The text of the FAR

FAR.txt

VOLUME I-PARTS 1 TO 51

FEDERAL
ACQUISITION
REGULATION

Issued Fiscal Year 2019 by the:

GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

TITLE48-FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM
Chapter1

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

Volume I

FOREWORD

The FAR is the primary regulation for use by all executive agencies in their
acquisition of supplies and services with appropriated funds. It became effective
on April 1, 1984, and is issued within applicable laws under the joint authorities
of the Administrator of General Services, the Secretary of Defense, and the
Administrator for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, under
the broad policy guidelines of the Administrator, Office of Federal Procurement
Policy, Office of Management and Budget.
The FAR precludes agency acquisition regulations that unnecessarily repeat,
paraphrase, or otherwise restate the FAR, limits agency acquisition regulations to
those necessary to implement FAR policies and procedures within an agency, and
provides for coordination, simplicity, and uniformity in the Federal acquisition
process. It also provides for agency and public participation in developing the
FAR and agency acquisition regulation.
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) includes all Federal Acquisition
Circulars through 2019-03. Beginning in fiscal year 2019, designation of Federal
Acquisition Circulars was changed to reflect the fiscal year in the first four digits
and the sequence of the issued circular in the last two digits.

List of Sections Affected
FAC 2020-04 January 15, 2020
Section

Description of Change

Case Number

22.1503(b)(3) and (4)

Amend section 22.1503 by—
a. Removing from paragraph (b)(3) “$80,317” and adding
“$83,099” in its place; and
b. Removing from paragraph (b)(4) “$180,000” and adding
“$182,000” in its place.

FAR Case 2019-012

25.202(c)

Amend section 25.202 by removing from paragraph (c)
“$6,932,000” and adding “$7,008,000” in its place.

FAR Case 2019-012

25.402(b)

Amend section 25.402(b) by adding a heading for the table and FAR Case 2019-012
revising the table.

25.603(c)(1)

Amend section 25.603 by removing from paragraph (c)(1)
“$6,932,000” and adding “$7,008,000” in its place.

FAR Case 2019-012

25.1101(b)(1)(i)(A), (b)(1)(iii) Amend section 25.1101 by—
FAR Case 2019-012
(b)(1)(iv), (b)(2)(iii), (b)(2)
a. Removing from paragraph (b)(1)(i)(A) “$180,000” and
(iv), (c)(1) and (d)
adding “$182,000” in its place;
b. Removing from paragraphs (b)(1)(iii) and (iv) and (b)(2)(iii)
and (iv) “$80,317” and adding “$83,099” in its place; and
c. Removing from paragraphs (c)(1) and (d) “$180,000” and
adding “$182,000” in its place.
25.1102(a), (c), (c)(3), and (d)
(3)

Amend section 25.1102 by—
a. Removing from the introductory text of paragraphs (a) and
(c) introductory text “$6,932,000” and adding “$7,008,000” in
its place;
b. Removing from paragraph (c)(3) “$6,932,000” and
“$10,441,216” and adding “$7,008,000” and “$10,802,884” in
their places, respectively; and
c. Removing from paragraph (d)(3) “$6,932,000” and
“$10,441,216” and adding “$7,008,000” and “$10,802,884” in
their places, respectively.

FAR Case 2019-012

52.204-8 (c)(1)(xxi)(C) and
(D)

Amend section 52.204-8 by—
FAR Case 2019-012
a. Revising the date of the provision; and
b. Removing from paragraphs (c)(1)(xxi)(C) and (D) “$80,317”
and adding “$83,099”.

52.212-5 (b)(26)

Amend section 52.212-5 by revising the date of the clause and
removing from paragraph (b)(26) “(OCT 2019)” and adding
“(JAN 2020)” in its place.

FAR Case 2019-012

52.213-4 (b)(1)(ii)

Amend section 52.213-4 by revising the date of the clause and
removing from paragraph (b)(1)(ii) “(OCT 2019)” and adding
“(JAN 2020)” in its place.

FAR Case 2019-012

1

Section

Description of Change

Case Number

52.222-19 (a)(3)

Amend section 52.222-19 by—
a. Revising the date of the clause;
b. Removing from paragraph (a)(3) “$80,317” and adding
“$83,099” in its place; and

FAR Case 2019-012

2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

SUBCHAPTER A - GENERAL

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
General Structure and Subparts
SUBCHAPTER A - GENERAL
PART 1 - FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Purpose, Authority, Issuance
Administration
Agency Acquisition Regulations
Deviations from the FAR
Agency and Public Participation
Career Development, Contracting Authority, and Responsibilities
Determinations and Findings

PART 2 - DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS
2.1
2.2

Definitions
Definitions Clause

PART 3 - IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11

Safeguards
Contractor Gratuities to Government Personnel
Reports of Suspected Antitrust Violations
Contingent Fees
Other Improper Business Practices
Contracts with Government Employees or Organizations Owned or Controlled by Them
Voiding and Rescinding Contracts
Limitations on the Payment of Funds to Influence Federal Transactions
Whistleblower Protections for Contractor Employees
Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct
Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest for Contractor Employees Performing Acquisition Functions

PART 4 - ADMINISTRATIVE AND INFORMATION MATTERS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13

Contract Execution
Contract Distribution
Paper Documents
Safeguarding Classified Information Within Industry
Electronic Commerce in Contracting
Contract Reporting
Contractor Records Retention
Government Contract Files
Taxpayer Identification Number Information
Uniform Use of Line Items
System for Award Management
Representations and Certifications
Personal Identity Verification

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4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
Reporting Executive Compensation and First-Tier Subcontract Awards
[Reserved]
Unique Procurement Instrument Identifiers
Service Contracts Inventory
Commercial and Government Entity Code
Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems
Prohibition on Contracting for Hardware, Software, and Services Developed or Provided by Kaspersky Lab
Prohibition on Contracting for Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment

SUBCHAPTER B - COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING
PART 5 - PUBLICIZING CONTRACT ACTIONS
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Dissemination of Information
Synopses of Proposed Contract Actions
Synopses of Contract Awards
Release of Information
Paid Advertisements
Publicizing Multi-Agency Use Contracts
Publicizing Requirements Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

PART 6 - COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Full and Open Competition
Full and Open Competition After Exclusion of Sources
Other Than Full and Open Competition
Sealed Bidding and Competitive Proposals
Advocates for Competition

PART 7 - ACQUISITION PLANNING
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

Acquisition Plans
Planning for the Purchase of Supplies in Economic Quantities
Contractor Versus Government Performance
Equipment Lease or Purchase
Inherently Governmental Functions

PART 8 - REQUIRED SOURCES OF SUPPLIES AND SERVICES
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11

Excess Personal Property
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
Federal Supply Schedules
Acquisition of Helium
Acquisition from Federal Prison Industries, Inc.
Acquisition from Nonprofit Agencies Employing People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
Acquisition of Printing and Related Supplies
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
Leasing of Motor Vehicles

PART 9 - CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS
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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

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Responsible Prospective Contractors
Qualifications Requirements
First Article Testing and Approval
Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility
Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest
Contractor Team Arrangements
Defense Production Pools and Research and Development Pools

PART 10 - MARKET RESEARCH
PART 11 - DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8

Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents
Using and Maintaining Requirements Documents
Acceptable Material
Delivery or Performance Schedules
Liquidated Damages
Priorities and Allocations
Variation in Quantity
Testing

PART 12 - ACQUISITION OF COMMERCIAL ITEMS
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6

Acquisition of Commercial Items-General
Special Requirements for the Acquisition of Commercial Items
Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses for the Acquisition of Commercial Items
Unique Requirements Regarding Terms and Conditions for Commercial Items
Applicability of Certain Laws to the Acquisition of Commercial Items and Commercially Available Off-TheShelf Items
Streamlined Procedures for Evaluation and Solicitation for Commercial Items

SUBCHAPTER C - CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES
PART 13 - SIMPLIFIED ACQUISITION PROCEDURES
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

Procedures
Actions At or Below the Micro-Purchase Threshold
Simplified Acquisition Methods
Fast Payment Procedure
Simplified Procedures for Certain Commercial Items

PART 14 - SEALED BIDDING
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

Use of Sealed Bidding
Solicitation of Bids
Submission of Bids
Opening of Bids and Award of Contract
Two-Step Sealed Bidding

PART 15 - CONTRACTING BY NEGOTIATION
15.1

Source Selection Processes and Techniques
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15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
Solicitation and Receipt of Proposals and Information
Source Selection
Contract Pricing
Preaward, Award, and Postaward Notifications, Protests, and Mistakes
Unsolicited Proposals

PART 16 - TYPES OF CONTRACTS
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7

Selecting Contract Types
Fixed-Price Contracts
Cost-Reimbursement Contracts
Incentive Contracts
Indefinite-Delivery Contracts
Time-and-Materials, Labor-Hour, and Letter Contracts
Agreements

PART 17 - SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7

Multi-year Contracting
Options
[Reserved]
Leader Company Contracting
Interagency Acquisitions
Management and Operating Contracts
Interagency Acquisitions: Acquisitions by Nondefense Agencies on Behalf of the Department of Defense

PART 18 - EMERGENCY ACQUISITIONS
18.1
18.2

Available Acquisition Flexibilities
Emergency Acquisition Flexibilities

SUBCHAPTER D - SOCIOECONOMICPROGRAMS
PART 19 - SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15

Size Standards
Policies
Determination of Small Business Status for Small Business Programs
Cooperation with the Small Business Administration
Set-Asides for Small Business
Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility
The Small Business Subcontracting Program
Contracting with the Small Business Administration (The 8(a) Program)
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) Program
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Procurement Program
Women-Owned Small Business Program.

PART 20 - RESERVED
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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

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PART 21 - RESERVED
PART 22 - APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
22.14
22.15
22.16
22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21

Basic Labor Policies
Convict Labor
Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act
Labor Standards for Contracts Involving Construction
Use of Project Labor Agreements for Federal Construction Projects
Contracts For Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000
[Reserved]
Equal Employment Opportunity
Nondiscrimination Because of Age
Service Contract Labor Standards
Professional Employee Compensation
Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Service Contracts
Equal Opportunity for Veterans
Employment of Workers with Disabilities
Prohibition of Acquisition of Products Produced by Forced or Indentured Child Labor
Notification of Employee Rights Under the National Labor Relations Act
Combating Trafficking in Persons
Employment Eligibility Verification
Establishing a Minimum Wage for Contractors
[Reserved]
Establishing Paid Sick Leave For Federal Contractors

PART 23 - ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11

Sustainable Acquisition Policy
Energy and Water Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Hazardous Material Identification and Material Safety Data
Use of Recovered Materials and Biobased Products
Drug-Free Workplace
Notice of Radioactive Material
Contracting for Environmentally Preferable Products and Services
Ozone-Depleting Substances and Greenhouse Gases
Contractor Compliance with Environmental Management Systems
Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements
Encouraging Contractor Policies to Ban Text Messaging While Driving

PART 24 - PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
24.1
24.2
24.3

Protection of Individual Privacy
Freedom of Information Act
Privacy Training

PART 25 - FOREIGN ACQUISITION
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4

Buy American-Supplies
Buy American-Construction Materials
Contracts Performed Outside the United States
Trade Agreements
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25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
25.10
25.11

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
Evaluating Foreign Offers-Supply Contracts
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act-Buy American statute-Construction Materials
Prohibited Sources
Other International Agreements and Coordination
Customs and Duties
Additional Foreign Acquisition Regulations
Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses

PART 26 - OTHER SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4

Indian Incentive Program
Major Disaster or Emergency Assistance Activities
Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Institutions
Food Donations to Nonprofit Organizations

SUBCHAPTER E - GENERALCONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS
PART 27 - PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5

General
Patents and Copyrights
Patent Rights under Government Contracts
Rights in Data and Copyrights
Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements

PART 28 - BONDS AND INSURANCE
28.1
28.2
28.3

Bonds and Other Financial Protections
Sureties and Other Security for Bonds
Insurance

PART 29 - TAXES
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4

General
Federal Excise Taxes
State and Local Taxes
Contract Clauses

PART 30 - COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ADMINISTRATION
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6

General
CAS Program Requirements
CAS Rules and Regulations [Reserved]
Cost Accounting Standards [Reserved]
Cost Accounting Standards for Educational Institutions [Reserved]
CAS Administration

PART 31 - CONTRACT COST PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES
31.1
31.2
31.3

Applicability
Contracts with Commercial Organizations
Contracts with Educational Institutions
vi

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7

STRUCTURE

[Reserved]
[Reserved]
Contracts with State, Local, and Federally Recognized Indian Tribal Governments
Contracts with Nonprofit Organizations

PART 32 - CONTRACT FINANCING
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
32.10
32.11

Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing
Commercial Item Purchase Financing
Loan Guarantees for Defense Production
Advance Payments for Non-Commercial Items
Progress Payments Based on Costs
Contract Debts
Contract Funding
Assignment of Claims
Prompt Payment
Performance-Based Payments
Electronic Funds Transfer

PART 33 PROTESTS, DISPUTES, AND APPEALS
33.1
33.2

Protests
Disputes and Appeals

SUBCHAPTER F - SPECIALCATEGORIESOF CONTRACTING
PART 34 - MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION
34.1
34.2

Testing, Qualification and Use of Industrial Resources Developed Under TitleIII, Defense Production Act
Earned Value Management System

PART 35 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTING
PART 36 - CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
36.5
36.6
36.7

General
Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction
Two-Phase Design-Build Selection Procedures
[Reserved]
Contract Clauses
Architect-Engineer Services
Standard and Optional Forms for Contracting for Construction, Architect-Engineer Services, and Dismantling,
Demolition, or Removal of Improvements

PART 37 - SERVICE CONTRACTING
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.5
37.6

Service Contracts-General
Advisory and Assistance Services
Dismantling, Demolition, or Removal of Improvements
Nonpersonal Health Care Services
Management Oversight of Service Contracts
Performance-Based Acquisition
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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

PART 38 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULE CONTRACTING
38.1
38.2

Federal Supply Schedule Program
Establishing and Administering Federal Supply Schedules

PART 39 - ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
39.1
39.2

General
Electronic and Information Technology

PART 40 - RESERVED
PART 41 - ACQUISITION OF UTILITY SERVICES
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.7

General
Acquiring Utility Services
Requests for Assistance
Administration
Solicitation Provision and Contract Clauses
Forms
Formats

SUBCHAPTER G - CONTRACTMANAGEMENT
PART 42 - CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.9
42.10
42.11
42.12
42.13
42.14
42.15
42.16
42.17

Contract Audit Services
Contract Administration Services
Contract Administration Office Functions
Correspondence and Visits
Postaward Orientation
Corporate Administrative Contracting Officer
Indirect Cost Rates
Disallowance of Costs
Bankruptcy
[Reserved]
Production Surveillance and Reporting
Novation and Change-of-Name Agreements
Suspension of Work, Stop-Work Orders, and Government Delay of Work
[Reserved]
Contractor Performance Information
Small Business Contract Administration
Forward Pricing Rate Agreements

PART 43 - CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS
43.1
43.2
43.3

General
Change Orders
Forms

PART 44 - SUBCONTRACTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
viii

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.4

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General
Consent to Subcontracts
Contractors’ Purchasing Systems Reviews
Subcontracts for Commercial Items and Commercial Components

PART 45 - GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
45.1
45.2
45.3
45.4
45.5
45.6

General
Solicitation and Evaluation Procedures
Authorizing the Use and Rental of Government Property
Title to Government Property
Support Government Property Administration
Reporting, Reutilization, and Disposal

PART 46 - QUALITY ASSURANCE
46.1
46.2
46.3
46.4
46.5
46.6
46.7
46.8

General
Contract Quality Requirements
Contract Clauses
Government Contract Quality Assurance
Acceptance
Material Inspection and Receiving Reports
Warranties
Contractor Liability for Loss of or Damage to Property of the Government

PART 47 - TRANSPORTATION
47.1
47.2
47.3
47.4
47.5

General
Contracts for Transportation or for Transportation-Related Services
Transportation in Supply Contracts
Air Transportation by U.S.-Flag Carriers
Ocean Transportation by U.S.-Flag Vessels

PART 48 - VALUE ENGINEERING
48.1
48.2

Policies and Procedures
Contract Clauses

PART 49 - TERMINATION OF CONTRACTS
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6

General Principles
Additional Principles for Fixed-Price Contracts Terminated for Convenience
Additional Principles for Cost-Reimbursement Contracts Terminated for Convenience
Termination for Default
Contract Termination Clauses
Contract Termination Forms and Formats

PART 50 - EXTRAORDINARY CONTRACTUAL ACTIONS AND THE SAFETY ACT
50.1
50.2

Extraordinary Contractual Actions
Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002

PART 51 - USE OF GOVERNMENT SOURCES BY CONTRACTORS
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51.1
51.2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
Contractor Use of Government Supply Sources
Contractor Use of Interagency Fleet Management System (IFMS) Vehicles

SUBCHAPTER H - CLAUSESANDFORMS
PART 52 - SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES
52.1
52.2
52.3

Instructions for Using Provisions and Clauses
Text of Provisions and Clauses
Provision and Clause Matrix

PART 53 - FORMS
53.1
53.2
53.3

General
Prescription of Forms
Illustration of Forms

x

PART 1 - FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM
Sec.
1.000

Scope of part.

Subpart 1.1 - Purpose, Authority, Issuance
Purpose.
Statement of guiding principles for the
Federal Acquisition System.
1.102-1
Discussion.
1.102-2
Performance standards.
1.102-3
Acquisition Team.
1.102-4
Role of the Acquisition Team.
1.103
Authority.
1.104
Applicability.
1.105
Issuance.
1.105-1
Publication and code arrangement.
1.105-2
Arrangement of regulations.
1.105-3
Copies.
1.106
OMB approval under the Paperwork
Reduction Act.
1.107
Certifications.
1.108
FAR conventions.
1.109
Statutory acquisition–related dollar
thresholds-adjustment for inflation.
1.110
Positive law codification.
1.101
1.102

1.201
1.201-1
1.201-2
1.202

Subpart 1.2 - Administration
Maintenance of the FAR.
The two councils.
FAR Secretariat.
Agency compliance with the FAR.

Subpart 1.3 - Agency Acquisition Regulations
1.301
Policy.
1.302
Limitations.
1.303
Publication and codification.
1.304
Agency control and compliance procedures.

1.400
1.401
1.402
1.403
1.404
1.405

Subpart 1.4 - Deviations from the FAR
Scope of subpart.
Definition.
Policy.
Individual deviations.
Class deviations.
Deviations pertaining to treaties and
executive agreements.

Subpart 1.5 - Agency and Public Participation
1.501
Solicitation of agency and public views.
1.501-1
Definition.
1.501-2
Opportunity for public comments.
1.501-3
Exceptions.
1.502
Unsolicited proposed revisions.
1.503
Public meetings.
Subpart 1.6 - Career Development,
Contracting Authority, and Responsibilities
1.601
General.
1.602
Contracting officers.
1.602-1
Authority.
1.602-2
Responsibilities.
1.602-3
Ratification of unauthorized commitments.
1.603
Selection, appointment, and termination of
appointment for contracting officers.
1.603-1
General.
1.603-2
Selection.
1.603-3
Appointment.
1.603-4
Termination.
1.604
Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR).
1.700
1.701
1.702
1.703
1.704
1.705
1.706
1.707

Subpart 1.7 - Determinations and Findings
Scope of subpart.
Definition.
General.
Class determinations and findings.
Content.
Supersession and modification.
Expiration.
Signatory authority.

1-1

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1-2

SUBPART 1.1 - PURPOSE, AUTHORITY, ISSUANCE

1.102-2

1.000 Scope of part.
This part sets forth basic policies and general information about the Federal Acquisition Regulations System including
purpose, authority, applicability, issuance, arrangement, numbering, dissemination, implementation, supplementation,
maintenance, administration, and deviation. subparts 1.2 , 1.3 , and 1.4 prescribe administrative procedures for
maintaining the FAR System.

Subpart 1.1 - Purpose, Authority, Issuance
1.101 Purpose.
The Federal Acquisition Regulations System is established for the codification and publication of uniform policies and
procedures for acquisition by all executive agencies. The Federal Acquisition Regulations System consists of the Federal
Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which is the primary document, and agency acquisition regulations that implement or
supplement the FAR. The FAR System does not include internal agency guidance of the type described in 1.301(a)(2).
1.102 Statement of guiding principles for the Federal Acquisition System.
(a) The vision for the Federal Acquisition System is to deliver on a timely basis the best value product or service to the
customer, while maintaining the public’s trust and fulfilling public policy objectives. Participants in the acquisition process
should work together as a team and should be empowered to make decisions within their area of responsibility.
(b) The Federal Acquisition System will(1) Satisfy the customer in terms of cost, quality, and timeliness of the delivered product or service by, for example(i) Maximizing the use of commercial products and services;
(ii) Using contractors who have a track record of successful past performance or who demonstrate a current superior
ability to perform; and
(iii) Promoting competition;
(2) Minimize administrative operating costs;
(3) Conduct business with integrity, fairness, and openness; and
(4) Fulfill public policy objectives.
(c) The Acquisition Team consists of all participants in Government acquisition including not only representatives of
the technical, supply, and procurement communities but also the customers they serve, and the contractors who provide the
products and services.
(d) The role of each member of the Acquisition Team is to exercise personal initiative and sound business judgment in
providing the best value product or service to meet the customer’s needs. In exercising initiative, Government members of the
Acquisition Team may assume if a specific strategy, practice, policy or procedure is in the best interests of the Government
and is not addressed in the FAR, nor prohibited by law (statute or case law), Executive order or other regulation, that the
strategy, practice, policy or procedure is a permissible exercise of authority.
1.102-1 Discussion.
(a) Introduction. The statement of Guiding Principles for the Federal Acquisition System (System) represents a concise
statement designed to be user-friendly for all participants in Government acquisition. The following discussion of the
principles is provided in order to illuminate the meaning of the terms and phrases used. The framework for the System
includes the Guiding Principles for the System and the supporting policies and procedures in the FAR.
(b) Vision. All participants in the System are responsible for making acquisition decisions that deliver the best value
product or service to the customer. Best value must be viewed from a broad perspective and is achieved by balancing the
many competing interests in the System. The result is a system which works better and costs less.
1.102-2 Performance standards.
(a) Satisfy the customer in terms of cost, quality, and timeliness of the delivered product or service. (1) The principal
customers for the product or service provided by the System are the users and line managers, acting on behalf of the
American taxpayer.
(2) The System must be responsive and adaptive to customer needs, concerns, and feedback. Implementation of
acquisition policies and procedures, as well as consideration of timeliness, quality, and cost throughout the process, must take
into account the perspective of the user of the product or service.

1.1-1

1.102-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(3) When selecting contractors to provide products or perform services, the Government will use contractors who have
a track record of successful past performance or who demonstrate a current superior ability to perform.
(4) The Government must not hesitate to communicate with the commercial sector as early as possible in the
acquisition cycle to help the Government determine the capabilities available in the commercial marketplace. The
Government will maximize its use of commercial products and services in meeting Government requirements.
(5) It is the policy of the System to promote competition in the acquisition process.
(6) The System must perform in a timely, high quality, and cost-effective manner.
(7) All members of the Team are required to employ planning as an integral part of the overall process of acquiring
products or services. Although advance planning is required, each member of the Team must be flexible in order to
accommodate changing or unforeseen mission needs. Planning is a tool for the accomplishment of tasks, and application of
its discipline should be commensurate with the size and nature of a given task.
(b) Minimize administrative operating costs. (1) In order to ensure that maximum efficiency is obtained, rules, regulations,
and policies should be promulgated only when their benefits clearly exceed the costs of their development, implementation,
administration, and enforcement. This applies to internal administrative processes, including reviews, and to rules and
procedures applied to the contractor community.
(2) The System must provide uniformity where it contributes to efficiency or where fairness or predictability is
essential. The System should also, however, encourage innovation, and local adaptation where uniformity is not essential.
(c) Conduct business with integrity, fairness, and openness. (1) An essential consideration in every aspect of the System
is maintaining the public’s trust. Not only must the System have integrity, but the actions of each member of the Team must
reflect integrity, fairness, and openness. The foundation of integrity within the System is a competent, experienced, and
well-trained, professional workforce. Accordingly, each member of the Team is responsible and accountable for the wise
use of public resources as well as acting in a manner which maintains the public’s trust. Fairness and openness require open
communication among team members, internal and external customers, and the public.
(2) To achieve efficient operations, the System must shift its focus from “risk avoidance” to one of “risk management.”
The cost to the taxpayer of attempting to eliminate all risk is prohibitive. The Executive Branch will accept and manage the
risk associated with empowering local procurement officials to take independent action based on their professional judgment.
(3) The Government shall exercise discretion, use sound business judgment, and comply with applicable laws and
regulations in dealing with contractors and prospective contractors. All contractors and prospective contractors shall be
treated fairly and impartially but need not be treated the same.
(d) Fulfill public policy objectives. The System must support the attainment of public policy goals adopted by the
Congress and the President. In attaining these goals, and in its overall operations, the process shall ensure the efficient use of
public resources.
1.102-3 Acquisition Team.
The purpose of defining the Federal Acquisition Team (Team) in the Guiding Principles is to ensure that participants in the
System are identified beginning with the customer and ending with the contractor of the product or service. By identifying
the team members in this manner, teamwork, unity of purpose, and open communication among the members of the Team
in sharing the vision and achieving the goal of the System are encouraged. Individual team members will participate in the
acquisition process at the appropriate time.
1.102-4 Role of the Acquisition Team.
(a) Government members of the Team must be empowered to make acquisition decisions within their areas of
responsibility, including selection, negotiation, and administration of contracts consistent with the Guiding Principles. In
particular, the contracting officer must have the authority to the maximum extent practicable and consistent with law, to
determine the application of rules, regulations, and policies, on a specific contract.
(b) The authority to make decisions and the accountability for the decisions made will be delegated to the lowest level
within the System, consistent with law.
(c) The Team must be prepared to perform the functions and duties assigned. The Government is committed to provide
training, professional development, and other resources necessary for maintaining and improving the knowledge, skills, and
abilities for all Government participants on the Team, both with regard to their particular area of responsibility within the
System, and their respective role as a team member. The contractor community is encouraged to do likewise.
(d) The System will foster cooperative relationships between the Government and its contractors consistent with its
overriding responsibility to the taxpayers.

1.1-2

SUBPART 1.1 - PURPOSE, AUTHORITY, ISSUANCE

1.105-2

(e) The FAR outlines procurement policies and procedures that are used by members of the Acquisition Team. If a policy
or procedure, or a particular strategy or practice, is in the best interest of the Government and is not specifically addressed in
the FAR, nor prohibited by law (statute or case law), Executive order or other regulation, Government members of the Team
should not assume it is prohibited. Rather, absence of direction should be interpreted as permitting the Team to innovate and
use sound business judgment that is otherwise consistent with law and within the limits of their authority. Contracting officers
should take the lead in encouraging business process innovations and ensuring that business decisions are sound.
1.103 Authority.
(a) The development of the FAR System is in accordance with the requirements of 41 U.S.C. chapter 13, Acquisition
Councils.
(b) The FAR is prepared, issued, and maintained, and the FAR System is prescribed jointly by the Secretary of Defense,
the Administrator of General Services, and the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, under their
several statutory authorities.
1.104 Applicability.
The FAR applies to all acquisitions as defined in part 2 of the FAR, except where expressly excluded.
1.105 Issuance.
1.105-1 Publication and code arrangement.
(a) The FAR is published in(1) The daily issue of the Federal Register;
(2) Cumulated form in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR); and
(3) A separate loose-leaf edition.
(b) The FAR is issued as Chapter 1 of Title 48, CFR. Subsequent chapters are reserved for agency acquisition regulations
that implement or supplement the FAR (see subpart 1.3). The CFR Staff will assign chapter numbers to requesting agencies.
(c) Each numbered unit or segment (e.g., part, subpart, section, etc.) of an agency acquisition regulation that is codified in
the CFR shall begin with the chapter number. However, the chapter number assigned to the FAR will not be included in the
numbered units or segments of the FAR.
1.105-2 Arrangement of regulations.
(a) General. The FAR is divided into subchapters, parts (each of which covers a separate aspect of acquisition), subparts,
sections, and subsections.
(b) Numbering. (1) The numbering system permits the discrete identification of every FAR paragraph. The digits to the
left of the decimal point represent the part number. The numbers to the right of the decimal point and to the left of the dash
represent, in order, the subpart (one or two digits), and the section (two digits). The number to the right of the dash represents
the subsection. Subdivisions may be used at the section and subsection level to identify individual paragraphs. The following
example illustrates the make-up of a FAR number citation (note that subchapters are not used with citations):

(2) Subdivisions below the section or subsection level consist of parenthetical alpha numerics using the following
sequence:
(a)(1)(i)(A)(1)(i)
(c) References and citations. (1) Unless otherwise stated, cross-references indicate parts, subparts, sections, subsections,
paragraphs, subparagraphs, or subdivisions of this regulation.
(2) This regulation may be referred to as the Federal Acquisition Regulation or the FAR.
(3) Using the FAR coverage at 9.106-4(d) as a typical illustration, reference to the–
(i) Part would be “FAR part 9” outside the FAR and “part9” within the FAR.
(ii) Subpart would be “FAR subpart 9.1” outside the FAR and “subpart 9.1” within the FAR.

1.1-3

1.105-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(iii) Section would be “FAR 9.106” outside the FAR and “9.106” within the FAR.
(iv) Subsection would be “FAR 9.106-4” outside the FAR and “9.106-4” within the FAR.
(v) Paragraph would be “FAR 9.106-4(d)” outside the FAR and “9.106-4(d)” within the FAR.
(4) Citations of authority (e.g., statutes or Executive orders) in the FAR shall follow the Federal Register form guides.
1.105-3 Copies.
Copies of the FAR in CFR form may be purchased from the Bookstore of the Government Publishing Office (GPO),
Washington, DC 20402.
1.106 OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
The Paperwork Reduction Act of1980 ( 44 U.S.C. chapter 35 ) imposes a requirement on Federal agencies to obtain
approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before collecting information from 10 or more members of the
public. The information collection and recordkeeping requirements contained in this regulation have been approved by the
OMB. The following OMB control numbers apply:
FAR segment
OMB Control Number
FAR segment
OMB Control Number
3.103
3.11
4.102
4.5
4.605
4.607
4.7
4.9
4.14
4.17
4.21
5.405
7.2
8.5
9.1
9.2
14.201
14.202-4
14.202-5
14.205
14.407
14.5
15.2
15.209
15.4
15.404-1(f)
15.407-2
15.408
19.7
22.103
22.5
22.8
22.11
22.12
22.14
22.16

1.1-4

9000-0018
9000-0183
9000-0033
9000-0137
9000-0145
9000-0145
9000-0034
9000-0097
9000-0177
9000-0179
9000-0199
9000-0036
9000-0082
9000-0113
9000-0011
9000-0083
9000-0034
9000-0040
9000-0039
9000-0037
9000-0038
9000-0041
9000-0037
9000-0034
9000-0013
9000-0080
9000-0078
9000-0115
9000-0192, 9000-0006,
and 9000-0007
9000-0065
9000-0175
1250-0003
9000-0066
1235-0007 and 1235-0025
1250-0005
1245-0004

22.17
23.602
24.3
25.302
27.2
27.3
27.4
28.1
28.2
29.304
30.6
31.205-46
31.205-46(a)(3)
32.000
32.1
32.2
32.4
32.5
32.7
32.9
32.10
33
36.213-2
36.603
41.202(c)
42.7
42.12
42.13
42.15
44.305
45
46
47
47.208
48
49
50

9000-0188
9000-0107
9000-0182
9000-0184
9000-0096
9000-0095
9000-0090
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0059
9000-0129
9000-0079
9000-0088
9000-0138
9000-0070 and 9000-0138
9000-0138
9000-0073
9000-0010 and 9000-0138
9000-0074
9000-0102
9000-0138
9000-0035
9000-0037
9000-0157
9000-0125
9000-0013
9000-0076
9000-0076
9000-0142
9000-0132
9000-0075
9000-0077
9000-0061
9000-0056
9000-0027
9000-0028
9000-0029

1.106

SUBPART 1.1 - PURPOSE, AUTHORITY, ISSUANCE
FAR segment
51.1
51.2
52.203-2
52.203-7
52.203-13
52.203-16
52.204-3
52.204-6
52.204-7
52.204-10
52.204-12
52.204-13
52.204-14
52.204-15
52.204-16
52.204-17
52.204-18
52.204-20
52.204-23
52.204-24
52.204-25
52.207-3
52.207-4
52.208-8
52.208-9
52.209-1(b)
52.209-1(c)
52.209-2
52.209-5
52.209-6
52.209-7
52.209-9
52.209-10
52.209-11
52.209-12
52.209-13
52.211-7
52.211-8
52.211-9
52.212-3
52.212-3(h)
52.212-5
52.214-14
52.214-15
52.214-16
52.214-21
52.214-26
52.214-28
52.215-1(c)(2)(iv)
52.215-1(d)
52.215-2
52.215-6

OMB Control Number
9000-0031
9000-0032
9000-0018
9000-0091
9000-0164
9000-0183
9000-0097
9000-0145
9000-0159
9000-0177
9000-0145
9000-0159
9000-0179
9000-0179
9000-0185
9000-0185
9000-0185
9000-0189
9000-0197
9000-0199
9000-0199
9000-0114
9000-0082
9000-0113
9000-0113
9000-0020
9000-0083
9000-0190
9000-0094
9000-0094
9000-0174
9000-0174
9000-0190
9000-0193
9000-0193
9000-0198
9000-0153
9000-0043
9000-0043
9000-0136
9000-0094
9000-0034
9000-0047
9000-0044
9000-0044
9000-0039
9000-0034
9000-0013
9000-0048
9000-0044
9000-0034
9000-0047

FAR segment
52.215-9
52.215-12
52.215-13
52.215-14
52.215-19
52.215-20
52.215-21
52.215-22
52.215-23
52.216-2
52.216-3
52.216-4
52.216-5
52.216-6
52.216-7
52.216-10
52.216-15
52.216-16
52.216-17
52.219-9
52.219-10
52.219-28
52.219-29
52.219-30
52.222-2
52.222-4
52.222-6
52.222-8
52.222-11
52.222-17
52.222-18
52.222-21
52.222-22
52.222-23
52.222-25
52.222-26
52.222-27
52.222-32
52.222-35
52.222-36
52.222-37
52.222-38
52.222-40
52.222-41
52.222-46
52.222-50
52.222-54
52.222-55
52.222-56

