simple xmodem/ymodem implementation in C

xymodem-mini.c

/*
 * Minimalistic implementation of the XModem/YModem protocol suite, including
 * a compact version of an CRC16 algorithm. The code is just enough to upload
 * an image to an MCU that bootstraps itself over an UART.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014 Daniel Mack <github@zonque.org>
 *
 * License: MIT
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

#define X_STX 0x02
#define X_ACK 0x06
#define X_NAK 0x15
#define X_EOF 0x04

#define min(a, b)       ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))

struct xmodem_chunk {
        uint8_t start;
        uint8_t block;
        uint8_t block_neg;
        uint8_t payload[1024];
        uint16_t crc;
} __attribute__((packed));

#define CRC_POLY 0x1021

static uint16_t crc_update(uint16_t crc_in, int incr)
{
        uint16_t xor = crc_in >> 15;
        uint16_t out = crc_in << 1;

        if (incr)
                out++;

        if (xor)
                out ^= CRC_POLY;

        return out;
}

static uint16_t crc16(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t size)
{
        uint16_t crc, i;

        for (crc = 0; size > 0; size--, data++)
                for (i = 0x80; i; i >>= 1)
                        crc = crc_update(crc, *data & i);

        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
                crc = crc_update(crc, 0);

        return crc;
}
static uint16_t swap16(uint16_t in)
{
        return (in >> 8) | ((in & 0xff) << 8);
}

enum {
        PROTOCOL_XMODEM,
        PROTOCOL_YMODEM,
};

static int xymodem_send(int serial_fd, const char *filename, int protocol, int wait)
{
        size_t len;
        int ret, fd;
        uint8_t answer;
        struct stat stat;
        const uint8_t *buf;
        uint8_t eof = X_EOF;
        struct xmodem_chunk chunk;
        int skip_payload = 0;

        fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0) {
                perror("open");
                return -errno;
        }

        fstat(fd, &stat);
        len = stat.st_size;
        buf = mmap(NULL, len, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
        if (!buf) {
                perror("mmap");
                return -errno;
        }

        if (wait) {
                printf("Waiting for receiver ping ...");
                fflush(stdout);

                do {
                        ret = read(serial_fd, &answer, sizeof(answer));
                        if (ret != sizeof(answer)) {
                                perror("read");
                                return -errno;
                        }
                } while (answer != 'C');

                printf("done.\n");
        }

        printf("Sending %s ", filename);

        if (protocol == PROTOCOL_YMODEM) {
                strncpy((char *) chunk.payload, filename, sizeof(chunk.payload));
                chunk.block = 0;
                skip_payload = 1;
        } else {
                chunk.block = 1;
        }

        chunk.start = X_STX;

        while (len) {
                size_t z = 0;
                int next = 0;
                char status;

                if (!skip_payload) {
                        z = min(len, sizeof(chunk.payload));
                        memcpy(chunk.payload, buf, z);
                        memset(chunk.payload + z, 0xff, sizeof(chunk.payload) - z);
                } else {
                        skip_payload = 0;
                }

                chunk.crc = swap16(crc16(chunk.payload, sizeof(chunk.payload)));
                chunk.block_neg = 0xff - chunk.block;

                ret = write(serial_fd, &chunk, sizeof(chunk));
                if (ret != sizeof(chunk))
                        return -errno;

                ret = read(serial_fd, &answer, sizeof(answer));
                if (ret != sizeof(answer))
                        return -errno;
                switch (answer) {
                case X_NAK:
                        status = 'N';
                        break;
                case X_ACK:
                        status = '.';
                        next = 1;
                        break;
                default:
                        status = '?';
                        break;
                }

                printf("%c", status);
                fflush(stdout);

                if (next) {
                        chunk.block++;
                        len -= z;
                        buf += z;
                }
        }

        ret = write(serial_fd, &eof, sizeof(eof));
        if (ret != sizeof(eof))
                return -errno;

        /* send EOT again for YMODEM */
        if (protocol == PROTOCOL_YMODEM) {
                ret = write(serial_fd, &eof, sizeof(eof));
                if (ret != sizeof(eof))
                        return -errno;
        }

        printf("done.\n");

        return 0;
}

static int open_serial(const char *path, int baud)
{
        int fd;
        struct termios tty;

        fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
        if (fd < 0) {
                perror("open");
                return -errno;
        }

        memset(&tty, 0, sizeof(tty));
        if (tcgetattr(fd, &tty) != 0) {
                perror("tcgetattr");
                return -errno;
        }

        cfsetospeed(&tty, baud);
        cfsetispeed(&tty, baud);

        tty.c_cflag = (tty.c_cflag & ~CSIZE) | CS8;     // 8-bit chars
        tty.c_iflag &= ~IGNBRK;                         // disable break processing
        tty.c_lflag = 0;                                // no signaling chars, no echo,
                                                        // no canonical processing
        tty.c_oflag = 0;                                // no remapping, no delays
        tty.c_cc[VMIN]  = 1;                            // read doesn't block
        tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 5;                            // 0.5 seconds read timeout

