u2018Creature\u2019.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":174,"person":29,"order":"2","line":"A principle of likeness links God and creation; since God is good and just, his creation too is good and just.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":175,"person":29,"order":"3","line":"Created substance, like God, consists of spirit, but, unlike God, is constituted of particles (\u2018monads\u2019).","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":176,"person":29,"order":"4","line":"All created substance is living, capable of motion and perception; inert corporeal substance would contradict the nature of God, who is life itself.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":177,"person":29,"order":"5","line":"Created substance is differentiated from the divine, principally on account of its mutability and multiplicity.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":178,"person":29,"order":"6","line":"\u2018Middle nature\u2019 (Christ) is an intermediary being (a bridge and a buffer) through which God communicates life, action, goodness and justice.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","th","et"]},{"id":179,"person":29,"order":"7","line":"All things are capable of becoming more spirit-like \u2013 more refined qua spiritual substance.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on"]},{"id":180,"person":29,"order":"8","line":"All things are capable of increased goodness.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":181,"person":29,"order":"9","line":"Evil is a falling away from the perfection of God, and suffering is part of a longer term process of spiritual recovery.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/conway\/, Author: Sarah Hutton","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":182,"person":30,"order":"1","line":"There are two kinds of truths: (analytic) truths of reasoning and (synthetic) truths of fact.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":183,"person":30,"order":"2","line":"The sufficient reason for a truth of reasoning is to be found by reasoning, without reference to external reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":184,"person":30,"order":"3","line":"The sufficient reason for a truth of fact is to be found by looking at external facts.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":185,"person":30,"order":"4","line":"There is a huge number of possible worlds.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":186,"person":30,"order":"5","line":"God, as a perfect being, created the best possible world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":187,"person":30,"order":"6","line":"A world with free will is better than one without it; that\u2019s why God created this world with evil.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":188,"person":30,"order":"7","line":"If you could step inside a conscious machine, you would find only mechanical parts, and never anything by which to explain consciousness.","reference":"The Monadology, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1714","cats":["on"]},{"id":189,"person":30,"order":"8","line":"Everything, matter or mind, is made up of centers of activity (monads).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":190,"person":30,"order":"9","line":"Monads are like dots of consciousness in space; each has its own point of view and they do not intersect with each other.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":191,"person":30,"order":"10","line":"Human minds are monads.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":192,"person":30,"order":"11","line":"God is a monad.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":193,"person":30,"order":"12","line":"Nature makes no leaps. (The law of continuity)","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":194,"person":31,"order":"1","line":"All we can ever apprehend are the contents of our own consciousness.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":195,"person":31,"order":"2","line":"We know that we exist because we have direct awareness of being a subject of experiences.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":196,"person":31,"order":"3","line":"We can never be sure that our experiences are attached to objects external to us.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":197,"person":31,"order":"4","line":"A consistent empiricism leads us to the conclusion that what exists are only minds and their contents.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":198,"person":31,"order":"5","line":"Total reality exists in God\u2019s mind; things exist either in our minds or in God\u2019s mind.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":199,"person":32,"order":"1","line":"Besides his five external senses, man has internal senses including a sense of beauty, of morality, of honour, and of the ridiculous.","reference":"An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, Francis Hutcheson, 1725","cats":["on"]},{"id":200,"person":32,"order":"2","line":"Moral sense is our most important sense.","reference":"An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, Francis Hutcheson, 1725","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":201,"person":32,"order":"3","line":"Moral sense is implanted in man, instinctively approving virtuous actions and disapproving the vicious ones.","reference":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, britannica.com\/biography\/Francis-Hutcheson","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":202,"person":32,"order":"4","line":"In addition to the uncultivated \u201cstate of nature\u201d, there is the cultivated state in which we are following our benevolent nature designed by God.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/hutcheso\/, Authors: Phyllis Vandenberg and Abigail DeHart","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":203,"person":32,"order":"5","line":"Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best ends by the best means.","reference":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, britannica.com\/biography\/Francis-Hutcheson","cats":["et"]},{"id":204,"person":32,"order":"6","line":"The action which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers is the best.","reference":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, britannica.com\/biography\/Francis-Hutcheson","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":205,"person":33,"order":"1","line":"It is only from experience that our knowledge of anything outside ourselves can come.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":206,"person":33,"order":"2","line":"Introspection reveals just a bundle of sensations; the self, the experiencing subject is a fiction.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":207,"person":33,"order":"3","line":"The existence of God is a question of fact and can be settled only by observation.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":208,"person":33,"order":"4","line":"There is no observational evidence for the existence of God; only some inferential, indirect arguments.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":209,"person":33,"order":"5","line":"The Argument from Design is a far cry from proof of a personal God, Christian or Jew.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":210,"person":33,"order":"6","line":"Causal connection cannot be observed; correlation is not causation.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":211,"person":33,"order":"7","line":"However many Xs I observe having the property y, that is no proof that the next X I see will be y.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":212,"person":33,"order":"8","line":"We should not define a cause-effect relationship as a matter of conceptual necessity.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":213,"person":33,"order":"9","line":"Theoretically we cannot know anything for sure; practically we have to live as if we do know.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","et"]},{"id":214,"person":33,"order":"10","line":"We are usually not driven by reason; reason is the slave of the passions.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":215,"person":33,"order":"11","line":"Only analytic statements can be known with certainty to be true.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":216,"person":33,"order":"12","line":"With this level of uncertainty, Theories of Everything (in philosophy, science, etc.) are ridiculous.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":217,"person":33,"order":"13","line":"We should hold our opinions diffidently, knowing them to be fallible, respecting those of others.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":218,"person":33,"order":"14","line":"Deductions of \u2018ought\u2019 statements from \u2018is\u2019 statements need careful observation and explanation.","reference":"A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume, 1739","cats":["ep","et"]},{"id":219,"person":33,"order":"15","line":"Our moral judgements express our internal, sentimental motivations; they are not derived from reason.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":220,"person":33,"order":"16","line":"Beauty in things exists in the mind which contemplates them.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ae","on"]},{"id":221,"person":34,"order":"1","line":"Man in a state of nature is a noble savage; human beings are born good, loving justice and order.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po","et"]},{"id":222,"person":34,"order":"2","line":"Civilization corrupts men, by repressing feelings and imposing artificial modes of thinking.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":223,"person":34,"order":"3","line":"We cannot be uncivilized, so we should change the civilization to make instincts and feelings free.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":224,"person":34,"order":"4","line":"Education should not discipline a child\u2019s natural tendencies; it should encourage them.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":225,"person":34,"order":"5","line":"The tools of education should not be books but practice: experience of people and things.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":226,"person":34,"order":"6","line":"Education should take place in family, not school; and through love, not rules and punishment.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":227,"person":34,"order":"7","line":"Religion is a matter of the heart, not the head; emotion should dominate instead of reason.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":228,"person":34,"order":"8","line":"Human society is a collective being with a will of its own.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":229,"person":34,"order":"9","line":"Laws should be made by everybody deliberating and voting, expressing the \u2018general will\u2019.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":230,"person":34,"order":"10","line":"The \u2018general will\u2019 might not be good for any individual, but the citizen is subordinate to it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":231,"person":34,"order":"11","line":"The rulers can give the task of execution to whoever they choose; a monarch, politicians, etc.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":232,"person":34,"order":"12","line":"A population at large might constitute an ill-informed, short-sighted legislative body.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":233,"person":34,"order":"13","line":"\u2018Legislators\u2019, charismatic leaders who understand the general will, can draft legislation and persuade people.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":234,"person":35,"order":"1","line":"Society is so big and complex that a single mind cannot possibly contain and understand it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po","ep"]},{"id":235,"person":35,"order":"2","line":"Society is like an organism living on its own, not a machine which can be built and modified at will.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":236,"person":35,"order":"3","line":"The only realistic mode of political change is organic, not revolutionary.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":237,"person":35,"order":"4","line":"Each generation inherits a treasure from the past which it is its duty to pass on.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":238,"person":35,"order":"5","line":"Humans are imperfect creatures, therefore the idea of a perfect society is fantasy.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":239,"person":35,"order":"6","line":"Governments have to deal with people as they are, extremely unequal in talent and ambition.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":240,"person":35,"order":"7","line":"The public prospers more under practical-minded men than under clever theoreticians.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":241,"person":35,"order":"8","line":"Great art seeks the infinite, which cannot be clear; it has the emotional pull of the unknown, the sublime.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ae"]},{"id":242,"person":36,"order":"1","line":"What we can know is limited by our sensory organs and brains; these are tools with limitations.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":243,"person":36,"order":"2","line":"The contents of consciousness, produced by our bodily apparatus, are just limited representations.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":244,"person":36,"order":"3","line":"Our senses give us accurate information, but they do so as gauges, not pictures.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":245,"person":36,"order":"4","line":"The mode of existence of things (noumena) has nothing to do with our impressions (phenomena) of them.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":246,"person":36,"order":"5","line":"We have no means of access to the realm of things as they are (noumena).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":247,"person":36,"order":"6","line":"It is impossible for any being to understand its own nature.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":248,"person":36,"order":"7","line":"Space, time, and causality are forms of our sensibility and understanding, not original characteristics of things.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":249,"person":36,"order":"8","line":"There are synthetic a priori judgements that are based on pure intuitions or our a priori formal representations of space and time.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/kant-judgment\/, Author: Robert Hanna","cats":["ep"]},{"id":250,"person":36,"order":"9","line":"Existence is not a property; it is a metaphysically necessary condition for the instantiation of any properties.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/ont-arg\/, Author: Kenneth E. Himma","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":251,"person":36,"order":"10","line":"We cannot know\/prove the existence of God\/souls because it is out of the limits of our senses.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","th"]},{"id":252,"person":36,"order":"11","line":"Science is the key to understand the world of material objects in space and time.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":253,"person":36,"order":"12","line":"If we are objects moving in space and time with scientific laws, we cannot have free will.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":254,"person":36,"order":"13","line":"We have moral concepts (good, right, duty, etc.), so we believe that we have free will, at least sometimes.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":255,"person":36,"order":"14","line":"We believe that there is a non-empirical realm in which decisions are made, that affects our bodies.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":256,"person":36,"order":"15","line":"Morality is possible only for rational creatures capable of understanding reasons for action.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":257,"person":36,"order":"16","line":"Because morality concerns the choice of action, moral judgements take the form of imperatives.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":258,"person":36,"order":"17","line":"Moral world is governed by universal moral laws, just like the empirical world is by scientific laws.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":259,"person":36,"order":"18","line":"You should act only according to maxims which you can will also to be universal laws.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":260,"person":37,"order":"1","line":"The rightness\/wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":261,"person":37,"order":"2","line":"Good consequences of actions are those that give pleasure to someone (and bad \u2013 pain).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":262,"person":37,"order":"3","line":"A right course of action is the one that maximizes the excess of pleasure over pain.