OMB Control Number
9000-0078
9000-0013
9000-0013
9000-0080
9000-0115
9000-0013
9000-0013
9000-0173
9000-0173
9000-0068
9000-0068
9000-0068
9000-0071
9000-0071
9000-0069
9000-0067
9000-0069
9000-0067
9000-0067
9000-0192, 9000-0006,
and 9000-0007
9000-0006
9000-0163
3245-0374
3245-0374
9000-0065
1235-0023
1235-0023
1235-0008 and 1235-0018
9000-0014
1235-0007 and 1235-0025
9000-0155
1250-0003
1250-0003
1250-0003
1250-0003
1250-0001, 1250-0003,
and 1250-0008
1250-0003
9000-0154
1250-0004
1250-0005
1250-004 and 1293-0005
1250-004 and 1293-0005
1215-0004
1235-0018 and 1235-0007
9000-0066
9000-0188
1615-0092
1235-0018
9000-0188

1.1-5

1.106

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

FAR segment

OMB Control Number

FAR segment

52.222-62

1235-0018,
1235-0021, 1235-0029
9000-0180
9000-0134
9000-0147
9000-0101
9000-0107
9000-0134
9000-0191
9000-0191
9000-0194
9000-0182
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0022
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0161
9000-0024
9000-0024
9000-0184
9000-0096
9000-0096
9000-0096
9000-0095
9000-0095
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0090
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0135
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0059
9000-0129
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070

52.232-5
52.232-6
52.232-7
52.232-8
52.232-9
52.232-10
52.232-11
52.232-12
52.232-13
52.232-14
52.232-15
52.232-16
52.232-20
52.232-22
52.232-27
52.232-29
52.232-30
52.232-31
52.232-32
52.232-33
52.232-34
52.233-1
52.236-5
52.236-13
52.236-15
52.236-19
52.237-10
52.241-1
52.241-3
52.241-7
52.241-13
52.242-5
52.242-13
52.243-1
52.243-2
52.243-3
52.243-4
52.243-6
52.243-7
52.244-2
52.244-2(i)
52.245-1
52.245-9
52.246-2
52.246-3
52.246-4
52.246-5
52.246-6
52.246-7
52.246-8
52.246-12
52.246-15

52.223-2
52.223-4
52.223-5
52.223-6(b)(5)
52.223-7
52.223-9
52.223-11
52.223-12
52.223-12
52.224-3
52.225-2
52.225-4
52.225-6
52.225-8
52.225-9
52.225-10
52.225-11
52.225-12
52.225-18
52.225-21
52.225-23
52.225-26
52.227-2
52.227-6
52.227-9
52.227-11
52.227-13
52.227-14
52.227-15
52.227-16
52.227-17
52.227-18
52.227-19
52.227-20
52.227-21
52.227-22
52.227-23
52.228-1
52.228-2
52.228-12
52.228-13
52.228-14
52.228-15
52.228-16
52.229-2
52.230-6
52.232-1
52.232-2
52.232-3
52.232-4
1.1-6

OMB Control Number
9000-0102
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0070
9000-0073
9000-0010
9000-0010
9000-0010
9000-0010
9000-0074
9000-0074
9000-0102
9000-0138
9000-0138
9000-0138
9000-0138
9000-0144
9000-0144
9000-0035
9000-0062
9000-0060
9000-0058
9000-0064
9000-0152
9000-0126
9000-0122
9000-0123
9000-0124
9000-0196
9000-0108
9000-0026
9000-0026
9000-0026
9000-0026
9000-0026
9000-0026
9000-0149
9000-0132
9000-0075
9000-0075
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077
9000-0077

1.108

SUBPART 1.1 - PURPOSE, AUTHORITY, ISSUANCE
FAR segment
52.246-26
52.247-2
52.247-6
52.247-29
52.247-30
52.247-31
52.247-32
52.247-33
52.247-34
52.247-35
52.247-36
52.247-37
52.247-38
52.247-39
52.247-40
52.247-41
52.247-42
52.247-43
52.247-44
52.247-48
52.247-51
52.247-52
52.247-53
52.247-57
52.247-63
52.247-64
52.247-68
52.248-1
52.248-2
52.248-3
52.249-2
52.249-3
52.249-5
52.249-6
52.249-11

OMB Control Number
9000-0187
9000-0053
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0061
9000-0057
9000-0061
9000-0055
9000-0061
9000-0054
9000-0061
9000-0056
9000-0027
9000-0027
9000-0027
9000-0028
9000-0028
9000-0028
9000-0028
9000-0028

FAR segment
52.250-1
52.251-2
SF24
SF25
SF25A
SF28
SF34
SF35
SF273
SF274
SF275
SF294
SF295
SF330
SF1403
SF1404
SF1405
SF1406
SF1407
SF1408
SF1413
SF1416
SF1418
SF1428
SF1429
SF1435
SF1436
SF1437
SF1438
SF1439
SF1440
SF1443
SF1444
SF1445

OMB Control Number
9000-0029
9000-0032
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0001
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0006
9000-0007
9000-0157
9000-0011
9000-0011
9000-0011
9000-0011
9000-0011
9000-0011
9000-0014
9000-0045
9000-0045
9000-0075
9000-0075
9000-0012
9000-0012
9000-0012
9000-0012
9000-0012
9000-0012
9000-0010
9000-0089
9000-0089

1.107 Certifications.
In accordance with 41 U.S.C. 1304 , a new requirement for a certification by a contractor or offeror may not be included
in this chapter unless(a) The certification requirement is specifically imposed by statute; or
(b) Written justification for such certification is provided to the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy by the
Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council, and the Administrator approves in writing the inclusion of such certification
requirement.
1.108 FAR conventions.
The following conventions provide guidance for interpreting the FAR:
(a) Words and terms. Definitions in part 2 apply to the entire regulation unless specifically defined in another part,
subpart, section, provision, or clause. Words or terms defined in a specific part, subpart, section, provision, or clause have
that meaning when used in that part, subpart, section, provision, or clause. Undefined words retain their common dictionary
meaning.
(b) Delegation of authority. Each authority is delegable unless specifically stated otherwise (see 1.102-4(b)).

1.1-7

1.109

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) Dollar thresholds. Unless otherwise specified, a specific dollar threshold for the purpose of applicability is the final
anticipated dollar value of the action, including the dollar value of all options. If the action establishes a maximum quantity of
supplies or services to be acquired or establishes a ceiling price or establishes the final price to be based on future events, the
final anticipated dollar value must be the highest final priced alternative to the Government, including the dollar value of all
options.
(d) Application of FAR changes to solicitations and contracts. Unless otherwise specified(1) FAR changes apply to solicitations issued on or after the effective date of the change;
(2) Contracting officers may, at their discretion, include the FAR changes in solicitations issued before the effective
date, provided award of the resulting contract(s) occurs on or after the effective date; and
(3) Contracting officers may, at their discretion, include the changes in any existing contract with appropriate
consideration.
(e) Citations. When the FAR cites a statute, Executive order, Office of Management and Budget circular, Office of Federal
Procurement Policy policy letter, or relevant portion of the Code of Federal Regulations, the citation includes all applicable
amendments, unless otherwise stated.
(f) Imperative sentences. When an imperative sentence directs action, the contracting officer is responsible for the action,
unless another party is expressly cited.
1.109 Statutory acquisition–related dollar thresholds-adjustment for inflation.
(a) 41 U.S.C. 1908 requires that the FAR Council periodically adjust all statutory acquisition-related dollar thresholds in
the FAR for inflation, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section. This adjustment is calculated every 5 years, starting
in October 2005, using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all-urban consumers, and supersedes the applicability of any other
provision of law that provides for the adjustment of such acquisition-related dollar thresholds.
(b) The statute defines an acquisition-related dollar threshold as a dollar threshold that is specified in law as a factor
in defining the scope of the applicability of a policy, procedure, requirement, or restriction provided in that law to the
procurement of supplies or services by an executive agency, as determined by the FAR Council.
(c) The statute does not permit escalation of acquisition-related dollar thresholds established by:
(1) 40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter IV, Wage Rate Requirements (Construction);
(2) 41 U.S.C. chapter 67, Service Contract Labor Standards; or
(3) The United States Trade Representative pursuant to the authority of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 ( 19 U.S.C.
2511 et seq.).
(d) A matrix showing calculation of the most recent escalation adjustments of statutory acquisition-related dollar
thresholds is available via the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov(search FAR Case 2014-022).
1.110 Positive law codification.
(a) Public Law 107-217 revised, codified, and enacted as title 40, United States Code, Public Buildings, Property, and
Works, certain general and permanent laws of the United States.
(b) Public Law 111-350 revised, codified, and enacted as title 41, United States Code, Public Contracts, certain general
and permanent laws of the United States.
(c) The following table provides cross references between the historical titles of the acts, and the current reference in title
40 or title 41.
Historical Title of Act

Division/ Chapter/ Subchapter

Title

41 U.S.C.
chapter 87

Kickbacks

40 U.S.C. chapter 11

Selection of Architects and Engineers

Buy American Act

41 U.S.C.
chapter 83

Buy American

Contract Disputes Act of 1978

41 U.S.C.
chapter 71

Contract Disputes

Anti-Kickback Act
Brooks Architect Engineer Act

1.1-8

1.110

SUBPART 1.1 - PURPOSE, AUTHORITY, ISSUANCE
Historical Title of Act

Division/ Chapter/ Subchapter

Title

40 U.S.C. chapter 37

Contract Work Hours
and Safety Standards

40 U.S.C. chapter 31, Subchapter IV

Wage Rate Requirements
(Construction)

41 U.S.C.
chapter 81

Drug-Free Workplace

41 U.S.C. Div. C of subtitle I*

Procurement

41 U.S.C. chapter 85

Committee for Purchase from People
Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled

40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter III

Bonds

41 U.S.C. Div. B of subtitle I**

Office of Federal Procurement Policy

Procurement Integrity Act

41 U.S.C. chapter 21

Restrictions on Obtaining and
Disclosing Certain Information

Service Contract Act of 1965

41 U.S.C. chapter 67

Service Contract Labor Standards

Truth in Negotiations Act

41 U.S.C. chapter 35

Truthful Cost or Pricing Data

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act

41 U.S.C. chapter 65

Contracts for Materials,
Supplies, Articles, and
Equipment Exceeding $15,000.

Contract Work Hours and Safety
Standards Act
Davis-Bacon Act
Drug-Free Workplace Act
Federal Property and Administrative
Services Act of 1949, Title III.
Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act
Miller Act
Office of Federal Procurement Policy
Act

* Except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711.
** Except sections 1704 and 2303.

1.1-9

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1.1-10

1.202

SUBPART 1.2 - ADMINISTRATION

Subpart 1.2 - Administration
1.201 Maintenance of the FAR.
1.201-1 The two councils.
(a) Subject to the authorities discussed in 1.103, revisions to the FAR will be prepared and issued through the coordinated
action of two councils, the Defense Acquisition Regulations Council (DAR Council) and the Civilian Agency Acquisition
Council (CAA Council). Members of these councils shall(1) Represent their agencies on a full-time basis;
(2) Be selected for their superior qualifications in terms of acquisition experience and demonstrated professional
expertise; and
(3) Be funded by their respective agencies.
(b) The chairperson of the CAA Council shall be the representative of the Administrator of General Services. The other
members of this council shall be one each representative from the(1) Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security,
Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs; and
(2) Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Social Security Administration,
Small Business Administration, and U.S. Agency for International Development.
(c) The Director of the DAR Council shall be the representative of the Secretary of Defense. The operation of the
DAR Council will be as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. Membership shall include representatives of the military
departments, the Defense Logistics Agency, and the Defense Contract Management Agency.
(d) Responsibility for processing revisions to the FAR is apportioned by the two councils so that each council has
cognizance over specified parts or subparts.
(e) Each council shall be responsible for(1) Agreeing on all revisions with the other council;
(2) Submitting to the FAR Secretariat (see 1.201-2) the information required under paragraphs 1.501-2(b) and (e) for
publication in the Federal Register of a notice soliciting comments on a proposed revision to the FAR;
(3) Considering all comments received in response to notice of proposed revisions;
(4) Arranging for public meetings;
(5) Preparing any final revision in the appropriate FAR format and language; and
(6) Submitting any final revision to the FAR Secretariat for publication in the Federal Register and printing for
distribution.
1.201-2 FAR Secretariat.
(a) The General Services Administration is responsible for establishing and operating the FAR Secretariat to print,
publish, and distribute the FAR through the Code of Federal Regulations system (including a loose-leaf edition with periodic
updates).
(b) Additionally, the FAR Secretariat shall provide the two councils with centralized services for(1) Keeping a synopsis of current FAR cases and their status;
(2) Maintaining official files;
(3) Assisting parties interested in reviewing the files on completed cases; and
(4) Performing miscellaneous administrative tasks pertaining to the maintenance of the FAR.
1.202 Agency compliance with the FAR.
Agency compliance with the FAR (see 1.304 ) is the responsibility of the Secretary of Defense (for the military
departments and defense agencies), the Administrator of General Services (for civilian agencies other than NASA), and the
Administrator of NASA (for NASA activities).

1.2-1

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1.2-2

SUBPART 1.3 - AGENCY ACQUISITION REGULATIONS

1.304

Subpart 1.3 - Agency Acquisition Regulations
1.301 Policy.
(a) (1) Subject to the authorities in paragraph (c) of this section and other statutory authority, an agency head may issue or
authorize the issuance of agency acquisition regulations that implement or supplement the FAR and incorporate, together with
the FAR, agency policies, procedures, contract clauses, solicitation provisions, and forms that govern the contracting process
or otherwise control the relationship between the agency, including any of its suborganizations, and contractors or prospective
contractors.
(2) Subject to the authorities in paragraph (c) of this section and other statutory authority, an agency head may issue or
authorize the issuance of internal agency guidance at any organizational level (e.g., designations and delegations of authority,
assignments of responsibilities, work-flow procedures, and internal reporting requirements).
(b) Agency heads shall establish procedures to ensure that agency acquisition regulations are published for comment
in the Federal Register in conformance with the procedures in subpart 1.5 and as required by 41 U.S.C. 1707, and other
applicable statutes, when they have a significant effect beyond the internal operating procedures of the agency or have a
significant cost or administrative impact on contractors or offerors. However, publication is not required for issuances that
merely implement or supplement higher level issuances that have previously undergone the public comment process, unless
such implementation or supplementation results in an additional significant cost or administrative impact on contractors or
offerors or effect beyond the internal operating procedures of the issuing organization. Issuances under 1.301(a)(2) need not
be publicized for public comment.
(c) When adopting acquisition regulations, agencies shall ensure that they comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44
U.S.C.3501, et seq.) as implemented in 5 CFR1320 (see 1.106) and the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C.601, et seq.).
Normally, when a law requires publication of a proposed regulation, the Regulatory Flexibility Act applies and agencies must
prepare written analyses, or certifications as provided in the law.
(d) Agency acquisition regulations implementing or supplementing the FAR are, for(1) The military departments and defense agencies, issued subject to the authority of the Secretary of Defense;
(2) NASA activities, issued subject to the authorities of the Administrator of NASA; and
(3) The civilian agencies other than NASA, issued by the heads of those agencies subject to the overall authority of the
Administrator of General Services or independent authority the agency may have.
1.302 Limitations.
Agency acquisition regulations shall be limited to(a) Those necessary to implement FAR policies and procedures within the agency; and
(b) Additional policies, procedures, solicitation provisions, or contract clauses that supplement the FAR to satisfy the
specific needs of the agency.
1.303 Publication and codification.
(a) Agency-wide acquisition regulations shall be published in the Federal Register as required by law, shall be codified
under an assigned chapter in Title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, and shall parallel the FAR in format, arrangement,
and numbering system (but see 1.105-1(c)). Coverage in an agency acquisition regulation that implements a specific part,
subpart, section, or subsection of the FAR shall be numbered and titled to correspond to the appropriate FAR number and
title. Supplementary material for which there is no counterpart in the FAR shall be codified using chapter, part, subpart,
section, or subsection numbers of 70 and up (e.g., for the Department of Interior, whose assigned chapter number in Title 48
is 14, Part 1470, Subpart 1401.70, section 1401.370, or subsection 1401.301-70).
(b) Issuances under 1.301(a)(2) need not be published in the Federal Register.
1.304 Agency control and compliance procedures.
(a) Under the authorities of 1.301(d), agencies shall control and limit issuance of agency acquisition regulations and, in
particular, local agency directives that restrain the flexibilities found in the FAR, and shall establish formal procedures for the
review of these documents to assure compliance with this part 1.
(b) Agency acquisition regulations shall not(1) Unnecessarily repeat, paraphrase, or otherwise restate material contained in the FAR or higher-level agency
acquisition regulations; or
(2) Except as required by law or as provided in subpart 1.4, conflict or be inconsistent with FAR content.

1.3-1

1.304

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) Agencies shall evaluate all regulatory coverage in agency acquisition regulations to determine if it could apply to other
agencies. Coverage that is not peculiar to one agency shall be recommended for inclusion in the FAR.

1.3-2

SUBPART 1.4 - DEVIATIONS

FROM THE

FAR

1.404

Subpart 1.4 - Deviations from the FAR
1.400 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes the policies and procedures for authorizing deviations from the FAR. Exceptions pertaining to the
use of forms prescribed by the FAR are covered in part 53 rather than in this subpart.
1.401 Definition.
“Deviation” means any one or combination of the following:
(a) The issuance or use of a policy, procedure, solicitation provision (see definition in 2.101), contract clause (see
definition in 2.101), method, or practice of conducting acquisition actions of any kind at any stage of the acquisition process
that is inconsistent with the FAR.
(b) The omission of any solicitation provision or contract clause when its prescription requires its use.
(c) The use of any solicitation provision or contract clause with modified or alternate language that is not authorized by the
FAR (see definition of “modification” in 52.101(a) and definition of “alternate” in 2.101(a)).
(d) The use of a solicitation provision or contract clause prescribed by the FAR on a “substantially as follows” or
“substantially the same as” basis (see definitions in 2.101 and 52.101(a)), if such use is inconsistent with the intent, principle,
or substance of the prescription or related coverage on the subject matter in the FAR.
(e) The authorization of lesser or greater limitations on the use of any solicitation provision, contract clause, policy, or
procedure prescribed by the FAR.
(f) The issuance of policies or procedures that govern the contracting process or otherwise control contracting
relationships that are not incorporated into agency acquisition regulations in accordance with 1.301(a).
1.402 Policy.
Unless precluded by law, executive order, or regulation, deviations from the FAR may be granted as specified in this
subpart when necessary to meet the specific needs and requirements of each agency. The development and testing of new
techniques and methods of acquisition should not be stifled simply because such action would require a FAR deviation.
The fact that deviation authority is required should not, of itself, deter agencies in their development and testing of new
techniques and acquisition methods. Refer to 31.101 for instructions concerning deviations pertaining to the subject matter
of part 31 , Contract Cost Principles and Procedures. Deviations are not authorized with respect to 30.201-3 and 30.201-4
, or the requirements of the Cost Accounting Standards Board (CASB) rules and regulations (48 CFR Chapter 99 (FAR
Appendix)). Refer to 30.201-5 for instructions concerning waivers pertaining to Cost Accounting Standards.
1.403 Individual deviations.
Individual deviations affect only one contract action, and, unless 1.405 (e) is applicable, may be authorized by the agency
head. The contracting officer must document the justification and agency approval in the contract file.
1.404 Class deviations.
Class deviations affect more than one contract action. When an agency knows that it will require a class deviation on a
permanent basis, it should propose a FAR revision, if appropriate. Civilian agencies, other than NASA, must furnish a copy
of each approved class deviation to the FAR Secretariat.
(a) For civilian agencies except NASA, class deviations may be authorized by agency heads or their designees, unless
1.405(e) is applicable. Delegation of this authority shall not be made below the head of a contracting activity. Authorization
of class deviations by agency officials is subject to the following limitations:
(1) An agency official who may authorize a class deviation, before doing so, shall consult with the chairperson of the
Civilian Agency Acquisition Council (CAA Council), unless that agency official determines that urgency precludes such
consultation.
(2) Recommended revisions to the FAR shall be transmitted to the FAR Secretariat by agency heads or their designees
for authorizing class deviations.
(b) For DoD, class deviations shall be controlled, processed, and approved in accordance with the Defense FAR
Supplement.
(c) For NASA, class deviations shall be controlled and approved by the Assistant Administrator for Procurement.
Deviations shall be processed in accordance with agency regulations.

1.4-1

1.405

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

1.405 Deviations pertaining to treaties and executive agreements.
(a) “Executive agreements,” as used in this section, means Government-to-Government agreements, including agreements
with international organizations, to which the United States is a party.
(b) Any deviation from the FAR required to comply with a treaty to which the United States is a party is authorized, unless
the deviation would be inconsistent with FAR coverage based on a law enacted after the execution of the treaty.
(c) Any deviation from the FAR required to comply with an executive agreement is authorized unless the deviation would
be inconsistent with FAR coverage based on law.
(d) For civilian agencies other than NASA, a copy of the text deviation authorized under paragraph (b) or (c) of this
section shall be transmitted to the FAR Secretariat through a central agency control point.
(e) For civilian agencies other than NASA, if a deviation required to comply with a treaty or an executive agreement
is not authorized by paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, then the request for deviation shall be processed through the FAR
Secretariat to the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council.

1.4-2

SUBPART 1.5 - AGENCY

AND

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

1.503

Subpart 1.5 - Agency and Public Participation
1.501 Solicitation of agency and public views.
1.501-1 Definition.
“Significant revisions,” as used in this subpart, means revisions that alter the substantive meaning of any coverage in
the FAR System and which have a significant cost or administrative impact on contractors or offerors, or significant effect
beyond the internal operating procedures of the issuing agency. This expression, for example, does not include editorial,
stylistic, or other revisions that have no impact on the basic meaning of the coverage being revised.
1.501-2 Opportunity for public comments.
(a) Views of agencies and nongovernmental parties or organizations will be considered in formulating acquisition policies
and procedures.
(b) The opportunity to submit written comments on proposed significant revisions shall be provided by placing a notice in
the Federal Register. Each of these notices shall include(1) The text of the revision or, if it is impracticable to publish the full text, a summary of the proposal;
(2) The address and telephone number of the individual from whom copies of the revision, in full text, can be requested
and to whom comments thereon should be addressed; and
(3) When 1.501-3(b) is applicable, a statement that the revision is effective on a temporary basis pending completion of
the public comment period.
(c) A minimum of 30 days and, normally, at least 60 days will be given for the receipt of comments.
1.501-3 Exceptions.
(a) Comments need not be solicited when the proposed coverage does not constitute a significant revision.
(b) Advance comments need not be solicited when urgent and compelling circumstances make solicitation of comments
impracticable prior to the effective date of the coverage, such as when a new statute must be implemented in a relatively short
period of time. In such case, the coverage shall be issued on a temporary basis and shall provide for at least a 30 day public
comment period.
1.502 Unsolicited proposed revisions.
Consideration shall also be given to unsolicited recommendations for revisions that have been submitted in writing with
sufficient data and rationale to permit their evaluation.
1.503 Public meetings.
Public meetings may be appropriate when a decision to adopt, amend, or delete FAR coverage is likely to benefit from
significant additional views and discussion.

1.5-1

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1.5-2

SUBPART 1.6 - CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CONTRACTING AUTHORITY, AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1.602-2

Subpart 1.6 - Career Development, Contracting Authority, and Responsibilities
1.601 General.
(a) Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law, authority and responsibility to contract for authorized
supplies and services are vested in the agency head. The agency head may establish contracting activities and delegate broad
authority to manage the agency’s contracting functions to heads of such contracting activities. Contracts may be entered into
and signed on behalf of the Government only by contracting officers. In some agencies, a relatively small number of high
level officials are designated contracting officers solely by virtue of their positions. Contracting officers below the level of a
head of a contracting activity shall be selected and appointed under 1.603.
(b) Agency heads may mutually agree to(1) Assign contracting functions and responsibilities from one agency to another; and
(2) Create joint or combined offices to exercise acquisition functions and responsibilities.
1.602 Contracting officers.
1.602-1 Authority.
(a) Contracting officers have authority to enter into, administer, or terminate contracts and make related determinations
and findings. Contracting officers may bind the Government only to the extent of the authority delegated to them. Contracting
officers shall receive from the appointing authority (see 1.603-1) clear instructions in writing regarding the limits of their
authority. Information on the limits of the contracting officers’ authority shall be readily available to the public and agency
personnel.
(b) No contract shall be entered into unless the contracting officer ensures that all requirements of law, executive orders,
regulations, and all other applicable procedures, including clearances and approvals, have been met.
1.602-2 Responsibilities.
Contracting officers are responsible for ensuring performance of all necessary actions for effective contracting, ensuring
compliance with the terms of the contract, and safeguarding the interests of the United States in its contractual relationships.
In order to perform these responsibilities, contracting officers should be allowed wide latitude to exercise business judgment.
Contracting officers shall(a) Ensure that the requirements of 1.602-1(b) have been met, and that sufficient funds are available for obligation;
(b) Ensure that contractors receive impartial, fair, and equitable treatment;
(c) Request and consider the advice of specialists in audit, law, engineering, information security, transportation, and other
fields, as appropriate; and
(d) Designate and authorize, in writing and in accordance with agency procedures, a contracting officer’s representative
(COR) on all contracts and orders other than those that are firm-fixed price, and for firm-fixed-price contracts and orders as
appropriate, unless the contracting officer retains and executes the COR duties. See 7.104(e). ×COR(1) Shall be a Government employee, unless otherwise authorized in agency regulations;
(2) Shall be certified and maintain certification in accordance with the current Office of Management and Budget
memorandum on the Federal Acquisition Certification for Contracting Officer Representatives (FAC-COR) guidance, or for
DoD, in accordance with the current applicable DoD policy guidance;
(3) Shall be qualified by training and experience commensurate with the responsibilities to be delegated in accordance
with agency procedures;
(4) May not be delegated responsibility to perform functions that have been delegated under 42.202 to a contract
administration office, but may be assigned some duties at 42.302 by the contracting officer;
(5) Has no authority to make any commitments or changes that affect price, quality, quantity, delivery, or other terms
and conditions of the contract nor in any way direct the contractor or its subcontractors to operate in conflict with the contract
terms and conditions;
(6) Shall be nominated either by the requiring activity or in accordance with agency procedures; and
(7) Shall be designated in writing, with copies furnished to the contractor and the contract administration office(i) Specifying the extent of the COR’s authority to act on behalf of the contracting officer;
(ii) Identifying the limitations on the COR’s authority;
(iii) Specifying the period covered by the designation;
(iv) Stating the authority is not redelegable; and

1.6-1

1.602-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
(v) Stating that the COR may be personally liable for unauthorized acts.

1.602-3 Ratification of unauthorized commitments.
(a) Definitions.
“Ratification,” as used in this subsection, means the act of approving an unauthorized commitment by an official who has
the authority to do so.
“Unauthorized commitment,” as used in this subsection, means an agreement that is not binding solely because the
Government representative who made it lacked the authority to enter into that agreement on behalf of the Government.
(b) Policy. (1) Agencies should take positive action to preclude, to the maximum extent possible, the need for ratification
actions. Although procedures are provided in this section for use in those cases where the ratification of an unauthorized
commitment is necessary, these procedures may not be used in a manner that encourages such commitments being made by
Government personnel.
(2) Subject to the limitations in paragraph (c) of this subsection, the head of the contracting activity, unless a higher
level official is designated by the agency, may ratify an unauthorized commitment.
(3) The ratification authority in paragraph (b)(2) of this subsection may be delegated in accordance with agency
procedures, but in no case shall the authority be delegated below the level of chief of the contracting office.
(4) Agencies should process unauthorized commitments using the ratification authority of this subsection instead of
referring such actions to the Government Accountability Office for resolution. (See 1.602-3(d).)
(5) Unauthorized commitments that would involve claims subject to resolution under 41 U.S.C. chapter 71, Contract
Disputes, should be processed in accordance with subpart 33.2, Disputes and Appeals.
(c) Limitations. The authority in paragraph (b)(2) of this subsection may be exercised only when(1) Supplies or services have been provided to and accepted by the Government, or the Government otherwise has
obtained or will obtain a benefit resulting from performance of the unauthorized commitment;
(2) The ratifying official has the authority to enter into a contractual commitment;
(3) The resulting contract would otherwise have been proper if made by an appropriate contracting officer;
(4) The contracting officer reviewing the unauthorized commitment determines the price to be fair and reasonable;
(5) The contracting officer recommends payment and legal counsel concurs in the recommendation, unless agency
procedures expressly do not require such concurrence;
(6) Funds are available and were available at the time the unauthorized commitment was made; and
(7) The ratification is in accordance with any other limitations prescribed under agency procedures.
(d) Nonratifiable commitments. Cases that are not ratifiable under this subsection may be subject to resolution as
recommended by the Government Accountability Office under its claim procedure (GAO Policy and Procedures Manual for
Guidance of Federal Agencies, Title 4, Chapter 2), or as authorized by FAR subpart 50.1. Legal advice should be obtained in
these cases.
1.603 Selection, appointment, and termination of appointment for contracting officers.
1.603-1 General.
41 U.S.C. 1702(b)(3)(G) requires agency heads to establish and maintain a procurement career management program
and a system for the selection, appointment, and termination of appointment of contracting officers. Agency heads or their
designees may select and appoint contracting officers and terminate their appointments. These selections and appointments
shall be consistent with Office of Federal Procurement Policy’s (OFPP) standards for skill-based training in performing
contracting and purchasing duties as published in OFPP Policy Letter No. 05-01, Developing and Managing the Acquisition
Workforce, April 15, 2005.
1.603-2 Selection.
In selecting contracting officers, the appointing official shall consider the complexity and dollar value of the acquisitions
to be assigned and the candidate’s experience, training, education, business acumen, judgment, character, and reputation.
Examples of selection criteria include(a) Experience in Government contracting and administration, commercial purchasing, or related fields;
(b) Education or special training in business administration, law, accounting, engineering, or related fields;
(c) Knowledge of acquisition policies and procedures, including this and other applicable regulations;
(d) Specialized knowledge in the particular assigned field of contracting; and

1.6-2

SUBPART 1.6 - CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CONTRACTING AUTHORITY, AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1.604

(e) Satisfactory completion of acquisition training courses.
1.603-3 Appointment.
(a) Contracting officers shall be appointed in writing on an SF 1402, Certificate of Appointment, which shall state
any limitations on the scope of authority to be exercised, other than limitations contained in applicable law or regulation.
Appointing officials shall maintain files containing copies of all appointments that have not been terminated.
(b) Agency heads are encouraged to delegate micro-purchase authority to individuals who are employees of an executive
agency or members of the Armed Forces of the United States who will be using the supplies or services being purchased.
Individuals delegated this authority are not required to be appointed on an SF 1402, but shall be appointed in writing in
accordance with agency procedures.
1.603-4 Termination.
Termination of a contracting officer appointment will be by letter, unless the Certificate of Appointment contains other
provisions for automatic termination. Terminations may be for reasons such as reassignment, termination of employment, or
unsatisfactory performance. No termination shall operate retroactively.
1.604 Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR).
A contracting officer’s representative (COR) assists in the technical monitoring or administration of a contract (see
1.602-2 (d)). The COR shall maintain a file for each assigned contract. The file must include, at a minimum–
(a) A copy of the contracting officer’s letter of designation and other documents describing the COR’s duties and
responsibilities;
(b) A copy of the contract administration functions delegated to a contract administration office which may not be
delegated to the COR (see 1.602-2(d)(4)); and
(c) Documentation of COR actions taken in accordance with the delegation of authority.

1.6-3

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1.6-4

SUBPART 1.7 - DETERMINATIONS

AND

FINDINGS

1.706

Subpart 1.7 - Determinations and Findings
1.700 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes general policies and procedures for the use of determinations and findings (D&F’s). Requirements
for specific types of D&F’s can be found with the appropriate subject matter.
1.701 Definition.
“Determination and Findings” means a special form of written approval by an authorized official that is required by statute
or regulation as a prerequisite to taking certain contract actions. The “determination” is a conclusion or decision supported
by the “findings.’’ The findings are statements of fact or rationale essential to support the determination and must cover each
requirement of the statute or regulation.
1.702 General.
(a) A D&F shall ordinarily be for an individual contract action. Unless otherwise prohibited, class D&F’s may be
executed for classes of contract actions (see 1.703). The approval granted by a D&F is restricted to the proposed contract
action(s) reasonably described in that D&F. D&F’s may provide for a reasonable degree of flexibility. Furthermore, in their
application, reasonable variations in estimated quantities or prices are permitted, unless the D&F specifies otherwise.
(b) When an option is anticipated, the D&F shall state the approximate quantity to be awarded initially and the extent of
the increase to be permitted by the option.
1.703 Class determinations and findings.
(a) A class D&F provides authority for a class of contract actions. A class may consist of contract actions for the same or
related supplies or services or other contract actions that require essentially identical justification.
(b) The findings in a class D&F shall fully support the proposed action either for the class as a whole or for each action. A
class D&F shall be for a specified period, with the expiration date stated in the document.
(c) The contracting officer shall ensure that individual actions taken pursuant to the authority of a class D&F are within the
scope of the D&F.
1.704 Content.
Each D&F shall set forth enough facts and circumstances to clearly and convincingly justify the specific determination
made. As a minimum, each D&F shall include, in the prescribed agency format, the following information:
(a) Identification of the agency and of the contracting activity and specific identification of the document as a
“Determination and Findings.”
(b) Nature and/or description of the action being approved.
(c) Citation of the appropriate statute and/or regulation upon which the D&F is based.
(d) Findings that detail the particular circumstances, facts, or reasoning essential to support the determination. Necessary
supporting documentation shall be obtained from appropriate requirements and technical personnel.
(e) A determination, based on the findings, that the proposed action is justified under the applicable statute or regulation.
(f) Expiration date of the D&F, if required (see 1.706).
(g) The signature of the official authorized to sign the D&F (see 1.707) and the date signed.
1.705 Supersession and modification.
(a) If a D&F is superseded by another D&F, that action shall not render invalid any action taken under the original D&F
prior to the date of its supersession.
(b) The contracting officer need not cancel the solicitation if the D&F, as modified, supports the contract action.
1.706 Expiration.
Expiration dates are required for class D&F’s and are optional for individual D&F’s. Authority to act under an individual
D&F expires when it is exercised or on an expiration date specified in the document, whichever occurs first. Authority to
act under a class D&F expires on the expiration date specified in the document. When a solicitation has been furnished to
prospective offerors before the expiration date, the authority under the D&F will continue until award of the contract(s)
resulting from the solicitation.

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1.707 Signatory authority.
When a D&F is required, it shall be signed by the appropriate official in accordance with agency regulations. Authority to
sign or delegate signature authority for the various D&F’s is as shown in the applicable FAR part.

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PART 2 - DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS
Sec.
2.000
2.101

Scope of part.
Subpart 2.1 - Definitions
Definitions.

2.201

Subpart 2.2 - Definitions Clause
Contract clause.

