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My algorithm to find readings about algorithms (from the New York Times articlesearch API)
Raw
algorithm-for-nyt-algorithms.README.md

Algorithm to find readings about algorithms

(as found among published New York Times articles)

The file fetch_nyt_articlesearch_api.py is a Python 3.4+ (w/ Requests) script that queries for the New York Times articlesearch.v2 API for all articles containing "algorithms" as a subject and more than 700 words.

  • Saves each time period of articles as a JSON file.
  • Requires a NYT developers API key for articlesearch API: developer.nytimes.com/signup
  • requires an environmental variable, NYT_ARTICLE_SEARCH_KEY

The script is hardcoded to fetch results from 1800 to today (2016-05-24), which returns 1,653 results.

The URL for that request looks like:

https://api.nytimes.com/svc/search/v2/articlesearch.json?api-key=YOURAPIKEY&end_date=20160524&page=0&sort=newest&begin_date=18000101&fq=subject.contains%28%22algorithms%22%29AND+source%3A%28%22The+New+York+Times%22%29AND+word_count%3A%5B700+TO+100000%5D

Because the API returns only 10 results per page and will not paginate past page 100, it's necessary to do a double-loop in which the request is made for a limited time period in which the total number of results is less than 1000.

More documentation here: http://developer.nytimes.com/article_search_v2.json#/Documentation/GET/articlesearch.json

Included in this gist is the list of artciles in the time period from 1800-01-01 to 1989-12-31