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":263,"person":37,"order":"4","line":"Everybody is to count for one; and nobody for more than one.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":264,"person":37,"order":"5","line":"The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation.","reference":"\u2018The Commonplace Book\u2019 in Works (Editor: J. Bowring), Jeremy Bentham, 1843","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":265,"person":37,"order":"6","line":"All punishment is mischief: all punishment in itself is evil.","reference":"Principles of Morals and Legislation, Jeremy Bentham, 1789","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":266,"person":37,"order":"7","line":"The question is not \u201cCan they reason?\u201d nor \u201cCan they talk?\u201d but \u201cCan they suffer?\u201d. The law should protect any sensitive being.","reference":"Principles of Morals and Legislation, Jeremy Bentham, 1789","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":267,"person":38,"order":"1","line":"Government and all human relations can be simplified, explicated, and rendered transparent.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["po"]},{"id":268,"person":38,"order":"2","line":"God made all things right and the cause of all evil is man.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et"]},{"id":269,"person":38,"order":"3","line":"Rights entail duties; none could be expected to perform duties whose natural rights are not respected.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":270,"person":38,"order":"4","line":"For a truly moral society, a complete change in the nature of the relationship between men and women is required.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":271,"person":38,"order":"5","line":"Women are ill-prepared for their duties as social beings and imprisoned in a web of false expectations.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":272,"person":38,"order":"6","line":"Women should be educated like men, to become rational and independent beings whose sense of worth doesn\u2019t come from their appearance.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":273,"person":38,"order":"7","line":"Women should be able to support themselves and their children, and never have to marry or remarry out of financial necessity.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":274,"person":38,"order":"8","line":"Women should be granted civil and political rights; they should elect representatives of their own.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":275,"person":39,"order":"1","line":"Scientific laws cannot be deduced from empirical observations.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":276,"person":39,"order":"2","line":"Empirical observations can be deduced from scientific laws.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":277,"person":39,"order":"3","line":"The universe is a creation of the subject, with logical necessity, from our conception of it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":278,"person":39,"order":"4","line":"We have experience of our existence, not as knowing subjects by introspection, but as moral agents.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","et"]},{"id":279,"person":39,"order":"5","line":"We know that we persist over time because we know that we bear moral responsibility.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","et"]},{"id":280,"person":39,"order":"6","line":"The nature of all reality is moral; it is primarily created by our moral acts.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":281,"person":40,"order":"1","line":"All life is created by Nature out of lifeless matter.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":282,"person":40,"order":"2","line":"Nature is a process, starting with dead matter, evolving into plants, animals, and then humans.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":283,"person":40,"order":"3","line":"Everything is one; life is continuous with matter.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":284,"person":40,"order":"4","line":"Man is part of Nature, not separate from or above it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":285,"person":40,"order":"5","line":"Man\u2019s creativity is different from the rest of Nature\u2019s creativity; it is self-aware.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":286,"person":40,"order":"6","line":"Since man is part of Nature, in creative arts Nature is becoming self-aware.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ae"]},{"id":287,"person":40,"order":"7","line":"The end-point of the process of Nature is self-awareness.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":288,"person":40,"order":"8","line":"Creative art is the summit of all existence, the raison d\u2019\u00eatre of reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ae"]},{"id":289,"person":40,"order":"9","line":"The final desperate question: Why is there anything at all? Why not nothing?","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":290,"person":41,"order":"1","line":"Geist (spirit-mind) is the stuff of existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":291,"person":41,"order":"2","line":"Everything is the result of an intelligible (not arbitrary) process of change, and everything is changing.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":292,"person":41,"order":"3","line":"Reality is a historical process where Geist develops towards self-awareness.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":293,"person":41,"order":"4","line":"Dialectical Process: Thesis (first stage) + Antithesis (reactions, conflicts) = Synthesis (a new thesis)","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":294,"person":41,"order":"5","line":"Change is dominated by historical forces; the individual has no control, he must go with the flow (Zeitgeist).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":295,"person":41,"order":"6","line":"When Geist will reach self-awareness, everything will be harmonious and change will stop (the Absolute).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":296,"person":41,"order":"7","line":"In the Absolute, we will be free from conflict, happily serving the whole instead of our own interests.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et","po"]},{"id":297,"person":41,"order":"8","line":"Our institutions\/rules\/inventions become external constraints on us, alienating us from ourselves.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":298,"person":41,"order":"9","line":"We project qualities on to God (omniscience, etc.) that alienate us from Him whereas we are one.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":299,"person":41,"order":"10","line":"One\u2019s self-consciousness is dependent on one\u2019s recognition of those others as similarly recognizing oneself as a self-conscious subject.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hegel\/, Author: Paul Redding","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":300,"person":42,"order":"1","line":"Without time and space there can be no differentiation.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":301,"person":42,"order":"2","line":"The noumenal reality, without time and space, cannot consist of things; it is one thing.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":302,"person":42,"order":"3","line":"Causal connection can exist only within the phenomenal; noumena cannot cause phenomena.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":303,"person":42,"order":"4","line":"Will and the bodily movements are the same events known in two different ways (from inside\/outside).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":304,"person":42,"order":"5","line":"The phenomena in the universe requires a vast impersonal, unconscious energy without purpose.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":305,"person":42,"order":"6","line":"The energy, the force, the impersonal \u2018will\u2019 that we see in the physical events is what noumenal is.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":306,"person":42,"order":"7","line":"In the phenomenal world, we seem to be separate but ultimately we are one in the noumenal.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":307,"person":42,"order":"8","line":"The basis of morality is compassion because we are one and we share each other\u2019s sufferings.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":308,"person":42,"order":"9","line":"The concept of a personal God is too anthropomorphic to be taken seriously.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":309,"person":42,"order":"10","line":"The concept of soul is useless; it supposes mind to be inseparably connected and yet independent of the organism.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","th"]},{"id":310,"person":42,"order":"11","line":"The empirical world is without meaning and purpose.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":311,"person":42,"order":"12","line":"The empirical world seems to be independent of ourselves, but in fact it is all subject-dependent \u2013 an illusion.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":312,"person":42,"order":"13","line":"We should not be taken by the empirical world; we should renounce it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":313,"person":42,"order":"14","line":"The end stage of philosophical understanding is the turning away of the human will from the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":314,"person":42,"order":"15","line":"We are slaves to our desires, never fully satisfied; existence is suffering.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":315,"person":42,"order":"16","line":"We can only escape existential suffering through aesthetic contemplation or asceticism.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ae"]},{"id":316,"person":42,"order":"17","line":"Arts give us the experience of being taken out of time and space, out of ourselves.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ae"]},{"id":317,"person":42,"order":"18","line":"Music transcends the others arts in metaphysical significance.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ae"]},{"id":318,"person":43,"order":"1","line":"God is an imaginary representation of the human species-essence; theology is anthropology.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":319,"person":43,"order":"2","line":"When human beings in the course of their history acquire new and different wishes, they worship new and different divinities.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":320,"person":43,"order":"3","line":"Religion is an alienated form of human self-consciousness: it involves the relation of us to our own essence as though to a being distinct from ourselves.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":321,"person":43,"order":"4","line":"Theological claims understood in the usual sense (referring to a non-human divine person) are self-contradictory.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":322,"person":43,"order":"5","line":"To posit matter as God is to affirm atheism and materialism.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":323,"person":43,"order":"6","line":"We need to renounce the theological essence of religion to affirm its true anthropological essence: the divinity of man.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":324,"person":43,"order":"7","line":"The hidden \u201ctruth of Christianity\u201d will finally be realized as an atheistic humanism which embraces the historical tasks of human self-realization.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["th"]},{"id":325,"person":43,"order":"8","line":"Thought comes from being, but being does not come from thought.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["on"]},{"id":326,"person":43,"order":"9","line":"I am a real, sensuous being and the body in its totality is my ego, my essence itself.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ludwig-feuerbach\/, Author: Todd Gooch","cats":["on"]},{"id":327,"person":44,"order":"1","line":"When we are considering our policies, we should seek the greatest happiness of the greatest number.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":328,"person":44,"order":"2","line":"The concept of freedom isn\u2019t meaningful in the state of nature.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":329,"person":44,"order":"3","line":"Freedom can flourish only where there are political and legal institutions protecting individual interests and public good.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":330,"person":44,"order":"4","line":"A person should be free to do anything as long as it doesn\u2019t harm anyone else.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":331,"person":44,"order":"5","line":"There should exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing any doctrine, however immoral it may be considered.","reference":"On Liberty, John Stuart Mill,  John W.Parker & Son., 1859","cats":["et"]},{"id":332,"person":44,"order":"6","line":"Over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":333,"person":44,"order":"7","line":"The inequality of men and women is a relic from the past; it should be replaced by a system of perfect equality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":334,"person":44,"order":"8","line":"The semantic value of a name is its referent.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/names\/, Author: Sam Cumming","cats":["ep"]},{"id":335,"person":44,"order":"9","line":"The sensation of color cannot be explained by any law of motion (of the particles in the body) even though there is correlation between the two.","reference":"A System of Logic, John Stuart Mill, John W. Parker, 1843","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":336,"person":45,"order":"1","line":"All the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form.","reference":"The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859","cats":["on"]},{"id":337,"person":45,"order":"2","line":"There is one general law in the evolution of organisms: multiply, vary, let the best adapted live and the worst adapted die.","reference":"The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859","cats":["on"]},{"id":338,"person":45,"order":"3","line":"It is hardly possible to define clearly what is meant by the organisation of a living thing being higher or lower.","reference":"The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859","cats":["ep"]},{"id":339,"person":45,"order":"4","line":"\u2018Species\u2019 is an artificial concept made for convenience; the search for the essence of the term \u2018species\u2019 is in vain.","reference":"The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":340,"person":45,"order":"5","line":"The gradual formation of different languages is similar to that of species; the survival of favored words is natural selection.","reference":"The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1871","cats":["on"]},{"id":341,"person":45,"order":"6","line":"The study of nature and man will become far more interesting when we regard every production of nature as one which has had a history.","reference":"The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859","cats":["ep"]},{"id":342,"person":46,"order":"1","line":"We have to look at individual entities, not ideas, to understand the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":343,"person":46,"order":"2","line":"The individual human being is the ultimate moral actor; our personal lives, our decisions are important.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":344,"person":46,"order":"3","line":"We build our lives and ourselves through the choices we make.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":345,"person":46,"order":"4","line":"The relationship of the individual soul to God is what matters most.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":346,"person":46,"order":"5","line":"The supreme paradox of all thought is the attempt to discover something that thought cannot think.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":347,"person":47,"order":"1","line":"Reality is a historical dialectical process operating with alienations.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":348,"person":47,"order":"2","line":"Only when alienations end will we be free and in control, as parts of an organic society instead of selfish individuals.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","po","et"]},{"id":349,"person":47,"order":"3","line":"The world and the dialectical process of change consist of material (not spiritual) forces.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":350,"person":47,"order":"4","line":"The dialectic works with the development of the means of production and the conflicts between social classes.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":351,"person":47,"order":"5","line":"Institutions, religions, philosophies, the arts, etc. are determined by the economic substructure.