        tty.c_iflag &= ~(IXON | IXOFF | IXANY);         // shut off xon/xoff ctrl

        tty.c_cflag |= (CLOCAL | CREAD);                // ignore modem controls,
                                                        // enable reading
        tty.c_cflag &= ~(PARENB | PARODD);              // shut off parity
        tty.c_cflag &= ~CSTOPB;
        tty.c_cflag &= ~CRTSCTS;

        if (tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &tty) != 0) {
                perror("tcsetattr");
                return -errno;
        }

        return fd;
}

static void dump_serial(int serial_fd)
{
        char in;

        for (;;) {
                read(serial_fd, &in, sizeof(in));
                printf("%c", in);
                fflush(stdout);
        }
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        int a, ret, serial_fd;

        serial_fd = open_serial("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200);
        if (serial_fd < 0)
                return -errno;

        ret = xymodem_send(serial_fd, argv[1], PROTOCOL_XMODEM, 1);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        ret = xymodem_send(serial_fd, argv[2], PROTOCOL_YMODEM, 1);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        sleep(4);

        ret = xymodem_send(serial_fd, argv[1], PROTOCOL_YMODEM, 0);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        sleep(3);

        ret = xymodem_send(serial_fd, argv[2], PROTOCOL_YMODEM, 0);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        dump_serial(serial_fd);

        return 0;
}

Nice and simple, this helped me a lot when writing an interface to a "Flashrunner" box that loads files using ymodem, in my case through Ethernet. However I found a couple of problems that might help others:

1. According to this specification, the receiver sends a 'C' character immediately after the ACK of block 0 to request transmission of a 16-bit (as opposed to 8-bit) CRC. My box did exactly that. The above code will read that response after transmission of block 1, displaying a '?' status, and all subsequent responses will be interpreted 1 block late. As a result if the receiver requests retransmission using a NAK response the wrong block will be retransmitted.
2. At the end of the file a second EOT should not be sent unconditionally for ymodem. The specification says: "At the end of each file, the sending program shall send EOT up to ten times until it receives an ACK character. (This is part of the XMODEM spec.)". In my case I get an ACK after the first EOT. The spec also says that a 'C' follows the ACK of the EOT, which was true in my case.
3. Ymodem is a batch file transfer. After the EOT(s) the receiver waits for another file. In my case I needed to tell it that the batch had finished by sending a null block 0 (payload all zero, crc = 0) as described in the specification so that it didn't hang and could carry on and do other things. This is acknowledged with an ACK and a 'C' as for any other block 0. This is the reason I had to write my own code instead of just using the Linux sb command; I couldn't work out a way to get sb to do that.

+1 for an effort to write down the the missing details. Anyone who'll use this code follow these instructions to get the correct result.

Hello since in microcontrollers it is impossible to avoid static linking, the resulting work will always be forced to become LGPL.
Users of your library will not be able to use a different license for the resulting work.
For this reason, for example, I cannot use your work.
Just for your information.

Thanks for noting. Changed the license to MIT now. Have fun :)

• According to this specification, the receiver sends a 'C' character immediately after the ACK of block 0 to request transmission of a 16-bit (as opposed to 8-bit) CRC. My box did exactly that. The above code will read that response after transmission of block 1, displaying a '?' status, and all subsequent responses will be interpreted 1 block late. As a result if the receiver requests retransmission using a NAK response the wrong block will be retransmitted.

• At the end of the file a second EOT should not be sent unconditionally for ymodem. The specification says: "At the end of each file, the sending program shall send EOT up to ten times until it receives an ACK character. (This is part of the XMODEM spec.)". In my case I get an ACK after the first EOT. The spec also says that a 'C' follows the ACK of the EOT, which was true in my case.

• Ymodem is a batch file transfer. After the EOT(s) the receiver waits for another file. In my case I needed to tell it that the batch had finished by sending a null block 0 (payload all zero, crc = 0) as described in the specification so that it didn't hang and could carry on and do other things. This is acknowledged with an ACK and a 'C' as for any other block 0. This is the reason I had to write my own code instead of just using the Linux sb command; I couldn't work out a way to get sb to do that.

@JonnieBoy Thanks for this. I don't currently have a setup to test and fix the missing pieces. If you want, please send me a patch so I can add that here for reference.

#include <termios.h>
fatal error: termios.h: No such file or directory
Is there is no termios.h availible to windows 10 plataforms?
Look's like it works fine on linux but need a workaround to windows.

Is there is no termios.h availible to windows 10 plataforms?

Windows is not Linux, even if it pretends to be. Most low-level APIs are missing, and I have no intention to support Windows ;)

I'm going around in circles trying to implement a function.
I think I didn't understand the dynamics of the Y-modem.
Maybe you can help me, my question, it seems simple.
For example, to download a file named TEST.TXT. what sequence of binary data should i transmit through the serial port?

what is should be the arguments if I want to send using sx -k command and serial setting using stty command

thanks