I have a test application running at test.rsscloud.io on ports 80 and 9876.
The following code works:
curl --location --request POST 'https://brokenriverbooks.com/?rsscloud=notify' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' \
--data-urlencode 'domain=test.rsscloud.io' \
--data-urlencode 'port=80' \
--data-urlencode 'path=/feedupdated-s8759' \
--data-urlencode 'registerProcedure=' \
--data-urlencode 'protocol=http-post' \
--data-urlencode 'url1=https://brokenriverbooks.com/feed/'
However if you change the port to 9876 it fails. For some reason the rssCloud plugin seems unable to hit ports that are not 80.
Sorry, my previous comment was supposed to be "RSS block/widget".
In terms of the RSS feed updating, I've run a few tests on a stock out of the box WordPress site and didn't see any problems with the RSS feed updating right away.
What you described with the feed being updated when you viewed it with the browser but not updated when done with curl sounds like it could be a caching difference based on cookies. Were you logged into the site with the browser you used to check the feed?
I went back to the fresh stock WordPress install for testing and still didn't have a problem with the feed updating when viewed logged out or logged in, so I don't think this is sufficient to explain what you saw either.
Are there any other plugins on the site you are using to test? Can you try it with a fresh WordPress install with no plugins and check to see if the RSS feed updates as expected.