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":352,"person":47,"order":"6","line":"Religion is man-made; it is the opium of the people.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["th","po"]},{"id":353,"person":47,"order":"7","line":"The Industrialist Capitalist society is the last stage before the end of history, of the dialectic.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":354,"person":47,"order":"8","line":"The development of technology (belonging to few) is alienating people from the means of production.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":355,"person":47,"order":"9","line":"The workers will overthrow the capitalists and create a class-free society where the means of production belong to all.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":356,"person":48,"order":"1","line":"Knowledge is an activity: a process of doubt\/need-to-know, evaluation, and understanding\/explaining.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":357,"person":48,"order":"2","line":"A term whose application makes no difference has no ascertainable meaning \u2013 meaning is functional.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":358,"person":48,"order":"3","line":"Knowledge is an instrument of survival in this world; we acquire it as participants, not as spectators.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":359,"person":48,"order":"4","line":"Scientific activity isn\u2019t adding new certainties to existing ones; it\u2019s replacing old explanations with better ones.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":360,"person":48,"order":"5","line":"Truth is the final opinion on which inquiry is fated to converge.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":361,"person":49,"order":"1","line":"Knowledge that does all the jobs required of it (fit the known facts, generate insights\/predictions, etc.) is true.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":362,"person":49,"order":"2","line":"If a statement cannot be disproved and a person benefits from believing in it, he is justified in doing so.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":363,"person":50,"order":"1","line":"There is no God and we do not have immortal souls.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":364,"person":50,"order":"2","line":"We are driven by our wills in this meaningless world full of suffering.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":365,"person":50,"order":"3","line":"This world is all there is \u2013 we should embrace it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":366,"person":50,"order":"4","line":"Our current ethics is based on old societies and religions; we should find new foundations for ethics.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":367,"person":50,"order":"5","line":"Our success as a species was due to the elimination of the weak (stupid, etc.) by the strong (clever, etc.).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":368,"person":50,"order":"6","line":"Moralists like Jesus created slave-moralities \u2013 mediocracies protecting the weak and oppressing the gifted.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":369,"person":50,"order":"7","line":"The gifted should be able to actualize their \u2018will to power\u2019 in every domain \u2013 in politics, in arts, etc.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":370,"person":50,"order":"8","line":"The will to power is the true happiness for superior people, which is also in the interest of mankind.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":371,"person":50,"order":"9","line":"We should embrace a new ethics of life-assertion, allowing the superior to become supermen.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":372,"person":50,"order":"10","line":"We should not fear conflict with others; it makes us develop our abilities.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":373,"person":50,"order":"11","line":"A life lived to the full doesn\u2019t need to derive its meaning from outside itself.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":374,"person":50,"order":"12","line":"Everything that has happened will happen again in cosmic epicycles of time; this can give motivation for life.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":375,"person":51,"order":"1","line":"Logic is independent of human thought; we can learn it, but it\u2019s not \u2018laws of thought\u2019.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":376,"person":51,"order":"2","line":"Mathematics can be derived from logic.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":377,"person":51,"order":"3","line":"The \u2018reference\u2019 of an expression is the actual thing corresponding to it \u2013 its truth value if it is a proposition.","reference":"\u2018On Sense and Reference\u2019, Gottlob Frege, 1892","cats":["ep"]},{"id":378,"person":51,"order":"4","line":"The \u2018sense\u2019 of an expression is the \u2018mode of presentation\u2019 by which one conceives of the reference, whether or not it exists.","reference":"\u2018On Sense and Reference\u2019, Gottlob Frege, 1892","cats":["ep"]},{"id":379,"person":51,"order":"5","line":"Expressions with different senses can have the same reference.","reference":"\u2018On Sense and Reference\u2019, Gottlob Frege, 1892","cats":["ep"]},{"id":380,"person":52,"order":"1","line":"There is a dynamic unconscious part of the mind which exerts pressures and influences on what we do and say.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":381,"person":52,"order":"2","line":"The \u2018unconscious\u2019 is different from the \u2018preconscious\u2019 (some memories, facts, etc.) which can become conscious.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":382,"person":52,"order":"3","line":"The human mind has three structural systems: the \u2018id\u2019 (instincts), the \u2018ego\u2019 (the reconciler), and the \u2018super-ego\u2019 (conscience).","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":383,"person":52,"order":"4","line":"All the \u201cenergy\u201d in our minds comes from the instincts alone.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":384,"person":52,"order":"5","line":"The \u2018Life\u2019 instinct (Eros) contains erotic and self-preservative instincts; the \u2018Death\u2019 instinct (Thanatos) contains sadism, aggression, self-harm, etc.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":385,"person":52,"order":"6","line":"Our adult characters are determined by our early childhood experiences which have many sexual (body-pleasure-related) elements.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":386,"person":52,"order":"7","line":"When we repress our inner conflicts, they continue to exist in the unconscious and create neurotic symptoms.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":387,"person":52,"order":"8","line":"Neurosis can sometimes be treated with psychoanalysis: a process that brings back the repressed material into consciousness.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on"]},{"id":388,"person":52,"order":"9","line":"Our whole civilized life might be neurotic because of the sacrifice of instinctual satisfaction.","reference":"Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson, Oxford University Press, 1974","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":389,"person":52,"order":"10","line":"The teachings of religion are illusions whose reality value cannot be assessed; just as they are unverifiable, they are also irrefutable.","reference":"The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud, 1927","cats":["ep","th"]},{"id":390,"person":52,"order":"11","line":"To use private judgement about religious arguments would be a wanton undertaking; such questions are too significant for that.","reference":"The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud, 1927","cats":["ep","th"]},{"id":391,"person":52,"order":"12","line":"The God that many philosophers define is no more than an insubstantial shadow, no longer the mighty figure of religious teaching.","reference":"The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud, 1927","cats":["th"]},{"id":392,"person":52,"order":"13","line":"The truths contained in religion are so distorted and symbolically disguised that most people are incapable of recognizing them as truth.","reference":"The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud, 1927","cats":["ep","on","th","et"]},{"id":393,"person":52,"order":"14","line":"Our mental apparatus was in fact developed in the effort to map the outside world, so must have a certain amount of expediency in its structure.","reference":"The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud, 1927","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":394,"person":53,"order":"1","line":"A language (\u2018langue\u2019) is the virtual system possessed by all those who form part of the same speech community.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["on"]},{"id":395,"person":53,"order":"2","line":"\u2018La parole\u2019 is the utterances, the texts, that individuals produce and understand making use of the system that is \u2018la langue\u2019.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["on"]},{"id":396,"person":53,"order":"3","line":"It is not things, but our conception of things, that are part of our language: schemas in the brain being evoked by certain combinations of sounds.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":397,"person":53,"order":"4","line":"A language is a system of signs, each composed of two entirely mental values: \u2018signifier\u2019 (sound pattern) and \u2018signified\u2019 (concept).","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep"]},{"id":398,"person":53,"order":"5","line":"Each signifier and each signified is a value produced by the difference between it and all the other signifiers and signifieds in the system.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep"]},{"id":399,"person":53,"order":"6","line":"The conjunction of signifier and signified is a sign which is of a positive order, and is concrete rather than abstract.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep"]},{"id":400,"person":53,"order":"7","line":"Every word or term or unit within the system is connected to an entourage of other units; no linguistic sign exists in isolation.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep"]},{"id":401,"person":53,"order":"8","line":"The link between a signifier and a signified is radically arbitrary; there is no logical connection between them.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep"]},{"id":402,"person":53,"order":"9","line":"Every element of a language is subject to change, to evolution, but no individual can change it.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":403,"person":53,"order":"10","line":"Both the mutability and the immutability of language result from the arbitrariness of the sign.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["on"]},{"id":404,"person":53,"order":"11","line":"Before language, human thought was an amorphous, indistinct, nebulous mass, a floating realm; and human sound was no different.","reference":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PcI6wg, Author: John E. Joseph","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":405,"person":53,"order":"12","line":"Language and writing are two distinct systems of signs; the second exists for the sole purpose of representing the first.","reference":"Course in General Linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure, 1916","cats":["on"]},{"id":406,"person":54,"order":"1","line":"The one thing that exists for sure is our consciousness; we should start from there to build our picture of reality.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":407,"person":54,"order":"2","line":"Our awareness is of objects, but not of ourselves.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":408,"person":54,"order":"3","line":"Intersubjective (empathic) experience occurs when we consciously attribute intentional acts to other subjects.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/husserl\/, Author: Christian Beyer","cats":["ep"]},{"id":409,"person":54,"order":"4","line":"In intersubjective experience, I must presuppose that the objects forming my own world exist independently of my subjective perspective.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/husserl\/, Author: Christian Beyer","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":410,"person":54,"order":"5","line":"Intersubjectivity is crucial in our constitution of ourselves as objectively existing subjects, other subjects, and the objective world.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/husserl\/, Author: Christian Beyer","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":411,"person":55,"order":"1","line":"Human beings should be explained from the perspective of evolution.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":412,"person":55,"order":"2","line":"Our senses do not give us objective representations; they stimulate behavior for survival.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":413,"person":55,"order":"3","line":"Evolution is directed by a drive (\u2018\u00e9lan vital\u2019) towards greater individuality and complexity.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":414,"person":55,"order":"4","line":"Everything changes; time is fundamental to reality, to life.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":415,"person":55,"order":"5","line":"We have direct intuitive experience of time, independent of conceptual thinking and sensual input.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":416,"person":55,"order":"6","line":"We know we have free will because we have direct intuitive knowledge about our decisions to act.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":417,"person":55,"order":"7","line":"Our intellect artificially breaks up time and space into manageable units to handle them.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":418,"person":55,"order":"8","line":"The partitioning of the world is very useful for everyday life, business, and science (predicting and controlling).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":419,"person":55,"order":"9","line":"The partitioning of the world does not show us reality; real time and space are continuous.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":420,"person":55,"order":"10","line":"We live in two worlds: our inner experience of the continuum, and our intellect\u2019s partitioning.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":421,"person":56,"order":"1","line":"Knowledge is an adaptive human response to environing conditions, with practical instrumentality in the control of that interaction.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/dewey\/, Author: Richard Field","cats":["ep"]},{"id":422,"person":56,"order":"2","line":"Scientific knowledge is the most reliable and useful type of knowledge.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":423,"person":56,"order":"3","line":"There is no fundamental fact\/value distinction; nature embraces all aspects of life, including values.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":424,"person":56,"order":"4","line":"The problem-solving approach of the scientific method should be the pattern for all other types of enquiry.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":425,"person":56,"order":"5","line":"The scientific method is a social activity because it requires criticism.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":426,"person":56,"order":"6","line":"The education of children should be based on the problem-solving approach (\u2018learning by doing\u2019).","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":427,"person":57,"order":"1","line":"Scientific hypotheses only work given further auxiliary hypotheses, some of which are about the experimental equipment.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":428,"person":57,"order":"2","line":"Observations and experiments cannot be by themselves decisive in refuting scientific hypotheses.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":429,"person":57,"order":"3","line":"When a prediction fails, the scientist may reconsider the theoretical postulates or check the equipment.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":430,"person":58,"order":"1","line":"Mathematics can be derived from logic.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":431,"person":58,"order":"2","line":"All knowledge of the external world is derived from experience.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":432,"person":58,"order":"3","line":"We can generate knowledge with absolute certainty by applying logical analysis to our statements.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":433,"person":58,"order":"4","line":"Logical analysis of language can clarify, and in some cases resolve, questions of philosophy.