C++ supports multiple active exceptions at once - see it in action at http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/PscHg988AnzjajyS

ResonanceCascade.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <exception>

struct ResonanceCascade final
{
	ResonanceCascade()
	{
		std::cout << "ResonanceCascade ctor" << std::endl;
	}
	~ResonanceCascade() noexcept(false)
	{
		std::cout << "~ResonanceCascade() begin" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "std::uncaught_exceptions() == " << std::uncaught_exceptions() << std::endl;
		try
		{
			if(std::uncaught_exceptions() < 5)
			{
				ResonanceCascade rc;
				throw std::logic_error{"Black Mesa"};
			}
		}
		catch(...)
		{
			std::cout << "~ResonanceCascade() catch" << std::endl;
		}
		std::cout << "~ResonanceCascade() end" << std::endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	try
	{
		ResonanceCascade rc;
		throw std::logic_error{"Black Mesa"};
	}
	catch(...)
	{
		std::cout << "main catch" << std::endl;
	}
}

ResonanceCascade ctor
~ResonanceCascade() begin
std::uncaught_exceptions() == 1
ResonanceCascade ctor
~ResonanceCascade() begin
std::uncaught_exceptions() == 2
ResonanceCascade ctor
~ResonanceCascade() begin
std::uncaught_exceptions() == 3
ResonanceCascade ctor
~ResonanceCascade() begin
std::uncaught_exceptions() == 4
ResonanceCascade ctor
~ResonanceCascade() begin
std::uncaught_exceptions() == 5
~ResonanceCascade() end
~ResonanceCascade() catch
~ResonanceCascade() end
~ResonanceCascade() catch
~ResonanceCascade() end
~ResonanceCascade() catch
~ResonanceCascade() end
~ResonanceCascade() catch
~ResonanceCascade() end
main catch