wxsBSD

YARA Loop Optimization Details

Let's look at the bytecode without my optimizations. Before we do that let's set some terminology, because I find it easier to use names compared YARA VM memory locations. These are the names I've mostly borrowed from the comments in the grammar:

• memory 0: lower bound
• memory 1: boolean_expression accumulator
• memory 2: iteration counter
• memory 3: upper bound

We'll be using this rule for the first example:

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I've been working on optimizing the YARA compiler to generate better bytecode for loops. The goal is to skip as much of loops as possible by not iterating further once the loop condition is met. Here's the rule I'm using. Completely contrived and excessive, but it's to show the performance improvement:

wxs@wxs-mbp yara % cat rules/test.yara
rule a {
  condition:
    for any i in (0..100000000): (i == 1)
}
wxs@wxs-mbp yara %

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/*
 * fmtid + 24 == number of property identifiers and offsets
 * fmtid + 28 == start of property identifier and offsets (4 bytes each)
 */
rule test {
  strings:
    //$fmtid = { 02 d5 cd d5 9c 2e 1b 10 93 97 08 00 2b 2c f9 ae }
    $fmtid = { e0 85 9f f2 f9 4f 68 10 ab 91 08 00 2b 27 b3 d9 }
    $redacted_author = "REDACTED AUTHOR"
  condition:

wxsBSD

Using YARA python interface to parse files

I've shared this technique with some people privately, but might as well share it publicly now since I was asked about it. I've been using this for a while now with good success. It works well for parsing .NET droppers and other things.

If you don't know what the -D flag to YARA does I suggest you import a module and run a file through using that flag. It will print, to stdout, everything the module parsed that doesn't involve you calling a function. This is a great way to get a quick idea for the structure of a file.

For example:

wxs@mbp yara % cat always_false.yara

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SSL Profiling in Bro

I wrote profiling applications over SSL recently and this is my attempt at doing so in Bro. I haven't written a Bro script before this one so I'm betting I've got a bunch of things wrong here. The code comes in two parts. The first is the main script which has the core logic. The second part is the "local" script which defines the application profiles you are interested in.

The Main Script

@load base/protocols/conn
@load base/protocols/ssl
@load base/frameworks/notice

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Disclaimer

Everything I'm talking about below is not new, but I thought it was an interesting idea and realized I already had the majority of pieces in place to play with it. I want to share what I learned. If you are at all interested in exploring this topic further a good paper on it is here. Also, a few years ago IOActive published a blog post on the technique which is also a good read. Finally, the last two paragraphs in section 6 of RFC5246 clearly document the problem the best I've been able to find:

Any protocol designed for use over TLS must be carefully designed to
deal with all possible attacks against it.  As a practical matter,
this means that the protocol designer must be aware of what security
properties TLS does and does not provide and cannot safely rely on
the latter.

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Note

This is outdated. The canonical source of documentation on this is over here.

Introduction

I recently put YARA inside osquery and thought I would provide some details on how to use it. There are two YARA related tables in osquery, which serve very different purposes. The first table, called yara_events, uses osquery's pub-sub framework to monitor for filesystem changes and will execute YARA when a file change event fires. The second table, called yara, is an on-demand YARA scanning table.

Configuration

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I was recently asked how to check the entropy of a given section in YARA, and because the person who asked is clearly looking to learn how to fish instead of just being given fish I went into some detail on the explanation. With his permission I am sharing my response here.

It's a combination of a number of things:

math.in_range(test, lower, upper):

Given a test value, check to see if it is in range of the lower and upper bounds. This is an inclusive test.

math.entropy(offset, length):

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Here's what I was thinking of doing...

{
  // Description of the YARA rules to use. Each key is a group name used in additional_monitoring
  // or in scheduled_queries if you want.
  "yara": {
    "sig_group_1": [ "foo.sig", "bar.sig" ],
    "sig_group_2": [ "baz.sig" ]
  },

wxsBSD

Problems with pehash implementations

I've started to add a pehash implementation to YARA. I decided to base my implementation on the description in the paper and only use the totalhash and viper implementations for comparing results. In doing so I've noticed some problems, and it is unclear who is right.

Totalhash implementation

For starters let's take a look at running the pehash.py implementation from totalhash against a binary.

wxs@psh Desktop % shasum 4180ee367740c271e05b3637ee64619fb9fe7b1d2b28866e590e731b9f81de36