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":434,"person":58,"order":"5","line":"A description is not a name; a sentence can be meaningful (and true\/false) even if a description in it fails to describe anything.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":435,"person":58,"order":"6","line":"Ordinary proper names are in fact disguised descriptions.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":436,"person":58,"order":"7","line":"Immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous; working less will increase human happiness.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":437,"person":59,"order":"1","line":"We are more certain of the truth of everyday things than we are of the general grounds for doubt introduced by sceptics.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":438,"person":59,"order":"2","line":"We can regard the unbelievable conclusions of sceptical arguments as reasons for rejecting their premises.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":439,"person":59,"order":"3","line":"Moral concepts are neither reducible to nor derivable from non-moral (scientific or metaphysical) judgements. (\u2018naturalistic fallacy\u2019)","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/moore-moral\/, Author: Thomas Hurka","cats":["et","ep"]},{"id":440,"person":59,"order":"4","line":"Morality presupposes the existence of an irreducible domain of distinctive and objective facts about the intrinsic value of different things.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":441,"person":59,"order":"5","line":"Ethical knowledge rests on a capacity for an intuitive grasp of fundamental ethical truths.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/moore\/, Author: Thomas Baldwin","cats":["et","ep"]},{"id":442,"person":60,"order":"1","line":"We cannot even talk about the part of reality beyond our experience \u2013 that talk becomes nonsense.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":443,"person":60,"order":"2","line":"We can talk about and try to understand the phenomenal world of experience.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":444,"person":60,"order":"3","line":"Our understanding of the world is based on language.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":445,"person":60,"order":"4","line":"The limits of language define the limits of our conception \u2013 what we can understand about the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":446,"person":60,"order":"5","line":"Language is like a picture, describing reality by having the same logical form with it.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":447,"person":60,"order":"6","line":"Language is a multifunctional tool; meaning is not static, it depends on the context and the function being served.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":448,"person":60,"order":"7","line":"Language is a public, social thing, getting its meanings from language-games; there can be no private language.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":449,"person":60,"order":"8","line":"Objective truth is not the privileged achievement of any one language-game, such as the natural sciences.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":450,"person":60,"order":"9","line":"I have insufficient distance with my sensations to doubt them, so talk of knowledge about sensations makes no sense.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":451,"person":60,"order":"10","line":"Our talk of sensations and other mental states is expressive, not descriptive.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":452,"person":60,"order":"11","line":"Philosophy has nothing to contribute with the empirical problems; they are to be solved by empirical methods.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":453,"person":60,"order":"12","line":"Much of philosophy consist of confusions created by a misuse of language.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":454,"person":60,"order":"13","line":"The philosopher\u2019s job should be to eliminate the conceptual confusions by an analysis of language.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":455,"person":60,"order":"14","line":"Our common-sense understanding provides the context within which doubts are possible; scepticism is self-undermining.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":456,"person":61,"order":"1","line":"We are part of the world we investigate; the real problem is not knowledge but being, existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":457,"person":61,"order":"2","line":"To address the problem of existence, we should analyze our consciousness which certainly exists.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":458,"person":61,"order":"3","line":"Our being is three-fold, with elements corresponding to past, present, and future: being is time.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":459,"person":61,"order":"4","line":"When we are born, we find ourselves in the world as if we had been thrown there on a trajectory we have not chosen.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["on"]},{"id":460,"person":61,"order":"5","line":"From the start we exist in a social context; we strive to become individuals with a personal existence.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":461,"person":61,"order":"6","line":"We are always faced with decisions about an unknown future, and the anxiety in the face of death.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":462,"person":61,"order":"7","line":"We want our lives to have meaning or some metaphysical feature, but we are not sure if these exist.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":463,"person":61,"order":"8","line":"Ultimately our lives may be meaningless; or meaning may just be anything we create.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":464,"person":61,"order":"9","line":"We exist inauthentically when we get wrapped up in our daily projects and forget about death.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["et"]},{"id":465,"person":61,"order":"10","line":"\u2018Destruktion\u2019 of the social traditions can lead us back to a past that reveals the deeper understanding of Being.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/deconst\/, Author: Nancy J. Holland","cats":["on"]},{"id":466,"person":62,"order":"1","line":"Human beings are beings of excess with exorbitant energy, fantasies, drives, needs, and heterogeneous desire.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["on"]},{"id":467,"person":62,"order":"2","line":"The capitalist imperatives of labor, utility, and savings are unnatural, and go against human nature.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":468,"person":62,"order":"3","line":"We can escape the existing imperatives of utility (capitalism) by pursuing a \u2018general economy\u2019 of expenditure, giving, sacrifice, and destruction.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["on","po","et"]},{"id":469,"person":63,"order":"1","line":"All legitimate knowledge is either scientific or logico-mathematical.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":470,"person":63,"order":"2","line":"The proper activity left over for philosophy is only a method: the method of logical analysis.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":471,"person":63,"order":"3","line":"The truths of logic are a by-product of the meaning of the language we use for reasoning and calculation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":472,"person":63,"order":"4","line":"The truth of even what are supposed to be analytic truths may require revision in the light of experience.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":473,"person":63,"order":"5","line":"Analyticity should be defined within \u2018linguistic frameworks\u2019 describing a subject-matter (physics, astronomy, etc.).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":474,"person":64,"order":"1","line":"The main aim of science is explanation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":475,"person":64,"order":"2","line":"A good scientific explanation is one that would have enabled the phenomenon to be predicted.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":476,"person":64,"order":"3","line":"The logic of science is a combination of the deductive refutation and the inductive confirmation of theoretical predictions by observation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":477,"person":64,"order":"4","line":"The progress of science consists in the refinement of unrefuted theories.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":478,"person":64,"order":"5","line":"Predictions of a theory should be couched in an \u2018observation-language\u2019 whose meaning is independent of the theory.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":479,"person":64,"order":"6","line":"Theories which include reference to unobservable things are merely instruments for calculation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":480,"person":65,"order":"1","line":"Physical reality is of a very different nature from the human experience, and cannot be directly understood.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":481,"person":65,"order":"2","line":"Theories cannot be proved, but they can be disproved; criticism is the main method of progress.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":482,"person":65,"order":"3","line":"Theories are \u2018corroborated\u2019 when they survive several refutations; the better corroborated it is, the more it approximates to the truth.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":483,"person":65,"order":"4","line":"The progress of science consists in the replacement of refuted theories by theories that are only tentatively corroborated.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":484,"person":65,"order":"5","line":"A statement that cannot be falsified by any observation is not scientific.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep"]},{"id":485,"person":65,"order":"6","line":"The observations and experiments which test scientific theories are not independent of scientific theory.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":486,"person":65,"order":"7","line":"Unobservable things postulated by scientific theories are not intrinsically different from observable things.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":487,"person":65,"order":"8","line":"Certainty is not possible in politics; the imposition of a single viewpoint is never justified.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":488,"person":65,"order":"9","line":"Centralized planning without criticism is the most undesirable form of society.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":489,"person":65,"order":"10","line":"A perfect static society is a dream; we can only engage in perpetual improvement, reducing social evils.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["po"]},{"id":490,"person":66,"order":"1","line":"The analytical techniques of formal logic cannot resolve philosophical problems.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":491,"person":66,"order":"2","line":"Materialist mechanism cannot by itself explain mental phenomena; human affairs need explanations of different kinds and levels.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":492,"person":66,"order":"3","line":"Cartesian dualism (\u2018ghost in the machine\u2019) is a category mistake.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":493,"person":66,"order":"4","line":"Our talk of \u201cthe mind\u201d does not require the existence of a private space within which mental acts and happenings take place.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":494,"person":66,"order":"5","line":"Having a mind is a matter of possessing abilities (knowing how to do things), dispositions, inclinations (emotions).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":495,"person":66,"order":"6","line":"When we perceive or have sensations, we are attending to features of the world or of our bodies, not to our experiences.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":496,"person":66,"order":"7","line":"If our experiences have to be attended by us, that awareness experience also has to be attended \u2013 this sets off an absurd regress.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":497,"person":66,"order":"8","line":"We can choose to attend to the experiences of perception\/sensation, but it will be retrospective and fallible.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":498,"person":66,"order":"9","line":"Our first-person statements about intentions and decisions are \u2018avowels\u2019 and not descriptions of our mental states.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":499,"person":66,"order":"10","line":"The self is elusive; when we try to attend to ourselves, we put ourselves beyond our reach.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":500,"person":67,"order":"1","line":"A belief is justified if it was obtained by a process which is reliable.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":501,"person":67,"order":"2","line":"Inductive arguments are justified insofar as the world is so constituted that they lead on the whole to true opinions.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":502,"person":68,"order":"1","line":"In the recognition of its mirror-image, the child is having its first anticipation of itself as a unified and separate individual.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lacweb\/, Author: Matthew Sharpe","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":503,"person":68,"order":"2","line":"The \u2018I\u2019 is an \u2018other\u2019 from the ground up: an artificial projection of subjective unity modelled on how one is seen from other perspectives.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lacweb\/, Author: Matthew Sharpe","cats":["on"]},{"id":504,"person":68,"order":"3","line":"\u2018The Imaginary\u2019 is our quotidian reality: who and what one imagines other persons to be, who and what one imagines oneself to be, etc.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":505,"person":68,"order":"4","line":"\u2018The Symbolic\u2019 is the customs, institutions, laws, mores, etc. of cultures and societies (the \u2018Other\u2019), entwined with language.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":506,"person":68,"order":"5","line":"\u2018The Real\u2019 is whatever is beyond phenomenal appearances; it is intrinsically elusive and uncapturable by Imaginary-Symbolic signs.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":507,"person":68,"order":"6","line":"The insertion into socio-symbolic contexts and the dependence on the foreignness of signifiers amount to a \u2018symbolic castration\u2019.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on"]},{"id":508,"person":68,"order":"7","line":"\u2018Master signifiers\u2019 (those that the subject most deeply identifies with, like nationality) are actually signifiers without a signified.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lacweb\/, Author: Matthew Sharpe","cats":["on"]},{"id":509,"person":68,"order":"8","line":"The unconscious is not an anarchic bundle of animalistic instincts like the id \u2013 it is structured like language.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on"]},{"id":510,"person":68,"order":"9","line":"Demand \u2013 need = desire: vital requirements take on the excess baggage of meanings and become socio-symbolic demands for love.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on"]},{"id":511,"person":68,"order":"10","line":"\u2018Drive\u2019 extracts enjoyment (\u2018jouissance\u2019) from the dissatisfactions of desire, sometimes through repetitive or overwhelming experiences.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on"]},{"id":512,"person":68,"order":"11","line":"The Real of sexuation creates incommensurable structural-psychical positions for the sexes; there is no sexual relationship.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/, Author: Adrian Johnston","cats":["on","ep","po"]},{"id":513,"person":69,"order":"1","line":"There is no such thing as pure thought: thinking is a socio-historical form of activity, and there is not a universal standpoint to discern \u201ctruth\u201d.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ep"]},{"id":514,"person":69,"order":"2","line":"\u2018Identity thinking\u2019 is misrepresenting reality by putting specific phenomena under general, abstract classificatory headings.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ep"]},{"id":515,"person":69,"order":"3","line":"\u2018Identity thinking\u2019 is fundamentally concerned not to understand phenomena but to control and manipulate it.