Raw
fetch_nyt_articlesearch_api.py
"""
A quickie script in Python 3.4+ (using Requests) that
queries for the New York Times articlesearch.v2 API for all articles
containing "algorithms" as a subject and more than 700 words.
- Saves each time period of articles as a JSON file.
- requires a NYT developers API key for articlesearch API:
developer.nytimes.com/signup
- requires an environmental variable, NYT_ARTICLE_SEARCH_KEY
More documentation here:
http://developer.nytimes.com/article_search_v2.json#/Documentation/GET/articlesearch.json
"""
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from copy import copy
from math import floor
from os import environ
from pathlib import Path
import json
import requests
API_KEY = environ['NYT_ARTICLE_SEARCH_KEY']
API_ENDPOINT = "https://api.nytimes.com/svc/search/v2/articlesearch.json"
API_PARAMS = {
'api-key': API_KEY,
'fq': 'subject.contains("algorithms")' + 'AND source:("The New York Times")' + 'AND word_count:[700 TO 100000]',
'sort': 'newest',
'page': 0,
'begin_date': None,
'end_date': None
}
HITS_PER_PAGE = 10
MAX_DATE = datetime.now()
YEARS = [1800, 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015]
DATA_DIR = Path('data', 'articlesearch', 'algorithms')
DATA_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
if __name__ == '__main__':
dates = [datetime(year, 1, 1) for year in YEARS]
for i, dt in enumerate(dates):
articles = []
parms = copy(API_PARAMS)
parms['begin_date'] = dt.strftime('%Y%m%d')
parms['end_date'] = (dates[i+1] - timedelta(days=1)
if i < len(dates) - 1 else MAX_DATE).strftime('%Y%m%d')
print("\n{0} to {1}".format(parms['begin_date'], parms['end_date']))
parms['page'] = 0
total_hits = -1
while total_hits == -1 or parms['page'] * HITS_PER_PAGE < total_hits:
print("\tPage {0} of {1}; hits: {2}".format(parms['page'],
floor(total_hits / HITS_PER_PAGE),
total_hits,))
resp = requests.get(API_ENDPOINT, params=parms)
r = resp.json()['response']
# add to the collection
articles.extend(r['docs'])
total_hits = r['meta']['hits']
parms['page'] += 1
# now save the file
fpath = DATA_DIR.joinpath('{0}-{1}.json'.format(parms['begin_date'], parms['end_date']))
with fpath.open('w') as wf:
print("Writing to", fpath)
json.dump(articles, wf, indent=2)
Raw
result-articles-18000101-19891231.json
[
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd1a96d8eb7c8105d6c5ec4",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: The Patent and Trademark Office is usually one of the quietest wings of the Federal Government. But when President Bush recently nominated an attorney with almost no patent experience to become deputy commissioner, he provoked an angry outburst from groups representing inventors and patent attorneys.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-11-20T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/20/business/nominee-for-patent-post-facing-heavy-criticism.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: The Patent and Trademark Office is usually one of the quietest wings of the Federal Government. But when President Bush recently nominated an attorney with almost no patent experience to become deputy commissioner, he provoked an angry outburst...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "persons",
"value": "COMER, DOUGLAS B"
},
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "APPOINTMENTS AND EXECUTIVE CHANGES"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Nominee for Patent Post Facing Heavy Criticism"
},
"print_page": "2",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "ANDREWS",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"firstname": "Edmund",
"middlename": "L.",
"organization": ""
},
{
"rank": 2,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By EDMUND L. ANDREWS, Special to The New York Times"
},
"section_name": "Business",
"word_count": 701
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Book Review Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "Review",
"_id": "4fd18b4d8eb7c8105d68df54",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: THE EMPEROR'S NEW MIND Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. By Roger Penrose. Illustrated. 466 pp. New York: Oxford University Press. $24.95.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-11-19T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/19/books/how-the-brain-works-maybe.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: THE EMPEROR'S NEW MIND Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. By Roger Penrose. Illustrated. 466 pp. New York: Oxford University Press. $24.95.",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "creative_works",
"value": "EMPEROR'S NEW MIND, THE (BOOK)"
},
{
"name": "persons",
"value": "JOHNSON, GEORGE"
},
{
"name": "persons",
"value": "PENROSE, ROGER"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "BOOK REVIEWS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "HOW THE BRAIN WORKS, MAYBE"
},
"print_page": "3",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "FERRIS",
"firstname": "Timothy",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By TIMOTHY FERRIS; Timothy Ferris, a professor in the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, is the author of ''Coming of Age in the Milky Way.''"
},
"section_name": "Arts; Books",
"word_count": 2364
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd184508eb7c8105d682f97",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: With the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index up almost 29 percent so far in 1989, calculated for total return, many small investors would like to share in those gains, but they are afraid of the market's risk. The answer, financial advisers say, is professional management, and for most that means mutual funds of both bonds and equities.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-09-02T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/02/business/your-money-to-reduce-risk-try-mutual-funds.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: With the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index up almost 29 percent so far in 1989, calculated for total return, many small investors would like to share in those gains, but they are afraid of the market's risk. The answer, financial advisers say,...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "INVESTMENT STRATEGIES"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "MUTUAL FUNDS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "STOCKS AND BONDS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Your Money; To Reduce Risk Try Mutual Funds"
},
"print_page": "30",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By Jan M. Rosen"
},
"section_name": "Business",
"word_count": 884