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2.000 Scope of part.
(a) This part(1) Defines words and terms that are frequently used in the FAR;
(2) Provides cross-references to other definitions in the FAR of the same word or term; and
(3) Provides for the incorporation of these definitions in solicitations and contracts by reference.
(b) Other parts, subparts, and sections of this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1) may define other words or terms and those
definitions only apply to the part, subpart, or section where the word or term is defined.

Subpart 2.1 - Definitions
2.101 Definitions.
(a) A word or a term, defined in this section, has the same meaning throughout this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1), unless(1) The context in which the word or term is used clearly requires a different meaning; or
(2) Another FAR part, subpart, or section provides a different definition for the particular part or portion of the part.
(b) If a word or term that is defined in this section is defined differently in another part, subpart, or section of this
regulation (48 CFR chapter 1), the definition in—
(1) This section includes a cross-reference to the other definitions; and
(2) That part, subpart, or section applies to the word or term when used in that part, subpart, or section.
“Acquisition” means the acquiring by contract with appropriated funds of supplies or services (including construction)
by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or lease, whether the supplies or services are already in
existence or must be created, developed, demonstrated, and evaluated. Acquisition begins at the point when agency needs are
established and includes the description of requirements to satisfy agency needs, solicitation and selection of sources, award
of contracts, contract financing, contract performance, contract administration, and those technical and management functions
directly related to the process of fulfilling agency needs by contract.
“Acquisition planning” means the process by which the efforts of all personnel responsible for an acquisition are
coordinated and integrated through a comprehensive plan for fulfilling the agency need in a timely manner and at a
reasonable cost. It includes developing the overall strategy for managing the acquisition.
“Activity Address Code (AAC)” means a distinct six-position code consisting of a combination of alpha and/or
numeric characters assigned to identify specific agency offices, units, activities, or organizations by the General Services
Administration for civilian agencies and by the Department of Defense for defense agencies.
“Adequate evidence” means information sufficient to support the reasonable belief that a particular act or omission has
occurred.
“Advisory and assistance services” means those services provided under contract by nongovernmental sources to support
or improve: organizational policy development; decision-making; management and administration; program and/or project
management and administration; or R&D activities. It can also mean the furnishing of professional advice or assistance
rendered to improve the effectiveness of Federal management processes or procedures (including those of an engineering
and technical nature). In rendering the foregoing services, outputs may take the form of information, advice, opinions,
alternatives, analyses, evaluations, recommendations, training and the day-to-day aid of support personnel needed for the
successful performance of ongoing Federal operations. All advisory and assistance services are classified in one of the
following definitional subdivisions:
(1) Management and professional support services, i.e., contractual services that provide assistance, advice or training
for the efficient and effective management and operation of organizations, activities (including management and support
services for R&D activities), or systems. These services are normally closely related to the basic responsibilities and mission
of the agency originating the requirement for the acquisition of services by contract. Included are efforts that support or
contribute to improved organization of program management, logistics management, project monitoring and reporting, data
collection, budgeting, accounting, performance auditing, and administrative technical support for conferences and training
programs.
(2) Studies, analyses and evaluations, i.e., contracted services that provide organized, analytical assessments/
evaluations in support of policy development, decision-making, management, or administration. Included are studies in
support of R&D activities. Also included are acquisitions of models, methodologies, and related software supporting studies,
analyses or evaluations.
(3) Engineering and technical services, i.e., contractual services used to support the program office during the
acquisition cycle by providing such services as systems engineering and technical direction (see 9.505-1(b)) to ensure the

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effective operation and maintenance of a weapon system or major system as defined in OMB Circular No.A-109 or to
provide direct support of a weapon system that is essential to research, development, production, operation or maintenance of
the system.
“Affiliates means associated business concerns or individuals if, directly or indirectly either one controls or can control the
other; or third party controls or can control both, except as follows:
(1) For the use in subpart 9.4, see the definition at 9.403.
(2) For the use in subpart 19.1, see the definition at 19.101.
“Agency head” or “head of the agency” means the Secretary, Attorney General, Administrator, Governor, Chairperson, or
other chief official of an executive agency, unless otherwise indicated, including any deputy or assistant chief official of an
executive agency.
“Alternate” means a substantive variation of a basic provision or clause prescribed for use in a defined circumstance. It
adds wording to, deletes wording from, or substitutes specified wording for a portion of the basic provision or clause. The
alternate version of a provision or clause is the basic provision or clause as changed by the addition, deletion, or substitution
(see 52.105(a)).
“Architect-engineer services,” as defined in 40 U.S.C. 1102, means—
(1) Professional services of an architectural or engineering nature, as defined by State law, if applicable, that are
required to be performed or approved by a person licensed, registered, or certified to provide those services;
(2) Professional services of an architectural or engineering nature performed by contract that are associated with
research, planning, development, design, construction, alteration, or repair of real property; and
(3) Those other professional services of an architectural or engineering nature, or incidental services, that members
of the architectural and engineering professions (and individuals in their employ) may logically or justifiably perform,
including studies, investigations, surveying and mapping, tests, evaluations, consultations, comprehensive planning, program
management, conceptual designs, plans and specifications, value engineering, construction phase services, soils engineering,
drawing reviews, preparation of operating and maintenance manuals, and other related services.
“Assignment of claims” means the transfer or making over by the contractor to a bank, trust company, or other financing
institution, as security for a loan to the contractor, of its right to be paid by the Government for contract performance.
“Assisted acquisition” means a type of interagency acquisition where a servicing agency performs acquisition activities on
a requesting agency's behalf, such as awarding and administering a contract, task order, or delivery order.
“Basic research” means that research directed toward increasing knowledge in science. The primary aim of basic research
is a fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than any practical application of that knowledge.
“Best value” means the expected outcome of an acquisition that, in the Government's estimation, provides the greatest
overall benefit in response to the requirement.
“Bid sample” means a product sample required to be submitted by an offeror to show characteristics of the offered
products that cannot adequately be described by specifications, purchase descriptions, or the solicitation (e.g., balance,
facility of use, or pattern).
“Biobased product” means a product determined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to be a commercial or industrial
product (other than food or feed) that is composed, in whole or in significant part, of biological products, including renewable
domestic agricultural materials and forestry materials.
“Broad agency announcement” means a general announcement of an agency’s research interest including criteria for
selecting proposals and soliciting the participation of all offerors capable of satisfying the Government’s needs (see 6.102(d)
(2)).
“Building or work” means construction activity as distinguished from manufacturing, furnishing of materials, or servicing
and maintenance work. The terms include, without limitation, buildings, structures, and improvements of all types, such
as bridges, dams, plants, highways, parkways, streets, subways, tunnels, sewers, mains, power lines, pumping stations,
heavy generators, railways, airports, terminals, docks, piers, wharves, ways, lighthouses, buoys, jetties, breakwaters, levees,
canals, dredging, shoring, rehabilitation and reactivation of plants, scaffolding, drilling, blasting, excavating, clearing, and
landscaping. The manufacture or furnishing of materials, articles, supplies, or equipment (whether or not a Federal or State
agency acquires title to such materials, articles, supplies, or equipment during the course of the manufacture or furnishing,
or owns the materials from which they are manufactured or furnished) is not “building” or “work” within the meaning of
this definition unless conducted in connection with and at the site of such building or work as is described in the foregoing
sentence, or under the United States Housing Act of 1937 and the Housing Act of 1949 in the construction or development of
the project.
“Bundling”—

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2.101

(1) Means a subset of consolidation that combines two or more requirements for supplies or services, previously
provided or performed under separate smaller contracts (see paragraph (2) of this definition), into a solicitation for a single
contract, a multiple-award contract, or a task or delivery order that is likely to be unsuitable for award to a small business
concern (even if it is suitable for award to a small business with a Small Business Teaming Arrangement) due to—
(i) The diversity, size, or specialized nature of the elements of the performance specified;
(ii) The aggregate dollar value of the anticipated award;
(iii) The geographical dispersion of the contract performance sites; or
(iv) Any combination of the factors described in paragraphs (1)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this definition.
(2) “Separate smaller contract” as used in this definition, means a contract that has been performed by one or more
small business concerns or that was suitable for award to one or more small business concerns.
(3) This definition does not apply to a contract that will be awarded and performed entirely outside of the United States.
“Business unit” means any segment of an organization, or an entire business organization that is not divided into segments.
“Certified cost or pricing data” means “cost or pricing data” that were required to be submitted in accordance with FAR
15.403-4 and 15.403-5 and have been certified, or is required to be certified, in accordance with 15.406-2. This certification
states that, to the best of the person’s knowledge and belief, the cost or pricing data is accurate, complete, and current as of a
date certain before contract award. Cost or pricing data is required to be certified in certain procurements (10 U.S.C. 2306a
and 41 U.S.C. chapter 35).
“Change-of-name agreement” means a legal instrument executed by the contractor and the Government that recognizes the
legal change of name of the contractor without disturbing the original contractual rights and obligations of the parties.
“Change order” means a written order, signed by the contracting officer, directing the contractor to make a change that the
Changes clause authorizes the contracting officer to order without the contractor’s consent.
“Chief Acquisition Officer” means an executive level acquisition official responsible for agency performance of
acquisition activities and acquisition programs created pursuant to 41 U.S.C. 1702.
“Chief of mission” means the principal officer in charge of a diplomatic mission of the United States or of a United States
office abroad which is designated by the Secretary of State as diplomatic in nature, including any individual assigned under
section 502(c) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-465) to be temporarily in charge of such a mission or
office.
“Claim” means a written demand or written assertion by one of the contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the
payment of money in a sum certain, the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising under or relating
to the contract. However, a written demand or written assertion by the contractor seeking the payment of money exceeding
$100,000 is not a claim under 41 U.S.C. chapter 71, Contract Disputes, until certified as required by the statute. A voucher,
invoice, or other routine request for payment that is not in dispute when submitted is not a claim. The submission may be
converted to a claim, by written notice to the contracting officer as provided in 33.206(a), if it is disputed either as to liability
or amount or is not acted upon in a reasonable time.
“Classified acquisition” means an acquisition in which offerors must have access to classified information to properly
submit an offer or quotation, to understand the performance requirements, or to perform the contract.
“Classified contract” means any contract in which the contractor or its employees must have access to classified
information during contract performance. A contract may be a classified contract even though the contract document itself is
unclassified.
“Classified information” means any knowledge that can be communicated or any documentary material, regardless of its
physical form or characteristics, that—
(1) (i) Is owned by, is produced by or for, or is under the control of the United States Government; or
(ii) Has been classified by the Department of Energy as privately generated restricted data following the procedures
in 10 CFR 1045.21; and
(2) Must be protected against unauthorized disclosure according to Executive Order12958, Classified National Security
Information, April 7,1995, or classified in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
“Cognizant Federal agency” means the Federal agency that, on behalf of all Federal agencies, is responsible for
establishing final indirect cost rates and forward pricing rates, if applicable, and administering cost accounting standards for
all contracts in a business unit.
“Combatant commander” means the commander of a unified or specified combatant command established in accordance
with 10 U.S.C. 161.
“Commercial component” means any component that is a commercial item.
“Commercial computer software” means any computer software that is a commercial item.

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“Commercial item” means
(1) Any item, other than real property, that is of a type customarily used by the general public or by non-governmental
entities for purposes other than governmental purposes, and(i) Has been sold, leased, or licensed to the general public; or
(ii) Has been offered for sale, lease, or license to the general public;
(2) Any item that evolved from an item described in paragraph (1) of this definition through advances in technology or
performance and that is not yet available in the commercial marketplace, but will be available in the commercial marketplace
in time to satisfy the delivery requirements under a Government solicitation;
(3) Any item that would satisfy a criterion expressed in paragraphs(1) or (2) of this definition, but for(i) Modifications of a type customarily available in the commercial marketplace; or
(ii) Minor modifications of a type not customarily available in the commercial marketplace made to meet Federal
Government requirements. Minor modifications means modifications that do not significantly alter the nongovernmental
function or essential physical characteristics of an item or component, or change the purpose of a process. Factors to be
considered in determining whether a modification is minor include the value and size of the modification and the comparative
value and size of the final product. Dollar values and percentages may be used as guideposts, but are not conclusive evidence
that a modification is minor;
(4) Any combination of items meeting the requirements of paragraphs(1), (2), (3), or (5) of this definition that are of a
type customarily combined and sold in combination to the general public;
(5) Installation services, maintenance services, repair services, training services, and other services if(i) Such services are procured for support of an item referred to in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this definition,
regardless of whether such services are provided by the same source or at the same time as the item; and
(ii) The source of such services provides similar services contemporaneously to the general public under terms and
conditions similar to those offered to the Federal Government;
(6) Services of a type offered and sold competitively in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace based
on established catalog or market prices for specific tasks performed or specific outcomes to be achieved and under standard
commercial terms and conditions. For purposes of these services(i) “Catalog price” means a price included in a catalog, price list, schedule, or other form that is regularly maintained
by the manufacturer or vendor, is either published or otherwise available for inspection by customers, and states prices at
which sales are currently, or were last, made to a significant number of buyers constituting the general public; and
(ii) “Market prices” means current prices that are established in the course of ordinary trade between buyers and
sellers free to bargain and that can be substantiated through competition or from sources independent of the offerors.
(7) Any item, combination of items, or service referred to in paragraphs(1) through (6) of this definition,
notwithstanding the fact that the item, combination of items, or service is transferred between or among separate divisions,
subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor; or
(8) A nondevelopmental item, if the procuring agency determines the item was developed exclusively at private
expense and sold in substantial quantities, on a competitive basis, to multiple State and local governments or to multiple
foreign governments.
“Commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) item—”
(1) Means any item of supply (including construction material) that is–
(i) A commercial item (as defined in paragraph (1) of the definition in this section);
(ii) Sold in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace; and
(iii) Offered to the Government, under a contract or subcontract at any tier, without modification, in the same form
in which it is sold in the commercial marketplace; and
(2) Does not include bulk cargo, as defined in 46 U.S.C. 40102(4), such as agricultural products and petroleum
products.
“Common item” means material that is common to the applicable Government contract and the contractor's other work,
except that for use in the clause at 52.246-26, see the definition in paragraph (a) of that clause.
“Component” means any item supplied to the Government as part of an end item or of another component, except that for
use in—
(1) part 25, see the definition in 25.003;
(2) 52.225-1 and 52.225-3, see the definition in 52.225-1(a) and 52.225-3(a);
(3) 52.225-9 and 52.225-11, see the definition in 52.225-9(a) and 52.225-11(a); and
(4) 52.225-21 and 52.225-23, see the definition in 52.225-21(a) and 52.225-23(a).

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2.101

“Computer database” or “database” means a collection of recorded information in a form capable of, and for the purpose
of, being stored in, processed, and operated on by a computer. The term does not include computer software.
“Computer software” —
(1) Means (i) Computer programs that comprise a series of instructions, rules, routines, or statements, regardless of the
media in which recorded, that allow or cause a computer to perform a specific operation or series of operations; and
(ii) Recorded information comprising source code listings, design details, algorithms, processes, flow charts,
formulas, and related material that would enable the computer program to be produced, created, or compiled.
(2) Does not include computer databases or computer software documentation.
“Computer software documentation” means owner’s manuals, user’s manuals, installation instructions, operating
instructions, and other similar items, regardless of storage medium, that explain the capabilities of the computer software or
provide instructions for using the software.
“Consent to subcontract” means the contracting officer’s written consent for the prime contractor to enter into a particular
subcontract.
“Consolidation or consolidated requirement”—
(1) Means a solicitation for a single contract, a multiple-award contract, a task order, or a delivery order to satisfy(i) Two or more requirements of the Federal agency for supplies or services that have been provided to or performed
for the Federal agency under two or more separate contracts, each of which was lower in cost than the total cost of the
contract for which offers are solicited; or
(ii) Requirements of the Federal agency for construction projects to be performed at two or more discrete sites.
(2) “Separate contract” as used in this definition, means a contract that has been performed by any business, including
small and other than small business concerns.
“Construction” means construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings,
structures, or other real property. For purposes of this definition, the terms “buildings, structures, or other real property”
include, but are not limited to, improvements of all types, such as bridges, dams, plants, highways, parkways, streets,
subways, tunnels, sewers, mains, power lines, cemeteries, pumping stations, railways, airport facilities, terminals, docks,
piers, wharves, ways, lighthouses, buoys, jetties, breakwaters, levees, canals, and channels. Construction does not include the
manufacture, production, furnishing, construction, alteration, repair, processing, or assembling of vessels, aircraft, or other
kinds of personal property (except that for use in subpart 22.5, see the definition at 22.502).
“Contiguous United States (CONUS)” means the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia.
“Contingency operation” (10 U.S.C.101(a)(13)) means a military operation that(1) Is designated by the Secretary of Defense as an operation in which members of the armed forces are or may become
involved in military actions, operations, or hostilities against an enemy of the United States or against an opposing military
force; or
(2) Results in the call or order to, or retention on, active duty of members of the uniformed services under sections
688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12304(a), 12305, or 12406 of title 10 of the United States Code, Chapter 15 of title 10 of the
United States Code, or any other provision of law during a war or during a national emergency declared by the President or
Congress.
“Continued portion of the contract” means the portion of a contract that the contractor must continue to perform following
a partial termination.
“Contract” means a mutually binding legal relationship obligating the seller to furnish the supplies or services (including
construction) and the buyer to pay for them. It includes all types of commitments that obligate the Government to an
expenditure of appropriated funds and that, except as otherwise authorized, are in writing. In addition to bilateral instruments,
contracts include (but are not limited to) awards and notices of awards; job orders or task letters issued under basic ordering
agreements; letter contracts; orders, such as purchase orders, under which the contract becomes effective by written
acceptance or performance; and bilateral contract modifications. Contracts do not include grants and cooperative agreements
covered by 31 U.S.C.6301, et seq. For discussion of various types of contracts, see part 16.
“Contract administration office” means an office that performs(1) Assigned postaward functions related to the administration of contracts; and
(2) Assigned preaward functions.
“Contract clause” or “clause” means a term or condition used in contracts or in both solicitations and contracts, and
applying after contract award or both before and after award.
“Contract modification” means any written change in the terms of a contract (see 43.103).

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“Contracting” means purchasing, renting, leasing, or otherwise obtaining supplies or services from nonfederal sources.
Contracting includes description (but not determination) of supplies and services required, selection and solicitation of
sources, preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. It does not include making grants or
cooperative agreements.
“Contracting activity” means an element of an agency designated by the agency head and delegated broad authority
regarding acquisition functions.
“Contracting office” means an office that awards or executes a contract for supplies or services and performs postaward
functions not assigned to a contract administration office (except for use in part 48, see also 48.001).
“Contracting officer” means a person with the authority to enter into, administer, and/or terminate contracts and make
related determinations and findings. The term includes certain authorized representatives of the contracting officer acting
within the limits of their authority as delegated by the contracting officer. “Administrative contracting officer (ACO)” refers
to a contracting officer who is administering contracts. “Termination contracting officer (TCO)” refers to a contracting officer
who is settling terminated contracts. A single contracting officer may be responsible for duties in any or all of these areas.
Reference in this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1) to administrative contracting officer or termination contracting officer does
not(1) Require that a duty be performed at a particular office or activity; or
(2) Restrict in any way a contracting officer in the performance of any duty properly assigned.
“Contracting officer’s representative (COR)” means an individual, including a contracting officer’s technical
representative (COTR), designated and authorized in writing by the contracting officer to perform specific technical or
administrative functions.
“Conviction” means a judgment or conviction of a criminal offense by any court of competent jurisdiction, whether
entered upon a verdict or a plea, and includes a conviction entered upon a plea of nolo contendere. For use in subpart 23.5,
see the definition at 23.503.
“Cost or pricing data” (10 U.S.C.2306a(h)(1) and 41 U.S.C. chapter 35) means all facts that, as of the date of price
agreement, or, if applicable, an earlier date agreed upon between the parties that is as close as practicable to the date of
agreement on price, prudent buyers and sellers would reasonably expect to affect price negotiations significantly. Cost
or pricing data are factual, not judgmental; and are verifiable. While they do not indicate the accuracy of the prospective
contractor’s judgment about estimated future costs or projections, they do include the data forming the basis for that
judgment. Cost or pricing data are more than historical accounting data; they are all the facts that can be reasonably expected
to contribute to the soundness of estimates of future costs and to the validity of determinations of costs already incurred. They
also include, but are not limited to, such factors as(1) Vendor quotations;
(2) Nonrecurring costs;
(3) Information on changes in production methods and in production or purchasing volume;
(4) Data supporting projections of business prospects and objectives and related operations costs;
(5) Unit-cost trends such as those associated with labor efficiency;
(6) Make-or-buy decisions;
(7) Estimated resources to attain business goals; and
(8) Information on management decisions that could have a significant bearing on costs.
“Cost realism” means that the costs in an offeror’s proposal(1) Are realistic for the work to be performed;
(2) Reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and
(3) Are consistent with the various elements of the offeror’s technical proposal.
“Cost sharing” means an explicit arrangement under which the contractor bears some of the burden of reasonable,
allocable, and allowable contract cost.
“Customs territory of the United States” means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
“Data other than certified cost or pricing data” means pricing data, cost data, and judgmental information necessary for the
contracting officer to determine a fair and reasonable price or to determine cost realism. Such data may include the identical
types of data as certified cost or pricing data, consistent with Table 15-2 of 15.408, but without the certification. The data
may also include, for example, sales data and any information reasonably required to explain the offeror’s estimating process,
including, but not limited to–
(1) The judgmental factors applied and the mathematical or other methods used in the estimate, including those used in
projecting from known data; and

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2.101

(2) The nature and amount of any contingencies included in the proposed price.
“Day” means, unless otherwise specified, a calendar day.
“Debarment” means action taken by a debarring official under 9.406 to exclude a contractor from Government contracting
and Government-approved subcontracting for a reasonable, specified period; a contractor that is excluded is “debarred.”
“Delivery order” means an order for supplies placed against an established contract or with Government sources.
“Depreciation” means a charge to current operations that distributes the cost of a tangible capital asset, less estimated
residual value, over the estimated useful life of the asset in a systematic and logical manner. It does not involve a process
of valuation. Useful life refers to the prospective period of economic usefulness in a particular contractor’s operations
as distinguished from physical life; it is evidenced by the actual or estimated retirement and replacement practice of the
contractor.
“Descriptive literature” means information provided by an offeror, such as cuts, illustrations, drawings, and brochures,
that shows a product’s characteristics or construction of a product or explains its operation. The term includes only that
information needed to evaluate the acceptability of the product and excludes other information for operating or maintaining
the product.
“Design-to-cost” means a concept that establishes cost elements as management goals to achieve the best balance between
life-cycle cost, acceptable performance, and schedule. Under this concept, cost is a design constraint during the design and
development phases and a management discipline throughout the acquisition and operation of the system or equipment.
“Designated operational area” means a geographic area designated by the combatant commander or subordinate joint force
commander for the conduct or support of specified military operations.
“Direct acquisition” means a type of interagency acquisition where a requesting agency places an order directly against a
servicing agency’s indefinite-delivery contract. The servicing agency manages the indefinite-delivery contract but does not
participate in the placement or administration of an order.
“Direct cost” means any cost that is identified specifically with a particular final cost objective. Direct costs are not limited
to items that are incorporated in the end product as material or labor. Costs identified specifically with a contract are direct
costs of that contract. All costs identified specifically with other final cost objectives of the contractor are direct costs of those
cost objectives.
“Disaster Response Registry” means a voluntary registry of contractors who are willing to perform debris removal,
distribution of supplies, reconstruction, and other disaster or emergency relief activities established in accordance with
6 U.S.C. 796, Registry of Disaster Response Contractors. The Registry contains information on contractors who are willing to
perform disaster or emergency relief activities within the United States and its outlying areas. The Registry is accessed via the
Internet at https://www.sam.gov, Search Records, Advanced Search, Disaster Response Registry Search. (See 26.205.)
“Drug-free workplace” means the site(s) for the performance of work done by the contractor in connection with a
specific contract where employees of the contractor are prohibited from engaging in the unlawful manufacture, distribution,
dispensing, possession, or use of a controlled substance.
“Earned value management system” means a project management tool that effectively integrates the project scope of
work with cost, schedule and performance elements for optimum project planning and control. The qualities and operating
characteristics of an earned value management system are described in Electronic Industries Alliance Standard 748
(EIA-748), Earned Value Management Systems. (See OMB Circular A-11, part 7.)
“Economically disadvantaged women-owned small business (EDWOSB) concern”-(see definition of “Women-Owned
Small Business (WOSB) Program” in this section).
“Effective date of termination” means the date on which the notice of termination requires the contractor to stop
performance under the contract. If the contractor receives the termination notice after the date fixed for termination, then the
effective date of termination means the date the contractor receives the notice.
“Electronic and information technology (EIT)” has the same meaning as “information technology” except EIT also
includes any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used in the creation, conversion, or
duplication of data or information. The term EIT, includes, but is not limited to, telecommunication products (such as
telephones), information kiosks and transaction machines, worldwide websites, multimedia, and office equipment (such as
copiers and fax machines).
“Electronic commerce” means electronic techniques for accomplishing business transactions including electronic mail or
messaging, World Wide Web technology, electronic bulletin boards, purchase cards, electronic funds transfer, and electronic
data interchange.

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“Electronic data interchange (EDI)” means a technique for electronically transferring and storing formatted information
between computers utilizing established and published formats and codes, as authorized by the applicable Federal
Information Processing Standards.
“Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)” means any transfer of funds, other than a transaction originated by cash, check,
or similar paper instrument, that is initiated through an electronic terminal, telephone, computer, or magnetic tape, for
the purpose of ordering, instructing, or authorizing a financial institution to debit or credit an account. The term includes
Automated Clearing House transfers, Fedwire transfers, and transfers made at automatic teller machines and point-of-sale
terminals. For purposes of compliance with 31 U.S.C.3332 and implementing regulations at 31 CFR part 208, the term
“electronic funds transfer” includes a Governmentwide commercial purchase card transaction.
“Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) indicator” means a four-character suffix to the unique entity identifier. The suffix is
assigned at the discretion of the commercial, nonprofit, or Government entity to establish additional System for Award
Management records for identifying alternative EFT accounts (see subpart 32.11) for the same entity.
“Emergency,” as used in 6.208, 13.201, 13.500, 18.001, 18.202, 18.203, and subpart 26.2, means any occasion or instance
for which, in the determination of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and
capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe
in any part of the United States (42 U.S.C. 5122).
“End product” means supplies delivered under a line item of a Government contract, except for use in part 25 and
the associated clauses at 52.225-1, 52.225-3, and 52.225-5, see the definitions in 25.003, 52.225-1(a), 52.225-3(a), and
52.225-5(a).
“Energy-efficient product”(1) Means a product that(i) Meets Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency criteria for use of the Energy Star trademark
label; or
(ii) Is in the upper 25 percent of efficiency for all similar products as designated by the Department of Energy’s
Federal Energy Management Program.
(2) As used in this definition, the term “product” does not include any energy-consuming product or system designed or
procured for combat or combat-related missions (42 U.S.C. 8259b).
“Energy-efficient standby power devices” means products that use(1) External standby power devices, or that contain an internal standby power function; and
(2) No more than one watt of electricity in their standby power consuming mode or meet recommended low standby
levels as designated by the Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program.
“Energy-savings performance contract” means a contract that requires the contractor to(1) Perform services for the design, acquisition, financing, installation, testing, operation, and where appropriate,
maintenance and repair, of an identified energy conservation measure or series of measures at one or more locations;
(2) Incur the costs of implementing the energy savings measures, including at least the cost (if any) incurred in making
energy audits, acquiring and installing equipment, and training personnel in exchange for a predetermined share of the value
of the energy savings directly resulting from implementation of such measures during the term of the contract; and
(3) Guarantee future energy and cost savings to the Government.
“Environmentally preferable” means products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and
the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. This comparison may
consider raw materials acquisition, production, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance, or
disposal of the product or service.
“Excess personal property” means any personal property under the control of a Federal agency that the agency head
determines is not required for its needs or for the discharge of its responsibilities.
“Executive agency” means an executive department, a military department, or any independent establishment within the
meaning of 5 U.S.C.101, 102, and 104(1), respectively, and any wholly owned Government corporation within the meaning
of 31 U.S.C.9101.
“Facilities capital cost of money” means “cost of money as an element of the cost of facilities capital” as used at 48 CFR
9904.414-Cost Accounting Standard-Cost of Money as an Element of the Cost of Facilities Capital.
“Federal agency” means any executive agency or any independent establishment in the legislative or judicial branch of
the Government (except the Senate, the House of Representatives, the Architect of the Capitol, and any activities under the
Architect’s direction).
“Federally-controlled facilities” means—

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(1) Federally-owned buildings or leased space, whether for single or multi-tenant occupancy, and its grounds and
approaches, all or any portion of which is under the jurisdiction, custody or control of a department or agency;
(2) Federally-controlled commercial space shared with non-government tenants. For example, if a department or
agency leased the 10th floor of a commercial building, the Directive applies to the 10th floor only;
(3) Government-owned, contractor-operated facilities, including laboratories engaged in national defense research and
production activities; and
(4) Facilities under a management and operating contract, such as for the operation, maintenance, or support of a
Government-owned or Government-controlled research, development, special production, or testing establishment.
“Federally-controlled information system” means an information system (44 U.S.C. 3502(8) used or operated by a Federal
agency, or a contractor or other organization on behalf of the agency (44 U.S.C. 3544(a)(1)(A)).
“Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDC’s)” means activities that are sponsored under a broad
charter by a Government agency (or agencies) for the purpose of performing, analyzing, integrating, supporting, and/or
managing basic or applied research and/or development, and that receive 70 percent or more of their financial support from
the Government; and(1) A long-term relationship is contemplated;
(2) Most or all of the facilities are owned or funded by the Government; and
(3) The FFRDC has access to Government and supplier data, employees, and facilities beyond that common in a
normal contractual relationship.
“Final indirect cost rate” means the indirect cost rate established and agreed upon by the Government and the contractor
as not subject to change. It is usually established after the close of the contractor’s fiscal year (unless the parties decide
upon a different period) to which it applies. For cost-reimbursement research and development contracts with educational
institutions, it may be predetermined; that is, established for a future period on the basis of cost experience with similar
contracts, together with supporting data.
“First article” means a preproduction model, initial production sample, test sample, first lot, pilot lot, or pilot models.
“First article testing” means testing and evaluating the first article for conformance with specified contract requirements
before or in the initial stage of production.
“F.o.b.” means free on board. This term is used in conjunction with a physical point to determine(1) The responsibility and basis for payment of freight charges; and
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, the point where title for goods passes to the buyer or consignee.
“F.o.b. destination” means free on board at destination; i.e., the seller or consignor delivers the goods on seller’s or
consignor’s conveyance at destination. Unless the contract provides otherwise, the seller or consignor is responsible for the
cost of shipping and risk of loss. For use in the clause at 52.247-34, see the definition at 52.247-34(a).
“F.o.b. origin” means free on board at origin; i.e., the seller or consignor places the goods on the conveyance. Unless the
contract provides otherwise, the buyer or consignee is responsible for the cost of shipping and risk of loss. For use in the
clause at 52.247-29, see the definition at 52.247-29(a).
“F.o.b.”... (For other types of F.o.b., see 47.303).
“Forward pricing rate agreement” means a written agreement negotiated between a contractor and the Government to
make certain rates available during a specified period for use in pricing contracts or modifications. These rates represent
reasonable projections of specific costs that are not easily estimated for, identified with, or generated by a specific contract,
contract end item, or task. These projections may include rates for such things as labor, indirect costs, material obsolescence
and usage, spare parts provisioning, and material handling.
“Forward pricing rate recommendation” means a rate set unilaterally by the administrative contracting officer for use by
the Government in negotiations or other contract actions when forward pricing rate agreement negotiations have not been
completed or when the contractor will not agree to a forward pricing rate agreement.
“Freight” means supplies, goods, and transportable property.
“Full and open competition,” when used with respect to a contract action, means that all responsible sources are permitted
to compete.
“General and administrative (G&A) expense” means any management, financial, and other expense which is incurred by
or allocated to a business unit and which is for the general management and administration of the business unit as a whole.
G&A expense does not include those management expenses whose beneficial or causal relationship to cost objectives can be
more directly measured by a base other than a cost input base representing the total activity of a business unit during a cost
accounting period.