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":516,"person":69,"order":"4","line":"The source of today\u2019s disaster is the domination of nature and human beings by other human beings.","reference":"(& Horkheimer) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/adorno\/, Author: Lambert Zuidervaart","cats":["po"]},{"id":517,"person":69,"order":"5","line":"A critique of modernity must also be a critique of premodernity; a turn toward the postmodern cannot simply be a return to the premodern.","reference":"(& Horkheimer) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/adorno\/, Author: Lambert Zuidervaart","cats":["po"]},{"id":518,"person":69,"order":"6","line":"The instrumentalization of reason and the supremacy of \u201cfacts\u201d established a single order: enlightenment is totalitarian (like myth).","reference":"(& Horkheimer) The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ep","po","th"]},{"id":519,"person":69,"order":"7","line":"With the instrumentalization of reason and positivism, morality is put under the invalid, \u201cmeaningless\u201d category of subjective knowledge.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ep","et"]},{"id":520,"person":69,"order":"8","line":"Intelligence is a moral category; the separation of feeling and understanding dismembers man into function.","reference":"Minima Moralia, Theodor Adorno, 1951","cats":["et"]},{"id":521,"person":69,"order":"9","line":"The \u2018culture industry\u2019 promotes domination by subverting the psychological development of the mass of people in capitalist societies.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ae","po"]},{"id":522,"person":69,"order":"10","line":"The commodities of the culture industry are increasingly standardized, formulaic, and repetitive in character.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ae","po"]},{"id":523,"person":69,"order":"11","line":"The standardization of music promotes a general condition of immaturity, prohibiting the exercise of any critical or reflexive faculties.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","cats":["ae","po"]},{"id":524,"person":70,"order":"1","line":"The appeal of totalitarian ideologies rests upon the devastation of ordered and stable contexts in which people once lived.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["po"]},{"id":525,"person":70,"order":"2","line":"There are three types of human activities: labor, work, and action (in ascending hierarchy of importance).","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":526,"person":70,"order":"3","line":"Labor is the biological practices necessary for the maintenance of life: an animal-like, unfree, private activity with impermanent products.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":527,"person":70,"order":"4","line":"Work is the fabrication of quasi-permanent physical and cultural artifacts: a non-animal, public activity with some degree of freedom.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":528,"person":70,"order":"5","line":"The rise of \u2018animal laborans\u2019 threatens the extinction of \u2018homo faber\u2019 and what makes a community\u2019s public life possible (\u2018world alienation\u2019).","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["po"]},{"id":529,"person":70,"order":"6","line":"Authentic human action can initiate the wholly new \u2013 unanticipated, unconditioned by the laws of cause and effect.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["po","on"]},{"id":530,"person":70,"order":"7","line":"Actions cannot be justified for their own sake, but only in light of their public recognition and the shared rules of a political community.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["po"]},{"id":531,"person":70,"order":"8","line":"The raison d\u2019\u00eatre of politics is freedom, and its field of experience is action.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["po"]},{"id":532,"person":70,"order":"9","line":"Evil does not come from malevolence, but from failures of thinking and judgement, sometimes abused by oppressive political systems.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":533,"person":70,"order":"10","line":"A disinterested and imaginatively publicly-minded form of political judgement is required to tackle the new circumstances of the modern era.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/arendt\/, Author: Majid Yar","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":534,"person":71,"order":"1","line":"The object of consciousness exists in an independent way; however, consciousness itself is always consciousness \u201cof something.\u201d","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/, Author: Christian J. Onof","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":535,"person":71,"order":"2","line":"Since other minds are required to account for conscious states such as those of shame, this establishes their existence a priori.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/, Author: Christian J. Onof","cats":["on"]},{"id":536,"person":71,"order":"3","line":"The objectification of the other corresponds to an affirmation of my self by distinguishing myself from the other.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/, Author: Christian J. Onof","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":537,"person":71,"order":"4","line":"When I objectify the other, I deny its selfhood and therefore deny that with respect to which I want to affirm myself.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/, Author: Christian J. Onof","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":538,"person":71,"order":"5","line":"The instability of the dependence upon the other is characteristic of the typically conflictual state of our relations with others.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/, Author: Christian J. Onof","cats":["on"]},{"id":539,"person":71,"order":"6","line":"In this Godless world we are thrown into, we are condemned to be free and to create our own values.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":540,"person":71,"order":"7","line":"Existence precedes essence; by choosing our values we determine the nature of our lives and personalities, we create ourselves.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":541,"person":71,"order":"8","line":"The freedom can be terrifying; many run away from it and choose existing norms. (\u2018bad faith\u2019)","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":542,"person":72,"order":"1","line":"Woman is consistently defined as the Other by man who takes on the role of the Self.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":543,"person":72,"order":"2","line":"Men have been privileged with expressing transcendence through projects; women have been forced into the uncreative life of immanence.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":544,"person":72,"order":"3","line":"Biology and history are not mere \u201cfacts\u201d of an unbiased observer, but are always incorporated into and interpreted from a situation.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["ep"]},{"id":545,"person":72,"order":"4","line":"The myth of the \u2018Eternal Feminine\u2019 (the mother, the virgin, the motherland, nature, etc.) traps women into an impossible ideal by denying their individuality.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["et"]},{"id":546,"person":72,"order":"5","line":"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman \u2013 constructed to be such through social indoctrination.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":547,"person":72,"order":"6","line":"Many women living in patriarchal cultures are guilty of \u2018bad faith\u2019; they flee their responsibility into prefabricated values and beliefs.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":548,"person":72,"order":"7","line":"Social systems must be altered for equal treatment of women, but women themselves also should take on their existential responsibility.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/, Author: Shannon Mussett","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":549,"person":73,"order":"1","line":"It is absurd that we ask for meaning for our lives in a universe without meaning and purpose.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":550,"person":73,"order":"2","line":"The Absurd is not in man nor in the world, but in their presence together; it is the only bond uniting them.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/camus\/, Author: David Simpson","cats":["on"]},{"id":551,"person":73,"order":"3","line":"There is but one truly serious philosophical problem and that is suicide.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":552,"person":73,"order":"4","line":"To kill oneself is a capitulation; we should refuse to surrender unto the meaninglessness of the universe.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["et"]},{"id":553,"person":73,"order":"5","line":"The religious solution of positing a transcendent world of solace and meaning beyond the Absurd is philosophical suicide.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/camus\/, Author: David Simpson","cats":["th","et"]},{"id":554,"person":73,"order":"6","line":"The only authentic and valid solution to the Absurd is simply to accept it, or better yet to embrace it, and to continue living. (\u2018Revolt\u2019)","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/camus\/, Author: David Simpson","cats":["et"]},{"id":555,"person":73,"order":"7","line":"True revolt is performed not just for the self but also in solidarity with and out of compassion for others.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/camus\/, Author: David Simpson","cats":["et"]},{"id":556,"person":73,"order":"8","line":"An analysis of rebellion leads at least to the suspicion that, contrary to contemporary thought, a human nature does exist.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/camus\/, Author: David Simpson","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":557,"person":74,"order":"1","line":"We are not immaterial centers of consciousness; we cannot perceive or act without our bodies.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on"]},{"id":558,"person":74,"order":"2","line":"Each one of us has a unique position in space and time which affects how we experience the world.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":559,"person":74,"order":"3","line":"The human body is an object and a subject at the same time.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":560,"person":75,"order":"1","line":"All traditional metaphysical statements, including religious ones, are meaningless.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":561,"person":75,"order":"2","line":"Beliefs about material objects are never absolutely certain; beliefs concerning their appearances (our sense-data) are.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":562,"person":75,"order":"3","line":"We should use sense-data as the primary objects of perception to provide ourselves with foundations for our knowledge of the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":563,"person":75,"order":"4","line":"The only way to give meaning to ethics is to interpret ethical statements as expressions of emotions (disgust, delight, etc.).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":564,"person":75,"order":"5","line":"A moral philosopher\u2019s concern is not primarily to make moral judgements but to analyze their nature.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":565,"person":76,"order":"1","line":"Ordinary language embodies the inherited experience and acumen of many generations; it is not the last word, but it is the first word.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":566,"person":76,"order":"2","line":"For the objects of perception, the reality-appearance duality is misconceived; the term \u2018real\u2019 has many different uses.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":567,"person":76,"order":"3","line":"The application of the positive term (reality, freedom, etc.) depends on its negative term, which is itself contextual.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":568,"person":76,"order":"4","line":"The search for absolute certainty is both fruitless and unwanted.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":569,"person":76,"order":"5","line":"Because a belief is about something, its truth is independent of the fact that it is believed; it must be possible for the thinker to be mistaken.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":570,"person":76,"order":"6","line":"What is evidence for what is always contextual; there is no limit to the kinds of evidence that might turn out to be relevant.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":571,"person":76,"order":"7","line":"There can\u2019t be a theory providing an abstract recipe for the totality of evidence for a particular claim.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":572,"person":76,"order":"8","line":"In sceptical arguments we should locate our doubts only in specific contexts of inquiry.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":573,"person":76,"order":"9","line":"Utterances are not always descriptions; they can be \u2018performatives\u2019 in which we do things with words (promises, threats, etc.).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":574,"person":76,"order":"10","line":"Three types of speech act: locutionary (what I say), illocutionary (what I do in saying that), perlocutionary (what effect it has on the listener).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":575,"person":76,"order":"11","line":"Claims to knowledge (\u201cI know that S is P\u201d) can also be performatives where we give others our authority (for saying that S is P).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":576,"person":77,"order":"1","line":"There is no way to define analyticity without an appeal to synonymy defined analytically; it\u2019s a vicious circle.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":577,"person":77,"order":"2","line":"There are no principled limits to the range of evidence for a statement; evidence and understanding are holistic.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":578,"person":77,"order":"3","line":"Nothing, including putative conceptual truths, logic, and mathematics, is immune from revision in the light of experience.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":579,"person":77,"order":"4","line":"There aren\u2019t any analytic truths; all truths are of the same kind, dependent both on language and on the state of the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":580,"person":77,"order":"5","line":"Philosophy should be naturalized, placed within the understanding provided by natural sciences.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":581,"person":77,"order":"6","line":"There is redundancy in our belief networks, so we can question one part without compromising all the rest.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":582,"person":77,"order":"7","line":"Discrimination of meaning needs evidence from the linguistic behaviour of the speakers.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":583,"person":77,"order":"8","line":"Translation between languages is underdetermined: there are multiple equally good translations.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":584,"person":77,"order":"9","line":"Indeterminacy of translation implies indeterminacy of communication, even of thinking.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":585,"person":77,"order":"10","line":"Necessity (essentialism) inheres in some of our ways of speaking of things, not in the properties of things themselves.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":586,"person":78,"order":"1","line":"External moral requirements are \u2018justifying\u2019 reasons for action, different from internal \u2018motivating\u2019 reasons.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":587,"person":79,"order":"1","line":"We should be stereoscopic with the \u2018scientific image\u2019 and the \u2018manifest image\u2019 of the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":588,"person":79,"order":"2","line":"The manifest image is the framework in which we first came to be aware of ourselves as persons.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":589,"person":79,"order":"3","line":"The conception of the physical world characteristic of the manifest image is incorrect insofar as it conflicts with the scientific image.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":590,"person":79,"order":"4","line":"The concept of knowledge exists in the \u2018logical space of reasons\u2019, the domain of the manifest image.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":591,"person":79,"order":"5","line":"Sense-experience (\u2018the Given\u2019) cannot guarantee the authenticity of information but it can cause us to form reliable beliefs.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":592,"person":79,"order":"6","line":"We can use the analogy of brain states as sentence-like structures and translate them into our own language to assess them rationally.