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd196358eb7c8105d6a2f5c",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: At Synopsys, a small start-up company here in the heart of the Silicon Valley, Cindy Collart sits before a desktop work station. On her screen is a file written in familiar programming language.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-08-06T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/business/silicon-valley-s-design-renaissance.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: At Synopsys, a small start-up company here in the heart of the Silicon Valley, Cindy Collart sits before a desktop work station. On her screen is a file written in familiar programming language.",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "glocations",
"value": "SILICON VALLEY (CALIF)"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "SEMICONDUCTORS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DESIGN"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "ELECTRONICS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "SOFTWARE PRODUCTS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "NEW MODELS, DESIGN AND PRODUCTS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Silicon Valley's Design Renaissance"
},
"print_page": "1",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "MARKOFF",
"firstname": "John",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By JOHN MARKOFF"
},
"section_name": "Business",
"word_count": 2167
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd194fe8eb7c8105d6a0956",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: Using a supercomputer to process a payroll or to make hotel reservations may sound a bit like using a sledgehammer to kill ants, but in fact these exotic machines are showing some real advantages for many business tasks.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-06-28T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/28/business/business-technology-new-fields-for-the-supercomputer.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: Using a supercomputer to process a payroll or to make hotel reservations may sound a bit like using a sledgehammer to kill ants, but in fact these exotic machines are showing some real advantages for many business tasks.",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "SUPERCOMPUTERS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DATA PROCESSING (COMPUTERS)"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "New Fields for the Supercomputer",
"kicker": "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY"
},
"print_page": "1",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By LAWRENCE M. FISHER, Special to The New York Times"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Business",
"word_count": 1615
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd185858eb7c8105d684e68",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: Like highway engineers adding extra lanes to freeways to eliminate traffic jams, computer designers are searching for new strategies to permit computers to execute several instructions simultaneously and thereby dramatically increase their speed.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-05-31T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/31/business/business-technology-a-new-way-to-speed-computers.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: Like highway engineers adding extra lanes to freeways to eliminate traffic jams, computer designers are searching for new strategies to permit computers to execute several instructions simultaneously and thereby dramatically increase their...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "creative_works",
"value": "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY PAGE (NYT)"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DATA PROCESSING (COMPUTERS)"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "A New Way to Speed Computers",
"kicker": "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY"
},
"print_page": "6",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "MARKOFF",
"firstname": "John",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By JOHN MARKOFF"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Business",
"word_count": 1332
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Week in Review Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd1a2e48eb7c8105d6b9c7e",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: UNLIKE an industrial technology, an algorithm, the step-by-step recipe for carrying out a mathematical calculation, might seem more like something that is discovered than invented. But in the last few years, corporations have been patenting these abstract procedures, leading many mathematicians to complain that the free flow of ideas is in danger of being interrupted.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-03-12T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/12/weekinreview/ideas-trends-mathematicians-are-troubled-by-claims-on-their-recipes.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: UNLIKE an industrial technology, an algorithm, the step-by-step recipe for carrying out a mathematical calculation, might seem more like something that is discovered than invented. But in the last few years, corporations have been patenting...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "persons",
"value": "KARMARKAR, NARENDRA K"
},
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH CO INC"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "MATHEMATICS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "AIRLINES AND AIRPLANES"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "TELEPHONES"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Mathematicians Are Troubled by Claims on Their Recipes",
"kicker": "IDEAS & TRENDS"
},
"print_page": "26",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "KOLATA",
"firstname": "Gina",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By GINA KOLATA"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Health; Week in Review",
"word_count": 887
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd180c38eb7c8105d67cca8",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: Encouraged by a new attitude in the courts and at the Patent and Trademark Office, universities and corporations are rushing to stake patent claims in a whole new arena of intellectual property: mathematical equations.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1989-02-15T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/15/business/business-technology-patents-on-equations-some-see-a-danger.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: Encouraged by a new attitude in the courts and at the Patent and Trademark Office, universities and corporations are rushing to stake patent claims in a whole new arena of intellectual property: mathematical equations.",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "creative_works",