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“Global warming potential” means how much a given mass of a chemical contributes to global warming over a given time
period compared to the same mass of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide’s global warming potential is defined as 1.0.
“Governmentwide acquisition contract (GWAC)” means a task-order or delivery-order contract for information technology
established by one agency for Governmentwide use that is operated(1) By an executive agent designated by the Office of Management and Budget pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 11302(e); or
(2) Under a delegation of procurement authority issued by the General Services Administration (GSA) prior to August
7,1996, under authority granted GSA by former section 40 U.S.C. 759, repealed by Pub. L. 104-106. The Economy Act does
not apply to orders under a Governmentwide acquisition contract.
“Governmentwide point of entry (GPE)” means the single point where Government business opportunities greater
than $25,000, including synopses of proposed contract actions, solicitations, and associated information, can be accessed
electronically by the public. The GPE is located at www.fbo.gov.
“Head of the agency” (see “agency head”).
“Head of the contracting activity” means the official who has overall responsibility for managing the contracting activity.
“High global warming potential hydrofluorocarbons” means any hydrofluorocarbons in a particular end use for which
EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program has identified other acceptable alternatives that have lower
global warming potential. The SNAP list of alternatives is found at 40 CFR part 82 subpart G with supplemental tables of
alternatives available at http://www.epa.gov/snap/).
“Historically black college or university” means an institution determined by the Secretary of Education to meet the
requirements of 34 CFR 608.2.
“HUBZone” means a historically underutilized business zone that is an area located within one or more qualified census
tracts, qualified nonmetropolitan counties, lands within the external boundaries of an Indian reservation, qualified base
closure areas, or redesignated areas, as defined in 13 CFR 126.103.
“HUBZone contract” means a contract awarded to a Small Business Administration certified “HUBZone small business
concern” through any of the following procurement methods:
(1) A sole source award to a HUBZone small business concern.
(2) Set-aside awards based on competition restricted to HUBZone small business concerns.
(3) Awards to HUBZone small business concerns through full and open competition after a price evaluation preference
in favor of HUBZone small business concerns.
“HUBZone small business concern” means a small business concern, certified by the Small Business Administration
(SBA), that appears on the List of Qualified HUBZone Small Business Concerns maintained by the SBA (13 CFR 126.103).
“Humanitarian or peacekeeping operation” means a military operation in support of the provision of humanitarian or
foreign disaster assistance or in support of a peacekeeping operation under chapter VI or VII of the Charter of the United
Nations. The term does not include routine training, force rotation, or stationing (10 U.S.C.2302(8) and 41 U.S.C. 153(2)).
“Hydrofluorocarbons” means compounds that contain only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon.
“In writing,” “writing,” or “written” means any worded or numbered expression that can be read, reproduced, and later
communicated, and includes electronically transmitted and stored information.
“Indirect cost” means any cost not directly identified with a single final cost objective, but identified with two or more
final cost objectives or with at least one intermediate cost objective.
“Indirect cost rate” means the percentage or dollar factor that expresses the ratio of indirect expense incurred in a given
period to direct labor cost, manufacturing cost, or another appropriate base for the same period (see also “final indirect cost
rate”).
“Ineligible” means excluded from Government contracting (and subcontracting, if appropriate) pursuant to statutory,
Executive order, or regulatory authority other than this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1) and its implementing and
supplementing regulations; for example, pursuant to–
(1) 40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter IV, Wage Rate Requirements (Construction), and its related statutes and
implementing regulations;
(2) 41 U.S.C. chapter 67, Service Contract Labor Standards;
(3) The Equal Employment Opportunity Acts and Executive orders;
(4) 41 U.S.C. chapter 65, Contracts for Material, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000;
(5) 41 U.S.C. chapter 83, Buy American; or
(6) The Environmental Protection Acts and Executive orders.
“Information security” means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide-

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(1) Integrity, which means guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring
information nonrepudiation and authenticity;
(2) Confidentiality, which means preserving authorized restrictions on access and disclosure, including means for
protecting personal privacy and proprietary information; and
(3) Availability, which means ensuring timely and reliable access to, and use of, information.
“Information technology” means any equipment, or interconnected system(s) or subsystem(s) of equipment, that is used in
the automatic acquisition, storage, analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching,
interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information by the agency.
(1) For purposes of this definition, equipment is used by an agency if the equipment is used by the agency directly or is
used by a contractor under a contract with the agency that requires(i) Its use; or
(ii) To a significant extent, its use in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product.
(2) The term “information technology” includes computers, ancillary equipment (including imaging peripherals, input,
output, and storage devices necessary for security and surveillance), peripheral equipment designed to be controlled by the
central processing unit of a computer, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including support services), and
related resources.
(3) The term “information technology” does not include any equipment that(i) Is acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract; or
(ii) Contains imbedded information technology that is used as an integral part of the product, but the principal
function of which is not the acquisition, storage, analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control,
display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. For example, HVAC (heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning) equipment, such as thermostats or temperature control devices, and medical equipment where
information technology is integral to its operation, are not information technology.
“Inherently governmental function” means, as a matter of policy, a function that is so intimately related to the public
interest as to mandate performance by Government employees. This definition is a policy determination, not a legal
determination. An inherently governmental function includes activities that require either the exercise of discretion in
applying Government authority, or the making of value judgments in making decisions for the Government. Governmental
functions normally fall into two categories: the act of governing, i.e., the discretionary exercise of Government authority, and
monetary transactions and entitlements.
(1) An inherently governmental function involves, among other things, the interpretation and execution of the laws of
the United States so as to(i) Bind the United States to take or not to take some action by contract, policy, regulation, authorization, order, or
otherwise;
(ii) Determine, protect, and advance United States economic, political, territorial, property, or other interests by
military or diplomatic action, civil or criminal judicial proceedings, contract management, or otherwise;
(iii) Significantly affect the life, liberty, or property of private persons;
(iv) Commission, appoint, direct, or control officers or employees of the United States; or
(v) Exert ultimate control over the acquisition, use, or disposition of the property, real or personal, tangible or
intangible, of the United States, including the collection, control, or disbursement of Federal funds.
(2) Inherently governmental functions do not normally include gathering information for or providing advice, opinions,
recommendations, or ideas to Government officials. They also do not include functions that are primarily ministerial and
internal in nature, such as building security, mail operations, operation of cafeterias, housekeeping, facilities operations and
maintenance, warehouse operations, motor vehicle fleet management operations, or other routine electrical or mechanical
services.
“Inspection” means examining and testing supplies or services (including, when appropriate, raw materials, components,
and intermediate assemblies) to determine whether they conform to contract requirements.
“Insurance” means a contract that provides that for a stipulated consideration, one party undertakes to indemnify another
against loss, damage, or liability arising from an unknown or contingent event.
“Interagency acquisition” means a procedure by which an agency needing supplies or services (the requesting agency)
obtains them from another agency (the servicing agency), by an assisted acquisition or a direct acquisition. The term includes
—
(1) Acquisitions under the Economy Act (31 U.S.C. 1535); and

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(2) Non-Economy Act acquisitions completed under other statutory authorities, (e.g., General Services Administration
Federal Supply Schedules in subpart 8.4 and Governmentwide acquisition contracts (GWACs)).
“Invoice” means a contractor’s bill or written request for payment under the contract for supplies delivered or services
performed (see also “proper invoice”).
“Irrevocable letter of credit” means a written commitment by a federally insured financial institution to pay all or part of
a stated amount of money, until the expiration date of the letter, upon the Government’s (the beneficiary) presentation of a
written demand for payment. Neither the financial institution nor the offeror/contractor can revoke or condition the letter of
credit.
“Labor surplus area” means a geographical area identified by the Department of Labor in accordance with 20 CFR part
654, subpart A, as an area of concentrated unemployment or underemployment or an area of labor surplus.
“Labor surplus area concern” means a concern that together with its first-tier subcontractors will perform substantially in
labor surplus areas. Performance is substantially in labor surplus areas if the costs incurred under the contract on account of
manufacturing, production, or performance of appropriate services in labor surplus areas exceed 50 percent of the contract
price.
“Latent defect” means a defect that exists at the time of acceptance but cannot be discovered by a reasonable inspection.
“Line item” means the basic structural element in a procurement instrument that describes and organizes the required
product or service for pricing, delivery, inspection, acceptance, invoicing, and payment. The use of the term “line item”
includes “subline item,” as applicable.
“Line item number” means either a numeric or alphanumeric format to identify a line item.
“Major disaster,” as used in 6.208, 13.201, 13.500, 18.001, 18.202, 18.203, and subpart 26.2, means any natural
catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, winddriven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic
eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part
of the United States, which, in the determination of the President, causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to
warrant major disaster assistance under the Stafford Act to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, local
governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby (42
U.S.C. 5122).
“Major system” means that combination of elements that will function together to produce the capabilities required to
fulfill a mission need. The elements may include hardware, equipment, software, or any combination thereof, but exclude
construction or other improvements to real property. A system is a major system if(1) The Department of Defense is responsible for the system and the total expenditures for research, development, test,
and evaluation for the system are estimated to be more than $185 million based on Fiscal Year 2014 constant dollars or the
eventual total expenditure for the acquisition exceeds $835 million based on Fiscal Year 2014 constant dollars (or any update
of these thresholds based on a more recent fiscal year, as specified in the DoD Instruction 5000.02, “Operation of the Defense
Acquisition System”);
(2) A civilian agency is responsible for the system and total expenditures for the system are estimated to exceed $2
million or the dollar threshold for a “major system” established by the agency pursuant to Office of Management and Budget
Circular A-109, entitled “Major System Acquisitions,” whichever is greater; or
(3) The system is designated a “major system” by the head of the agency responsible for the system (10 U.S.C.2302
and 41 U.S.C. 109).
“Make-or-buy program” means that part of a contractor’s written plan for a contract identifying those major items to be
produced or work efforts to be performed in the prime contractor’s facilities and those to be subcontracted.
“Manufactured end product” means any end product in product and service codes (PSC) 1000-9999, except(1) PSC 5510, Lumber and Related Basic Wood Materials;
(2) Product or service group (PSG) 87, Agricultural Supplies;
(3) PSG 88, Live Animals;
(4) PSG 89, Subsistence;
(5) PSC 9410, Crude Grades of Plant Materials;
(6) PSC 9430, Miscellaneous Crude Animal Products, Inedible;
(7) PSC 9440, Miscellaneous Crude Agricultural and Forestry Products;
(8) PSC 9610, Ores;
(9) PSC 9620, Minerals, Natural and Synthetic; and
(10) PSC 9630, Additive Metal Materials.

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“Market research” means collecting and analyzing information about capabilities within the market to satisfy agency
needs.
“Master solicitation” means a document containing special clauses and provisions that have been identified as essential for
the acquisition of a specific type of supply or service that is acquired repetitively.
“May” denotes the permissive. However, the words “no person may...” mean that no person is required, authorized, or
permitted to do the act described.
“Micro-purchase” means an acquisition of supplies or services using simplified acquisition procedures, the aggregate
amount of which does not exceed the micro-purchase threshold.
“Micro-purchase threshold” means $3,500, except it means(1) For acquisitions of construction subject to 40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter IV, Wage Rate Requirements
(Construction), $2,000;
(2) For acquisitions of services subject to 41 U.S.C. chapter 67, Service Contract Labor Standards, $2,500; and
(3) For acquisitions of supplies or services that, as determined by the head of the agency, are to be used to support
a contingency operation; to facilitate defense against or recovery from cyber, nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological
attack; to support a request from the Secretary of State or the Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development to facilitate provision of international disaster assistance pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 2292 et seq.; or to support
response to an emergency or major disaster (42 U.S.C. 5122), as described in 13.201(g)(1), except for construction subject to
40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter IV, Wage Rate Requirements (Construction) (41 U.S.C. 1903)–
(i) $20,000 in the case of any contract to be awarded and performed, or purchase to be made, inside the United
States; and
(ii) $30,000 in the case of any contract to be awarded and performed, or purchase to be made, outside the United
States.
“Minority Institution” means an institution of higher education meeting the requirements of Section 365(3) of the Higher
Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1067k), including a Hispanic-serving institution of higher education, as defined in Section
502(a) of the Act (20 U.S.C. 1101a).
“Multi-agency contract (MAC)” means a task-order or delivery-order contract established by one agency for use by
Government agencies to obtain supplies and services, consistent with the Economy Act (see 17.502-2). Multi-agency
contracts include contracts for information technology established pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 11314(a)(2).
“Multiple-award contract” means a contract that is—
(1) A Multiple Award Schedule contract issued by GSA (e.g., GSA Schedule Contract) or agencies granted Multiple
Award Schedule contract authority by GSA (e.g., Department of Veterans Affairs) as described in FAR part 38;
(2) A multiple-award task-order or delivery-order contract issued in accordance with FAR subpart 16.5, including
Governmentwide acquisition contracts; or
(3) Any other indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contract entered into with two or more sources pursuant to the
same solicitation.
“Must” (see “shall”).
“National defense” means any activity related to programs for military or atomic energy production or construction,
military assistance to any foreign nation, stockpiling, or space, except that for use in subpart 11.6, see the definition in
11.601.
“Neutral person” means an impartial third party, who serves as a mediator, fact finder, or arbitrator, or otherwise functions
to assist the parties to resolve the issues in controversy. A neutral person may be a permanent or temporary officer or
employee of the Federal Government or any other individual who is acceptable to the parties. A neutral person must have no
official, financial, or personal conflict of interest with respect to the issues in controversy, unless the interest is fully disclosed
in writing to all parties and all parties agree that the neutral person may serve (5 U.S.C.583).
“Nondevelopmental item” means—
(1) Any previously developed item of supply used exclusively for governmental purposes by a Federal agency, a State
or local government, or a foreign government with which the United States has a mutual defense cooperation agreement;
(2) Any item described in paragraph (1) of this definition that requires only minor modification or modifications of a
type customarily available in the commercial marketplace in order to meet the requirements of the procuring department or
agency; or
(3) Any item of supply being produced that does not meet the requirements of paragraphs (1) or (2) solely because the
item is not yet in use.
“Novation agreement” means a legal instrument-

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(1) Executed by the(i) Contractor (transferor);
(ii) Successor in interest (transferee); and
(iii) Government; and
(2) By which, among other things, the transferor guarantees performance of the contract, the transferee assumes all
obligations under the contract, and the Government recognizes the transfer of the contract and related assets.
“Offer” means a response to a solicitation that, if accepted, would bind the offeror to perform the resultant contract.
Responses to invitations for bids (sealed bidding) are offers called “bids” or “sealed bids”; responses to requests for proposals
(negotiation) are offers called “proposals”; however, responses to requests for quotations (simplified acquisition) are
“quotations,” not offers. For unsolicited proposals, see subpart 15.6.
“Offeror” means offeror or bidder.
“Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization” means the Office of Small Business Programs when referring to
the Department of Defense.
“OMB Uniform Guidance at 2 CFR part 200” is the abbreviated title for Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost
Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (2 CFR part 200), which supersedes OMB Circulars A-21, A-87,
A-89, A-102, A-110, A-122, and A-133, and the guidance in Circular A-50 on Audit Followup.
“Option” means a unilateral right in a contract by which, for a specified time, the Government may elect to purchase
additional supplies or services called for by the contract, or may elect to extend the term of the contract.
“Organizational conflict of interest” means that because of other activities or relationships with other persons, a person
is unable or potentially unable to render impartial assistance or advice to the Government, or the person’s objectivity in
performing the contract work is or might be otherwise impaired, or a person has an unfair competitive advantage.
“Outlying areas” means(1) Commonwealths
(i) Puerto Rico.
(ii) The Northern Mariana Islands;
(2) Territories.
(i) American Samoa.
(ii) Guam.
(iii) U.S. Virgin Islands; and
(3) Minor outlying islands.
(i) Baker Island.
(ii) Howland Island.
(iii) Jarvis Island.
(iv) Johnston Atoll.
(v) Kingman Reef.
(vi) Midway Islands.
(vii) Navassa Island.
(viii) Palmyra Atoll.
(ix) Wake Atoll.
“Overtime” means time worked by a contractor’s employee in excess of the employee’s normal workweek.
“Overtime premium” means the difference between the contractor’s regular rate of pay to an employee for the shift
involved and the higher rate paid for overtime. It does not include shift premium, i.e., the difference between the contractor's
regular rate of pay to an employee and the higher rate paid for extra-pay-shift work.
“Ozone-depleting substance” means any substance the Environmental Protection Agency designates in 40 CFR Part 82 as
—
(1) Class I, including, but not limited to, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform; or
(2) Class II, including, but not limited to, hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
“Partial termination” means the termination of a part, but not all, of the work that has not been completed and accepted
under a contract.
“Past performance” means an offeror’s or contractor’s performance on active and physically completed contracts (see
4.804-4).
“Performance-based acquisition (PBA)” means an acquisition structured around the results to be achieved as opposed to
the manner by which the work is to be performed.

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“Performance Work Statement (PWS)” means a statement of work for performance-based acquisitions that describes the
required results in clear, specific and objective terms with measurable outcomes.
“Personal property” means property of any kind or interest in it except real property, records of the Federal Government,
and naval vessels of the following categories:
(1) Battleships;
(2) Cruisers;
(3) Aircraft carriers;
(4) Destroyers; and
(5) Submarines.
“Personal services contract” means a contract that, by its express terms or as administered, makes the contractor personnel
appear to be, in effect, Government employees (see 37.104).
“Plant clearance officer” means an authorized representative of the contracting officer, appointed in accordance with
agency procedures, responsible for screening, redistributing, and disposing of contractor inventory from a contractor’s plant
or work site. The term “Contractor’s plant” includes, but is not limited to, Government-owned contractor-operated plants,
Federal installations, and Federal and non-Federal industrial operations, as may be required under the scope of the contract.
“Pollution prevention” means any practice that(1) (i) Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or
otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and
(ii) Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances,
pollutants, and contaminants;
(2) Reduces or eliminates the creation of pollutants through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy,
water, or other resources; or
(3) Protects natural resources by conservation.
“Power of attorney” means the authority given one person or corporation to act for and obligate another, as specified in
the instrument creating the power; in corporate suretyship, an instrument under seal that appoints an attorney-in-fact to act in
behalf of a surety company in signing bonds (see also “attorney-in-fact” at 28.001).
“Preaward survey” means an evaluation of a prospective contractor’s capability to perform a proposed contract.
“Preponderance of the evidence” means proof by information that, compared with that opposing it, leads to the conclusion
that the fact at issue is more probably true than not.
“Pricing” means the process of establishing a reasonable amount or amounts to be paid for supplies or services.
“Principal” means an officer, director, owner, partner, or a person having primary management or supervisory
responsibilities within a business entity (e.g., general manager; plant manager; head of a division or business segment; and
similar positions).
“Procurement” (see “acquisition”).
“Procuring activity” means a component of an executive agency having a significant acquisition function and designated
as such by the head of the agency. Unless agency regulations specify otherwise, the term “procuring activity” is synonymous
with “contracting activity.”
“Products” has the same meaning as “supplies.”
“Projected average loss” means the estimated long-term average loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk
of loss.
“Proper invoice” means an invoice that meets the minimum standards specified in 32.905(b).
“Purchase order,” when issued by the Government, means an offer by the Government to buy supplies or services,
including construction and research and development, upon specified terms and conditions, using simplified acquisition
procedures.
“Qualification requirement” means a Government requirement for testing or other quality assurance demonstration that
must be completed before award of a contract.
“Qualified products list (QPL)” means a list of products that have been examined, tested, and have satisfied all applicable
qualification requirements.
“Receiving report” means written evidence that indicates Government acceptance of supplies delivered or services
performed (see subpart 46.6). Receiving reports must meet the requirements of 32.905(c).
“Recovered material” means waste materials and by-products recovered or diverted from solid waste, but the term does
not include those materials and by-products generated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufacturing process.
For use in subpart 11.3 for paper and paper products, see the definition at 11.301.

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2.101

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

“Registered in the System for Award Management (SAM)” means that—
(1) The Contractor has entered all mandatory information, including the unique entity identifier and the Electronic
Funds Transfer indicator (if applicable), the Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code, as well as data required by
the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (see subpart 4.14), into SAM;
(2) The Contractor has completed the Core, Assertions, Representations and Certifications, and Points of Contact
sections of the registration in SAM;
(3) The Government has validated all mandatory data fields, to include validation of the Taxpayer Identification
Number (TIN) with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The contractor will be required to provide consent for TIN validation
to the Government as a part of the SAM registration process; and
(4) The Government has marked the record Active.
“Renewable energy” means energy produced by solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, ocean (including tidal,
wave, current, and thermal), municipal solid waste, or new hydroelectric generation capacity achieved from increased
efficiency or additions of new capacity at an existing hydroelectric project (Energy Policy Act of 2005, 42 U.S.C. 15852).
“Renewable energy technology” means—
(1) Technologies that use renewable energy to provide light, heat, cooling, or mechanical or electrical energy for use in
facilities or other activities; or
(2) The use of integrated whole-building designs that rely upon renewable energy resources, including passive solar
design.
“Requesting agency” means the agency that has the requirement for an interagency acquisition.
“Residual value” means the proceeds, less removal and disposal costs, if any, realized upon disposition of a tangible
capital asset. It usually is measured by the net proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the asset, or its fair value if the
asset is traded in on another asset. The estimated residual value is a current forecast of the residual value.
“Responsible audit agency” means the agency that is responsible for performing all required contract audit services at a
business unit.
“Responsible prospective contractor” means a contractor that meets the standards in 9.104.
“Scrap” means personal property that has no value except its basic metallic, mineral, or organic content.
“Segment” means one of two or more divisions, product departments, plants, or other subdivisions of an organization
reporting directly to a home office, usually identified with responsibility for profit and/or producing a product or service. The
term includes(1) Government-owned contractor-operated (GOCO) facilities; and
(2) Joint ventures and subsidiaries (domestic and foreign) in which the organization has(i) A majority ownership; or
(ii) Less than a majority ownership, but over which it exercises control.
“Self-insurance” means the assumption or retention of the risk of loss by the contractor, whether voluntarily or
involuntarily. Self-insurance includes the deductible portion of purchased insurance.
“Senior procurement executive” means the individual appointed pursuant to 41 U.S.C. 1702(c) who is responsible for
management direction of the acquisition system of the executive agency, including implementation of the unique acquisition
policies, regulations, and standards of the executive agency.
“Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern”—
(1) Means a small business concern–
(i) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of any
publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans;
and
(ii) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans
or, in the case of a service-disabled veteran with permanent and severe disability, the spouse or permanent caregiver of such
veteran.
(2) Service-disabled veteran means a veteran, as defined in 38 U.S.C.101(2), with a disability that is service-connected,
as defined in 38 U.S.C.101(16).
“Servicing agency” means the agency that will conduct an assisted acquisition on behalf of the requesting agency.
“Shall” denotes the imperative.
“Shipment” means freight transported or to be transported.
“Shop drawings” means drawings submitted by the construction contractor or a subcontractor at any tier or required under
a construction contract, showing in detail either or both of the following:

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2.101

(1) The proposed fabrication and assembly of structural elements.
(2) The installation (i.e., form, fit, and attachment details) of materials or equipment.
“Should” means an expected course of action or policy that is to be followed unless inappropriate for a particular
circumstance.
“Signature” or “signed” means the discrete, verifiable symbol of an individual that, when affixed to a writing with the
knowledge and consent of the individual, indicates a present intention to authenticate the writing. This includes electronic
symbols.
“Simplified acquisition procedures” means the methods prescribed in part 13 for making purchases of supplies or
services.
“Simplified acquisition threshold” means $150,000, except for—
(1) Acquisitions of supplies or services that, as determined by the head of the agency, are to be used to support a
contingency operation; to facilitate defense against or recovery from cyber, nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological
attack; to support a request from the Secretary of State or the Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development to facilitate provision of international disaster assistance pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 2292 et seq.; or to support
response to an emergency or major disaster (42 U.S.C. 5122), (41 U.S.C. 1903), the term means–
(i) $750,000 for any contract to be awarded and performed, or purchase to be made, inside the United States; and
(ii) $1.5 million for any contract to be awarded and performed, or purchase to be made, outside the United States;
and
(2) Acquisitions of supplies or services that, as determined by the head of the agency, are to be used to support a
humanitarian or peacekeeping operation (10 U.S.C. 2302), the term means $300,000 for any contract to be awarded and
performed, or purchase to be made, outside the United States.
“Single, Governmentwide point of entry,” means the one point of entry to be designated by the Administrator of OFPP that
will allow the private sector to electronically access procurement opportunities Governmentwide.
“Small business concern” means a concern, including its affiliates, that is independently owned and operated, not
dominant in the field of operation in which it is bidding on Government contracts, and qualified as a small business under
the criteria and size standards in 13 CFR part 121 (see 19.102). Such a concern is “not dominant in its field of operation”
when it does not exercise a controlling or major influence on a national basis in a kind of business activity in which a number
of business concerns are primarily engaged. In determining whether dominance exists, consideration must be given to all
appropriate factors, including volume of business, number of employees, financial resources, competitive status or position,
ownership or control of materials, processes, patents, license agreements, facilities, sales territory, and nature of business
activity. (See 15 U.S.C. 632.)
“Small business subcontractor” means a concern that does not exceed the size standard for the North American Industry
Classification Systems code that the prime contractor determines best describes the product or service being acquired by the
subcontract.
“Small Business Teaming Arrangement”—
(1) Means an arrangement where–
(i) Two or more small business concerns have formed a joint venture; or
(ii) A small business offeror agrees with one or more other small business concerns to have them act as its
subcontractors under a specified Government contract. A Small Business Teaming Arrangement between the offeror and its
small business subcontractor(s) exists through a written agreement between the parties that–
(A) Is specifically referred to as a “Small Business Teaming Arrangement”; and
(B) Sets forth the different responsibilities, roles, and percentages (or other allocations) of work as it relates to the
acquisition;
(2) (i) For civilian agencies, may include two business concerns in a mentor-protégé relationship when both the mentor
and the protégé are small or the protégé is small and the concerns have received an exception to affiliation pursuant to 13
CFR 121.103(h)(3)(ii) or (iii).
(ii) For DoD, may include two business concerns in a mentor-protégé relationship in the Department of Defense
Pilot Mentor-Protégé Program (see section 831 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (Public Law
101-510; 10 U.S.C. 2302 note)) when both the mentor and the protégé are small. There is no exception to joint venture size
affiliation for offers received from teaming arrangements under the Department of Defense Pilot Mentor-Protégé Program;
and
(3) See 13 CFR 121.103(b)(9) regarding the exception to affiliation for offers received from Small Business Teaming
Arrangements in the case of a solicitation of offers for a bundled contract with a reserve.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

“Small disadvantaged business concern” consistent with 13 CFR 124.1002, means a small business concern under the size
standard applicable to the acquisition, that:
(1) Is at least 51 percent unconditionally and directly owned (as defined at 13 CFR 124.105) by—
(i) One or more socially disadvantaged (as defined at 13 CFR 124.103) and economically disadvantaged (as defined
at 13 CFR 124.104) individuals who are citizens of the United States; and
(ii) Each individual claiming economic disadvantage has a net worth not exceeding $750,000 after taking into
account the applicable exclusions set forth at 13 CFR 124.104(c)(2); and
(2) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled (as defined at 13 CFR 124.106) by
individuals who meet the criteria in paragraphs (1)(i) and (ii) of this definition.
“Sole source acquisition” means a contract for the purchase of supplies or services that is entered into or proposed to be
entered into by an agency after soliciting and negotiating with only one source.
“Solicitation” means any request to submit offers or quotations to the Government. Solicitations under sealed bid
procedures are called “invitations for bids.” Solicitations under negotiated procedures are called “requests for proposals.”
Solicitations under simplified acquisition procedures may require submission of either a quotation or an offer.
“Solicitation provision or provision” means a term or condition used only in solicitations and applying only before
contract award.
“Source selection information” means any of the following information that is prepared for use by an agency for the
purpose of evaluating a bid or proposal to enter into an agency procurement contract, if that information has not been
previously made available to the public or disclosed publicly:
(1) Bid prices submitted in response to an agency invitation for bids, or lists of those bid prices before bid opening.
(2) Proposed costs or prices submitted in response to an agency solicitation, or lists of those proposed costs or prices.
(3) Source selection plans.
(4) Technical evaluation plans.
(5) Technical evaluations of proposals.
(6) Cost or price evaluations of proposals.
(7) Competitive range determinations that identify proposals that have a reasonable chance of being selected for award
of a contract.
(8) Rankings of bids, proposals, or competitors.
(9) Reports and evaluations of source selection panels, boards, or advisory councils.
(10) Other information marked as “Source Selection Information-See FAR 2.101 and 3.104” based on a case-bycase determination by the head of the agency or the contracting officer, that its disclosure would jeopardize the integrity or
successful completion of the Federal agency procurement to which the information relates.
“Special competency” means a special or unique capability, including qualitative aspects, developed incidental to the
primary functions of the Federally Funded Research and Development Centers to meet some special need.
“Special test equipment” means either single or multipurpose integrated test units engineered, designed, fabricated, or
modified to accomplish special purpose testing in performing a contract. It consists of items or assemblies of equipment
including foundations and similar improvements necessary for installing special test equipment, and standard or general
purpose items or components that are interconnected and interdependent so as to become a new functional entity for special
testing purposes. Special test equipment does not include material, special tooling, real property, and equipment items used
for general testing purposes or property that with relatively minor expense can be made suitable for general purpose use.
“Special tooling” means jigs, dies, fixtures, molds, patterns, taps, gauges, and all components of these items including
foundations and similar improvements necessary for installing special tooling, and which are of such a specialized nature that
without substantial modification or alteration their use is limited to the development or production of particular supplies or
parts thereof or to the performance of particular services. Special tooling does not include material, special test equipment,
real property, equipment, machine tools, or similar capital items.
“State and local taxes” means taxes levied by the States, the District of Columbia, outlying areas of the United States, or
their political subdivisions.
“Statement of Objectives (SOO)” means a Government-prepared document incorporated into the solicitation that states the
overall performance objectives. It is used in solicitations when the Government intends to provide the maximum flexibility to
each offeror to propose an innovative approach.
“Subline item” means a subset of a line item.
“Substantial evidence” means information sufficient to support the reasonable belief that a particular act or omission has
occurred.

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2.101

“Substantially as follows” or “substantially the same as,” when used in the prescription and introductory text of a
provision or clause, means that authorization is granted to prepare and utilize a variation of that provision or clause to
accommodate requirements that are peculiar to an individual acquisition; provided that the variation includes the salient
features of the FAR provision or clause, and is not inconsistent with the intent, principle, and substance of the FAR provision
or clause or related coverage of the subject matter.
“Supplemental agreement” means a contract modification that is accomplished by the mutual action of the parties.
“Supplies” means all property except land or interest in land. It includes (but is not limited to) public works, buildings, and
facilities; ships, floating equipment, and vessels of every character, type, and description, together with parts and accessories;
aircraft and aircraft parts, accessories, and equipment; machine tools; and the alteration or installation of any of the foregoing.
“Supporting a diplomatic or consular mission” means performing outside the United States under a contract administered
by Federal agency personnel who are subject to the direction of a Chief of Mission.
“Surety” means an individual or corporation legally liable for the debt, default, or failure of a principal to satisfy a
contractual obligation. The types of sureties referred to are as follows:
(1) An individual surety is one person, as distinguished from a business entity, who is liable for the entire penal amount
of the bond.
(2) A corporate surety is licensed under various insurance laws and, under its charter, has legal power to act as surety
for others.
(3) A cosurety is one of two or more sureties that are jointly liable for the penal sum of the bond. A limit of liability for
each surety may be stated.
“Surplus property” means excess personal property not required by any Federal agency as determined by the
Administrator of the General Services Administration (GSA). (See 41 CFR 102-36.40).
“Suspension” means action taken by a suspending official under 9.407 to disqualify a contractor temporarily from
Government contracting and Government-approved subcontracting; a contractor that is disqualified is “suspended.”
“Sustainable acquisition” means acquiring goods and services in order to create and maintain conditions(1) Under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony; and
(2) That permit fulfilling the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations.
“System for Award Management (SAM)” means the primary Government repository for prospective Federal awardee and
Federal awardee information and the centralized Government system for certain contracting, grants, and other assistancerelated processes. It includes—
(1) Data collected from prospective Federal awardees required for the conduct of business with the Government;
(2) Prospective contractor-submitted annual representations and certifications in accordance with FAR subpart 4.12;
and
(3) Identification of those parties excluded from receiving Federal contracts, certain subcontracts, and certain types of
Federal financial and non-financial assistance and benefits.
“Task order” means an order for services placed against an established contract or with Government sources.
“Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)” means the number required by the IRS to be used by the offeror in reporting
income tax and other returns. The TIN may be either a Social Security Number or an Employer Identification Number.
“Technical data” means recorded information (regardless of the form or method of the recording) of a scientific or
technical nature (including computer databases and computer software documentation). This term does not include computer
software or financial, administrative, cost or pricing, or management data or other information incidental to contract
administration. The term includes recorded information of a scientific or technical nature that is included in computer
databases (see 41 U.S.C. 116 ).
“Terminated portion of the contract” means the portion of a contract that the contractor is not to perform following a
partial termination. For construction contracts that have been completely terminated for convenience, it means the entire
contract, notwithstanding the completion of, and payment for, individual items of work before termination.
“Termination for convenience” means the exercise of the Government’s right to completely or partially terminate
performance of work under a contract when it is in the Government’s interest.
“Termination for default” means the exercise of the Government’s right to completely or partially terminate a contract
because of the contractor’s actual or anticipated failure to perform its contractual obligations.
“Termination inventory” means any property purchased, supplied, manufactured, furnished, or otherwise acquired for the
performance of a contract subsequently terminated and properly allocable to the terminated portion of the contract. It includes
Government-furnished property. It does not include any facilities, material, special test equipment, or special tooling that are
subject to a separate contract or to a special contract requirement governing their use or disposition.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

“Unallowable cost” means any cost that, under the provisions of any pertinent law, regulation, or contract, cannot be
included in prices, cost-reimbursements, or settlements under a Government contract to which it is allocable.
“Unique and innovative concept,” when used relative to an unsolicited research proposal, means that(1) In the opinion and to the knowledge of the Government evaluator, the meritorious proposal(i) Is the product of original thinking submitted confidentially by one source;
(ii) Contains new, novel, or changed concepts, approaches, or methods;
(iii) Was not submitted previously by another; and
(iv) Is not otherwise available within the Federal Government.
(2) In this context, the term does not mean that the source has the sole capability of performing the research.
“Unique entity identifier” means a number or other identifier used to identify a specific commercial, nonprofit, or
Government entity. See www.sam.gov for the designated entity for establishing unique entity identifiers.
“United States,” when used in a geographic sense, means the 50 States and the District of Columbia, except as follows:
(1) For use in subpart 3.10, see the definition at 3.1001.
(2) For use in subpart 22.8, see the definition at 22.801.
(3) For use in subpart 22.10, see the definition at 22.1001.
(4) For use in subpart 22.12, see the definition at 22.1201.
(5) For use in subpart 22.13, see the definition at 22.1301.
(6) For use in subpart 22.16, see the definition at 22.1601.
(7) For use in subpart 22.17, see the definition at 22.1702.
(8) For use in subpart 22.18, see the definition at 22.1801.
(9) For use in part 23, see definition at 23.001.
(10) For use in part 25, see the definition at 25.003.
(11) For use in part 27, see the definition at 27.001.
(12) For use in subpart 47.4, see the definition at 47.401.
“Unsolicited proposal” means a written proposal for a new or innovative idea that is submitted to an agency on the
initiative of the offeror for the purpose of obtaining a contract with the Government, and that is not in response to a request
for proposals, Broad Agency Announcement, Small Business Innovation Research topic, Small Business Technology
Transfer Research topic, Program Research and Development Announcement, or any other Government-initiated solicitation
or program.
“Value engineering” means an analysis of the functions of a program, project, system, product, item of equipment,
building, facility, service, or supply of an executive agency, performed by qualified agency or contractor personnel, directed
at improving performance, reliability, quality, safety, and life-cycle costs (41 U.S.C. 1711). For use in the clause at 52.248-2,
see the definition at 52.248-2(b).
“Value engineering change proposal (VECP)”(1) Means a proposal that–
(i) Requires a change to the instant contract to implement; and
(ii) Results in reducing the overall projected cost to the agency without impairing essential functions or
characteristics, provided, that it does not involve a change–
(A) In deliverable end item quantities only;
(B) In research and development (R&D) items or R&D test quantities that are due solely to results of previous
testing under the instant contract; or
(C) To the contract type only.
(2) For use in the clauses at(i) 52.248-2, see the definition at 52.248-2(b); and
(ii) 52.248-3, see the definition at 52.248-3(b).
“Veteran-owned small business concern” means a small business concern(1) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more veterans (as defined at 38 U.S.C.101(2)) or, in the case
of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more veterans; and
(2) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more veterans.
“Virgin material” means—
(1) Previously unused raw material, including previously unused copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, iron, other metal or
metal ore; or
(2) Any undeveloped resource that is, or with new technology will become, a source of raw materials.