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":593,"person":80,"order":"1","line":"The meaning of a referring expression and its referent in a particular context are separate things.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":594,"person":80,"order":"2","line":"A sentence with a vacuous referring expression is meaningful, but is not a statement (true or false).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":595,"person":80,"order":"3","line":"There is a distinction between the contextual presuppositions of a sentence and its logical implications.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":596,"person":80,"order":"4","line":"Sceptical doubts amount to the rejection of the whole conceptual scheme within which such doubt make sense.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":597,"person":80,"order":"5","line":"Self-consciousness requires that there is a distinction between ourselves and others; thus, others really exist.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":598,"person":80,"order":"6","line":"The basic structure of our conceptual scheme lies so deep in our thought and practice that its legitimation is neither possible nor necessary.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":599,"person":80,"order":"7","line":"The primitive concept of a person allows us to see human life with physical and (irreducible) mental aspects without being dualistic.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":600,"person":81,"order":"1","line":"The \u2018conversational implicature\u2019 of an utterance can be different from its strict meaning; it is central to humour, rudeness, etc.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":601,"person":81,"order":"2","line":"Intentions are transmitted perlocutionarily, by an effect produced by the speaker on the listener, exterior to linguistic conventions.","reference":"Derrida\/Searle, Raoul Moati, Columbia University Press, 2014","cats":["ep"]},{"id":602,"person":82,"order":"1","line":"Actions are identified and understood by reference to the intentions with which they were performed.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":603,"person":82,"order":"2","line":"The \u2018practical knowledge\u2019 of action is different from the \u2018contemplative\u2019 knowledge of science.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":604,"person":82,"order":"3","line":"Unintentional causes of action (\u2018mental causes\u2019) are not reasons for action.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":605,"person":82,"order":"4","line":"Thinking of morality as a set of rules prescribing what we \u201cought\u201d to do presupposes a religious conception about what is \u201cowed\u201d to God.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","th"]},{"id":606,"person":82,"order":"5","line":"A secular culture should construct a new morality based on our understanding of particular virtues and vices.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":607,"person":82,"order":"6","line":"A secular morality requires a new philosophy of mind which will break with the old ways of thinking about the roles of beliefs and desires in explaining action.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":608,"person":82,"order":"7","line":"The practice of the virtues should connect with a potentiality for \u2018human flourishing\u2019.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":609,"person":82,"order":"8","line":"Utilitarianism cannot sustain any strict prohibitions because it cannot distinguish between intended and merely foreseen consequences.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":610,"person":83,"order":"1","line":"Intention and action are not distinct existences; reasons are not causes.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":611,"person":83,"order":"2","line":"The relationship between an action and a reason does not have to be the same every time and for every agent, unlike a causal relationship.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":612,"person":83,"order":"3","line":"The study of society is about the logical relationships between the beliefs and intentions, and the rules of social institutions.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":613,"person":83,"order":"4","line":"Social studies are not causal inquiries; there cannot be a social science.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":614,"person":84,"order":"1","line":"The truth-conditions of a sentence should be used to provide its meaning.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":615,"person":84,"order":"2","line":"We get to meaning by interpreting others, by presuming that their beliefs are largely true and that they are generally rational.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":616,"person":84,"order":"3","line":"Language isn\u2019t a network of social conventions; there are just the general grammatical capacities and individual communicative strategies.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":617,"person":84,"order":"4","line":"Languages provide ways of thinking about and expressing truths about this world, so they are translatable.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":618,"person":84,"order":"5","line":"One cannot be a thinker at all unless one has beliefs.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":619,"person":84,"order":"6","line":"One cannot have a belief unless one recognizes that one might be in error.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":620,"person":84,"order":"7","line":"It is only through seeing others\u2019 errors that one can understand the possibility of being in error oneself.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":621,"person":84,"order":"8","line":"A creature cannot have thoughts unless it is an interpreter of the speech of another; \u201cno thought without talk.\u201d","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":622,"person":84,"order":"9","line":"Mental states \u2018supervene\u2019 on physical states: there cannot be two events alike in all physical respects but differing in mental respects.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":623,"person":84,"order":"10","line":"There is no general strict law connecting physical descriptions of states with mental descriptions of them.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":624,"person":84,"order":"11","line":"Reasons and actions are in causal relationships in their physical states.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":625,"person":85,"order":"1","line":"Actions cannot be causally determined; the free will debate should not arise at all.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","et"]},{"id":626,"person":86,"order":"1","line":"Our ordinary moral thought embodies a commitment to the reality of moral values.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":627,"person":86,"order":"2","line":"No real moral facts exist; they are impossibly \u2018queer\u2019.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":628,"person":86,"order":"3","line":"The variety of moral practices in history and anthropology shows that there is no underlying moral reality.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":629,"person":87,"order":"1","line":"Ethics is the logical study of the language of morals.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":630,"person":87,"order":"2","line":"There is a logical distinction between facts and values; morality is \u2018prescriptive\u2019 and is not a domain of moral facts to be \u2018described\u2019.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":631,"person":87,"order":"3","line":"Moral imperatives are instances of principles that we are prepared to universalize.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":632,"person":87,"order":"4","line":"Imaginative identification with others reveals principles that provide the best ways of fulfilling the preferences of all those who might be affected.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":633,"person":88,"order":"1","line":"Imperatives with no relevance to the satisfaction of human interests do not become moral requirements simply by being universally prescribed.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":634,"person":88,"order":"2","line":"Description and prescription are not separate in morality; value-judgements enter into descriptions.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":635,"person":89,"order":"1","line":"Moral and political philosophy have no place for a rigid analytic\/synthetic distinction.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","po","ep"]},{"id":636,"person":89,"order":"2","line":"The construction of justice is guided by our recognition of a range of primary, fundamental goods.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":637,"person":89,"order":"3","line":"If the plurality of persons with separate ends is an essential feature of societies, the principles of social choice cannot be utilitarian.","reference":"A Theory of Justice, John Rawls, Harvard University Press, 1971","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":638,"person":89,"order":"4","line":"The principles of justice should be chosen behind a \u2018veil of ignorance\u2019.","reference":"A Theory of Justice, John Rawls, Harvard University Press, 1971","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":639,"person":89,"order":"5","line":"Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.","reference":"A Theory of Justice, John Rawls, Harvard University Press, 1971","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":640,"person":89,"order":"6","line":"Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged.","reference":"A Theory of Justice, John Rawls, Harvard University Press, 1971","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":641,"person":89,"order":"7","line":"Offices and positions must be open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.","reference":"A Theory of Justice, John Rawls, Harvard University Press, 1971","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":642,"person":90,"order":"1","line":"Logic and observation are not enough to understand how science unfolds; we must look to its history.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":643,"person":90,"order":"2","line":"Sciences alternate between periods of \u2018normal science\u2019 and periods of \u2018crisis\u2019 followed by \u2018revolution\u2019.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":644,"person":90,"order":"3","line":"It's only when a paradigm is established that empirical underdetermination is solved and normal science is possible.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":645,"person":90,"order":"4","line":"The paradigms eventually use up their capacity to solve empirical puzzles, and are replaced by new paradigms.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":646,"person":90,"order":"5","line":"A new paradigm is \u2018incommensurable\u2019 with the old one; there is no uncontested evidence and shared nomenclature to choose one.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":647,"person":90,"order":"6","line":"A procedure of judgement by the scientific community is required for paradigm-choice.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":648,"person":90,"order":"7","line":"There is no absolute distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":649,"person":90,"order":"8","line":"We may have to relinquish the notion that paradigm changes carry scientists closer and closer to the truth.","reference":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn, The University of Chicago Press, 1962","cats":["ep"]},{"id":650,"person":90,"order":"9","line":"The development of science is like biological evolution: an increase in articulation and specialization, without an end goal.","reference":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn, The University of Chicago Press, 1962","cats":["ep"]},{"id":651,"person":91,"order":"1","line":"We cannot just confront a theory with \u201cthe observed facts\u201d; the identity and the significance of these facts are underdetermined.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":652,"person":91,"order":"2","line":"The history of science includes revolutions; \u2018incommensurable\u2019 alternatives replace existing theories.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/incommensurability\/, Authors: Eric Oberheim & Paul Hoyningen-Huene","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":653,"person":91,"order":"3","line":"Science flourishes best when there is a proliferation of different paradigms (\u2018epistemological anarchism\u2019).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":654,"person":92,"order":"1","line":"The applications of our concepts and words change over time; we need an archaeology of our thinking.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":655,"person":92,"order":"2","line":"The concept of \u2018man\u2019 is a recent invention, arising at the beginning of the 19th century, and it may be close to its end.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":656,"person":92,"order":"3","line":"\u2018Man\u2019 is a paradoxical idea, seen both as object and subject.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":657,"person":92,"order":"4","line":"Every kind of discourse is an attempt to exercise power over others.","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":658,"person":92,"order":"5","line":"There are three primary techniques of control: hierarchical observation, normalizing judgment, and the examination.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["po"]},{"id":659,"person":92,"order":"6","line":"The modern prison is a model for factories, hospitals, and schools; a model to control an entire society.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["po"]},{"id":660,"person":92,"order":"7","line":"The categories of maleness and femaleness were founded and explained as \u201cnatural\u201d in discourses claiming the status of scientific truth.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":661,"person":92,"order":"8","line":"The mission to liberate our repressed sexuality is misguided because there is no authentic or natural sexuality to liberate.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":662,"person":92,"order":"9","line":"Power is not repressive but productive; it produces, by cultural practices and scientific discourses, the ways we conceive of our sexuality.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":663,"person":92,"order":"10","line":"Individuals internalize the norms laid down by the sciences of sexuality and monitor themselves to conform to these norms.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["po"]},{"id":664,"person":92,"order":"11","line":"We should analyze power relations from the bottom up (families, workplaces, etc.) instead of looking for a center of power.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["po"]},{"id":665,"person":92,"order":"12","line":"One way of contesting power is by shaping oneself creatively, with new ways of being, new fields of experience, pleasures, relationships, etc.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/foucault\/, Authors: Gary Gutting & Johanna Oksala","cats":["po","et","ae"]},{"id":666,"person":93,"order":"1","line":"With computers, knowledge has become information that can be stored in databases, and bought and sold.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":667,"person":93,"order":"2","line":"Knowledge is becoming externalized; it is no longer something that helps towards the development of minds.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":668,"person":93,"order":"3","line":"Knowledge is becoming disconnected from questions of truth; it becomes a commodity.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":669,"person":93,"order":"4","line":"Postmodernism is incredulity towards meta-narratives \u2013 overarching stories that put all of our knowledge into a single framework.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":670,"person":93,"order":"5","line":"In the computer age the question of knowledge is now more than ever a question of government, of power.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/, Author: Ashley Woodward","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":671,"person":93,"order":"6","line":"Science does not have any justification in claiming to be a more legitimate form of knowledge than narrative.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/, Author: Ashley Woodward","cats":["ep"]},{"id":672,"person":93,"order":"7","line":"The principle of performativity (efficiency) merely subordinates science to capital.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/, Author: Ashley Woodward","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":673,"person":93,"order":"8","line":"Postmodern science is about the generation of new ideas rather than the efficient application of existing knowledge.