"value": "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY PAGE (NYT)"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "MATHEMATICS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "PATENTS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Patents on Equations: Some See a Danger",
"kicker": "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY"
},
"print_page": "1",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "ANDREWS",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"firstname": "Edmund",
"middlename": "L.",
"organization": ""
},
{
"rank": 2,
"role": "reported",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By EDMUND L. ANDREWS, Special to the New York Times"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Business",
"word_count": 1456
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd186238eb7c8105d685e6d",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: Despite the supposed arrival of the electronic information age, executives are still bombarded with reams of paper containing useful information: newspapers, magazines, annual reports, filings, memos and all the output from desktop-publishing systems. On the executive's desk is perhaps the most powerful analytical tool yet invented, the personal computer, but he or she is more than likely to analyze the material with mushware (the brain).",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1988-12-18T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/18/business/the-executive-computer-plugging-in-numbers-with-ease.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: Despite the supposed arrival of the electronic information age, executives are still bombarded with reams of paper containing useful information: newspapers, magazines, annual reports, filings, memos and all the output from desktop-publishing...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "CALERA RECOGNITION SYSTEMS INC"
},
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "HEWLETT-PACKARD CO"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "SOFTWARE PRODUCTS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DATA PROCESSING (COMPUTERS)"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Plugging in Numbers, With Ease",
"kicker": "THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER"
},
"print_page": "10",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "Lewis",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"firstname": "Peter",
"middlename": "H.",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By Peter H. Lewis"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Business",
"word_count": 1090
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd17e208eb7c8105d678860",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: The ability to alter a video image -to place a beard on a face that is really cleanshaven or plant shrubs in front of a house that has none - was once so difficult that only the television networks and Hollywood studios could afford it.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1988-12-15T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/15/business/uses-grow-for-video-alterations.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: The ability to alter a video image -to place a beard on a face that is really cleanshaven or plant shrubs in front of a house that has none - was once so difficult that only the television networks and Hollywood studios could afford it.",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DATA PROCESSING (COMPUTERS)"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Uses Grow for Video Alterations"
},
"print_page": "1",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "ANDREWS",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"firstname": "Edmund",
"middlename": "L.",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By EDMUND L. ANDREWS"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Business",
"word_count": 1734
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Science Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd17de08eb7c8105d678122",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: SHALL I compare thee to a perfect word processor?",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1988-09-27T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/science/personal-computers-software-to-help-you-wax-poetic.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: SHALL I compare thee to a perfect word processor?",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "POETRY AND POETS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "SOFTWARE PRODUCTS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "DATA PROCESSING (COMPUTERS)"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "PERSONAL COMPUTERS"
}
],
"headline": {
"main": "Software to Help You Wax Poetic",
"kicker": "PERSONAL COMPUTERS"
},
"print_page": "5",
"document_type": "article",
"byline": {
"person": [
{
"lastname": "LEWIS",
"rank": 1,
"role": "reported",
"firstname": "Peter",
"middlename": "H.",
"organization": ""
}
],
"original": "By PETER H. LEWIS"
},
"section_name": "Technology; Science; Health",
"word_count": 809
},
{
"blog": [],
"source": "The New York Times",
"news_desk": "Financial Desk",
"slideshow_credits": null,
"type_of_material": "News",
"_id": "4fd17b0d8eb7c8105d6734aa",
"lead_paragraph": "LEAD: With Japanese stocks hovering near their all-time highs, one of the biggest gambles for anyone playing in the world's largest stock market is how long to linger. When the opening bells ring Saturday morning on the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges, investors will have their first opportunity to protect themselves against the day when the joyride is finally over.",
"subsection_name": null,
"multimedia": [],
"pub_date": "1988-09-02T00:00:00Z",
"web_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/02/business/japan-traders-get-hedge-in-time.html",
"snippet": "LEAD: With Japanese stocks hovering near their all-time highs, one of the biggest gambles for anyone playing in the world's largest stock market is how long to linger. When the opening bells ring Saturday morning on the Tokyo and Osaka stock...",
"abstract": null,
"keywords": [
{
"name": "glocations",
"value": "JAPAN"
},
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "STOCK EXCHANGE, OSAKA"
},
{
"name": "organizations",
"value": "TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "FUTURES TRADING"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "STOCKS AND BONDS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "BROKERS AND BROKERAGE FIRMS"
},
{
"name": "subject",
"value": "STOCK PRICES AND TRADING VOLUME"
}
],
"headline": {