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2.101

“Voluntary consensus standards” means common and repeated use of rules, conditions, guidelines or characteristics for
products, or related processes and production methods and related management systems. Voluntary Consensus Standards
are developed or adopted by domestic and international voluntary consensus standard making bodies (e.g., International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ASTM-International). See OMB Circular A-119.
“Warranty” means a promise or affirmation given by a contractor to the Government regarding the nature, usefulness, or
condition of the supplies or performance of services furnished under the contract.
“Waste reduction” means preventing or decreasing the amount of waste being generated through waste prevention,
recycling, or purchasing recycled and environmentally preferable products.
“Water consumption intensity” means water consumption per square foot of building space.
“Women-owned small business concern” means—
(1) A small business concern–
(i) That is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or, in the case of any publicly owned business, at least
51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more women; and
(ii) Whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women; or
(2) A small business concern eligible under the Women-Owned Small Business Program in accordance with 13 CFR
part 127 (see subpart 19.15).
“Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) Program.”
(1) “Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) Program” means a program that authorizes contracting officers to limit
competition, including award on a sole source basis, to—
(i) Economically disadvantaged women-owned small business (EDWOSB) concerns eligible under the WOSB
Program for Federal contracts assigned a North American Industry Classification Systems (NAICS) code in an industry
in which the Small Business Administration (SBA) has determined that WOSB concerns are underrepresented in Federal
procurement; and
(ii) WOSB concerns eligible under the WOSB Program for Federal contracts assigned a NAICS code in an industry
in which SBA has determined that WOSB concerns are substantially underrepresented in Federal procurement.
(2) “Economically disadvantaged women-owned small business (EDWOSB) concern” means a small business concern
that is at least 51 percent directly and unconditionally owned by, and the management and daily business operations of which
are controlled by, one or more women who are citizens of the United States and who are economically disadvantaged in
accordance with 13 CFR part 127. It automatically qualifies as a women-owned small business (WOSB) concern eligible
under the WOSB Program.
(3) “Women-owned small business (WOSB)” concern eligible under the WOSB Program means a small business
concern that is at least 51 percent directly and unconditionally owned by, and the management and daily business operations
of which are controlled by, one or more women who are citizens of the United States (13 CFR part 127).
“Writing or written” (see “in writing”).

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2.201

SUBPART 2.2 - DEFINITIONS CLAUSE

Subpart 2.2 - Definitions Clause
2.201 Contract clause.
Insert the clause at 52.202-1 , Definitions, in solicitations and contracts that exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.

2.2-1

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2.2-2

PART 3 - IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES
AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Sec.
3.000
3.101
3.101-1
3.101-2
3.101-3
3.102
3.103
3.103-1
3.103-2
3.103-3
3.104
3.104-1
3.104-2
3.104-3
3.104-4
3.104-5
3.104-6
3.104-7
3.104-8
3.104-9

3.201
3.202
3.203
3.204

3.301
3.302
3.303

Scope of part.
Subpart 3.1 - Safeguards
Standards of conduct.
General.
Solicitation and acceptance of gratuities by
Government personnel.
Agency regulations.
[Reserved]
Independent pricing.
Solicitation provision.
Evaluating the certification.
The need for further certifications.
Procurement integrity.
Definitions.
General.
Statutory and related prohibitions,
restrictions, and requirements.
Disclosure, protection, and marking of
contractor bid or proposal information and
source selection information.
Disqualification.
Ethics advisory opinions regarding
prohibitions on a former official’s acceptance
of compensation from a contractor.
Violations or possible violations.
Criminal and civil penalties, and further
administrative remedies.
Contract clauses.
Subpart 3.2 - Contractor Gratuities
to Government Personnel
Applicability.
Contract clause.
Reporting suspected violations of the
Gratuities clause.
Treatment of violations.
Subpart 3.3 - Reports of
Suspected Antitrust Violations
General.
Definitions.
Reporting suspected antitrust violations.

Subpart 3.4 - Contingent Fees
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Statutory requirements.
Applicability.
Contract clause.
Misrepresentations or violations of the
Covenant Against Contingent Fees.
Records.

3.400
3.401
3.402
3.403
3.404
3.405
3.406

3.501
3.501-1
3.501-2
3.502
3.502-1
3.502-2
3.502-3
3.503
3.503-1
3.503-2

Subpart 3.5 - Other
Improper Business Practices
Buying-in.
Definition.
General.
Subcontractor kickbacks.
Definitions.
Subcontractor kickbacks.
Contract clause.
Unreasonable restrictions on subcontractor
sales.
Policy.
Contract clause.

Subpart 3.6 - Contracts with
Government Employees or Organizations
Owned or Controlled by Them
3.601
Policy.
3.602
Exceptions.
3.603
Responsibilities of the contracting officer.

3.700
3.701
3.702
3.703
3.704
3.705

3.800
3.801
3.802
3.803
3.804
3.805
3.806
3.807
3.808

Subpart 3.7 - Voiding and
Rescinding Contracts
Scope of subpart.
Purpose.
Definition.
Authority.
Policy.
Procedures.
Subpart 3.8 - Limitations on the Payment
of Funds to Influence Federal Transactions
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Statutory prohibition and requirement.
Exceptions.
Policy.
Exemption.
Processing suspected violations.
Civil penalties.
Solicitation provision and contract clause.
3-1

3.900
3.901
3.902
3.903
3.904
3.905
3.906
3.907
3.907-1
3.907-2
3.907-3
3.907-4
3.907-5
3.907-6
3.907-7
3.908
3.908-1
3.908-2
3.908-3
3.908-4
3.908-5
3.908-6

3-2

Subpart 3.9 - Whistleblower
Protections for Contractor Employees
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
[Reserved]
Policy.
Procedures for filing complaints.
Procedures for investigating complaints.
Remedies.
Whistleblower Protections Under the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 (the Recovery Act).
Definitions.
Policy.
Procedures for filing complaints.
Procedures for investigating complaints.
Access to investigative file of Inspector
General.
Remedies and enforcement authority.
Contract clause .
Pilot program for enhancement of contractor
employee whistleblower protections.
Scope of section.
Definitions.
Policy.
Filing complaints.
Procedures for investigating complaints.
Remedies.

3.908-7
3.908-8
3.908-9
3.909
3.909-1
3.909-2
3.909-3

3.1000
3.1001
3.1002
3.1003
3.1004

Enforcement of orders.
Classified information.
Contract clause.
Prohibition on providing funds to an entity
that requires certain internal confidentiality
agreements or statements.
Prohibition.
Representation by the offeror.
Solicitation provision and contract clause.
Subpart 3.10 - Contractor Code
of Business Ethics and Conduct
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Policy.
Requirements.
Contract clauses.

Subpart 3.11 - Preventing Personal Conflicts
of Interest for Contractor Employees
Performing Acquisition Functions
3.1100
Scope of subpart.
3.1101
Definitions.
3.1102
Policy.
3.1103
Procedures.
3.1104
Mitigation or waiver.
3.1105
Violations.
3.1106
Contract clause.

3.103-2

SUBPART 3.1 - SAFEGUARDS

3.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures for avoiding improper business practices and personal conflicts of interest and
for dealing with their apparent or actual occurrence.

Subpart 3.1 - Safeguards
3.101 Standards of conduct.
3.101-1 General.
Government business shall be conducted in a manner above reproach and, except as authorized by statute or regulation,
with complete impartiality and with preferential treatment for none. Transactions relating to the expenditure of public funds
require the highest degree of public trust and an impeccable standard of conduct. The general rule is to avoid strictly any
conflict of interest or even the appearance of a conflict of interest in Government-contractor relationships. While many
Federal laws and regulations place restrictions on the actions of Government personnel, their official conduct must, in
addition, be such that they would have no reluctance to make a full public disclosure of their actions.
3.101-2 Solicitation and acceptance of gratuities by Government personnel.
As a rule, no Government employee may solicit or accept, directly or indirectly, any gratuity, gift, favor, entertainment,
loan, or anything of monetary value from anyone who (a) has or is seeking to obtain Government business with the
employee’s agency, (b) conducts activities that are regulated by the employee’s agency, or (c) has interests that may be
substantially affected by the performance or nonperformance of the employee’s official duties. Certain limited exceptions are
authorized in agency regulations.
3.101-3 Agency regulations.
(a) Agencies are required by Executive Order 11222 of May 8,1965, and 5 CFR 735 to prescribe “Standards of Conduct.”
These agency standards contain(1) Agency-authorized exceptions to 3.101-2; and
(2) Disciplinary measures for persons violating the standards of conduct.
(b) Requirements for employee financial disclosure and restrictions on private employment for former Government
employees are in Office of Personnel Management and agency regulations implementing Public Law 95-521, which amended
18 U.S.C.207.
3.102 [Reserved]
3.103 Independent pricing.
3.103-1 Solicitation provision.
The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.203-2 , Certificate of Independent Price Determination, in
solicitations when a firm-fixed-price contract or fixed-price contract with economic price adjustment is contemplated, unless(a) The acquisition is to be made under the simplified acquisition procedures in part 13;
(b) [Reserved]
(c) The solicitation is a request for technical proposals under two-step sealed bidding procedures; or
(d) The solicitation is for utility services for which rates are set by law or regulation.
3.103-2 Evaluating the certification.
(a) Evaluation guidelines. (1) None of the following, in and of itself, constitutes “disclosure” as it is used in paragraph (a)
(2) of the Certificate of Independent Price Determination (hereafter, the certificate):
(i) The fact that a firm has published price lists, rates, or tariffs covering items being acquired by the Government.
(ii) The fact that a firm has informed prospective customers of proposed or pending publication of new or revised
price lists for items being acquired by the Government.
(iii) The fact that a firm has sold the same items to commercial customers at the same prices being offered to the
Government.

3.1-1

3.103-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) For the purpose of paragraph (b)(2) of the certificate, an individual may use a blanket authorization to act as an
agent for the person(s) responsible for determining the offered prices if(i) The proposed contract to which the certificate applies is clearly within the scope of the authorization; and
(ii) The person giving the authorization is the person within the offeror’s organization who is responsible for
determining the prices being offered at the time the certification is made in the particular offer.
(3) If an offer is submitted jointly by two or more concerns, the certification provided by the representative of each
concern applies only to the activities of that concern.
(b) Rejection of offers suspected of being collusive. (1) If the offeror deleted or modified paragraph (a)(1) or (3) or
paragraph (b) of the certificate, the contracting officer shall reject the offeror’s bid or proposal.
(2) If the offeror deleted or modified paragraph (a)(2) of the certificate, the offeror must have furnished with its offer a
signed statement of the circumstances of the disclosure of prices contained in the bid or proposal. The chief of the contracting
office shall review the altered certificate and the statement and shall determine, in writing, whether the disclosure was made
for the purpose or had the effect of restricting competition. If the determination is positive, the bid or proposal shall be
rejected; if it is negative, the bid or proposal shall be considered for award.
(3) Whenever an offer is rejected under paragraph (b)(1) or (2)of this section, or the certificate is suspected of being
false, the contracting officer shall report the situation to the Attorney General in accordance with 3.303.
(4) The determination made under paragraph (2) of this section shall not prevent or inhibit the prosecution of any
criminal or civil actions involving the occurrences or transactions to which the certificate relates.
3.103-3 The need for further certifications.
A contractor that properly executed the certificate before award does not have to submit a separate certificate with each
proposal to perform a work order or similar ordering instrument issued pursuant to the terms of the contract, where the
Government’s requirements cannot be met from another source.
3.104 Procurement integrity.
3.104-1 Definitions.
As used in this section“Agency ethics official” means the designated agency ethics official described in 5 CFR 2638.201 or other designated
person, including(1) Deputy ethics officials described in 5 CFR 2638.204, to whom authority under 3.104-6 has been delegated by the
designated agency ethics official; and
(2) Alternate designated agency ethics officials described in 5 CFR 2638.202(b).
(a) “Compensation” means wages, salaries, honoraria, commissions, professional fees, and any other form of compensation,
provided directly or indirectly for services rendered. Compensation is indirectly provided if it is paid to an entity other than
the individual, specifically in exchange for services provided by the individual.
“Contractor bid or proposal information” means any of the following information submitted to a Federal agency as part of
or in connection with a bid or proposal to enter into a Federal agency procurement contract, if that information has not been
previously made available to the public or disclosed publicly:
(1) Cost or pricing data (as defined by 10 U.S.C.2306a(h)) with respect to procurements subject to that section, and
41 U.S.C. 3501(a)(2), with respect to procurements subject to that section.
(2) Indirect costs and direct labor rates.
(3) Proprietary information about manufacturing processes, operations, or techniques marked by the contractor in
accordance with applicable law or regulation.
(4) Information marked by the contractor as “contractor bid or proposal information” in accordance with applicable law
or regulation.
(5) Information marked in accordance with 52.215-1(e).
“Decision to award a subcontract or modification of subcontract” means a decision to designate award to a particular
source.
“Federal agency procurement” means the acquisition (by using competitive procedures and awarding a contract) of goods
or services (including construction) from non-Federal sources by a Federal agency using appropriated funds. For broad
agency announcements and small business innovation research programs, each proposal received by an agency constitutes a
separate procurement for purposes of 41 U.S.C. chapter 21.

3.1-2

SUBPART 3.1 - SAFEGUARDS

3.104-2

“In excess of $10,000,000” means(1) The value, or estimated value, at the time of award, of the contract, including all options;
(2) The total estimated value at the time of award of all orders under an indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity, or
requirements contract;
(3) Any multiple award schedule contract, unless the contracting officer documents a lower estimate;
(4) The value of a delivery order, task order, or an order under a Basic Ordering Agreement;
(5) The amount paid or to be paid in settlement of a claim; or
(6) The estimated monetary value of negotiated overhead or other rates when applied to the Government portion of the
applicable allocation base.
“Official” means(1) An officer, as defined in 5 U.S.C.2104;
(2) An employee, as defined in 5 U.S.C.2105;
(3) A member of the uniformed services, as defined in 5 U.S.C.2101(3); or
(4) A special Government employee, as defined in 18 U.S.C.202.
“Participating personally and substantially in a Federal agency procurement” means(1) Active and significant involvement of an official in any of the following activities directly related to that
procurement:
(i) Drafting, reviewing, or approving the specification or statement of work for the procurement.:
(ii) Preparing or developing the solicitation.
(iii) Evaluating bids or proposals, or selecting a source.
(iv) Negotiating price or terms and conditions of the contract.
(v) Reviewing and approving the award of the contract.
(2) “Participating personally” means participating directly, and includes the direct and active supervision of a
subordinate's participation in the matter.
(3) “Participating substantially” means that the official's involvement is of significance to the matter. Substantial
participation requires more than official responsibility, knowledge, perfunctory involvement, or involvement on an
administrative or peripheral issue. Participation may be substantial even though it is not determinative of the outcome of a
particular matter. A finding of substantiality should be based not only on the effort devoted to a matter, but on the importance
of the effort. While a series of peripheral involvements may be insubstantial, the single act of approving or participating
in a critical step may be substantial. However, the review of procurement documents solely to determine compliance with
regulatory, administrative, or budgetary procedures, does not constitute substantial participation in a procurement.
(4) Generally, an official will not be considered to have participated personally and substantially in a procurement
solely by participating in the following activities:
(i) Agency-level boards, panels, or other advisory committees that review program milestones or evaluate and make
recommendations regarding alternative technologies or approaches for satisfying broad agency-level missions or objectives.
(ii) The performance of general, technical, engineering, or scientific effort having broad application not directly
associated with a particular procurement, notwithstanding that such general, technical, engineering, or scientific effort
subsequently may be incorporated into a particular procurement.
(iii) Clerical functions supporting the conduct of a particular procurement.
(iv) For procurements to be conducted under the procedures of OMB Circular A-76, participation in management
studies, preparation of in-house cost estimates, preparation of “most efficient organization” analyses, and furnishing of data
or technical support to be used by others in the development of performance standards, statements of work, or specifications.
“Source selection evaluation board” means any board, team, council, or other group that evaluates bids or proposals.
3.104-2 General.
(a) This section implements 41 U.S.C. chapter 21, Restrictions on Obtaining and Disclosing Certain Information. Agency
supplementation of 3.104, including specific definitions to identify individuals who occupy positions specified in 3.104-3(d)
(1)(ii), and any clauses required by 3.104 must be approved by the senior procurement executive of the agency, unless a law
establishes a higher level of approval for that agency.
(b) Agency officials are reminded that there are other statutes and regulations that deal with the same or related prohibited
conduct, for example(1) The offer or acceptance of a bribe or gratuity is prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 201 and 10 U.S.C. 2207. The acceptance of
a gift, under certain circumstances, is prohibited by 5 U.S.C. 7353 and 5 CFR Part 2635;

3.1-3

3.104-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) Contacts with an offeror during the conduct of an acquisition may constitute “seeking employment,” (see Subpart
F of 5 CFR Part 2636 and 3.104-3(c)(2)). Government officers and employees (employees) are prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 208
and 5 CFR Part 2635 from participating personally and substantially in any particular matter that would affect the financial
interests of any person with whom the employee is seeking employment. An employee who engages in negotiations or is
otherwise seeking employment with an offeror or who has an arrangement concerning future employment with an offeror
must comply with the applicable disqualification requirements of 5 CFR 2635.604 and 2635.606. The statutory prohibition
in 18 U.S.C. 208 also may require an employee’s disqualification from participation in the acquisition even if the employee’s
duties may not be considered “participating personally and substantially,” as this term is defined in 3.104-1;
(3) Post-employment restrictions are covered by 18 U.S.C. 207 and 5 CFR parts 2637 and 2641, that prohibit certain
activities by former Government employees, including representation of a contractor before the Government in relation to
any contract or other particular matter involving specific parties on which the former employee participated personally and
substantially while employed by the Government. Additional restrictions apply to certain senior Government employees and
for particular matters under an employee’s official responsibility;
(4) parts 14 and 15 place restrictions on the release of information related to procurements and other contractor
information that must be protected under 18 U.S.C. 1905;
(5) Release of information both before and after award (see 3.104-4) may be prohibited by the Privacy Act
(5 U.S.C. 552a), the Trade Secrets Act (18 U.S.C. 1905), and other laws; and
(6) Using nonpublic information to further an employee’s private interest or that of another and engaging in a financial
transaction using nonpublic information are prohibited by 5 CFR 2635.703.
3.104-3 Statutory and related prohibitions, restrictions, and requirements.
(a) Prohibition on disclosing procurement information(41 U.S.C. 2102). (1) A person described in paragraph (a)(2) of
this subsection must not, other than as provided by law, knowingly disclose contractor bid or proposal information or source
selection information before the award of a Federal agency procurement contract to which the information relates. (See
3.104-4(a).)
(2) Paragraph (a)(1) of this subsection applies to any person who(i) Is a present or former official of the United States, or a person who is acting or has acted for or on behalf of, or
who is advising or has advised the United States with respect to, a Federal agency procurement; and
(ii) By virtue of that office, employment, or relationship, has or had access to contractor bid or proposal information
or source selection information.
(b) Prohibition on obtaining procurement information ( 41 U.S.C. 2102). A person must not, other than as provided by
law, knowingly obtain contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information before the award of a Federal
agency procurement contract to which the information relates.
(c) Actions required when an agency official contacts or is contacted by an offeror regarding non-Federal employment
(41 U.S.C. 2103). (1) If an agency official, participating personally and substantially in a Federal agency procurement for a
contract in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold, contacts or is contacted by a person who is an offeror in that Federal
agency procurement regarding possible non-Federal employment for that official, the official must(i) Promptly report the contact in writing to the official’s supervisor and to the agency ethics official; and
(ii) Either reject the possibility of non-Federal employment or disqualify himself or herself from further personal and
substantial participation in that Federal agency procurement (see 3.104-5) until such time as the agency authorizes the official
to resume participation in that procurement, in accordance with the requirements of 18 U.S.C. 208 and applicable agency
regulations, because(A) The person is no longer an offeror in that Federal agency procurement; or
(B) All discussions with the offeror regarding possible non-Federal employment have terminated without an
agreement or arrangement for employment.
(2) A contact is any of the actions included as “seeking employment” in 5 CFR 2635.603(b). In addition, unsolicited
communications from offerors regarding possible employment are considered contacts.
(3) Agencies must retain reports of employment contacts for 2 years from the date the report was submitted.
(4) Conduct that complies with 41 U.S.C. 2104 may be prohibited by other criminal statutes and the Standards of
Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch. See 3.104-2(b)(2).
(d) Prohibition on former official's acceptance of compensation from a contractor ( 41 U.S.C. 2104). (1) A former official
of a Federal agency may not accept compensation from a contractor that has been awarded a competitive or sole source
contract, as an employee, officer, director, or consultant of the contractor within a period of 1 year after such former official-

3.1-4

SUBPART 3.1 - SAFEGUARDS

3.104-4

(i) Served, at the time of selection of the contractor or the award of a contract to that contractor, as the procuring
contracting officer, the source selection authority, a member of a source selection evaluation board, or the chief of a financial
or technical evaluation team in a procurement in which that contractor was selected for award of a contract in excess of
$10,000,000;
(ii) Served as the program manager, deputy program manager, or administrative contracting officer for a contract in
excess of $10,000,000 awarded to that contractor; or
(iii) Personally made for the Federal agency a decision to(A) Award a contract, subcontract, modification of a contract or subcontract, or a task order or delivery order in
excess of $10,000,000 to that contractor;
(B) Establish overhead or other rates applicable to a contract or contracts for that contractor that are valued in
excess of $10,000,000;
(C) Approve issuance of a contract payment or payments in excess of $10,000,000 to that contractor; or
(D) Pay or settle a claim in excess of $10,000,000 with that contractor.
(2) The 1-year prohibition begins on the date(i) Of contract award for positions described in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this subsection, or the date of contractor
selection if the official was not serving in the position on the date of award;
(ii) The official last served in one of the positions described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this subsection; or
(iii) The official made one of the decisions described in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this subsection.
(3) Nothing in paragraph (d)(1) of this subsection may be construed to prohibit a former official of a Federal agency
from accepting compensation from any division or affiliate of a contractor that does not produce the same or similar products
or services as the entity of the contractor that is responsible for the contract referred to in paragraph (d)(1) of this subsection.
3.104-4 Disclosure, protection, and marking of contractor bid or proposal information and source selection
information.
(a) Except as specifically provided for in this subsection, no person or other entity may disclose contractor bid or proposal
information or source selection information to any person other than a person authorized, in accordance with applicable
agency regulations or procedures, by the agency head or the contracting officer to receive such information.
(b) Contractor bid or proposal information and source selection information must be protected from unauthorized
disclosure in accordance with 14.401, 15.207, applicable law, and agency regulations.
(c) Individuals unsure if particular information is source selection information, as defined in 2.101, should consult with
agency officials as necessary. Individuals responsible for preparing material that may be source selection information as
described at paragraph (10) of the “source selection information” definition in 2.101 must mark the cover page and each
page that the individual believes contains source selection information with the legend “Source Selection Information-See
FAR 2.101 and 3.104.” Although the information in paragraphs (1) through (9) of the definition in 2.101 is considered to be
source selection information whether or not marked, all reasonable efforts must be made to mark such material with the same
legend.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this subsection, the contracting officer must notify the contractor in writing if
the contracting officer believes that proprietary information, contractor bid or proposal information, or information marked in
accordance with 52.215-1(e) has been inappropriately marked. The contractor that has affixed the marking must be given an
opportunity to justify the marking.
(1) If the contractor agrees that the marking is not justified, or does not respond within the time specified in the notice,
the contracting officer may remove the marking and release the information.
(2) If, after reviewing the contractor’s justification, the contracting officer determines that the marking is not justified,
the contracting officer must notify the contractor in writing before releasing the information.
(3) For technical data marked as proprietary by a contractor, the contracting officer must follow the procedures in
27.404-5.
(e) This section does not restrict or prohibit(1) A contractor from disclosing its own bid or proposal information or the recipient from receiving that information;
(2) The disclosure or receipt of information, not otherwise protected, relating to a Federal agency procurement after it
has been canceled by the Federal agency, before contract award, unless the Federal agency plans to resume the procurement;
(3) Individual meetings between a Federal agency official and an offeror or potential offeror for, or a recipient of, a
contract or subcontract under a Federal agency procurement, provided that unauthorized disclosure or receipt of contractor
bid or proposal information or source selection information does not occur; or

3.1-5

3.104-5

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(4) The Government’s use of technical data in a manner consistent with the Government’s rights in the data.
(f) This section does not authorize(1) The withholding of any information pursuant to a proper request from the Congress, any committee or
subcommittee thereof, a Federal agency, the Comptroller General, or an Inspector General of a Federal agency, except as
otherwise authorized by law or regulation. Any release containing contractor bid or proposal information or source selection
information must clearly identify the information as contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information
related to the conduct of a Federal agency procurement and notify the recipient that the disclosure of the information is
restricted by 41 U.S.C. chapter 21;
(2) The withholding of information from, or restricting its receipt by, the Comptroller General in the course of a protest
against the award or proposed award of a Federal agency procurement contract;
(3) The release of information after award of a contract or cancellation of a procurement if such information is
contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information that pertains to another procurement; or
(4) The disclosure, solicitation, or receipt of bid or proposal information or source selection information after award if
disclosure, solicitation, or receipt is prohibited by law. (See 3.104-2(b)(5) and subpart 24.2.)
3.104-5 Disqualification.
(a) Contacts through agents or other intermediaries. Employment contacts between the employee and the offeror, that are
conducted through agents, or other intermediaries, may require disqualification under 3.104-3(c)(1). These contacts may also
require disqualification under other statutes and regulations. (See 3.104-2(b)(2).)
(b) Disqualification notice. In addition to submitting the contact report required by 3.104-3(c)(1), an agency official who
must disqualify himself or herself pursuant to 3.104-3(c)(1)(ii) must promptly submit written notice of disqualification from
further participation in the procurement to the contracting officer, the source selection authority if other than the contracting
officer, and the agency official’s immediate supervisor. As a minimum, the notice must(1) Identify the procurement;
(2) Describe the nature of the agency official’s participation in the procurement and specify the approximate dates or
time period of participation; and
(3) Identify the offeror and describe its interest in the procurement.
(c) Resumption of participation in a procurement. (1) The official must remain disqualified until such time as the agency,
at its sole and exclusive discretion, authorizes the official to resume participation in the procurement in accordance with
3.104-3(c)(1)(ii).
(2) After the conditions of 3.104-3(c)(1)(ii)(A) or (B) have been met, the head of the contracting activity (HCA), after
consultation with the agency ethics official, may authorize the disqualified official to resume participation in the procurement,
or may determine that an additional disqualification period is necessary to protect the integrity of the procurement process.
In determining the disqualification period, the HCA must consider any factors that create an appearance that the disqualified
official acted without complete impartiality in the procurement. The HCA’s reinstatement decision should be in writing.
(3) Government officer or employee must also comply with the provisions of 18 U.S.C.208 and 5 CFR part 2635
regarding any resumed participation in a procurement matter. Government officer or employee may not be reinstated
to participate in a procurement matter affecting the financial interest of someone with whom the individual is seeking
employment, unless the individual receives(i) A waiver pursuant to 18 U.S.C.208(b)(1) or (b)(3); or
(ii) An authorization in accordance with the requirements of subpart F of 5 CFR part 2635.
3.104-6 Ethics advisory opinions regarding prohibitions on a former official’s acceptance of compensation from a
contractor.
(a) An official or former official of a Federal agency who does not know whether he or she is or would be precluded
by 41 U.S.C. 2104(see 3.104-3(d)) from accepting compensation from a particular contractor may request advice from the
appropriate agency ethics official before accepting such compensation.
(b) The request for an advisory opinion must be in writing, include all relevant information reasonably available to the
official or former official, and be dated and signed. The request must include information about the(1) Procurement(s), or decision(s) on matters under 3.104-3(d)(1)(iii), involving the particular contractor, in which the
individual was or is involved, including contract or solicitation numbers, dates of solicitation or award, a description of the
supplies or services procured or to be procured, and contract amount;

3.1-6

SUBPART 3.1 - SAFEGUARDS

3.104-7

(2) Individual’s participation in the procurement or decision, including the dates or time periods of that participation,
and the nature of the individual’s duties, responsibilities, or actions; and
(3) Contractor, including a description of the products or services produced by the division or affiliate of the contractor
from whom the individual proposes to accept compensation.
(c) Within 30 days after receipt of a request containing complete information, or as soon thereafter as practicable, the
agency ethics official should issue an opinion on whether the proposed conduct would violate 41 U.S.C. 2104.
(d) (1) If complete information is not included in the request, the agency ethics official may ask the requester to provide
more information or request information from other persons, including the source selection authority, the contracting officer,
or the requester’s immediate supervisor.
(2) In issuing an opinion, the agency ethics official may rely upon the accuracy of information furnished by the
requester or other agency sources, unless he or she has reason to believe that the information is fraudulent, misleading, or
otherwise incorrect.
(3) If the requester is advised in a written opinion by the agency ethics official that the requester may accept
compensation from a particular contractor, and accepts such compensation in good faith reliance on that advisory opinion,
then neither the requester nor the contractor will be found to have knowingly violated 41 U.S.C. 2104. If the requester or
the contractor has actual knowledge or reason to believe that the opinion is based upon fraudulent, misleading, or otherwise
incorrect information, their reliance upon the opinion will not be deemed to be in good faith.
3.104-7 Violations or possible violations.
(a) A contracting officer who receives or obtains information of a violation or possible violation of 41 U.S.C. 2102, 2103,
or 2104(see 3.104-3) must determine if the reported violation or possible violation has any impact on the pending award or
selection of the contractor.
(1) If the contracting officer concludes that there is no impact on the procurement, the contracting officer must forward
the information concerning the violation or possible violation and documentation supporting a determination that there is no
impact on the procurement to an individual designated in accordance with agency procedures.
(i) If that individual concurs, the contracting officer may proceed with the procurement.
(ii) If that individual does not concur, the individual must promptly forward the information and documentation to
the HCA and advise the contracting officer to withhold award.
(2) If the contracting officer concludes that the violation or possible violation impacts the procurement, the contracting
officer must promptly forward the information to the HCA.
(b) The HCA must review all information available and, in accordance with agency procedures, take appropriate action,
such as—
(1) Advise the contracting officer to continue with the procurement;
(2) Begin an investigation;
(3) Refer the information disclosed to appropriate criminal investigative agencies;
(4) Conclude that a violation occurred; or
(5) Recommend that the agency head determine that the contractor, or someone acting for the contractor, has engaged
in conduct constituting an offense punishable under 41 U.S.C. 2105, for the purpose of voiding or rescinding the contract.
(c) Before concluding that an offeror, contractor, or person has violated 41 U.S.C. chapter 21, the HCA may consider that
the interests of the Government are best served by requesting information from appropriate parties regarding the violation or
possible violation.
(d) If the HCA concludes that 41 U.S.C. chapter 21 has been violated, the HCA may direct the contracting officer to(1) If a contract has not been awarded–
(i) Cancel the procurement;
(ii) Disqualify an offeror; or
(iii) Take any other appropriate actions in the interests of the Government.
(2) If a contract has been awarded(i) Effect appropriate contractual remedies, including profit recapture under the clause at 52.203-10, Price or
Fee Adjustment for Illegal or Improper Activity, or, if the contract has been rescinded under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this
subsection, recovery of the amount expended under the contract;
(ii) Void or rescind the contract with respect to which–
(A) The contractor or someone acting for the contractor has been convicted for an offense where the conduct
constitutes a violation of 41 U.S.C. 2102 for the purpose of either-

3.1-7

3.104-8

contract; or

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
(1) Exchanging the information covered by the subsections for anything of value; or
(2) Obtaining or giving anyone a competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement

(B) The agency head has determined, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, that the contractor or someone
acting for the contractor has engaged in conduct constituting an offense punishable under 41 U.S.C. 2105(a); or
(iii) Take any other appropriate actions in the best interests of the Government.
(3) Refer the matter to the agency suspending or debarring official.
(e) The HCA should recommend or direct an administrative or contractual remedy commensurate with the severity and
effect of the violation.
(f) If the HCA determines that urgent and compelling circumstances justify an award, or award is otherwise in the interests
of the Government, the HCA, in accordance with agency procedures, may authorize the contracting officer to award the
contract or execute the contract modification after notifying the agency head.
(g) The HCA may delegate his or her authority under this subsection to an individual at least one organizational level
above the contracting officer and of General Officer, Flag, Senior Executive Service, or equivalent rank.
3.104-8 Criminal and civil penalties, and further administrative remedies.
Criminal and civil penalties, and administrative remedies, may apply to conduct that violates 41 U.S.C. chapter 21
(see 3.104-3 ). See 33.102 (f) for special rules regarding bid protests. See 3.104-7 for administrative remedies relating to
contracts.
(a) An official who knowingly fails to comply with the requirements of 3.104-3 is subject to the penalties and
administrative action set forth in 41 U.S.C. 2105.
(b) An offeror who engages in employment discussion with an official subject to the restrictions of 3.104-3, knowing that
the official has not complied with 3.104-3(c)(1), is subject to the criminal, civil, or administrative penalties set forth in 41
U.S.C. 2105.
(c) An official who refuses to terminate employment discussions (see 3.104-5) may be subject to agency administrative
actions under 5 CFR 2635.604(d) if the official’s disqualification from participation in a particular procurement interferes
substantially with the individual’s ability to perform assigned duties.
3.104-9 Contract clauses.
In solicitations and contracts for other than commercial items that exceed the simplified acquisition threshold, insert the
clauses at(a) 52.203-8, Cancellation, Rescission, and Recovery of Funds for Illegal or Improper Activity; and
(b) 52.203-10, Price or Fee Adjustment for Illegal or Improper Activity.

3.1-8

SUBPART 3.2 - CONTRACTOR GRATUITIES TO GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL

3.204

Subpart 3.2 - Contractor Gratuities to Government Personnel
3.201 Applicability.
This subpart applies to all executive agencies, except that coverage concerning exemplary damages applies only to the
Department of Defense ( 10 U.S.C.2207 ).
3.202 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.203-3 , Gratuities, in solicitations and contracts with a value exceeding
the simplified acquisition threshold, except those for personal services and those between military departments or defense
agencies and foreign governments that do not obligate any funds appropriated to the Department of Defense.
3.203 Reporting suspected violations of the Gratuities clause.
Agency personnel shall report suspected violations of the Gratuities clause to the contracting officer or other designated
official in accordance with agency procedures. The agency reporting procedures shall be published as an implementation of
this section 3.203 and shall clearly specify(a) What to report and how to report it; and
(b) The channels through which reports must pass, including the function and authority of each official designated to
review them.
3.204 Treatment of violations.
(a) Before taking any action against a contractor, the agency head or a designee shall determine, after notice and hearing
under agency procedures, whether the contractor, its agent, or another representative, under a contract containing the
Gratuities clause(1) Offered or gave a gratuity (e.g., an entertainment or gift) to an officer, official, or employee of the Government; and
(2) Intended by the gratuity to obtain a contract or favorable treatment under a contract (intent generally must be
inferred).
(b) Agency procedures shall afford the contractor an opportunity to appear with counsel, submit documentary evidence,
present witnesses, and confront any person the agency presents. The procedures should be as informal as practicable,
consistent with principles of fundamental fairness.
(c) When the agency head or designee determines that a violation has occurred, the Government may(1) Terminate the contractor’s right to proceed;
(2) Initiate debarment or suspension measures as set forth in subpart 9.4; and
(3) Assess exemplary damages, if the contract uses money appropriated to the Department of Defense.

