customize-dependency.js

function tryCustomizeDependency() {
	try {
		wp.customize.bind( 'ready', function() {
			console.info( 'ready' );
		} );
		console.info( 'PASS' );
	} catch( e ) {
		console.error( 'FAIL' );
	}
}

script-loader-test-case.php

<?php
/**
 * Plugin Name: Test case for WP Trac #36392: wp_add_inline_script() breaks script dependency order when using script loader (no SCRIPT_DEBUG)
 * Plugin URL: https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/36392
 */

add_action( 'wp_default_scripts', function( WP_Scripts $wp_scripts ) {
	$handle = 'customize-dependency';
	$src = plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . 'customize-dependency.js';
	$deps = array( 'customize-controls' );
	$wp_scripts->add( $handle, $src, $deps );
} );

add_action( 'customize_controls_enqueue_scripts', function() {
	if ( defined( 'SCRIPT_DEBUG' ) && SCRIPT_DEBUG ) {
		trigger_error( 'Set SCRIPT_DEBUG to false to replicate the issue.', E_USER_WARNING );
	}

	$handle = 'customize-dependency';
	wp_enqueue_script( $handle );
	wp_add_inline_script( $handle, 'tryCustomizeDependency()' );
} );