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"lead_paragraph": "COMPUTERS crunch numbers, make pictures, store data and perform arithmetic, and that is why pure mathematicians have long abhorred them. Mathematicians do not calculate; they think. University mathematics departments have been pretty much the last holdouts in science against the encroachment of computers, and mathematicians the last holdouts against tools more advanced than pencil and paper. So, many mathematicians are being surprised, and not always cheerfully, to see computation forcing profound changes in the place where it started, the heart of pure mathematics. The computer is being used for experimentation, itself an alien notion to most mathematicians. It is creating new fields within mathematics. And it may be changing the nature of mathematical proof.",
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"lead_paragraph": "Could the mathematicians, winners of the most prestigious awards of their discipline, please tell the audience what their work is good for? Flush with pleasure, these four young men, carrying home three Fields Medals and a Nevanlinna Prize, were telling a lay audience what their work was about. Two had discovered astonishing facts about shapes in four-dimensional space. One had developed important insights into what makes hard problems hard. One had proved Mordell's conjecture, the idea that a large class of equations can have only a finite number of rational solutions. To the nearly 4,000 mathematicians who gathered here for the International Congress of Mathematicians, which ended Monday, these were an astonishing set of breakthroughs demonstrating new vitality in the purest of sciences. But a reporter-cameraman for a local television station wanted at least one of the prize winners to address a basic question: How would their achievements improve life for the viewers at home?",
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"lead_paragraph": "IF there was a surprise star at last week's machine vision show in Detroit, technologically speaking, it was probably a small, privately held company that recently changed its name from Advanced Computer Concepts Inc. to Vartec Inc. The seven-year-old company based in Costa Mesa, Calif., displayed a system that dealt with one of vision's trickiest problems: How to see at high speed small changes in surface textures of contoured objects, such as fruit or machined parts with curved surfaces. ''If they can really do it, it opens up new markets,'' said Stanley Lapidus, chairman of the Itran Corporation, a growing company based in Manchester, N.H., that had one of the largest and best-attended booths at the show. Indeed, a major advance in surface flaw and texture detection systems could vastly expand the quality control applications of machine vision, particularly in areas such as food products, where appearance affects sales, and critical manufactured parts, where tiny flaws are hard for humans to detect but vital to performance. Sales of vision systems, which automate inspection work and guide machines such as robots, are growing at an annual rate of between 25 percent and 50 percent. But that rate is below projections and profits remain elusive in the crowded field, which includes a number of start-up companies that are in deep financial trouble. Worse still, General Motors and other major customers are paring capital spending plans.",
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"lead_paragraph": "The National Security Agency has decided to replace the coding system widely used by Government agencies, companies and banks to protect their most sensitive computer data, according to Government and computer and banking industry officials. The new system, which is being developed by the intelligence agency, will be sharply different. The move apparently arises out of fears by the N.S.A., the nation's largest intelligence agency, that the current system for making computer data unintelligible to eavesdroppers is growing increasingly vulnerable to cracking by foreign governments, terrorists and sophisticated thieves. While N.S.A. officials refuse to discuss the change publicly, they have told industry officials in recent weeks that the new system, which will be phased in at Government agencies and corporations beginning in January 1988, will use a variety of new codes whose distribution will be tightly regulated by the agency. The new system would be incompatible with the current one, involving different procedures and different encoding equipment.",
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"lead_paragraph": "THIS is the year of cute, handy little programs. Lotus is getting its act together and has announced that it expects to make no major new releases until 1987. The other superpower software companies such as Ashton-Tate, Borland International, Micropro International, Microsoft and Software Publishing have not publicly declared this to be a period of consolidation. Nevertheless, the writing is on the disk. That leaves the lean, hungry, innovative and, frankly, sometimes flaky concerns trying their march from the garage to the chrome and glass cubicles of multimillion-dollar success. For the consumer, the foray of these concerns means many new and relatively inexpensive programs to play with. Actually, some may have been around for a while, unnoticed amid all the attention to the big boys.",
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"lead_paragraph": "AN industry of the future - artificial intelligence - needs philosophers. Dr. Clark Glymour, professor of philosophy at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, speaks of an increased demand for philosophy majors, calling it a ''growing field.'' In fact, he talks of ''an incredible need for philosophers.'' ''It may seem odd,'' he said. ''What happened is that some years ago philosophy grew closely connected to logical theory, which, in turn, was the genesis of computer algorithms involved in the development of digital computers.''",
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"lead_paragraph": "TYPISTS have become word processors, mice can manipulate blocks of text on the computer screen and modems allow an endless stream of information to flow into the computer over telephone lines. But when all is said and done, almost everything having to do with personal computing still begins with the keyboard. The keyboard is the main gateway to computing, and it is the slowest common denominator, setting the pace for all that follows. As such, it is the subject of intense research directed primarily toward its replacement.",
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"pub_date": "1985-05-26T00:00:00Z",
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"snippet": "TYPISTS have become word processors, mice can manipulate blocks of text on the computer screen and modems allow an endless stream of information to flow into the computer over telephone lines. But when all is said and done, almost everything having...",