3.2-1

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3.2-2

SUBPART 3.3 - REPORTS

OF

SUSPECTED ANTITRUST VIOLATIONS

3.303

Subpart 3.3 - Reports of Suspected Antitrust Violations
3.301 General.
(a) Practices that eliminate competition or restrain trade usually lead to excessive prices and may warrant criminal, civil,
or administrative action against the participants. Examples of anticompetitive practices are collusive bidding, follow-theleader pricing, rotated low bids, collusive price estimating systems, and sharing of the business.
(b) Contracting personnel are an important potential source of investigative leads for antitrust enforcement and should
therefore be sensitive to indications of unlawful behavior by offerors and contractors. Agency personnel shall report, in
accordance with agency regulations, evidence of suspected antitrust violations in acquisitions for possible referral to(1) The Attorney General under 3.303; and
(2) The agency office responsible for contractor debarment and suspension under subpart 9.4.
3.302 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Identical bids” means bids for the same line item that are determined to be identical as to unit price or total line item
amount, with or without the application of evaluation factors (e.g., discount or transportation cost).
3.303 Reporting suspected antitrust violations.
(a) Agencies are required by 41 U.S.C.3707 and 10 U.S.C.2305(b)(9) to report to the Attorney General any bids or
proposals that evidence a violation of the antitrust laws. These reports are in addition to those required by subpart 9.4.
(b) The antitrust laws are intended to ensure that markets operate competitively. Any agreement or mutual understanding
among competing firms that restrains the natural operation of market forces is suspect. Paragraph (c) of this section identifies
behavior patterns that are often associated with antitrust violations. Activities meeting the descriptions in paragraph (c) are
not necessarily improper, but they are sufficiently questionable to warrant notifying the appropriate authorities, in accordance
with agency procedures.
(c) Practices or events that may evidence violations of the antitrust laws include(1) The existence of an “industry price list” or “price agreement” to which contractors refer in formulating their offers;
(2) A sudden change from competitive bidding to identical bidding;
(3) Simultaneous price increases or follow-the-leader pricing;
(4) Rotation of bids or proposals, so that each competitor takes a turn in sequence as low bidder, or so that certain
competitors bid low only on some sizes of contracts and high on other sizes;
(5) Division of the market, so that certain competitors bid low only for contracts awarded by certain agencies, or for
contracts in certain geographical areas, or on certain products, and bid high on all other jobs;
(6) Establishment by competitors of a collusive price estimating system;
(7) The filing of a joint bid by two or more competitors when at least one of the competitors has sufficient technical
capability and productive capacity for contract performance;
(8) Any incidents suggesting direct collusion among competitors, such as the appearance of identical calculation or
spelling errors in two or more competitive offers or the submission by one firm of offers for other firms; and
(9) Assertions by the employees, former employees, or competitors of offerors, that an agreement to restrain trade
exists.
(d) Identical bids shall be reported under this section if the agency has some reason to believe that the bids resulted from
collusion.
(e) For offers from foreign contractors for contracts to be performed outside the United States and its outlying areas,
contracting officers may refer suspected collusive offers to the authorities of the foreign government concerned for
appropriate action.
(f) Agency reports shall be addressed to theAttorney General
U.S. Department of Justice
Washington DC 20530
Attention: Assistant Attorney General
Antitrust Division
and shall include(1) A brief statement describing the suspected practice and the reason for the suspicion; and

3.3-1

3.303

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) The name, address, and telephone number of an individual in the agency who can be contacted for further
information.
(g) Questions concerning this reporting requirement may be communicated by telephone directly to the Office of the
Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division.

3.3-2

3.405

SUBPART 3.4 - CONTINGENT FEES

Subpart 3.4 - Contingent Fees
3.400 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures that restrict contingent fee arrangements for soliciting or obtaining
Government contracts to those permitted by 10 U.S.C.2306(b) and 41 U.S.C.3901.
3.401 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Bona fide agency” means an established commercial or selling agency, maintained by a contractor for the purpose of
securing business, that neither exerts nor proposes to exert improper influence to solicit or obtain Government contracts nor
holds itself out as being able to obtain any Government contract or contracts through improper influence.
“Bona fide employee” means a person, employed by a contractor and subject to the contractor’s supervision and control
as to time, place, and manner of performance, who neither exerts nor proposes to exert improper influence to solicit or
obtain Government contracts nor holds out as being able to obtain any Government contract or contracts through improper
influence.
“Contingent fee” means any commission, percentage, brokerage, or other fee that is contingent upon the success that a
person or concern has in securing a Government contract.
“Improper influence” means any influence that induces or tends to induce a Government employee or officer to give
consideration or to act regarding a Government contract on any basis other than the merits of the matter.
3.402 Statutory requirements.
Contractors’ arrangements to pay contingent fees for soliciting or obtaining Government contracts have long been
considered contrary to public policy because such arrangements may lead to attempted or actual exercise of improper
influence. In 10 U.S.C.2306(b) and 41 U.S.C.3901 , Congress affirmed this public policy but permitted certain exceptions.
These statutes(a) Require in every negotiated contract a warranty by the contractor against contingent fees;
(b) Permit, as an exception to the warranty, contingent fee arrangements between contractors and bona fide employees or
bona fide agencies; and
(c) Provide that, for breach or violation of the warranty by the contractor, the Government may annul the contract without
liability or deduct from the contract price or consideration, or otherwise recover, the full amount of the contingent fee.
3.403 Applicability.
This subpart applies to all contracts. Statutory requirements for negotiated contracts are, as a matter of policy, extended to
sealed bid contracts.
3.404 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.203-5 , Covenant Against Contingent Fees, in all solicitations and
contracts exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, other than those for commercial items (see parts 2 and 12 ).
3.405 Misrepresentations or violations of the Covenant Against Contingent Fees.
(a) Government personnel who suspect or have evidence of attempted or actual exercise of improper influence,
misrepresentation of a contingent fee arrangement, or other violation of the Covenant Against Contingent Fees shall report
the matter promptly to the contracting officer or appropriate higher authority in accordance with agency procedures.
(b) When there is specific evidence or other reasonable basis to suspect one or more of the violations in paragraph (a)
of this section, the chief of the contracting office shall review the facts and, if appropriate, take or direct one or more of the
following, or other, actions:
(1) If before award, reject the bid or proposal.
(2) If after award, enforce the Government’s right to annul the contract or to recover the fee.
(3) Initiate suspension or debarment action under subpart 9.4.
(4) Refer suspected fraudulent or criminal matters to the Department of Justice, as prescribed in agency regulations.

3.4-1

3.406

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

3.406 Records.
For enforcement purposes, agencies shall preserve any specific evidence of one or more of the violations in 3.405 (a),
together with all other pertinent data, including a record of actions taken. Contracting offices shall not retire or destroy these
records until it is certain that they are no longer needed for enforcement purposes. If the original record is maintained in a
central file, a copy must be retained in the contract file.

3.4-2

SUBPART 3.5 - OTHER IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES

3.502-2

Subpart 3.5 - Other Improper Business Practices
3.501 Buying-in.
3.501-1 Definition.
“Buying-in,” as used in this section, means submitting an offer below anticipated costs, expecting to(1) Increase the contract amount after award (e.g., through unnecessary or excessively priced change orders); or
(2) Receive follow-on contracts at artificially high prices to recover losses incurred on the buy-in contract.
3.501-2 General.
(a) Buying-in may decrease competition or result in poor contract performance. The contracting officer must take
appropriate action to ensure buying-in losses are not recovered by the contractor through the pricing of(1) Change orders; or
(2) Follow-on contracts subject to cost analysis.
(b) The Government should minimize the opportunity for buying-in by seeking a price commitment covering as much of
the entire program concerned as is practical by using(1) Multiyear contracting, with a requirement in the solicitation that a price be submitted only for the total multi-year
quantity; or
(2) Priced options for additional quantities that, together with the firm contract quantity, equal the program
requirements (see subpart 17.2).
(c) Other safeguards are available to the contracting officer to preclude recovery of buying-in losses (e.g., amortization
of nonrecurring costs (see 15.408, Table 15-2, paragraph A, column (2) under “Formats for Submission of Line Item
Summaries”) and treatment of unreasonable price quotations (see 15.405).
3.502 Subcontractor kickbacks.
3.502-1 Definitions.
As used in this section“Kickback” means any money, fee, commission, credit, gift, gratuity, thing of value, or compensation of any kind which
is provided to any prime contractor, prime contractor employee, subcontractor, or subcontractor employee for the purpose
of improperly obtaining or rewarding favorable treatment in connection with a prime contract or in connection with a
subcontract relating to a prime contract.
“Person” means a corporation, partnership, business association of any kind, trust, joint-stock company, or individual.
“Prime contract” means a contract or contractual action entered into by the United States for the purpose of obtaining
supplies, materials, equipment, or services of any kind.
“Prime Contractor” means a person who has entered into a prime contractor with the United States.
“Prime Contractor employee”, as used in this section, means any officer, partner, employee, or agent of a prime contractor.
“Subcontract” means a contract or contractual action entered into by a prime contractor or subcontractor for the purpose of
obtaining supplies, materials, equipment, or services of any kind under a prime contract.
“Subcontractor”—
(1) Means any person, other than the prime contractor, who offers to furnish or furnishes any supplies, materials,
equipment, or services of any kind under a prime contract or a subcontract entered into in connection with such prime
contract; and
(2) Includes any person who offers to furnish or furnishes general supplies to the prime contractor or a higher tier
subcontractor.
3.502-2 Subcontractor kickbacks.
The Anti-Kickback Act of 1986 (now codified at 41 U.S.C. chapter 87, Kickbacks,) was passed to deter subcontractors
from making payments and contractors from accepting payments for the purpose of improperly obtaining or rewarding
favorable treatment in connection with a prime contract or a subcontract relating to a prime contract. The Kickbacks statute(a) Prohibits any person from(1) Providing, attempting to provide, or offering to provide any kickback;
(2) Soliciting, accepting, or attempting to accept any kickback; or

3.5-1

3.502-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(3) Including, directly or indirectly, the amount of any kickback in the contract price charged by a subcontractor to a
prime contractor or a higher tier subcontractor or in the contract price charged by a prime contractor to the United States.
(b) Imposes criminal penalties on any person who knowingly and willfully engages in the prohibited conduct addressed in
paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Provides for the recovery of civil penalties by the United States from any person who knowingly engages in such
prohibited conduct and from any person whose employee, subcontractor, or subcontractor employee provides, accepts, or
charges a kickback.
(d) Provides that(1) The contracting officer may offset the amount of a kickback against monies owed by the United States to the prime
contractor under the prime contract to which such kickback relates;
(2) The contracting officer may direct a prime contractor to withhold from any sums owed to a subcontractor under a
subcontract of the prime contract the amount of any kickback which was or may be offset against the prime contractor under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section; and
(3) An offset under paragraph (d)(1) or a direction under paragraph (d)(2) of this section is a claim by the Government
for the purposes of 41 U.S.C. chapter 71, Contract Disputes.
(e) Authorizes contracting officers to order that sums withheld under paragraph (d)(2) of this section be paid to the
contracting agency, or if the sum has already been offset against the prime contractor, that it be retained by the prime
contractor.
(f) Requires the prime contractor to notify the contracting officer when the withholding under paragraph (d)(2) of this
section has been accomplished unless the amount withheld has been paid to the Government.
(g) Requires a prime contractor or subcontractor to report in writing to the inspector general of the contracting agency,
the head of the contracting agency if the agency does not have an inspector general, or the Attorney General any possible
violation of the Kickbacks statute when the prime contractor or subcontractor has reasonable grounds to believe such
violation may have occurred.
(h) Provides that, for the purpose of ascertaining whether there has been a violation of the Kickbacks statute with respect
to any prime contract, the Government Accountability Office and the inspector general of the contracting agency, or a
representative of such contracting agency designated by the head of the agency if the agency does not have an inspector
general, shall have access to and may inspect the facilities and audit the books and records, including any electronic data or
records, of any prime contractor or subcontractor under a prime contract awarded by such agency.
(i) Requires each contracting agency to include in each prime contract exceeding $150,000 for other than commercial
items (see part 12), a requirement that the prime contractor shall(1) Have in place and follow reasonable procedures designed to prevent and detect violations of the Kickbacks statute
in its own operations and direct business relationships (e.g., company ethics rules prohibiting kickbacks by employees,
agents, or subcontractors; education programs for new employees and subcontractors, explaining policies about kickbacks,
related company procedures and the consequences of detection; procurement procedures to minimize the opportunity
for kickbacks; audit procedures designed to detect kickbacks; periodic surveys of subcontractors to elicit information
about kickbacks; procedures to report kickbacks to law enforcement officials; annual declarations by employees of gifts
or gratuities received from subcontractors; annual employee declarations that they have violated no company ethics
rules; personnel practices that document unethical or illegal behavior and make such information available to prospective
employers); and
(2) Cooperate fully with any Federal agency investigating a possible violation of the Kickbacks statute.
(j) Notwithstanding paragraph (i) of this section, a prime contractor shall cooperate fully with any Federal Government
agency investigating a violation of 41 U.S.C. 8702(see 41 U.S.C. 8703(b)).
3.502-3 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.203-7 , Anti-Kickback Procedures, in solicitations and contracts
exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, other than those for commercial items (see part 12 ).

3.5-2

SUBPART 3.5 - OTHER IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES

3.503-2

3.503 Unreasonable restrictions on subcontractor sales.
3.503-1 Policy.
10 U.S.C.2402 and 41 U.S.C. 4704 require that subcontractors not be unreasonably precluded from making direct sales to
the Government of any supplies or services made or furnished under a contract. However, this does not preclude contractors
from asserting rights that are otherwise authorized by law or regulation.
3.503-2 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.203-6 , Restrictions on Subcontractor Sales to the Government,
in solicitations and contracts exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. For the acquisition of commercial items, the
contracting officer shall use the clause with its Alternate I.

3.5-3

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3.5-4

SUBPART 3.6 - CONTRACTS WITH GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OR ORGANIZATIONS OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY THEM

3.603

Subpart 3.6 - Contracts with Government Employees
or Organizations Owned or Controlled by Them
3.601 Policy.
(a) Except as specified in 3.602, a contracting officer shall not knowingly award a contract to a Government employee
or to a business concern or other organization owned or substantially owned or controlled by one or more Government
employees. This policy is intended to avoid any conflict of interest that might arise between the employees’ interests and
their Government duties, and to avoid the appearance of favoritism or preferential treatment by the Government toward its
employees.
(b) For purposes of this subpart, special Government employees (as defined in 18 U.S.C.202) performing services as
experts, advisors, or consultants, or as members of advisory committees, are not considered Government employees unless(1) The contract arises directly out of the individual’s activity as a special Government employee;
(2) In the individual’s capacity as a special Government employee, the individual is in a position to influence the award
of the contract; or
(3) Another conflict of interest is determined to exist.
3.602 Exceptions.
The agency head, or a designee not below the level of the head of the contracting activity, may authorize an exception
to the policy in 3.601 only if there is a most compelling reason to do so, such as when the Government’s needs cannot
reasonably be otherwise met.
3.603 Responsibilities of the contracting officer.
(a) Before awarding a contract, the contracting officer shall obtain an authorization under 3.602 if(1) The contracting officer knows, or has reason to believe, that a prospective contractor is one to which award is
otherwise prohibited under 3.601; and
(2) There is a most compelling reason to make an award to that prospective contractor.
(b) The contracting officer shall comply with the requirements and guidance in subpart 9.5 before awarding a contract to
an organization owned or substantially owned or controlled by Government employees.

3.6-1

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3.6-2

SUBPART 3.7 - VOIDING

AND

RESCINDING CONTRACTS

3.704

Subpart 3.7 - Voiding and Rescinding Contracts
3.700 Scope of subpart.
(a) This subpart prescribes Governmentwide policies and procedures for exercising discretionary authority to declare void
and rescind contracts in relation to which(1) There has been a final conviction for bribery, conflict of interest, disclosure or receipt of contractor bid or proposal
information or source selection information in exchange for a thing of value or to give anyone a competitive advantage in the
award of a Federal agency procurement contract, or similar misconduct; or
(2) There has been an agency head determination that contractor bid or proposal information or source selection
information has been disclosed or received in exchange for a thing of value, or for the purpose of obtaining or giving anyone
a competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract.
(b) This subpart does not prescribe policies or procedures for, or govern the exercise of, any other remedy available to the
Government with respect to such contracts, including but not limited to, the common law right of avoidance, rescission, or
cancellation.
3.701 Purpose.
This subpart provides(a) An administrative remedy with respect to contracts in relation to which there has been(1) A final conviction for bribery, conflict of interest, disclosure or receipt of contractor bid or proposal information
or source selection information in exchange for a thing of value or to give anyone a competitive advantage in the award of a
Federal agency procurement contract, or similar misconduct; or
(2) An agency head determination that contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information has
been disclosed or received in exchange for a thing of value, or for the purpose of obtaining or giving anyone a competitive
advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract; and
(b) A means to deter similar misconduct in the future by those who are involved in the award, performance, and
administration of Government contracts.
3.702 Definition.
“Final conviction” means a conviction, whether entered on a verdict or plea, including a plea of nolo contendere, for
which a sentence has been imposed.
3.703 Authority.
(a) Section 1(e) of Public Law 87-849, 18 U.S.C.218 (“the Act”), empowers the President or the heads of executive
agencies acting under regulations prescribed by the President, to declare void and rescind contracts and other transactions
enumerated in the Act, in relation to which there has been a final conviction for bribery, conflict of interest, or any other
violation of Chapter 11 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C.201-224). Executive Order 12448, November 4,1983,
delegates the President’s authority under the Act to the heads of the executive agencies and military departments.
(b) 41 U.S.C. 2105(c) requires a Federal agency, upon receiving information that a contractor or a person has violated 41
U.S.C. 2102, to consider rescission of a contract with respect to which(1) The contractor or someone acting for the contractor has been convicted for an offense punishable under 41 U.S.C.
2105(a); or
(2) The head of the agency, or designee, has determined, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, that the
contractor or someone acting for the contractor has engaged in conduct constituting such an offense.
3.704 Policy.
(a) In cases in which there is a final conviction for any violation of 18 U.S.C.201-224 involving or relating to contracts
awarded by an agency, the agency head or designee, shall consider the facts available and, if appropriate, may declare void
and rescind contracts, and recover the amounts expended and property transferred by the agency in accordance with the
policies and procedures of this subpart.
(b) Since a final conviction under 18 U.S.C.201-224 relating to a contract also may justify the conclusion that the party
involved is not presently responsible, the agency should consider initiating debarment proceedings in accordance with subpart
9.4, Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility, if debarment has not been initiated, or is not in effect at the time the final
conviction is entered.

3.7-1

3.705

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) If there is a final conviction for an offense punishable under 41 U.S.C. 2105, or if the head of the agency, or designee,
has determined, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, that the contractor or someone acting for the contractor has
engaged in conduct constituting such an offense, then the head of the contracting activity shall consider, in addition to any
other penalty prescribed by law or regulation(1) Declaring void and rescinding contracts, as appropriate, and recovering the amounts expended under the contracts
by using the procedures at 3.705(see 3.104-7); and
(2) Recommending the initiation of suspension or debarment proceedings in accordance with subpart 9.4.
3.705 Procedures.
(a) Reporting. The facts concerning any final conviction for any violation of 18 U.S.C.201-224 involving or relating to
agency contracts shall be reported promptly to the agency head or designee for that official’s consideration. The agency head
or designee shall promptly notify the Civil Division, Department of Justice, that the action is being considered under this
subpart.
(b) Decision. Following an assessment of the facts, the agency head or designee may declare void and rescind contracts
with respect to which a final conviction has been entered, and recover the amounts expended and the property transferred by
the agency under the terms of the contracts involved.
(c) Decision-making process. Agency procedures governing the voiding and rescinding decision-making process shall be
as informal as practicable, consistent with the principles of fundamental fairness. As a minimum, however, agencies shall
provide the following:
(1) A notice of proposed action to declare void and rescind the contract shall be made in writing and sent by certified
mail, return receipt requested.
(2) A thirty calendar day period after receipt of the notice, for the contractor to submit pertinent information before any
final decision is made.
(3) Upon request made within the period for submission of pertinent information, an opportunity shall be afforded for a
hearing at which witnesses may be presented, and any witness the agency presents may be confronted. However, no inquiry
shall be made regarding the validity of a conviction.
(4) If the agency head or designee decides to declare void and rescind the contracts involved, that official shall issue a
written decision which(i) States that determination;
(ii) Reflects consideration of the fair value of any tangible benefits received and retained by the agency; and
(iii) States the amount due and the property to be returned to the agency.
(d) Notice of proposed action. The notice of proposed action, as a minimum shall(1) Advise that consideration is being given to declaring void and rescinding contracts awarded by the agency, and
recovering the amounts expended and property transferred therefor, under the provisions of 18 U.S.C.218;
(2) Specifically identify the contracts affected by the action;
(3) Specifically identify the offense or final conviction on which the action is based;
(4) State the amounts expended and property transferred under each of the contracts involved, and the money and the
property demanded to be returned;
(5) Identify any tangible benefits received and retained by the agency under the contract, and the value of those
benefits, as calculated by the agency;
(6) Advise that pertinent information may be submitted within 30 calendar days after receipt of the notice, and that, if
requested within that time, a hearing shall be held at which witnesses may be presented and any witness the agency presents
may be confronted; and
(7) Advise that action shall be taken only after the agency head or designee issues a final written decision on the
proposed action.
(e) Final agency decision. The final agency decision shall be based on the information available to the agency head or
designee, including any pertinent information submitted or, if a hearing was held, presented at the hearing. If the agency
decision declares void and rescinds the contract, the final decision shall specify the amounts due and property to be returned
to the agency, and reflect consideration of the fair value of any tangible benefits received and retained by the agency. Notice
of the decision shall be sent promptly by certified mail, return receipt requested. Rescission of contracts under the authority
of the Act and demand for recovery of the amounts expended and property transferred therefor, is not a claim within the
meaning of 41 U.S.C. chapter 71, Contract Disputes, or part 32. Therefore, the procedures required by the statute and the

3.7-2

SUBPART 3.7 - VOIDING

AND

RESCINDING CONTRACTS

3.705

FAR for the issuance of a final contracting officer decision are not applicable to final agency decisions under this subpart, and
shall not be followed.

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3.801

Subpart 3.8 - Limitations on the Payment of Funds to Influence Federal Transactions
3.800 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures implementing 31 U.S.C. 1352, “Limitation on use of appropriated funds to
influence certain Federal contracting and financial transactions.”
3.801 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Agency” means “executive agency” as defined in 2.101.
“Covered Federal action” means any of the following actions:
(1) Awarding any Federal contract.
(2) Making any Federal grant.
(3) Making any Federal loan.
(4) Entering into any cooperative agreement.
(5) Extending, continuing, renewing, amending, or modifying any Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative
agreement.
“Indian tribe” and “tribal organization” have the meaning provided in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C.450b) and include Alaskan Natives.
“Influencing or attempting to influence” means making, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance
before an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a
Member of Congress in connection with any covered Federal action.
“Local government” means a unit of government in a State and, if chartered, established, or otherwise recognized by a
State for the performance of a governmental duty, including a local public authority, a special district, an intrastate district, a
council of governments, a sponsor group representative organization, and any other instrumentality of a local government.
“Officer or employee of an agency” includes the following individuals who are employed by an agency:
(1) An individual who is appointed to a position in the Government under Title 5, United States Code, including a
position under a temporary appointment.
(2) A member of the uniformed services, as defined in subsection 101(3), Title 37, United States Code.
(3) A special Government employee, as defined in section 202, Title 18, United States Code.
(4) An individual who is a member of a Federal advisory committee, as defined by the Federal Advisory Committee
Act, Title 5, United States Code, appendix 2.
“Person” means an individual, corporation, company, association, authority, firm, partnership, society, State, and local
government, regardless of whether such entity is operated for profit or not for profit. This term excludes an Indian tribe, tribal
organization, or any other Indian organization eligible to receive Federal contracts, grants, cooperative agreements, or loans
from an agency, but only with respect to expenditures by such tribe or organization that are made for purposes specified in
paragraph 3.802(a) and are permitted by other Federal law.
“Reasonable compensation” means, with respect to a regularly employed officer or employee of any person, compensation
that is consistent with the normal compensation for such officer or employee for work that is not furnished to, not funded by,
or not furnished in cooperation with the Federal Government.
“Reasonable payment” means, with respect to professional and other technical services, a payment in an amount that is
consistent with the amount normally paid for such services in the private sector.
“Recipient” includes the contractor and all subcontractors. This term excludes an Indian tribe, tribal organization, or any
other Indian organization eligible to receive Federal contracts, grants, cooperative agreements, or loans from an agency, but
only with respect to expenditures by such tribe or organization that are made for purposes specified in paragraph 3.802(a) and
are permitted by other Federal law.
“Regularly employed” means, with respect to an officer or employee of a person requesting or receiving a Federal
contract, an officer or employee who is employed by such person for at least 130 working days within 1 year immediately
preceding the date of the submission that initiates agency consideration of such person for receipt of such contract. An officer
or employee who is employed by such person for less than 130 working days within 1 year immediately preceding the date of
the submission that initiates agency consideration of such person shall be considered to be regularly employed as soon as he
or she is employed by such person for 130 working days.
“State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, an outlying area of the United States, an agency or
instrumentality of a State, and multi-State, regional, or interstate entity having governmental duties and powers.

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3.802 Statutory prohibition and requirement.
(a) 31 U.S.C.1352 prohibits a recipient of a Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement from using
appropriated funds to pay any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a
Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with any
covered Federal actions.
(1) For purposes of this subpart the term “appropriated funds” does not include profit or fee from a covered Federal
action.
(2) To the extent a person can demonstrate that the person has sufficient monies, other than Federal appropriated funds,
the Government shall assume that these other monies were spent for any influencing activities that would be unallowable if
paid for with Federal appropriated funds.
(b) 31 U.S.C.1352 also requires offerors to furnish a declaration consisting of both a certification and a disclosure, with
periodic updates of the disclosure after contract award. These requirements are contained in the provision at 52.203-11,
Certification and Disclosure Regarding Payments to Influence Certain Federal Transactions, and the clause at 52.203-12,
Limitation on Payments to Influence Certain Federal Transactions.
3.803 Exceptions.
(a) The prohibition of paragraph 3.802(a) does not apply under the following conditions:
(1) Agency and legislative liaison by own employees. (i) Payment of reasonable compensation made to an officer
or employee of a person requesting or receiving a covered Federal action if the payment is for agency and legislative
liaison activities not directly related to a covered Federal action. For purposes of this paragraph, providing any information
specifically requested by an agency or Congress is permitted at any time.
(ii) Participating with an agency in discussions that are not related to a specific solicitation for any covered Federal
action, but that concern(A) The qualities and characteristics (including individual demonstrations) of the person’s products or services,
conditions or terms of sale, and service capabilities; or
(B) The application or adaptation of the person’s products or services for an agency’s use.
(iii) Providing prior to formal solicitation of any covered Federal action any information not specifically requested
but necessary for an agency to make an informed decision about initiation of a covered Federal action.
(iv) Participating in technical discussions regarding the preparation of an unsolicited proposal prior to its official
submission.
(v) Making capability presentations prior to formal solicitation of any covered Federal action when seeking an
award from an agency pursuant to the provisions of the Small Business Act, as amended by Pub. L. 95-507, and subsequent
amendments.
(2) Professional and technical services. (i) Payment of reasonable compensation made to an officer or employee of a
person requesting or receiving a covered Federal action, if payment is for professional or technical services rendered directly
in the preparation, submission, or negotiation of any bid, proposal, or application for that Federal action or for meeting
requirements imposed by or pursuant to law as a condition for receiving that Federal action;
(ii) Any reasonable payment to a person, other than an officer or employee of a person requesting or receiving
a covered Federal action, if the payment is for professional or technical services rendered directly in the preparation,
submission, or negotiation of any bid, proposal, or application for that Federal action, or for meeting requirements imposed
by or pursuant to law as a condition for receiving that Federal action. Persons other than officers or employees of a person
requesting or receiving a covered Federal action include consultants and trade associations.
(iii) As used in paragraph (a)(2) of this section “professional and technical services” are limited to advice and
analysis directly applying any professional or technical discipline. For example, drafting of a legal document accompanying
a bid or proposal by a lawyer is allowable. Similarly, technical advice provided by an engineer on the performance or
operational capability of a piece of equipment rendered directly in the negotiation of a contract is allowable. However,
communications with the intent to influence made by a professional or a technical person are not allowable under this section
unless they provide advice and analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or
analysis is rendered directly and solely in the preparation, submission or negotiation of a covered Federal action. Thus, for
example, communications with the intent to influence made by a lawyer that do not provide legal advice or analysis directly
and solely related to the legal aspects of his or her client’s proposal, but generally advocate one proposal over another, are
not allowable under this section because the lawyer is not providing professional legal services. Similarly, communications
with the intent to influence made by an engineer providing an engineering analysis prior to the preparation or submission of

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3.808

a bid or proposal are not allowable under this section since the engineer is providing technical services but not directly in the
preparation, submission or negotiation of a covered Federal action.
(iv) Requirements imposed by or pursuant to law as a condition for receiving a covered Federal award include those
required by law or regulation and any other requirements in the actual award documents.
(b) Only those communications and services expressly authorized by paragraph (a) of this section are permitted.
(c) The disclosure requirements of paragraph 3.802(b) do not apply with respect to payments of reasonable compensation
made to regularly employed officers or employees of a person.
3.804 Policy.
The contracting officer shall obtain certifications and disclosures as required by the provision at 52.203-11 , Certification
and Disclosure Regarding Payments to Influence Certain Federal Transactions, prior to the award of any contract exceeding
$150,000.
3.805 Exemption.
The Secretary of Defense may exempt, on a case-by-case basis, a covered Federal action from the prohibitions of this
subpart whenever the Secretary determines, in writing, that such an exemption is in the national interest. The Secretary shall
transmit a copy of the exemption to Congress immediately after making the determination.
3.806 Processing suspected violations.
The contracting officer shall report suspected violations of the requirements of 31 U.S.C.1352 in accordance with agency
procedures.
3.807 Civil penalties.
Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the provisions of the Program Fraud and Civil Remedies Act,
31 U.S.C.3803 (except subsection(c)), 3804-3808, and 3812, insofar as the provisions therein are not inconsistent with the
requirements of this subpart.
3.808 Solicitation provision and contract clause.
(a) Insert the provision at 52.203-11, Certification and Disclosure Regarding Payments to Influence Certain Federal
Transactions, in solicitations expected to exceed $150,000.
(b) Insert the clause at 52.203-12, Limitation on Payments to Influence Certain Federal Transactions, in solicitations and
contracts expected to exceed $150,000.

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3.904

Subpart 3.9 - Whistleblower Protections for Contractor Employees
3.900 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements various statutory whistleblower programs. This subpart does not implement 10 U.S.C. 2409,
which is applicable only to DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard.
(a) 41 U.S.C. 4705(in effect before July 1, 2013 and on or after January 2, 2017). Sections 3.901 through 3.906 of this
subpart implement 41 U.S.C. 4705, applicable to civilian agencies other than NASA and the Coast Guard, except as provided
in paragraph (c) of this section. These sections are not in effect for the duration of the pilot program described in paragraph
(b) of this section.
(b) 41 U.S.C. 4712(in effect on July 1, 2013 through January 1, 2017). Section 3.908 of this subpart implements the pilot
program, applicable to civilian agencies other than NASA and the Coast Guard, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this
section.
(c) Section 743 of Division E, Title VII, of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (Pub.
L. 113-235) and its successor provisions in subsequent appropriations acts (and as extended in continuing resolutions),
implemented in 3.909, applicable to all agencies.
(d) Contracts funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Section 3.907 of this subpart implements section
1553 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111-5), and applies to all contracts funded in whole
or in part by that Act.
3.901 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Authorized official of an agency” means an officer or employee responsible for contracting, program management, audit,
inspection, investigation, or enforcement of any law or regulation relating to Government procurement or the subject matter
of the contract.
“Authorized official of the Department of Justice” means any person responsible for the investigation, enforcement, or
prosecution of any law or regulation.
“Inspector General” means an Inspector General appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended. In the
Department of Defense that is the DoD Inspector General. In the case of an executive agency that does not have an Inspector
General, the duties shall be performed by an official designated by the head of the executive agency.
“Internal confidentiality agreement or statement” means a confidentiality agreement or any other written statement that the
contractor requires any of its employees or subcontractors to sign regarding nondisclosure of contractor information, except
that it does not include confidentiality agreements arising out of civil litigation or confidentiality agreements that contractor
employees or subcontractors sign at the behest of a Federal agency.
“Subcontract” means any contract as defined in subpart 2.1 entered into by a subcontractor to furnish supplies or services
for performance of a prime contract or a subcontract. It includes but is not limited to purchase orders, and changes and
modifications to purchase orders.
“Subcontractor” means any supplier, distributor, vendor, or firm (including a consultant) that furnishes supplies or services
to or for a prime contractor or another subcontractor.
3.902 [Reserved]
3.903 Policy.
Government contractors shall not discharge, demote or otherwise discriminate against an employee as a reprisal for
disclosing information to a Member of Congress, or an authorized official of an agency or of the Department of Justice,
relating to a substantial violation of law related to a contract (including the competition for or negotiation of a contract).
3.904 Procedures for filing complaints.
(a) Any employee of a contractor who believes that he or she has been discharged, demoted, or otherwise discriminated
against contrary to the policy in 3.903 may file a complaint with the Inspector General of the agency that awarded the
contract.
(b) The complaint shall be signed and shall contain(1) The name of the contractor;
(2) The contract number, if known; if not, a description reasonably sufficient to identify the contract(s) involved;

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
(3) The substantial violation of law giving rise to the disclosure;
(4) The nature of the disclosure giving rise to the discriminatory act; and
(5) The specific nature and date of the reprisal.