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/, Author: Ashley Woodward","cats":["ep"]},{"id":674,"person":93,"order":"9","line":"Modern art presents the fact that there is an unpresentable, while postmodern art attempts to present the unpresentable, creating the sublime.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/, Author: Ashley Woodward","cats":["ae"]},{"id":675,"person":94,"order":"1","line":"A speaker\u2019s understanding of her own language comprises an ability to conceptualize the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":676,"person":94,"order":"2","line":"Psychology and linguistics can offer causal theories of language, but language is best seen as an activity of rational agents.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":677,"person":94,"order":"3","line":"Understanding one aspect of language doesn\u2019t require an understanding of the rest of it.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":678,"person":94,"order":"4","line":"Words have meaning only insofar as they contribute to the meaning of sentences.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":679,"person":94,"order":"5","line":"Communication is of the essence of language.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":680,"person":94,"order":"6","line":"Understanding is based upon sensitivity to direct, canonical evidence for sentences, which is limited.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":681,"person":94,"order":"7","line":"Speakers internalize conventional rules that are social norms; understanding requires reference to this social context.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":682,"person":94,"order":"8","line":"Reality is constrained by the possibility of knowledge of it; it has gaps because the truths of some sentences are undecidable.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":683,"person":95,"order":"1","line":"The meaning of a concept depends on its role in a network (\u2018cluster\u2019) of concepts, which can change in the light of experience.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":684,"person":95,"order":"2","line":"The identities of our thoughts are not purely psychological; they are affected by their worldly context.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":685,"person":95,"order":"3","line":"Our scientific knowledge allows us to reach essentialist hypotheses such as \u201cWater = H\u2082O\u201d.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":686,"person":95,"order":"4","line":"One cannot refer to things if one has no causal interaction at all with them, or with things in terms of which they are described.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":687,"person":95,"order":"5","line":"A brain in a vat being deceived by mad scientists cannot think of brains or vats; they play no part in explaining its neural inputs.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":688,"person":95,"order":"6","line":"We cannot be brains in vats being deceived by mad scientists, because we can think of brains in vats.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":689,"person":95,"order":"7","line":"Mental states are not identical to physical states because a mental state can be realized by multiple physical states (in different organisms).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":690,"person":95,"order":"8","line":"Mental states are computational states, not identified by their physical realizations but by their functional roles.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/functionalism\/, Author: Janet Levin","cats":["on"]},{"id":691,"person":96,"order":"1","line":"The possibility of knowledge of any kind depends upon the possibility of an \u2018absolute conception\u2019 of the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":692,"person":96,"order":"2","line":"An objective \u2018absolute conception\u2019 of the world can be attained through natural science.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":693,"person":96,"order":"3","line":"Knowledge is possible only if its possibility can be scientifically comprehended.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":694,"person":96,"order":"4","line":"There can be no external reasons for action; once they enter into our explanations of our actions, they become internal.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":695,"person":96,"order":"5","line":"A utilitarian assessment of duty is a form of alienation because the agent\u2019s own welfare counts simply as someone\u2019s welfare.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":696,"person":97,"order":"1","line":"Marxism does not break radically enough with capitalism, offering itself merely as a more efficient and equitable organization of production.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po"]},{"id":697,"person":97,"order":"2","line":"Pre-capitalist societies were governed by laws of symbolic exchange rather than production and utility.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po"]},{"id":698,"person":97,"order":"3","line":"The catastrophe of modernity and eruption of postmodernity is produced by the unfolding of technological revolution.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po","on"]},{"id":699,"person":97,"order":"4","line":"Postmodern societies are organized around representations that \u2018simulate\u2019 reality as in television, cyberspace, and virtual reality.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["on","po","ep"]},{"id":700,"person":97,"order":"5","line":"Simulation is no longer a question of imitation, nor duplication, nor even parody; it is substituting the signs of the real for the real.","reference":"Simulacra and Simulation,  Jean Baudrillard, U of Michigan P, 1994","cats":["ep"]},{"id":701,"person":97,"order":"6","line":"Economics, politics, social life, and culture are all governed by the mode of simulation now.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po","ep","ae"]},{"id":702,"person":97,"order":"7","line":"Entertainment and information technologies provide experiences more intense and involving than the banal everyday life. (\u2018hyperreality\u2019)","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po","ae"]},{"id":703,"person":97,"order":"8","line":"As simulations proliferate, they come to refer only to themselves: a carnival of mirrors reflecting images projected from other mirrors.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":704,"person":97,"order":"9","line":"The masses are now bathed in a \u2018media massage\u2019; classes disappear, and politics is dead, as are the dreams of disalienation, liberation, and revolution.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po"]},{"id":705,"person":97,"order":"10","line":"In postmodern societies, the masses seek spectacle and not meaning; they implode into a \u2018silent majority.\u2019","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["po","on"]},{"id":706,"person":97,"order":"11","line":"Social theory is losing its very object as meanings, classes, and difference implode into a black hole of non-differentiation.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/baudrillard\/, Author: Douglas Kellner","cats":["ep","on","po"]},{"id":707,"person":98,"order":"1","line":"Free action does not require that an agent \u201ccould have done otherwise\u201d.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":708,"person":98,"order":"2","line":"An agent is free when her \u2018first-order\u2019 intentions causing action are in harmony with her reflective \u2018second-order\u2019 intentions.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":709,"person":99,"order":"1","line":"Writing is different from speech; the reader is absent when we write, and the author and his\/her intentions are absent when we read.","reference":"Derrida\/Searle, Raoul Moati, Columbia University Press, 2014","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":710,"person":99,"order":"2","line":"The legibility of the text is indifferent to the communicational parameters (context, speaker, receiver, message) it first had.","reference":"Derrida\/Searle, Raoul Moati, Columbia University Press, 2014","cats":["ep"]},{"id":711,"person":99,"order":"3","line":"The intended meaning of a text is incapable of being stabilized; rereading may activate new meanings (\u2018iteration\u2019).","reference":"Derrida\/Searle, Raoul Moati, Columbia University Press, 2014","cats":["ep"]},{"id":712,"person":99,"order":"4","line":"Every text is riddled with gaps, holes, and contradictions (\u2018aporias\u2019).","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":713,"person":99,"order":"5","line":"Meaning is always deferred in language; it depends on what else we say, which depends on what else we say, and so on.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":714,"person":99,"order":"6","line":"The meaning of the words we use depends on their relationship to (difference from) the words we are not using.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":715,"person":99,"order":"7","line":"Meaning is not self-contained within the text, not even present to the author, because it is a matter of deferring and differing (\u2018diff\u00e9rance\u2019).","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":716,"person":99,"order":"8","line":"Explanation of a text has to grow indefinitely; there is nothing outside of the text.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":717,"person":99,"order":"9","line":"We should expose the Platonistic dual hierarchies (good\/evil, mind\/body, etc.) in texts and mark them with new terms (\u2018deconstruction\u2019).","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/derrida\/, Author: Leonard Lawlor","cats":["ep"]},{"id":718,"person":100,"order":"1","line":"There is no absolute distinction between the contributions of language and the world to the truth of what we say.","reference":"Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Richard Rorty, Princeton University Press, 1979","cats":["ep"]},{"id":719,"person":100,"order":"2","line":"Knowledge is a matter of conversation and of social practice, rather than as an attempt to mirror nature.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":720,"person":100,"order":"3","line":"Philosophy is not any longer a constructive discipline; it is an edifying one concerned to expose illusion and to keep the conversation going.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":721,"person":100,"order":"4","line":"We should look forward to a post-Philosophical culture in which philosophy amounts to a study of the advantages of the various ways of talking.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":722,"person":100,"order":"5","line":"Truth is what your contemporaries let you get away with.","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","cats":["ep"]},{"id":723,"person":101,"order":"1","line":"Only one form of subjectivity exists in Western culture (religion, language, philosophy, psychoanalysis, etc.) and it is male.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":724,"person":101,"order":"2","line":"Women have historically been seen as \u201cmother\u201d (and \u201cthe other\u201d) associated with nature, body, irrationality, and unthinking matter.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep","po"]},{"id":725,"person":101,"order":"3","line":"Separating mind and body is unethical insofar as it perpetuates the division in culture between man\/mind and woman\/body.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["on","po","et"]},{"id":726,"person":101,"order":"4","line":"Science itself is biased towards categories typically personified as masculine (e.g. solids as opposed to fluids).","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep"]},{"id":727,"person":101,"order":"5","line":"Language systems are malleable, and largely determined by power relationships that are in flux.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep","on","po"]},{"id":728,"person":101,"order":"6","line":"Inclusion of women in the current form of subjectivity is not the solution; there should be more than one subject position in language.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep","on","po"]},{"id":729,"person":101,"order":"7","line":"Both sexes have to reconfigure their subjectivity so that they both understand themselves as belonging equally to nature and culture.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/irigaray\/, Author: Sarah K. Donovan","cats":["ep","on","po"]},{"id":730,"person":102,"order":"1","line":"Five types of speech acts: assertives (e.g. statements), directives (e.g. orders), commissives (e.g. promises), expressives (e.g. thanks), and declarations (e.g. hirings).","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":731,"person":102,"order":"2","line":"There are indirect speech acts where the speaker performs one kind of speech act by means of performing another. (\u201cYou are standing on my foot.\u201d)","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":732,"person":102,"order":"3","line":"Mental states are intrinsic and irreducible features of certain very complex kinds of biological system.","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":733,"person":102,"order":"4","line":"Unless a mental state has the potential to be conscious, it does not qualify as genuinely mental.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/intentionality\/, Author: Pierre Jacob","cats":["on"]},{"id":734,"person":102,"order":"5","line":"Real understanding cannot be a matter of mere symbol manipulation; computers cannot be conscious.","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":735,"person":102,"order":"6","line":"Because mental states are biological, they can cause and be caused by physical changes in human bodies.","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":736,"person":102,"order":"7","line":"Language and other artifacts have intentionality derived from the \u2018original\/intrinsic intentionality\u2019 of our conscious mental states.","reference":"Mind, Language and Society, John Searle, Basic Books, 1999","cats":["on"]},{"id":737,"person":102,"order":"8","line":"Signification is illocutionary; linguistic conventions are sufficient to endow intentional meaning, independent of the presence of the sender.","reference":"Derrida\/Searle, Raoul Moati, Columbia University Press, 2014","cats":["ep"]},{"id":738,"person":102,"order":"9","line":"We-intentions (collective intentions) are held by individuals but they are not reducible to I-intentions.","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":739,"person":102,"order":"10","line":"Objective social reality (games, money, language, etc.) is created by means of we-intentions.","reference":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Article: John Searle, Contributor: Nicholas Fotion","cats":["on"]},{"id":740,"person":102,"order":"11","line":"Human beings have the capacity to be motivated by desire-independent reasons for action (such as promises).","reference":"Freedom & Neurobiology, John Searle, Columbia University Press, 2007","cats":["on"]},{"id":741,"person":102,"order":"12","line":"It is possible to derive \u2018ought\u2019 from \u2018is\u2019 if we start from facts which concern human institutions (such as promises).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":742,"person":103,"order":"1","line":"Every event that falls under a special science predicate also falls under a physical predicate, but not vice versa.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/fodor\/, Author: Bradley Rives","cats":["ep"]},{"id":743,"person":103,"order":"2","line":"The special sciences are \u2018autonomous\u2019 with their irreducible generalizations about irreducible and casually efficacious higher-level properties.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/fodor\/, Author: Bradley Rives","cats":["ep"]},{"id":744,"person":103,"order":"3","line":"Brain states are like computer states, capable of representation in virtue of causal connections with the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":745,"person":103,"order":"4","line":"Thought draws upon brain states which function as sentence-like representations.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":746,"person":103,"order":"5","line":"The mind contains a number of highly specialized, modular systems, whose operations are largely independent from each other.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/fodor\/, Author: Bradley Rives","cats":["on"]},{"id":747,"person":103,"order":"6","line":"The brain\u2019s central systems of belief fixation, planning, etc. are not modular; they are domain-general, unencapsulated.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/fodor\/, Author: Bradley Rives","cats":["on"]},{"id":748,"person":103,"order":"7","line":"The complexity of our minds is irrelevant to the question of whether they\u2019re the products of natural selection.