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"lead_paragraph": "vented to define continuous movement, has given scientists from Archimedes to Sir Isaac Newton a tool to bring meaning to the abstract world of force and motion. Millions of college students, whether or not they appreciate its historical significance, have been exposed to its differentials and integrals, slopes and areas. But calculus may soon be pushed aside as the standard freshman mathematics course, displaced like the slide rule and the adding machine by higher technology. In the 1950's, college graduates in mathematics who sought jobs in business and industry went to work in research laboratories or in positions that lent themselves to analyzing statistics. Calculus, a branch of continuous mathematics, was of paramount importance in those areas. But the computer revolution has made obsolete the mathematical methods that calculus followed to solve many kinds of problems, and now calculus is being challenged by a new discipline that can be applied directly to computers; discrete mathematics.",
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"lead_paragraph": "As a boy, Ivan Guzman de Rojas would roam among the alpaca herds and mud huts of the high Andes with his father, at the time Bolivia's best-known painter of the Indians known as the Aymaras. ''My father would tell me, this is a rich culture,'' Mr. Guzman recalled of the Aymaras. ''Don't be fooled just because its appearance is poor.'' Now, 40 years later, Mr. Guzman says he has made discoveries that support his father's claim, although in an entirely unexpected way. He has concluded that the ancient Aymara language is an ideal tool for the computer.",
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"lead_paragraph": "RADIO SHACK, one of the earliest producers of personal computers, has always gone at it alone, and has been rather successful at it because of its extensive, nationwide chain of retail stores. However, because of I.B.M.'s strength in the personal computer industry, few companies, except perhaps giant Apple, can any longer afford not to jump on the Big Blue bandwagon and design I.B.M.-compatible machines. This is unfortunate, for the imagination and innovation that have characterized the personal computer industry will surely suffer if the machines become solely the business of billion-dollar behemoths. Nevertheless, the writing is on the wall.",
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"lead_paragraph": "ONE problem I keep encountering in writing a column on personal computers is that I receive far more mail, perhaps because of the controversial nature of the electronic beast, than I (or my computer) can personally answer. Much as I would like to respond to each reader individually, when the mailman comes by with a sackful of mail at a time, it takes half a day simply to open and read it all. Granted, a lot of this communication consists of press releases set to a thousand and one variations on my name. But these messages, no less than the more personal, and usually more captivating, ones, must be read if I am to keep my writing finger on the pulse of the ever-changing personal-computer technology.",
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"lead_paragraph": "AWHOLE generation is growing up as comfortable with the idea of computers as, only a few generations ago, people were with hackneys, buckboards and horse-drawn trolleys. Back in those days, certain assumptions were made about the future of transportation. For example, at the turn of the century people in the rapidly growing New York metropolitan area were being warned that ever-increasing demands for transportation would require so many horses that within decades the mess in the streets would become uncleanable, leaving the city impenetrably mired. Just as then, sure-to-happen events are predicted today by the heralds of the new, electronic future. But chances are their vaticinations will prove as wrong as the earlier ones.",
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"lead_paragraph": "When Gerard Debreu strolls with close friends and colleagues through a wildlife preserve above the shore of the Pacific Ocean north of San Francisco, the conversation often weaves through the work of Marcel Proust and the music of Saint-Saens. ''Over the years, I have become more and more of a purist,'' he explained today, describing his taste in arts and letters. That seems only fitting. The French-born economist, now in his 22d year at the University of California at Berkeley, made his mark on the profession 24 years ago in a 114- page monograph filled mostly with elaborate mathematical formulas.",
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"lead_paragraph": "Far away and long ago, before silicon chips, Robert Spinrad sat in the basement of an engineering building at Columbia University and built a primitive computer. The 21-year-old student was proud of his clunky black box, which could add and subtract, but his classmates were unimpressed. ''That was 1953 and people had no interest in computers,'' said Mr. Spinrad, now 51 years old and director of systems technology for the Xerox Corporation. ''I may as well have been talking about the study of Kwakiutl Indians, for all my friends knew.''",
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"lead_paragraph": "ALONGTIME teacher of mathematics defines the purpose of mathematics as doing efficiently what it would be impossible or very laborious to do without mathematics. For example, to find the number of seats in an auditorium with rows A to T and each aisle numbered from 1 to 68, without the laborious and unreliable process of counting them, you multiply 68 by 20. This practical, time-saving response to a real situation is likely to make sense to real children. Compare that application of mathematics to the following examples, taken from elementary-school mathematics textbooks: A. Five lights on. Three lights off. How many lights on? B. An anthropologist uncovered 17 bones on Monday and three times as many bones on Tuesday. How many bones did he uncover on Tuesday? C. Mary took $5 to the circus. She spent $3.85. How much money did she have left? These examples, typical of current math texts and teaching, show what is wrong with much mathematics instruction today. So says Stephen S. Willoughby, director of mathematics education at New York University. He is the author of ''Teaching Mathematics: What is Basic?'' a booklet published last week by the Council for Basic Education, a nonprofit organization that aims at improving the teaching of basics.",
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