Problem with postgresql array. when i do this query for references, it errors with a SQL statement invalid. Rails 5.2.x and Ruby 2.6.4

gistfile1.txt

RSpec.describe "Profile Clusterable" do
  let(:json_profiles) { FileManager.json_read_from_fixture_path("clustering/feature_writer_profiles.json") }
  let(:profiles) do
    profiles = []
    skip_fields = %w[custom_field id similarity source source_types status type work depth interests longitude latitude service service_id]
    json_profiles.each do |json_profile|
      json_profile["friendly_id"] = json_profile["id"]
      json_profile["kind"] = json_profile["type"]
      json_profile["lat"] = json_profile["latitude"]
      json_profile["lng"] = json_profile["longitude"]
      profile = Profile.new(json_profile.except(*skip_fields))
      profile.enriched_at = Time.now
      expect(profile.save).to be_truthy
      profiles << profile
    end
    profiles
  end

  it "works" do
    profiles
    profile = Profile.first
    resp = profile.referencing_profiles
    expect(resp.map{|record|record.references}.flatten).to include profile.friendly_id
  end
end

profile_clusterable.rb

module ProfileClusterable
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  def referencing_profiles
    # Profile.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM profiles WHERE references && '{#{friendly_id}}'::text[];")
    Profile.where("'#{friendly_id}' = ANY (references)")
  end
end

schema.rb

 create_table "profiles", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.integer "parent_id"
    t.string "friendly_id"
    t.string "kind"
    t.string "identifier"
    t.string "username"
    t.string "user_id"
    t.string "url"
    t.string "name"
    t.string "first_name"
    t.string "middle_name"
    t.string "last_name"
    t.text "description"
    t.string "gender"
    t.string "image_url"
    t.string "job_title"
    t.string "job_company"
    t.string "education"
    t.string "location"
    t.string "country"
    t.string "territory"
    t.string "city"
    t.string "address"
    t.float "lng"
    t.float "lat"
    t.string "lang"
    t.string "ad_networks", default: [], array: true
    t.string "tags", default: [], array: true
    t.integer "followers"
    t.integer "following"
    t.integer "listed"
    t.integer "liked"
    t.integer "shares"
    t.string "rss"
    t.integer "enrichment_attempts", default: 0
    t.integer "image_url_simhash"
    t.datetime "enriched_at"
    t.datetime "enrichment_last_attempted_at"
    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
    t.jsonb "data", default: {}
    t.jsonb "custom_fields", default: {}
    t.string "domain"
    t.jsonb "matcher", default: {}, null: false
    t.text "references", default: [], array: true
    t.index ["identifier", "username", "user_id"], name: "index_profiles_on_identifier_and_username_and_user_id", unique: true
    t.index ["matcher"], name: "index_profiles_on_matcher", using: :gin
    t.index ["references"], name: "index_profiles_on_references", using: :gin
  end