A useful way to understand these Laravel concepts is by the role they play in the application, because several belong to MVC, several belong to Laravel's infrastructure, and others are architectural patterns that Laravel does not prescribe.
Laravel itself provides first-class implementations for many of these concepts, but things such as Services, Repositories, Actions, DTOs, Value Objects, and Concerns are primarily general PHP/software-design patterns rather than mandatory Laravel architecture. Laravel's core architecture heavily uses dependency injection through its service container. ([Laravel][1])
These are the components closest to the classic Model–View–Controller structure.