3.905 Procedures for investigating complaints.
(a) Upon receipt of a complaint, the Inspector General shall conduct an initial inquiry. If the Inspector General determines
that the complaint is frivolous or for other reasons does not merit further investigation, the Inspector General shall advise the
complainant that no further action on the complaint will be taken.
(b) If the Inspector General determines that the complaint merits further investigation, the Inspector General shall notify
the complainant, contractor, and head of the contracting activity. The Inspector General shall conduct an investigation and
provide a written report of findings to the head of the agency or designee.
(c) Upon completion of the investigation, the head of the agency or designee shall ensure that the Inspector General
provides the report of findings to(1) The complainant and any person acting on the complainant’s behalf;
(2) The contractor alleged to have committed the violation; and
(3) The head of the contracting activity.
(d) The complainant and contractor shall be afforded the opportunity to submit a written response to the report of findings
within 30 days to the head of the agency or designee. Extensions of time to file a written response may be granted by the head
of the agency or designee.
(e) At any time, the head of the agency or designee may request additional investigative work be done on the complaint.
3.906 Remedies.
(a) If the head of the agency or designee determines that a contractor has subjected one of its employees to a reprisal for
providing information to a Member of Congress, or an authorized official of an agency or of the Department of Justice, the
head of the agency or designee may take one or more of the following actions:
(1) Order the contractor to take affirmative action to abate the reprisal.
(2) Order the contractor to reinstate the person to the position that the person held before the reprisal, together with the
compensation (including back pay), employment benefits, and other terms and conditions of employment that would apply to
the person in that position if the reprisal had not been taken.
(3) Order the contractor to pay the complainant an amount equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses
(including attorneys’ fees and expert witnesses’ fees) that were reasonably incurred by the complainant for, or in connection
with, bringing the complaint regarding the reprisal.
(b) Whenever a contractor fails to comply with an order, the head of the agency or designee shall request the Department
of Justice to file an action for enforcement of such order in the United States district court for a district in which the reprisal
was found to have occurred. In any action brought under this section, the court may grant appropriate relief, including
injunctive relief and compensatory and exemplary damages.
(c) Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order issued under this section may obtain review of the order’s
conformance with the law, and this subpart, in the United States Court of Appeals for a circuit in which the reprisal is alleged
in the order to have occurred. No petition seeking such review may be filed more than 60 days after issuance of the order by
the head of the agency or designee. Review shall conform to Chapter 7 of Title 5, United States Code.
3.907 Whistleblower Protections Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (the Recovery Act).
3.907-1 Definitions.
As used in this section“Board” means the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board established by Section 1521 of the Recovery Act.
“Covered funds” means any contract payment, grant payment, or other payment received by a contractor if(1) The Federal Government provides any portion of the money or property that is provided, requested, or demanded;
and
(2) At least some of the funds are appropriated or otherwise made available by the Recovery Act.
“Covered information” means information that the employee reasonably believes is evidence of gross mismanagement of
the contract or subcontract related to covered funds, gross waste of covered funds, a substantial and specific danger to public
health or safety related to the implementation or use of covered funds, an abuse of authority related to the implementation or

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use of covered funds, or a violation of law, rule, or regulation related to an agency contract (including the competition for or
negotiation of a contract) awarded or issued relating to covered funds.
“Inspector General” means an Inspector General appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978. In the Department of
Defense that is the DoD Inspector General. In the case of an executive agency that does not have an Inspector General, the
duties shall be performed by an official designated by the head of the executive agency.
“Non-Federal employer,” as used in this section, means any employer that receives Recovery Act funds, including a
contractor, subcontractor, or other recipient of funds pursuant to a contract or other agreement awarded and administered in
accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
3.907-2 Policy.
Non-Federal employers are prohibited from discharging, demoting, or otherwise discriminating against an employee as a
reprisal for disclosing covered information to any of the following entities or their representatives:
(1) The Board.
(2) An Inspector General.
(3) The Comptroller General.
(4) A member of Congress.
(5) A State or Federal regulatory or law enforcement agency.
(6) A person with supervisory authority over the employee or such other person working for the employer who has the
authority to investigate, discover, or terminate misconduct.
(7) A court or grand jury.
(8) The head of a Federal agency.
3.907-3 Procedures for filing complaints.
(a) An employee who believes that he or she has been subjected to reprisal prohibited by the Recovery Act, Section 1553
as set forth in 3.907-2, may submit a complaint regarding the reprisal to the Inspector General of the agency that awarded the
contract.
(b) The complaint shall be signed and shall contain(1) The name of the contractor;
(2) The contract number, if known; if not, a description reasonably sufficient to identify the contract(s) involved;
(3) The covered information giving rise to the disclosure;
(4) The nature of the disclosure giving rise to the discriminatory act; and
(5) The specific nature and date of the reprisal.
(c) A contracting officer who receives a complaint of reprisal of the type described in 3.907-2 shall forward it to the Office
of Inspector General and to other designated officials in accordance with agency procedures (e.g., agency legal counsel).
3.907-4 Procedures for investigating complaints.
Investigation of complaints will be in accordance with section 1553 of the Recovery Act.
3.907-5 Access to investigative file of Inspector General.
(a) The employee alleging reprisal under this section shall have access to the investigation file of the Inspector General,
in accordance with the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. §552a. The investigation of the Inspector General shall be deemed closed for
the purposes of disclosure under such section when an employee files an appeal to the agency head or a court of competent
jurisdiction.
(b) In the event the employee alleging reprisal brings a civil action under section 1553(c)(3) of the Recovery Act, the
employee alleging the reprisal and the non-Federal employer shall have access to the investigative file of the Inspector
General in accordance with the Privacy Act.
(c) The Inspector General may exclude from disclosures made under 3.907-5(a) or (b)(1) Information protected from disclosure by a provision of law; and
(2) Any additional information the Inspector General determines disclosure of which would impede a continuing
investigation, provided that such information is disclosed once such disclosure would no longer impede such investigation,
unless the Inspector General determines that the disclosure of law enforcement techniques, procedures, or information could
reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law or disclose the identity of a confidential source.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) An Inspector General investigating an alleged reprisal under this section may not respond to any inquiry or disclose
any information from or about any person alleging such reprisal, except in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552a or as required by
any other applicable Federal law.
3.907-6 Remedies and enforcement authority.
(a) Burden of Proof. (1) Disclosure as contributing factor in reprisal.
(i) An employee alleging a reprisal under this section shall be deemed to have affirmatively established the
occurrence of the reprisal if the employee demonstrates that a disclosure described in section 3.907-2 was a contributing
factor in the reprisal.
(ii) A disclosure may be demonstrated as a contributing factor in a reprisal for purposes of this paragraph by
circumstantial evidence, including(A) Evidence that the official undertaking the reprisal knew of the disclosure; or
(B) Evidence that the reprisal occurred within a period of time after the disclosure such that a reasonable person
could conclude that the disclosure was a contributing factor in the reprisal.
(2) Opportunity for rebuttal. The head of an agency may not find the occurrence of a reprisal with respect to a
reprisal that is affirmatively established under section 3.907-6(a)(1) if the non-Federal employer demonstrates by clear and
convincing evidence that the non-Federal employer would have taken the action constituting the reprisal in the absence of the
disclosure.
(b) No later than 30 days after receiving an Inspector General report in accordance with section 1553 of the Recovery Act,
the head of the agency concerned shall determine whether there is sufficient basis to conclude that the non-Federal employer
has subjected the complainant to a reprisal prohibited by subsection 3.907-2 and shall either issue an order denying relief in
whole or in part or shall take one or more of the following actions:
(1) Order the employer to take affirmative action to abate the reprisal.
(2) Order the employer to reinstate the person to the position that the person held before the reprisal, together with
the compensation (including back pay), compensatory damages, employment benefits, and other terms and conditions of
employment that would apply to the person in that position if the reprisal had not been taken.
(3) Order the employer to pay the complainant an amount equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses
(including attorneys’ fees and expert witnesses’ fees) that were reasonably incurred by the complainant for, or in connection
with, bringing the complaint regarding the reprisal.
(c) (1) The complainant shall be deemed to have exhausted all administrative remedies with respect to the complaint, and
the complainant may bring a de novo action at law or equity against the employer to seek compensatory damages and other
relief available under this section in the appropriate district court of United States, which shall have jurisdiction over such an
action without regard to the amount in controversy if(i) The head of an agency(A) Issues an order denying relief in whole or in part under paragraph (a) of this section;
(B) Has not issued an order within 210 days after the submission of a complaint in accordance with section 1553
of the Recovery Act, or in the case of an extension of time in accordance with section 1553 of the Recovery Act, within 30
days after the expiration of the extension of time; or
(C) Decides in accordance with section 1553 of the Recovery Act not to investigate or to discontinue an
investigation; and
(ii) There is no showing that such delay or decision is due to the bad faith of the complainant.
(2) Such an action shall, at the request of either party to the action, be tried by the court with a jury.
(d) Whenever an employer fails to comply with an order issued under this section, the head of the agency shall request the
Department of Justice to file an action for enforcement of such order in the United States district court for a district in which
the reprisal was found to have occurred. In any action brought under this section, the court may grant appropriate relief,
including injunctive relief, compensatory and exemplary damages, and attorneys fees and costs.
(e) Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order issued under paragraph (b) of this subsection may obtain
review of the order’s conformance with the law, and this section, in the United States Court of Appeals for a circuit in which
the reprisal is alleged in the order to have occurred. No petition seeking such review may be filed more than 60 days after
issuance of the order by the head of the agency.

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3.908-5

3.907-7 Contract clause.
Use the clause at 52.203-15 , Whistleblower Protections Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in
all solicitations and contracts funded in whole or in part with Recovery Act funds.
3.908 Pilot program for enhancement of contractor employee whistleblower protections.
3.908-1 Scope of section.
(a) This section implements 41 U.S.C. 4712.
(b) This section does not apply to(1) DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard; or
(2) Any element of the intelligence community, as defined in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50
U.S.C. 3003(4)). This section does not apply to any disclosure made by an employee of a contractor or subcontractor of an
element of the intelligence community if such disclosure(i) Relates to an activity of an element of the intelligence community; or
(ii) Was discovered during contract or subcontract services provided to an element of the intelligence community.
3.908-2 Definitions.
As used in this section“Abuse of authority” means an arbitrary and capricious exercise of authority that is inconsistent with the mission of the
executive agency concerned or the successful performance of a contract of such agency.
“Inspector General” means an Inspector General appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978 and any Inspector
General that receives funding from, or has oversight over contracts awarded for, or on behalf of, the executive agency
concerned.
3.908-3 Policy.
(a) Contractors and subcontractors are prohibited from discharging, demoting, or otherwise discriminating against an
employee as a reprisal for disclosing, to any of the entities listed at paragraph (b) of this subsection, information that the
employee reasonably believes is evidence of gross mismanagement of a Federal contract, a gross waste of Federal funds, an
abuse of authority relating to a Federal contract, a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety, or a violation of
law, rule, or regulation related to a Federal contract (including the competition for or negotiation of a contract). A reprisal is
prohibited even if it is undertaken at the request of an executive branch official, unless the request takes the form of a nondiscretionary directive and is within the authority of the executive branch official making the request.
(b) Entities to whom disclosure may be made.
(1) A Member of Congress or a representative of a committee of Congress.
(2) An Inspector General.
(3) The Government Accountability Office.
(4) A Federal employee responsible for contract oversight or management at the relevant agency.
(5) An authorized official of the Department of Justice or other law enforcement agency.
(6) A court or grand jury.
(7) A management official or other employee of the contractor or subcontractor who has the responsibility to
investigate, discover, or address misconduct.
(c) An employee who initiates or provides evidence of contractor or subcontractor misconduct in any judicial or
administrative proceeding relating to waste, fraud, or abuse on a Federal contract shall be deemed to have made a disclosure.
3.908-4 Filing complaints.
A contractor or subcontractor employee who believes that he or she has been discharged, demoted, or otherwise
discriminated against contrary to the policy in 3.908-3 of this section may submit a complaint with the Inspector General of
the agency concerned. Procedures for submitting fraud, waste, abuse, and whistleblower complaints are generally accessible
on agency Office of Inspector General Hotline or Whistleblower Internet sites. A complaint by the employee may not be
brought under 41 U.S.C. 4712 more than three years after the date on which the alleged reprisal took place.
3.908-5 Procedures for investigating complaints.
(a) Investigation of complaints will be in accordance with 41 U.S.C. 4712(b).

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(b) Upon completion of the investigation, the head of the agency or designee shall ensure that the Inspector General
provides the report of findings to(1) The complainant and any person acting on the complainant’s behalf;
(2) The contractor alleged to have committed the violation; and
(3) The head of the contracting activity.
(c) The complainant and contractor shall be afforded the opportunity to submit a written response to the report of findings
within 30 days to the head of the agency or designee. Extensions of time to file a written response may be granted by the head
of the agency or designee.
(d) At any time, the head of the agency or designee may request additional investigative work be done on the complaint.
3.908-6 Remedies.
(a) Agency response to Inspector General report. Not later than 30 days after receiving an Inspector General report in
accordance with 41 U.S.C. 4712, the head of the agency shall(1) Determine whether sufficient basis exists to conclude that the contractor or subcontractor has subjected the
employee who submitted the complaint to a reprisal as prohibited by 3.908-3; and
(2) Issue an order denying relief or take one or more of the following actions:
(i) Order the contractor to take affirmative action to abate the reprisal.
(ii) Order the contractor or subcontractor to reinstate the complainant-employee to the position that the person held
before the reprisal, together with compensatory damages (including back pay), employment benefits, and other terms and
conditions of employment that would apply to the person in that position if the reprisal had not been taken.
(iii) Order the contractor or subcontractor to pay the complainant-employee an amount equal to the aggregate
amount of all costs and expenses (including attorneys' fees and expert witnesses’ fees) that were reasonably incurred by
the complainant for, or in connection with, bringing the complaint regarding the reprisal, as determined by the head of the
agency.
(b) Complainant’s right to go to court. If the head of the agency issues an order denying relief or has not issued an order
within 210 days after the submission of the complaint or within 30 days after the expiration of an extension of time granted
in accordance with 41 U.S.C. 4712(b)(2)(B) for the submission of the Inspector General’s report on the investigative findings
of the complaint to the head of the agency, the contractor or subcontractor, and the complainant, and there is no showing that
such delay is due to the bad faith of the complainant(1) The complainant shall be deemed to have exhausted all administrative remedies with respect to the complaint; and
(2) The complainant may bring a de novo action at law or equity against the contractor or subcontractor to seek
compensatory damages and other relief available under 41 U.S.C. 4712 in the appropriate district court of the United States,
which shall have jurisdiction over such an action without regard to the amount in controversy. Such an action shall, at the
request of either party to the action, be tried by the court with a jury. An action under this authority may not be brought more
than two years after the date on which remedies are deemed to have been exhausted.
(c) Admissibility in evidence. An Inspector General determination and an agency head order denying relief under this
section shall be admissible in evidence in any de novo action at law or equity brought pursuant to 41 U.S.C. 4712.
(d) No waiver. The rights and remedies provided for in 41 U.S.C. 4712 may not be waived by any agreement, policy, form,
or condition of employment.
3.908-7 Enforcement of orders.
(a) Whenever a contractor or subcontractor fails to comply with an order issued under 3.908-6(a)(2) of this section, the
head of the agency concerned shall file an action for enforcement of the order in the U.S. district court for a district in which
the reprisal was found to have occurred. In any action brought pursuant to this authority, the court may grant appropriate
relief, including injunctive relief, compensatory and exemplary damages, and attorney fees and costs. The complainant
employee upon whose behalf an order was issued may also file such an action or join in an action filed by the head of the
agency.
(b) Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order issued under 3.908-6(a)(2) may obtain review of the order’s
conformance with 41 U.S.C. 4712 and its implementing regulations, in the U.S. court of appeals for a circuit in which the
reprisal is alleged in the order to have occurred. No petition seeking such review may be filed more than 60 days after
issuance of the order by the head of the agency. Filing such an appeal shall not act to stay the enforcement of the order of the
head of an agency, unless a stay is specifically entered by the court.

3.9-6

SUBPART 3.9 - WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTIONS FOR CONTRACTOR EMPLOYEES

3.909-3

3.908-8 Classified information.
41 U.S.C. 4712 does not provide any right to disclose classified information not otherwise provided by law.
3.908-9 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.203-17 , Contractor Employee Whistleblower Rights and Requirement
to Inform Employees of Whistleblower Rights, in all solicitations and contracts that exceed the simplified acquisition
threshold.
3.909 Prohibition on providing funds to an entity that requires certain internal confidentiality agreements or
statements.
3.909-1 Prohibition.
(a) The Government is prohibited from using fiscal year 2015 and subsequent fiscal year funds for a contract with an
entity that requires employees or subcontractors of such entity seeking to report waste, fraud, or abuse to sign internal
confidentiality agreements or statements prohibiting or otherwise restricting such employees or subcontractors from lawfully
reporting such waste, fraud, or abuse to a designated investigative or law enforcement representative of a Federal department
or agency authorized to receive such information. See section 743 of Division E, Title VII, of the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (Pub. L. 113-235) and its successor provisions in subsequent appropriations acts (and as
extended in continuing resolutions.)
(b) The prohibition in paragraph (a) of this section does not contravene requirements applicable to Standard Form 312
(Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement), Form 4414 (Sensitive Compartmented Information Nondisclosure
Agreement), or any other form issued by a Federal department or agency governing the nondisclosure of classified
information.
3.909-2 Representation by the offeror.
(a) In order to be eligible for contract award, an offeror must represent that it will not require its employees or
subcontractors to sign internal confidentiality agreements or statements prohibiting or otherwise restricting such employees
or subcontractors from lawfully reporting waste, fraud, or abuse related to the performance of a Government contract to a
designated investigative or law enforcement representative of a Federal department or agency authorized to receive such
information (e.g., agency Office of the Inspector General). Any offeror that does not so represent is ineligible for award of a
contract.
(b) The contracting officer may rely on an offeror's representation unless the contracting officer has reason to question the
representation.
3.909-3 Solicitation provision and contract clause.
When using funding subject to the prohibitions in 3.909-1 (a), the contracting officer shall(a) (1) Include the provision at 52.203-18, Prohibition on Contracting with Entities that Require Certain Internal
Confidentiality Agreements or Statements-Representation, in all solicitations, except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this
section; and
(2) Do not insert the provision in solicitations for a personal services contract with an individual if the services are to be
performed entirely by the individual, rather than by an employee of the contractor or a subcontractor.
(b) (1) Include the clause at 52.203-19, Prohibition on Requiring Certain Internal Confidentiality Agreements or
Statements, in all solicitations and resultant contracts, other than personal services contracts with individuals.
(2) Modify existing contracts, other than personal services contracts with individuals, to include the clause before
obligating FY 2015 or subsequent FY funds that are subject to the same prohibition on internal confidentiality agreements or
statements.

3.9-7

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3.9-8

SUBPART 3.10 - CONTRACTOR CODE OF BUSINESS ETHICS AND CONDUCT

3.1003

Subpart 3.10 - Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct
3.1000 Scope of subpart.
This subpart(a) Implements 41 U.S.C. 3509, Notification of Violations of Federal Criminal Law or Overpayments; and
(b) Prescribes policies and procedures for the establishment of contractor codes of business ethics and conduct, and
display of agency Office of Inspector General (OIG) fraud hotline posters.
3.1001 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Subcontract” means any contract entered into by a subcontractor to furnish supplies or services for performance of a
prime contract or a subcontract.
“Subcontractor” means any supplier, distributor, vendor, or firm that furnished supplies or services to or for a prime
contractor or another subcontractor.
“United States” means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and outlying areas.
3.1002 Policy.
(a) Government contractors must conduct themselves with the highest degree of integrity and honesty.
(b) Contractors should have a written code of business ethics and conduct. To promote compliance with such code of
business ethics and conduct, contractors should have an employee business ethics and compliance training program and an
internal control system that(1) Are suitable to the size of the company and extent of its involvement in Government contracting;
(2) Facilitate timely discovery and disclosure of improper conduct in connection with Government contracts; and
(3) Ensure corrective measures are promptly instituted and carried out.
3.1003 Requirements.
(a) Contractor requirements. (1) Although the policy at 3.1002 applies as guidance to all Government contractors,
the contractual requirements set forth in the clauses at 52.203-13, Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct,
and 52.203-14, Display of Hotline Poster(s), are mandatory if the contracts meet the conditions specified in the clause
prescriptions at 3.1004.
(2) Whether or not the clause at 52.203-13 is applicable, a contractor may be suspended and/or debarred for knowing
failure by a principal to timely disclose to the Government, in connection with the award, performance, or closeout of a
Government contract performed by the contractor or a subcontract awarded thereunder, credible evidence of a violation of
Federal criminal law involving fraud, conflict of interest, bribery, or gratuity violations found in Title 18 of the United States
Code or a violation of the civil False Claims Act. Knowing failure to timely disclose credible evidence of any of the above
violations remains a cause for suspension and/or debarment until 3 years after final payment on a contract (see 9.406-2(b)(1)
(vi) and 9.407-2(a)(8)).
(3) The Payment clauses at FAR 52.212-4(i)(5), 52.232-25(d), 52.232-26(c), and 52.232-27(l) require that, if the
contractor becomes aware that the Government has overpaid on a contract financing or invoice payment, the contractor shall
remit the overpayment amount to the Government. A contractor may be suspended and/or debarred for knowing failure by a
principal to timely disclose credible evidence of a significant overpayment, other than overpayments resulting from contract
financing payments as defined in 32.001(see 9.406-2(b)(1)(vi) and 9.407-2(a)(8)).
(b) Notification of possible contractor violation. If the contracting officer is notified of possible contractor violation
of Federal criminal law involving fraud, conflict of interest, bribery, or gratuity violations found in Title 18 U.S.C.; or a
violation of the civil False Claims Act, the contracting officer shall(1) Coordinate the matter with the agency Office of the Inspector General; or
(2) Take action in accordance with agency procedures.
(c) Fraud Hotline Poster. (1) Agency OIGs are responsible for determining the need for, and content of, their respective
agency OIG fraud hotline poster(s).
(2) When requested by the Department of Homeland Security, agencies shall ensure that contracts funded with disaster
assistance funds require display of any fraud hotline poster applicable to the specific contract. As established by the agency
OIG, such posters may be displayed in lieu of, or in addition to, the agency’s standard poster.

3.10-1

3.1004

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

3.1004 Contract clauses.
(a) Insert the clause at FAR 52.203-13, Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct, in solicitations and contracts if
the value of the contract is expected to exceed $5.5 million and the performance period is 120 days or more.
(b) (1) Unless the contract is for the acquisition of a commercial item or will be performed entirely outside the United
States, insert the clause at FAR 52.203-14, Display of Hotline Poster(s), if(i) The contract exceeds $5.5 million or a lesser amount established by the agency; and
(ii) (A) The agency has a fraud hotline poster; or
(B) The contract is funded with disaster assistance funds.
(2) In paragraph (b)(3) of the clause, the contracting officer shall(i) Identify the applicable posters; and
(ii) Insert the website link(s) or other contact information for obtaining the agency and/or Department of Homeland
Security poster.
(3) In paragraph (d) of the clause, if the agency has established policies and procedures for display of the OIG fraud
hotline poster at a lesser amount, the contracting officer shall replace “$5.5 million” with the lesser amount that the agency
has established.

3.10-2

SUBPART 3.11 - PREVENTING PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST FOR CONTRACTOR EMPLOYEES PERFORMING ACQUISITION
FUNCTIONS
3.1101

Subpart 3.11 - Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest for
Contractor Employees Performing Acquisition Functions
3.1100 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements policy on personal conflicts of interest by employees of Government contractors as required by
41 U.S.C. 2303.
3.1101 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Acquisition function closely associated with inherently governmental functions” means supporting or providing advice or
recommendations with regard to the following activities of a Federal agency:
(1) Planning acquisitions.
(2) Determining what supplies or services are to be acquired by the Government, including developing statements of
work.
(3) Developing or approving any contractual documents, to include documents defining requirements, incentive plans,
and evaluation criteria.
(4) Evaluating contract proposals.
(5) Awarding Government contracts.
(6) Administering contracts (including ordering changes or giving technical direction in contract performance or
contract quantities, evaluating contractor performance, and accepting or rejecting contractor products or services).
(7) Terminating contracts.
(8) Determining whether contract costs are reasonable, allocable, and allowable.
(a) “Covered employee” means an individual who performs an acquisition function closely associated with inherently
governmental functions and is(1) An employee of the contractor; or
(2) A subcontractor that is a self-employed individual treated as a covered employee of the contractor because there is
no employer to whom such an individual could submit the required disclosures.
“Personal conflict of interest” means a situation in which a covered employee has a financial interest, personal activity,
or relationship that could impair the employee’s ability to act impartially and in the best interest of the Government when
performing under the contract. (A de minimis interest that would not “impair the employee’s ability to act impartially and in
the best interest of the Government” is not covered under this definition.)
(1) An employee of the contractor; or
(2) A subcontractor that is a self-employed individual treated as a covered employee of the contractor because there is
no employer to whom such an individual could submit the required disclosures.
“Personal conflict of interest” means a situation in which a covered employee has a financial interest, personal activity,
or relationship that could impair the employee’s ability to act impartially and in the best interest of the Government when
performing under the contract. (A de minimis interest that would not “impair the employee’s ability to act impartially and in
the best interest of the Government” is not covered under this definition.)
(1) Among the sources of personal conflicts of interest are(i) Financial interests of the covered employee, of close family members, or of other members of the covered
employee's household;
(ii) Other employment or financial relationships (including seeking or negotiating for prospective employment or
business); and
(iii) Gifts, including travel.
(2) For example, financial interests referred to in paragraph (1) of this definition may arise from(i) Compensation, including wages, salaries, commissions, professional fees, or fees for business referrals;
(ii) Consulting relationships (including commercial and professional consulting and service arrangements, scientific
and technical advisory board memberships, or serving as an expert witness in litigation);
(iii) Services provided in exchange for honorariums or travel expense reimbursements;
(iv) Research funding or other forms of research support;
(v) Investment in the form of stock or bond ownership or partnership interest (excluding diversified mutual fund
investments);
(vi) Real estate investments;
3.11-1

3.1102

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION
(vii) Patents, copyrights, and other intellectual property interests; or
(viii) Business ownership and investment interests.

3.1102 Policy.
The Government’s policy is to require contractors to(a) Identify and prevent personal conflicts of interest of their covered employees; and
(b) Prohibit covered employees who have access to nonpublic information by reason of performance on a Government
contract from using such information for personal gain.
3.1103 Procedures.
(a) By use of the contract clause at 52.203-16, as prescribed at 3.1106, the contracting officer shall require each contractor
whose employees perform acquisition functions closely associated with inherently Government functions to(1) Have procedures in place to screen covered employees for potential personal conflicts of interest by(i) Obtaining and maintaining from each covered employee, when the employee is initially assigned to the task
under the contract, a disclosure of interests that might be affected by the task to which the employee has been assigned, as
follows:
(A) Financial interests of the covered employee, of close family members, or of other members of the covered
employee’s household.
(B) Other employment or financial relationships of the covered employee (including seeking or negotiating for
prospective employment or business).
(C) Gifts, including travel; and
(ii) Requiring each covered employee to update the disclosure statement whenever the employee’s personal or
financial circumstances change in such a way that a new personal conflict of interest might occur because of the task the
covered employee is performing.
(2) For each covered employee(i) Prevent personal conflicts of interest, including not assigning or allowing a covered employee to perform any task
under the contract for which the Contractor has identified a personal conflict of interest for the employee that the Contractor
or employee cannot satisfactorily prevent or mitigate in consultation with the contracting agency;
(ii) Prohibit use of non-public information accessed through performance of a Government contract for personal
gain; and
(iii) Obtain a signed non-disclosure agreement to prohibit disclosure of non-public information accessed through
performance of a Government contract.
(3) Inform covered employees of their obligation(i) To disclose and prevent personal conflicts of interest;
(ii) Not to use non-public information accessed through performance of a Government contract for personal gain;
and
(iii) To avoid even the appearance of personal conflicts of interest;
(4) Maintain effective oversight to verify compliance with personal conflict-of-interest safeguards;
(5) Take appropriate disciplinary action in the case of covered employees who fail to comply with policies established
pursuant to this section; and
(6) Report to the contracting officer any personal conflict-of-interest violation by a covered employee as soon as
identified. This report shall include a description of the violation and the proposed actions to be taken by the contractor in
response to the violation, with follow-up reports of corrective actions taken, as necessary.
(b) If a contractor reports a personal conflict-of-interest violation by a covered employee to the contracting officer in
accordance with paragraph (b)(6) of the clause at 52.203-16, Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest, the contracting officer
shall(1) Review the actions taken by the contractor;
(2) Determine whether any action taken by the contractor has resolved the violation satisfactorily; and
(3) If the contracting officer determines that the contractor has not resolved the violation satisfactorily, take any
appropriate action in consultation with agency legal counsel.

3.11-2

SUBPART 3.11 - PREVENTING PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST FOR CONTRACTOR EMPLOYEES PERFORMING ACQUISITION
FUNCTIONS
3.1106
3.1104 Mitigation or waiver.
(a) In exceptional circumstances, if the contractor cannot satisfactorily prevent a personal conflict of interest as required
by paragraph (b)(2)(i) of the clause at 52.203-16, Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest, the contractor may submit a
request, through the contracting officer, for the head of the contracting activity to(1) Agree to a plan to mitigate the personal conflict of interest; or
(2) Waive the requirement to prevent personal conflicts of interest.
(b) If the head of the contracting activity determines in writing that such action is in the best interest of the Government,
the head of the contracting activity may impose conditions that provide mitigation of a personal conflict of interest or grant a
waiver.
(c) This authority shall not be redelegated.
3.1105 Violations.
If the contracting officer suspects violation by the contractor of a requirement of paragraph (b), (c)(3), or (d) of the clause
at 52.203-16 , Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest, the contracting officer shall contact the agency legal counsel for
advice and/or recommendations on a course of action.
3.1106 Contract clause.
(a) Insert the clause at 52.203-16, Preventing Personal Conflicts of Interest, in solicitations and contracts that(1) Exceed the simplified acquisition threshold; and
(2) Include a requirement for services by contractor employee(s) that involve performance of acquisition functions
closely associated with inherently governmental functions for, or on behalf of, a Federal agency or department.
(b) If only a portion of a contract is for the performance of acquisition functions closely associated with inherently
governmental functions, then the contracting officer shall still insert the clause, but shall limit applicability of the clause to
that portion of the contract that is for the performance of such services.
(c) Do not insert the clause in solicitations or contracts with a self-employed individual if the acquisition functions closely
associated with inherently governmental functions are to be performed entirely by the self-employed individual, rather than
an employee of the contractor.

3.11-3

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3.11-4

PART 4 - ADMINISTRATIVE AND INFORMATION MATTERS
Sec.
4.000
4.001

Scope of part.
Definitions.

4.101
4.102
4.103

Subpart 4.1 - Contract Execution
Contracting officer’s signature.
Contractor’s signature.
Contract clause.

4.201
4.202
4.203

Subpart 4.2 - Contract Distribution
Procedures.
Agency distribution requirements.
Taxpayer identification information.

4.300
4.301
4.302
4.303

Subpart 4.3 - Paper Documents
Scope of subpart.
Definition.
Policy.
Contract clause.

4.401
4.402
4.403
4.404

4.500
4.501
4.502
4.600
4.601
4.602
4.603
4.604
4.605
4.606
4.607

Subpart 4.4 - Safeguarding Classified
Information Within Industry
[Reserved]
General.
Responsibilities of contracting officers.
Contract clause.
Subpart 4.5 - Electronic
Commerce in Contracting
Scope of subpart.
[Reserved]
Policy.
Subpart 4.6 - Contract Reporting
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
General.
Policy.
Responsibilities.
Procedures.
Reporting Data.
Solicitation provisions and contract clause.

Subpart 4.7 - Contractor Records Retention
4.700
Scope of subpart.
4.701
Purpose.
4.702
Applicability.
4.703
Policy.
4.704
Calculation of retention periods.
4.705
Specific retention periods.
4.705-1
Financial and cost accounting records.
4.705-2
Pay administration records.
4.705-3
Acquisition and supply records.

Subpart 4.8 - Government Contract Files
4.800
Scope of subpart.
4.801
General.
4.802
Contract files.
4.803
Contents of contract files.
4.804
Closeout of contract files.
4.804-1
Closeout by the office administering the
contract.
4.804-2
Closeout of the contracting office files if
another office administers the contract.
4.804-3
Closeout of paying office contract files.
4.804-4
Physically completed contracts.
4.804-5
Procedures for closing out contract files.
4.805
Storage, handling, and contract files.

4.900
4.901
4.902
4.903
4.904
4.905

Subpart 4.9 - Taxpayer
Identification Number Information
Scope of subpart.
Definition.
General.
Reporting contract information to the IRS.
Reporting payment information to the IRS.
Solicitation provision.

Subpart 4.10 - Uniform Use of Line Items
Scope.
Policy.
Applicability.
Establishing line items.
Establishing subline items.
Data elements for line items and subline
items.
4.1005-1
Required data elements.
4.1005-2
Exceptions.
4.1006
Modifications.
4.1007
Solicitation alternative line item proposal.
4.1008
Solicitation provision.
4.1000
4.1001
4.1002
4.1003
4.1004
4.1005

Subpart 4.11 - System for Award Management
4.1100
Scope.
4.1101
Definition.
4.1102
Policy.
4.1103
Procedures.
4.1104
Disaster Response Registry.
4.1105
Solicitation provision and contract clauses.

4.1200
4.1201
4.1202

Subpart 4.12 - Representations
and Certifications
Scope.
Policy.
Solicitation provision and contract clause.
4-1

Subpart 4.13 - Personal Identity Verification
4.1300
Scope of subpart.
4.1301
Policy.
4.1302
Acquisition of approved products and
services for personal identity verification.
4.1303
Contract clause.

4.1400
4.1401
4.1402
4.1403

Subpart 4.14 - Reporting
Executive Compensation and
First-Tier Subcontract Awards
Scope of subpart.
Applicability.
Procedures.
Contract clause.

4.1500
4.1501
4.1502

Subpart 4.15 - [Reserved]
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
[Reserved]

4.1600
4.1601
4.1602
4.1603

Subpart 4.16 - Unique Procurement
Instrument Identifiers
Scope of subpart.
Policy.
Identifying the PIID and supplementary
PIID.
Procedures.

Subpart 4.17 - Service Contracts Inventory
4.1700
Scope of subpart.
4.1701
Definitions.
4.1702
Applicability.
4.1703
Reporting requirements.
4.1704
Contracting officer responsibilities.
4.1705
Contract clauses.

4-2

4.1800
4.1801
4.1802
4.1803
4.1804

Subpart 4.18 - Commercial
and Government Entity Code
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Policy.
Verifying CAGE codes prior to award.
Solicitation provisions and contract clause.