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/fodor\/, Author: Bradley Rives","cats":["ep"]},{"id":749,"person":103,"order":"8","line":"The theory of natural selection cannot predict\/explain what traits are selected-for and what traits are free-riders.","reference":"What Darwin Got Wrong, Jerry Fodor & Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, Profile Books, 2010","cats":["ep"]},{"id":750,"person":104,"order":"1","line":"We cannot altogether abandon our subjectivity and fully objectify our knowledge (from a \u2018view from nowhere\u2019).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":751,"person":104,"order":"2","line":"Objective knowledge about an organism\u2019s behaviour and physiology does not allow us to form a conception of its subjective experience.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":752,"person":104,"order":"3","line":"Ethics is a branch of psychology.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":753,"person":104,"order":"4","line":"There are prudential, rational, timeless, internal reasons for action, independent of our current concerns.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":754,"person":104,"order":"5","line":"Reasons for action are impersonal; if I act in some way on my own behalf, I should act the same way on behalf of others similarly situated.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":755,"person":105,"order":"1","line":"A detached (gender-free) position fails to do justice to facts that women are epistemically privileged with (such as sexual harassment).","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":756,"person":105,"order":"2","line":"A truly objective evaluation has to start by taking seriously the subjective standpoint of those who employ the judgements in question.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":757,"person":106,"order":"1","line":"For women, responsibilities arising from personal relationships are more important than abstract claims of justice.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":758,"person":106,"order":"2","line":"We should accept an \u2018ethics of care\u2019 which structure private life in addition to the more \u2018masculine\u2019 ethics of rights and duties.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":759,"person":107,"order":"1","line":"The strongest reason to advocate a libertarian society is that such advocacy follows from a respect for individual rights.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":760,"person":107,"order":"2","line":"Individuals are self-owners; they have rights to their lives, liberty, and the fruits of their labor.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":761,"person":107,"order":"3","line":"The endorsement of the imposition of sacrifices on individuals for social good fails to recognize the status of individuals as ends-in-themselves.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nozick-political\/, Author: Eric Mack","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":762,"person":107,"order":"4","line":"Just outcomes are those arrived at by the separate just actions of individuals; a particular distributive pattern is not required for justice.","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/justice-distributive\/, Authors: Julian Lamont, Christi Favor","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":763,"person":107,"order":"5","line":"The various programs of the modern liberal welfare state (e.g. taxation) are immoral because they make slaves of the citizens of such a state.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":764,"person":107,"order":"6","line":"The only sort of state that can be morally justified is a \u2018minimal state\u2019 which protects individuals from force via police and law, but does nothing else.","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","cats":["et","po"]},{"id":765,"person":107,"order":"7","line":"Knowledge is true belief that tracks the truth by varying according to the state of things in close possible worlds.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":766,"person":108,"order":"1","line":"There are rigid designators, names\/descriptions that refer to the same thing in all possible worlds, which allow essentialist theses.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":767,"person":108,"order":"2","line":"Ordinary proper names are rigid designators of ordinary things, thanks to fixations by \u2018initial baptisms\u2019.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":768,"person":108,"order":"3","line":"There are empirical necessary truths.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":769,"person":108,"order":"4","line":"There are contingent a priori truths.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":770,"person":108,"order":"5","line":"There are three types of essential necessity: origin, substance, and form.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":771,"person":108,"order":"6","line":"The essences of natural kinds can be illuminatingly identified in scientific terms.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":772,"person":109,"order":"1","line":"Even if you have all the objective knowledge about color vision, seeing colors (\u2018qualia\u2019) gives you new information.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":773,"person":110,"order":"1","line":"Worlds that are merely possible are just as real as the actual world we happen to live in; these worlds are separate space-times.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":774,"person":110,"order":"2","line":"Essentialist claims draw upon similarities between different, but similar, things (counterparts) in different worlds.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":775,"person":110,"order":"3","line":"Our beliefs about what is possible\/impossible concern the details of worlds that are altogether separate from our world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep","on"]},{"id":776,"person":110,"order":"4","line":"Insofar as our mental states are causes of our physical actions, they too are physical, because physics is a \u2018closed\u2019 science.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":777,"person":110,"order":"5","line":"Supervenience guarantees the reduction of the mental to the physical.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":778,"person":110,"order":"6","line":"Mental-physical state identities should be restricted to species or even particular organisms.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on"]},{"id":779,"person":110,"order":"7","line":"When you have all the objective knowledge about color vision, seeing a new color is not new factual knowledge but a new skill.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["ep"]},{"id":780,"person":111,"order":"1","line":"There are cases where the requirement imposed by the situation and detected by the agent must exhaust his reason for acting as he does.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":781,"person":111,"order":"2","line":"\u2018Properly brought up\u2019 people are motivated to do what is required simply by recognizing an obligation, without deliberation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":782,"person":111,"order":"3","line":"In moral conversions, a new awareness of external reasons for action creates a shift in motivation.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":783,"person":111,"order":"4","line":"The fact that the identity of moral values is dependent (like colors) upon a human point of view does not undermine their reality.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":784,"person":112,"order":"1","line":"Moral values are best conceived as natural properties to be identified by inquiries in anthropology and sociology.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","ep","on"]},{"id":785,"person":112,"order":"2","line":"Moral values are explanatory properties. (e.g. Hitler\u2019s wickedness is part of the explanation of the Holocaust.)","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","ep"]},{"id":786,"person":112,"order":"3","line":"The explanatory role of moral values is to guide the identification of the natural properties which underpin this role.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","ep","on"]},{"id":787,"person":112,"order":"4","line":"The utilitarian principle provides the basis for a naturalistic treatment of moral values.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":788,"person":113,"order":"1","line":"We should be able to justify our moral judgements with principles that others, similarly motivated, could not reject.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":789,"person":113,"order":"2","line":"It is reasons for action that are fundamental in the construction of justice.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":790,"person":113,"order":"3","line":"Reasons for action are not dependent upon desires; finding such reasons motivates desires.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":791,"person":113,"order":"4","line":"Reasons for action are sensitive to contextual considerations; they can sometimes be undermined.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":792,"person":113,"order":"5","line":"We start from our ordinary common-sense moral judgements and then refine them with our understanding of the world.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","ep"]},{"id":793,"person":113,"order":"6","line":"There is a core of fundamental human rights, and there are judgements which exhibit a degree of cultural relativity.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","on"]},{"id":794,"person":113,"order":"7","line":"The objectivity of reasons for belief and action does not require uniformity of thought and practice; there can be different priorities.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":795,"person":114,"order":"1","line":"We are survival machines \u2013 robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the \u2018selfish\u2019 molecules (\u2018replicators\u2019) known as genes.","reference":"The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976","cats":["on"]},{"id":796,"person":114,"order":"2","line":"An animal\u2019s behaviour tends to maximize the survival of the genes \u201cfor\u201d that behaviour, whether or not those genes are in its body. (\u2018extended phenotype\u2019)","reference":"The Extended Phenotype, Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1982","cats":["on"]},{"id":797,"person":114,"order":"3","line":"Human culture evolves thanks to \u2018memes\u2019: information units replicating, mutating and being selected.","reference":"The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976","cats":["on"]},{"id":798,"person":114,"order":"4","line":"A cultural trait may have evolved in the way that it has, simply because it is advantageous to itself.","reference":"The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976","cats":["on"]},{"id":799,"person":114,"order":"5","line":"We, alone on earth, can rebel against the tyranny of the selfish replicators.","reference":"The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976","cats":["on","po","et"]},{"id":800,"person":115,"order":"1","line":"The idea of evolution by natural selection unifies the realm of meaning and purpose with the realm of mechanism and physical law.","reference":"Darwin\u2019s Dangerous Idea, Daniel Dennett, Simon & Schuster, 1995","cats":["ep"]},{"id":801,"person":115,"order":"2","line":"Reasons gradually emerged out of mere causes, \u2018what for\u2019s out of \u2018how come\u2019s, with no \u2018essential\u2019 dividing line between them.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":802,"person":115,"order":"3","line":"There were reasons tracked by evolution (\u2018free-floating rationales\u2019) long before there were reason-representers like us.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":803,"person":115,"order":"4","line":"Comprehension is not the source of competence; it is composed of competences, and it comes in degrees.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":804,"person":115,"order":"5","line":"Our intentionality is gradually derived from the intentionality of our \u201cselfish genes\u201d, which is derived from the functional context of evolution.","reference":"Intuition Pumps, Daniel Dennett, Penguin Books, 2013","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":805,"person":115,"order":"6","line":"With \u2018the intentional stance\u2019 we can treat something as an agent without committing to hypotheses about its internal structures.","reference":"The Intentional Stance, Daniel Dennett, MIT Press, 1987","cats":["ep"]},{"id":806,"person":115,"order":"7","line":"Meanings and thoughts do not show up within physics, but are apparent within \u2018the intentional stance\u2019 towards complex agents.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["on","ep"]},{"id":807,"person":115,"order":"8","line":"Minds are composed of simpler subsystems that are composed of teams of still simpler agents so stupid that they can be replaced by a machine.","reference":"Brainstorms, Daniel Dennett, MIT Press, 1978","cats":["on"]},{"id":808,"person":115,"order":"9","line":"There is not a finish line or a center (a \u2018Cartesian theater\u2019) in the brain where the content is \u201cpresented\u201d to the conscious subject.","reference":"Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett, Little, Brown & Company, 1991","cats":["on"]},{"id":809,"person":115,"order":"10","line":"A self is like a center of (narrative) gravity: an abstract object, a theorist\u2019s useful fiction \u2013 not a thing in the brain.","reference":"Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett, Little, Brown & Company, 1991","cats":["on"]},{"id":810,"person":115,"order":"11","line":"All mental activity is accomplished in the brain by parallel, competitive processes of interpretation, under continuous editorial revision.","reference":"Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett, Little, Brown & Company, 1991","cats":["on"]},{"id":811,"person":115,"order":"12","line":"Consciousness is a system of user-illusions evolved to make versions of our cognitive processes accessible to us for purposes of communication.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":812,"person":115,"order":"13","line":"We can study consciousness objectively by getting the subjects\u2019 verbal accounts of their conscious experiences (\u2018heterophenomenology\u2019).","reference":"Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett, Little, Brown & Company, 1991","cats":["ep"]},{"id":813,"person":115,"order":"14","line":"Free will (like colors, dollars, promises) is part of the user-illusion of the manifest image that we shouldn\u2019t want to dismantle; it\u2019s where we live.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":814,"person":115,"order":"15","line":"Qualia are in fact the intentional objects of mistaken beliefs that simply don\u2019t exist, anywhere.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen 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Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":819,"person":115,"order":"20","line":"Brains are more like termite colonies than intelligently designed corporations or armies.","reference":"From Bacteria to Bach and Back, Daniel Dennett, Allen Lane, 2017","cats":["on"]},{"id":820,"person":116,"order":"1","line":"In our moral judgements we express our feelings (which are a species of desire), not describe them.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et"]},{"id":821,"person":116,"order":"2","line":"Our talk of ethics is quasi-realist; our feelings color our experience of the world by projecting values onto it.","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","cats":["et","ep"]},{"id":822,"person":117,"order":"1","line":"Gender is produced through ways in which language, bodily gestures, movements, and styles constitute the illusion of an abiding gendered self.","reference":"Gender Trouble, Judith 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which it is produced.","reference":"Gender Trouble, Judith Butler, Routledge, 1990","cats":["on","po"]},{"id":827,"person":118,"order":"1","line":"The tasks of explaining the performance of the cognitive functions (perception, attention, memory, etc.) are easy problems.","reference":"\"Facing up to the problem of consciousness,\" David Chalmers, Journal of Consciousness Studies V2 N3, 1995","cats":["ep"]},{"id":828,"person":118,"order":"2","line":"The task of explaining why the performance of cognitive functions are accompanied by experience is the unique, hard problem of consciousness.","reference":"\"Facing up to the problem of consciousness,\" David Chalmers, Journal of Consciousness Studies V2 N3, 1995","cats":["ep"]},{"id":829,"person":118,"order":"3","line":"Even when we have solved all the easy problems of cognitive function, the hard problem of consciousness may still remain unsolved.","reference":"\"Facing up to the problem of consciousness,\" David Chalmers, Journal of 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