Subpart 4.19 - Basic Safeguarding of
Covered Contractor Information Systems
4.1901
Definitions.
4.1902
Applicability.
4.1903
Contract clause.
Subpart 4.20 Prohibition on Contracting
for Hardware, Software, and Services
Developed or Provided by Kaspersky Lab
4.2001
Definitions.
4.2002
Prohibition.
4.2003
Notification.
4.2004
Contract clause.
Subpart 4.21 Prohibition on Contracting
for Certain Telecommunications and
Video Surveillance Services or Equipment
4.2100
Scope of part.
4.2101
Definitions.
4.2102
Prohibition.
4.2103
Procedures.
4.2104
Waivers.
4.2105
Solicitation provisions and contract clause.

4.103

SUBPART 4.1 4.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures relating to the administrative aspects of contract execution, contractorsubmitted paper documents, distribution, reporting, retention, and files.

4.001 Definitions.
As used in this part“Procurement Instrument Identifier (PIID)” means the Government-unique identifier for each solicitation, contract,
agreement, or order. For example, an agency may use as its PIID for procurement actions, such as delivery and task orders or
basic ordering agreements, the order or agreement number in conjunction with the contract number (see 4.1602).
“Supplementary procurement instrument identifier” means the non-unique identifier for a procurement action that is
used in conjunction with the Government-unique identifier. For example, an agency may use as its PIID for an amended
solicitation, the Government-unique identifier for a solicitation number (e.g., N0002309R0009) in conjunction with a nonunique amendment number (e.g., 0001). The non-unique amendment number represents the supplementary PIID.

Subpart 4.1 - Contract Execution
4.101 Contracting officer’s signature.
Only contracting officers shall sign contracts on behalf of the United States. The contracting officer’s name and official
title shall be typed, stamped, or printed on the contract. The contracting officer normally signs the contract after it has been
signed by the contractor. The contracting officer shall ensure that the signer(s) have authority to bind the contractor (see
specific requirements in 4.102 of this subpart).
4.102 Contractor’s signature.
(a) Individuals. A contract with an individual shall be signed by that individual. A contract with an individual doing
business as a firm shall be signed by that individual, and the signature shall be followed by the individual’s typed, stamped, or
printed name and the words “, an individual doing business as _________” [insert name of firm].
(b) Partnerships. A contract with a partnership shall be signed in the partnership name. Before signing for the
Government, the contracting officer shall obtain a list of all partners and ensure that the individual(s) signing for the
partnership have authority to bind the partnership.
(c) Corporations. A contract with a corporation shall be signed in the corporate name, followed by the word “by” and
the signature and title of the person authorized to sign. The contracting officer shall ensure that the person signing for the
corporation has authority to bind the corporation.
(d) Joint venturers. A contract with joint venturers may involve any combination of individuals, partnerships, or
corporations. The contract shall be signed by each participant in the joint venture in the manner prescribed in paragraphs (a)
through (c) of this section for each type of participant. When a corporation is participating, the contracting officer shall verify
that the corporation is authorized to participate in the joint venture.
(e) Agents. When an agent is to sign the contract, other than as stated in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, the
agent’s authorization to bind the principal must be established by evidence satisfactory to the contracting officer.
4.103 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-1 Approval of Contract, in solicitations and contracts if required by
agency procedures.

4.1-1

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4.1-2

SUBPART 4.2 - CONTRACT DISTRIBUTION

4.203

Subpart 4.2 - Contract Distribution
4.201 Procedures.
Contracting officers shall distribute copies of contracts or modifications within 10 working days after execution by all
parties. As a minimum, the contracting officer shall(a) Distribute simultaneously one signed copy or reproduction of the signed contract to the contractor and the paying
office;
(b) When a contract is assigned to another office for contract administration (see subpart 42.2), provide to that office(1) One copy or reproduction of the signed contract and of each modification; and
(2) A copy of the contract distribution list, showing those offices that should receive copies of modifications, and any
changes to the list as they occur;
(c) Distribute one copy to each accounting and finance office (funding office) whose funds are cited in the contract;
(d) When the contract is not assigned for administration but contains a Cost Accounting Standards clause, provide one
copy of the contract to the cognizant administrative contracting officer and mark the copy “For Cost Accounting Standards
Administration Only” (see 30.601(b));
(e) Provide one copy of each contract or modification that requires audit service to the appropriate field audit office listed
in the “Directory of Federal Contract Audit Offices” (see 42.103); and
(f) Provide copies of contracts and modifications to those organizations required to perform contract administration
support functions (e.g., when manufacturing is performed at multiple sites, the contract administration office cognizant of
each location).
4.202 Agency distribution requirements.
Agencies shall limit additional distribution requirements to the minimum necessary for proper performance of essential
functions. When contracts are assigned for administration to a contract administration office located in an agency different
from that of the contracting office (see part 42), the two agencies shall agree on any necessary distribution in addition to that
prescribed in 4.201.
4.203 Taxpayer identification information.
(a) If the contractor has furnished a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) when completing the solicitation provision
at 52.204-3, Taxpayer Identification, or paragraph (l) of the solicitation provision at 52.212-3, Offeror Representations and
Certifications-Commercial Items, the contracting officer shall, unless otherwise provided in agency procedures, attach a copy
of the completed solicitation provision as the last page of the copy of the contract sent to the payment office.
(b) If the TIN or type of organization is derived from a source other than the provision at 52.204-3 or 52.212-3(l),
the contracting officer shall annotate the last page of the contract or order forwarded to the payment office to state the
contractor’s TIN and type of organization, unless this information is otherwise provided to the payment office in accordance
with agency procedures.
(c) If the contractor provides its TIN or type of organization to the contracting officer after award, the contracting officer
shall forward the information to the payment office within 7 days of its receipt.
(d) Federal Supply Schedule contracts. Each contracting officer that places an order under a Federal Supply Schedule
contract (see subpart 8.4) shall provide the TIN and type of organization information to the payment office in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section.
(e) Basic ordering agreements and indefinite-delivery contracts (other than Federal Supply Schedule contracts). (1)
Each contracting officer that issues a basic ordering agreement or indefinite-delivery contract (other than a Federal Supply
Schedule contract) shall provide to contracting officers placing orders under the agreement or contract (if the contractor is not
required to provide this information to the System for Award Management)(i) A copy of the agreement or contract with a copy of the completed solicitation provision at 52.204-3 or
52.212-3(l) as the last page of the agreement or contract; or
(ii) The contractor’s TIN and type of organization information.
(2) Each contracting officer that places an order under a basic ordering agreement or indefinite-delivery contract (other
than a Federal Supply Schedule contract) shall provide the TIN and type of organization information to the payment office in
accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) of this section.

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4.2-2

4.303

SUBPART 4.3 - PAPER DOCUMENTS

Subpart 4.3 - Paper Documents
4.300 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policies and procedures on contractor-submitted paper documents.
4.301 Definition.
“Printed or copied double-sided,” as used in this subpart, means printing or reproducing a document so that information is
on both sides of a sheet of paper.
4.302 Policy.
(a) Section 3(a) of E.O. 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management, directs
agencies to implement waste prevention. In addition, section 2(e) of E.O. 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental,
Energy, and Economic Performance, directs agencies to eliminate waste. Electronic commerce methods (see 4.502) and
double-sided printing and copying are best practices for waste prevention.
(b) When electronic commerce methods (see 4.502) are not used, agencies shall require contractors to submit paper
documents to the Government relating to an acquisition printed or copied double-sided on at least 30 percent postconsumer
fiber paper whenever practicable. If the contractor cannot print or copy double-sided, it shall print or copy single-sided on at
least 30 percent postconsumer fiber paper.
4.303 Contract clause.
Insert the clause at 52.204-4 , Printed or Copied Double-Sided on Recycled Paper, in solicitations and contracts that
exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.

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4.3-2

SUBPART 4.4 - SAFEGUARDING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION WITHIN INDUSTRY

4.404

Subpart 4.4 - Safeguarding Classified Information Within Industry
4.401 [Reserved]
4.402 General.
(a) Executive Order12829, January 6, 1993 (58 FR3479, January 8, 1993), entitled “National Industrial Security
Program” (NISP), establishes a program to safeguard Federal Government classified information that is released to
contractors, licensees, and grantees of the United States Government. Executive Order 12829 amends Executive Order
10865, February 20, 1960 (25 FR1583, February 25, 1960), entitled “Safeguarding Classified Information Within Industry,”
as amended by Executive Order10909, January 17, 1961 (26 FR508, January 20, 1961).
(b) The National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) incorporates the requirements of these
Executive orders. The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with all affected agencies and with the concurrence of the
Secretary of Energy, the Chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Director of Central Intelligence, is
responsible for issuance and maintenance of this Manual. The following DoD publications implement the program:
(1) National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) (DoD 5220.22-M).
(2) Industrial Security Regulation (DoD 5220.22-R).
(c) Procedures for the protection of information relating to foreign classified contracts awarded to U.S. industry, and
instructions for the protection of U.S. information relating to classified contracts awarded to foreign firms, are prescribed in
Chapter 10 of the NISPOM.
(d) part 27-Patents, Data, and Copyrights, contains policy and procedures for safeguarding classified information in patent
applications and patents.
4.403 Responsibilities of contracting officers.
(a) Presolicitation phase. Contracting officers shall review all proposed solicitations to determine whether access to
classified information may be required by offerors, or by a contractor during contract performance.
(1) If access to classified information of another agency may be required, the contracting officer shall(i) Determine if the agency is covered by the NISP; and
(ii) Follow that agency’s procedures for determining the security clearances of firms to be solicited.
(2) If the classified information required is from the contracting officer’s agency, the contracting officer shall follow
agency procedures.
(b) Solicitation phase. Contracting officers shall(1) Ensure that the classified acquisition is conducted as required by the NISP or agency procedures, as appropriate;
and
(2) Include(i) An appropriate Security Requirements clause in the solicitation (see 4.404); and
(ii) As appropriate, in solicitations and contracts when the contract may require access to classified information, a
requirement for security safeguards in addition to those provided in the clause (52.204-2, Security Requirements).
(c) Award phase. Contracting officers shall inform contractors and subcontractors of the security classifications and
requirements assigned to the various documents, materials, tasks, subcontracts, and components of the classified contract as
follows:
(1) Agencies covered by the NISP shall use the Contract Security Classification Specification, DD Form 254. The
contracting officer, or authorized representative, is the approving official for the form and shall ensure that it is prepared and
distributed in accordance with the Industrial Security Regulation.
(2) Contracting officers in agencies not covered by the NISP shall follow agency procedures.
4.404 Contract clause.
(a) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-2, Security Requirements, in solicitations and contracts when
the contract may require access to classified information, unless the conditions specified in paragraph (d) of this section
apply.
(b) If a cost contract (see 16.302) for research and development with an educational institution is contemplated, the
contracting officer shall use the clause with its Alternate I.
(c) If a construction or architect-engineer contract where employee identification is required for security reasons is
contemplated, the contracting officer shall use the clause with its Alternate II.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) If the contracting agency is not covered by the NISP and has prescribed a clause and alternates that are substantially
the same as those at 52.204-2, the contracting officer shall use the agency-prescribed clause as required by agency
procedures.

4.4-2

SUBPART 4.5 - ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

IN

CONTRACTING

4.502

Subpart 4.5 - Electronic Commerce in Contracting
4.500 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policy and procedures for the establishment and use of electronic commerce in Federal acquisition
as required by 41 U.S.C. 2301.
4.501 [Reserved]
4.502 Policy.
(a) The Federal Government shall use electronic commerce whenever practicable or cost-effective. The use of terms
commonly associated with paper transactions (e.g.,“copy,” “document,” “page,” “printed,” “sealed envelope,” and
“stamped”) shall not be interpreted to restrict the use of electronic commerce. Contracting officers may supplement electronic
transactions by using other media to meet the requirements of any contract action governed by the FAR (e.g., transmit hard
copy of drawings).
(b) Agencies may exercise broad discretion in selecting the hardware and software that will be used in conducting
electronic commerce. However, as required by 41 U.S.C. 2301, the head of each agency, after consulting with the
Administrator of OFPP, shall ensure that systems, technologies, procedures, and processes used by the agency to conduct
electronic commerce(1) Are implemented uniformly throughout the agency, to the maximum extent practicable;
(2) Are implemented only after considering the full or partial use of existing infrastructures;
(3) Facilitate access to Government acquisition opportunities by small business concerns, small disadvantaged business
concerns, women-owned, veteran-owned, HUBZone, and service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns;
(4) Include a single means of providing widespread public notice of acquisition opportunities through the
Governmentwide point of entry and a means of responding to notices or solicitations electronically; and
(5) Comply with nationally and internationally recognized standards that broaden interoperability and ease the
electronic interchange of information, such as standards established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
(c) Before using electronic commerce, the agency head shall ensure that the agency systems are capable of ensuring
authentication and confidentiality commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm from loss, misuse, or unauthorized
access to or modification of the information.
(d) Agencies may accept electronic signatures and records in connection with Government contracts.

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4.5-2

4.602

SUBPART 4.6 - CONTRACT REPORTING

Subpart 4.6 - Contract Reporting
4.600 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes uniform reporting requirements for the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS).
4.601 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Contract action” means any oral or written action that results in the purchase, rent, or lease of supplies or equipment,
services, or construction using appropriated dollars over the micro-purchase threshold, or modifications to these actions
regardless of dollar value. Contract action does not include grants, cooperative agreements, other transactions, real property
leases, requisitions from Federal stock, training authorizations, or other non-FAR based transactions.
“Contract action report (CAR)” means contract action data required to be entered into the Federal Procurement Data
System (FPDS).
“Definitive contract” means any contract that must be reported to FPDS other than an indefinite delivery vehicle. This
definition is only for FPDS, and is not intended to apply to part 16.
“Entitlement program” means a Federal program that guarantees a certain level of benefits to persons or other entities
who meet requirements set by law, such as Social Security, farm price supports, or unemployment benefits.
“Generic entity identifier” means a number or other identifier assigned to a category of vendors and not specific to any
individual or entity.
“Indefinite delivery vehicle (IDV)” means an indefinite delivery contract or agreement that has one or more of the
following clauses:
(1) 52.216-18, Ordering.
(2) 52.216-19, Order Limitations.
(3) 52.216-20, Definite Quantity.
(4) 52.216-21, Requirements.
(5) 52.216-22, Indefinite Quantity.
(6) Any other clause allowing ordering.
4.602 General.
(a) The FPDS provides a comprehensive web-based tool for agencies to report contract actions. The resulting data
provides(1) A basis for recurring and special reports to the President, the Congress, the Government Accountability Office,
Federal executive agencies, and the general public;
(2) A means of measuring and assessing the effect of Federal contracting on the Nation's economy and the extent to
which small, veteran-owned small, service-disabled veteran-owned small, HUBZone small, small disadvantaged, womenowned small business concerns, and AbilityOne nonprofit agencies operating under 41 U.S.C. chapter 85, Committee for
Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled, are sharing in Federal contracts;
(3) A means of measuring and assessing the effect of Federal contracting for promoting sustainable technologies,
materials, products, and high-performance sustainable buildings. This is accomplished by collecting and reporting agency
data on sustainable acquisition, including types of products purchased, the purchase costs, and the exceptions used for other
than sustainable acquisition; and
(4) A means of measuring and assessing the effect of other policy and management initiatives (e.g., performance based
acquisitions and competition).
(b) FPDS does not provide reports for certain acquisition information used in the award of a contract action (e.g.,
subcontracting data, funding data, or accounting data).
(c) The FPDS Web site, https://www.fpds.gov, provides instructions for submitting data. It also provides(1) A complete list of departments, agencies, and other entities that submit data to the FPDS;
(2) Technical and end-user guidance;
(3) A computer-based tutorial; and
(4) Information concerning reports not generated in FPDS.

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4.603

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

4.603 Policy.
(a) In accordance with the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (Pub. L. 109-282), all
unclassified Federal award data must be publicly accessible.
(b) Executive agencies shall use FPDS to maintain publicly available information about all unclassified contract actions
exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, and any modifications to those actions that change previously reported contract
action report data, regardless of dollar value.
(c) Agencies awarding assisted acquisitions or direct acquisitions must report these actions and identify the Program/
Funding Agency and Office Codes from the applicable agency codes maintained by each agency at FPDS. These codes
represent the agency and office that has provided the predominant amount of funding for the contract action. For assisted
acquisitions, the requesting agency will receive socioeconomic credit for meeting agency small business goals, where
applicable. Requesting agencies shall provide the appropriate agency/bureau component code as part of the written
interagency agreement between the requesting and servicing agencies (see 17.502-1(a)(1)).
(d) Agencies awarding contract actions with a mix of appropriated and non-appropriated funding shall only report the full
appropriated portion of the contract action in FPDS.
4.604 Responsibilities.
(a) The Senior Procurement Executive in coordination with the head of the contracting activity is responsible for
developing and monitoring a process to ensure timely and accurate reporting of contractual actions to FPDS.
(b) (1) The responsibility for the completion and accuracy of the individual contract action report (CAR) resides with the
contracting officer who awarded the contract action. CARs in a draft or error status in FPDS are not considered complete.
(2) The CAR must be confirmed for accuracy by the contracting officer prior to release of the contract award. The CAR
must then be completed in FPDS within three business days after contract award.
(3) For any action awarded in accordance with FAR 6.302-2 or pursuant to any of the authorities listed at subpart 18.2,
the CAR must be completed in FPDS within 30 days after contract award.
(4) When the contracting office receives written notification that a contractor has changed its size status in accordance
with the clause at 52.219-28, Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation, the contracting officer shall update the
size status in FPDS within 30 days after receipt of contractor’s notification of rerepresentation.
(5) If after award of a contract, the contracting officer receives written notification of SBA’s final decision on a protest
concerning a size determination, the contracting officer shall update FPDS to reflect the final decision.
(c) The chief acquisition officer of each agency required to report its contract actions must submit to the General Services
Administration (GSA), in accordance with FPDS guidance, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, an annual
certification of whether, and to what degree, agency CAR data for the preceding fiscal year is complete and accurate.
4.605 Procedures.
(a) Procurement Instrument Identifier (PIID). Agencies shall have in place a process that ensures that each PIID reported
to FPDS is unique Governmentwide, for all solicitations, contracts, blanket purchase agreements, basic agreements, basic
ordering agreements, or orders in accordance with 4.1601 to 4.1603, and will remain so for at least 20 years from the date of
contract award. Other pertinent PIID instructions for FPDS reporting can be found at https://www.fpds.gov.
(b) Unique entity identifier. The contracting officer shall identify and report a unique entity identifier for the successful
offeror on a contract action. The unique entity identifier shall correspond to the successful offeror's name and address as
stated in the offer and resultant contract, and as registered in the System for Award Management in accordance with the
provision at 52.204-7, System for Award Management. The contracting officer shall ask the offeror to provide its unique
entity identifier by using either the provision at 52.204-6, Unique Entity Identifier, the provision at 52.204-7, System for
Award Management, or the provision at 52.212-1, Instructions to Offerors-Commercial Items. (For a discussion of the
Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code, which is a different identifier, see subpart 4.18.)
(c) Generic entity identifier. (1) The use of a generic entity identifier should be limited, and only used in the situations
described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Use of a generic entity identifier does not supersede the requirements of
provisions 52.204-6, Unique Entity Identifier or 52.204-7 System for Award Management (if present in the solicitation) for
the contractor to have a unique entity identifier assigned.
(2) Authorized generic entity identifiers, maintained by the Integrated Award Environment (IAE) program office (http://
www.gsa.gov/portal/content/105036), may be used to report contracts in lieu of the contractor's actual unique entity identifier
only for—
(i) Contract actions valued at or below $30,000 that are awarded to a contractor that is-

4.6-2

SUBPART 4.6 - CONTRACT REPORTING

4.606

(A) A student;
(B) A dependent of either a veteran, foreign service officer, or military member assigned outside the United
States and its outlying areas (as defined in 2.101); or
(C) Located outside the United States and its outlying areas for work to be performed outside the United States
and its outlying areas and the contractor does not otherwise have a unique entity identifier;
(ii) Contracts valued above $30,000 awarded to individuals located outside the United States and its outlying areas
for work to be performed outside the United States and its outlying areas; or
(iii) Contracts when specific public identification of the contracted party could endanger the mission, contractor, or
recipients of the acquired goods or services. The contracting officer must include a written determination in the contract file
of a decision applicable to authority under this paragraph (c)(2)(iii).
(d) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act actions. The contracting officer, when entering data in FPDS, shall use
the instructions at https://www.fpds.gov to identify any action funded in whole or in part by the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111-5).
(e) Office codes. Agencies shall by March 31, 2016—
(1) Use the Activity Address Code (AAC), as defined in 2.101, assigned to the issuing contracting office as the
contracting office code, and
(2) Use the AAC assigned to the program/funding office providing the predominance of funding for the contract action
as the program/funding office code.
4.606 Reporting Data.
(a) Actions required to be reported to FPDS. (1) As a minimum, agencies must report the following contract actions over
the micro-purchase threshold, regardless of solicitation process used, and agencies must report any modification to these
contract actions that change previously reported contract action data, regardless of dollar value:
(i) Definitive contracts, including purchase orders and imprest fund buys over the micro-purchase threshold awarded
by a contracting officer.
(ii) Indefinite delivery vehicle (identified as an “IDV” in FPDS). Examples of IDVs include the following:
(A) Task and Delivery Order Contracts (see subpart 16.5), including–
(1) Government-wide acquisition contracts.
(2) Multi-agency contracts.
(B) GSA Federal supply schedules.
(C) Blanket Purchase Agreements (see 13.303).
(D) Basic Ordering Agreements (see 16.703).
(E) Any other agreement or contract against which individual orders or purchases may be placed.
(iii) All calls and orders awarded under the indefinite delivery vehicles identified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this
section.
(2) The GSA Office of Charge Card Management will provide the Government purchase card data, at a minimum
annually, and GSA will incorporate that data into FPDS for reports.
(3) Agencies may use the FPDS Express Reporting capability for consolidated multiple action reports for a vendor
when it would be overly burdensome to report each action individually. When used, Express Reporting should be done at
least monthly.
(b) Reporting other actions. Agencies may submit actions other than those listed at paragraph (a)(1) of this section only
if they are able to be segregated from FAR-based actions and this is approved in writing by the FPDS Program Office. Prior
to the commencement of reporting, agencies must contact the FPDS Program Office if they desire to submit any of the
following types of activity:
(1) Transactions at or below the micro-purchase threshold, except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) Any non-appropriated fund (NAF) or NAF portion of a contract action using a mix of appropriated and nonappropriated funding.
(3) Lease and supplemental lease agreements for real property.
(4) Grants and entitlement actions.
(c) Actions not reported. The following types of contract actions are not to be reported to FPDS:
(1) Imprest fund transactions below the micro-purchase threshold, including those made via the Government purchase
card (unless specific agency procedures prescribe reporting these actions).
(2) Orders from GSA stock and the GSA Global Supply Program.

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4.607

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(3) Purchases made at GSA or AbilityOne service stores, as these items stocked for resale have already been reported
by GSA.
(4) Purchases made using non-appropriated fund activity cards, chaplain fund cards, individual Government personnel
training orders, and Defense Printing orders.
(5) Actions that, pursuant to other authority, will not be entered in FPDS (e.g., reporting of the information would
compromise national security).
(6) Contract actions in which the required data would constitute classified information.
(7) Resale activity (i.e., commissary or exchange activity).
(8) Revenue generating arrangements (i.e., concessions).
(9) Training expenditures not issued as orders or contracts.
(10) Interagency agreements other than inter-agency acquisitions required to be reported at 4.606(a)(1).
(11) Letters of obligation used in the A-76 process.
(d) Agencies not subject to the FAR. Agencies not subject to the FAR may be required by other authority (e.g., statute,
OMB, or internal agency policy) to report certain information to FPDS. Those agencies not subject to the FAR must first
receive approval from the FPDS Program Office prior to reporting to FPDS.
4.607 Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
(a) Insert the provision at 52.204-5, Women-Owned Business (Other Than Small Business), in all solicitations that(1) Are not set aside for small business concerns;
(2) Exceed the simplified acquisition threshold; and
(3) Are for contracts that will be performed in the United States or its outlying areas.
(b) Insert the provision at 52.204-6, Unique Entity Identifier, in solicitations that do not contain the provision at 52.204-7,
System for Award Management, or meet a condition at 4.605(c)(2).
(c) Insert the clause at 52.204-12, Unique Entity Identifier Maintenance, in solicitations and resulting contracts that
contain the provision at 52.204-6, Unique Entity Identifier.

4.6-4

SUBPART 4.7 - CONTRACTOR RECORDS RETENTION

4.703

Subpart 4.7 - Contractor Records Retention
4.700 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policies and procedures for retention of records by contractors to meet the records review
requirements of the Government. In this subpart, the terms “contracts” and “contractors” include “subcontracts” and
“subcontractors.”
4.701 Purpose.
The purpose of this subpart is to generally describe records retention requirements and to allow reductions in the retention
period for specific classes of records under prescribed circumstances.
4.702 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies to records generated under contracts that contain one of the following clauses:
(1) Audit and Records-Sealed Bidding (52.214-26).
(2) Audit and Records-Negotiation (52.215-2).
(b) This subpart is not mandatory on Department of Energy contracts for which the Comptroller General allows alternative
records retention periods. Apart from this exception, this subpart applies to record retention periods under contracts that are
subject to Chapter 137, Title 10, U.S.C., or 40 U.S.C. 101, et seq.
4.703 Policy.
(a) Except as stated in 4.703(b), contractors shall make available records, which includes books, documents, accounting
procedures and practices, and other data, regardless of type and regardless of whether such items are in written form, in the
form of computer data, or in any other form, and other supporting evidence to satisfy contract negotiation, administration, and
audit requirements of the contracting agencies and the Comptroller General for(1) 3 years after final payment; or
(2) For certain records the period specified in 4.705 through 4.705-3, whichever of these periods expires first.
(b) Contractors shall make available the foregoing records and supporting evidence for a longer period of time than is
required in 4.703(a) if(1) A retention period longer than that cited in 4.703(a) is specified in any contract clause; or
(2) The contractor, for its own purposes, retains the foregoing records and supporting evidence for a longer period.
Under this circumstance, the retention period shall be the period of the contractor’s retention or 3 years after final payment,
whichever period expires first.
(3) The contractor does not meet the original due date for submission of final indirect cost rate proposals specified in
paragraph (d)(2) of the clause at 52.216-7, Allowable Cost and Payment. Under these circumstances, the retention periods in
4.705 shall be automatically extended one day for each day the proposal is not submitted after the original due date.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to preclude a contractor from duplicating or storing original records in
electronic form unless they contain significant information not shown on the record copy. Original records need not be
maintained or produced in an audit if the contractor or subcontractor provides photographic or electronic images of the
original records and meets the following requirements:
(1) The contractor or subcontractor has established procedures to ensure that the imaging process preserves accurate
images of the original records, including signatures and other written or graphic images, and that the imaging process is
reliable and secure so as to maintain the integrity of the records.
(2) The contractor or subcontractor maintains an effective indexing system to permit timely and convenient access to
the imaged records.
(3) The contractor or subcontractor retains the original records for a minimum of one year after imaging to permit
periodic validation of the imaging systems.
(d) If the information described in paragraph (a) of this section is maintained on a computer, contractors shall retain the
computer data on a reliable medium for the time periods prescribed. Contractors may transfer computer data in machine
readable form from one reliable computer medium to another. Contractors’ computer data retention and transfer procedures
shall maintain the integrity, reliability, and security of the original computer data. Contractors shall also retain an audit trail
describing the data transfer. For the record retention time periods prescribed, contractors shall not destroy, discard, delete, or
write over such computer data.

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4.704

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

4.704 Calculation of retention periods.
(a) The retention periods in 4.705 are calculated from the end of the contractor’s fiscal year in which an entry is made
charging or allocating a cost to a Government contract or subcontract. If a specific record contains a series of entries, the
retention period is calculated from the end of the contractor’s fiscal year in which the final entry is made. The contractor
should cut off the records in annual blocks and retain them for block disposal under the prescribed retention periods.
(b) When records generated during a prior contract are relied upon by a contractor for certified cost or pricing data in
negotiating a succeeding contract, the prescribed periods shall run from the date of the succeeding contract.
(c) If two or more of the record categories described in 4.705 are interfiled and screening for disposal is not practical, the
contractor shall retain the entire record series for the longest period prescribed for any category of records.
4.705 Specific retention periods.
The contractor shall retain the records identified in 4.705-1 through 4.705-3 for the periods designated, provided
retention is required under 4.702 . Records are identified in this subpart in terms of their purpose or use and not by specific
name or form number. Although the descriptive identifications may not conform to normal contractor usage or filing
practices, these identifications apply to all contractor records that come within the description.
4.705-1 Financial and cost accounting records.
(a) Accounts receivable invoices, adjustments to the accounts, invoice registers, carrier freight bills, shipping orders, and
other documents which detail the material or services billed on the related invoices: Retain 4 years.
(b) Material, work order, or service order files, consisting of purchase requisitions or purchase orders for material or
services, or orders for transfer of material or supplies: Retain 4 years.
(c) Cash advance recapitulations, prepared as posting entries to accounts receivable ledgers for amounts of expense
vouchers prepared for employees’ travel and related expenses: Retain 4 years.
(d) Paid, canceled, and voided checks, other than those issued for the payment of salary and wages: Retain 4 years.
(e) Accounts payable records to support disbursements of funds for materials, equipment, supplies, and services,
containing originals or copies of the following and related documents: remittance advices and statements, vendors’ invoices,
invoice audits and distribution slips, receiving and inspection reports or comparable certifications of receipt and inspection of
material or services, and debit and credit memoranda: Retain 4 years.
(f) Labor cost distribution cards or equivalent documents: Retain 2 years.
(g) Petty cash records showing description of expenditures, to whom paid, name of person authorizing payment, and date,
including copies of vouchers and other supporting documents: Retain 2 years.
4.705-2 Pay administration records.
(a) Payroll sheets, registers, or their equivalent, of salaries and wages paid to individual employees for each payroll period;
change slips; and tax withholding statements: Retain 4 years.
(b) Clock cards or other time and attendance cards: Retain 2 years.
(c) Paid checks, receipts for wages paid in cash, or other evidence of payments for services rendered by employees: Retain
2 years.
4.705-3 Acquisition and supply records.
(a) Store requisitions for materials, supplies, equipment, and services: Retain 2 years.
(b) Work orders for maintenance and other services: Retain 4 years.
(c) Equipment records, consisting of equipment usage and status reports and equipment repair orders: Retain 4 years.
(d) Expendable property records, reflecting accountability for the receipt and use of material in the performance of a
contract: Retain 4 years.
(e) Receiving and inspection report records, consisting of reports reflecting receipt and inspection of supplies, equipment,
and materials: Retain 4 years.
(f) Purchase order files for supplies, equipment, material, or services used in the performance of a contract; supporting
documentation and backup files including, but not limited to, invoices, and memoranda; e.g., memoranda of negotiations
showing the principal elements of subcontract price negotiations (see 52.244-2): Retain 4 years.
(g) Production records of quality control, reliability, and inspection: Retain 4 years.
(h) Property records (see FAR 45.101 and 52.245-1): Retain 4 years.

4.7-2

SUBPART 4.8 - GOVERNMENT CONTRACT FILES

4.803

Subpart 4.8 - Government Contract Files
4.800 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes requirements for establishing, maintaining, and disposing of contract files.
4.801 General.
(a) The head of each office performing contracting, contract administration, or paying functions shall establish files
containing the records of all contractual actions.
(b) The documentation in the files (see 4.803) shall be sufficient to constitute a complete history of the transaction for the
purpose of(1) Providing a complete background as a basis for informed decisions at each step in the acquisition process;
(2) Supporting actions taken;
(3) Providing information for reviews and investigations; and
(4) Furnishing essential facts in the event of litigation or congressional inquiries.
(c) The files to be established include(1) A file for cancelled solicitations;
(2) A file for each contract; and
(3) A file such as a contractor general file, containing documents relating, for example-to(i) No specific contract;
(ii) More than one contract; or
(iii) The contractor in a general way (e.g., contractor’s management systems, past performance, or capabilities).
4.802 Contract files.
(a) A contract file should generally consist of(1) The contracting office contract file that documents the basis for the acquisition and the award, the assignment of
contract administration (including payment responsibilities), and any subsequent actions taken by the contracting office;
(2) The contract administration office contract file that documents actions reflecting the basis for and the performance
of contract administration responsibilities; and
(3) The paying office contract file that documents actions prerequisite to, substantiating, and reflecting contract
payments.
(b) Normally, each file should be kept separately; however, if appropriate, any or all of the files may be combined; e.g., if
all functions or any combination of the functions are performed by the same office.
(c) Files must be maintained at organizational levels that ensure(1) Effective documentation of contract actions;
(2) Ready accessibility to principal users;
(3) Minimal establishment of duplicate and working files;
(4) The safeguarding of classified documents; and
(5) Conformance with agency regulations for file location and maintenance.
(d) If the contract files or file segments are decentralized (e.g., by type or function) to various organizational elements
or to other outside offices, responsibility for their maintenance must be assigned. A central control and, if needed, a locator
system should be established to ensure the ability to locate promptly any contract files.
(e) Contents of contract files that are contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information as defined in
2.101 must be protected from disclosure to unauthorized persons (see 3.104-4).
(f) Agencies may retain contract files in any medium (paper, electronic, microfilm, etc.) or any combination of media, as
long as the requirements of this subpart are satisfied.
4.803 Contents of contract files.
The following are examples of the records normally contained, if applicable, in contract files:
(a) Contracting office contract file. (1) Purchase request, acquisition planning information, and other presolicitation
documents.
(2) Justifications and approvals, determinations and findings, and associated documents.
(3) Evidence of availability of funds.
(4) Synopsis of proposed acquisition as required by part 5 or a reference to the synopsis.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(5) The list of sources solicited, and a list of any firms or persons whose requests for copies of the solicitation were
denied, together with the reasons for denial.
(6) Set-aside decision including the type and extent of market research conducted.
(7) Government estimate of contract price.
(8) A copy of the solicitation and all amendments thereto.
(9) Security requirements and evidence of required clearances.
(10) A copy of each offer or quotation, the related abstract, and records of determinations concerning late offers or
quotations. Unsuccessful offers or quotations may be maintained separately, if cross-referenced to the contract file. The only
portions of the unsuccessful offer or quotation that need be retained are(i) Completed solicitation sections A, B, and K;
(ii) Technical and management proposals;
(iii) Cost/price proposals; and
(iv) Any other pages of the solicitation that the offeror or quoter has altered or annotated.
(11) Contractor’s representations and certifications (see 4.1201(c)).
(12) Preaward survey reports or reference to previous preaward survey reports relied upon.
(13) Source selection documentation.
(14) Contracting officer’s determination of the contractor’s responsibility.
(15) Small Business Administration Certificate of Competency.
(16) Records of contractor’s compliance with labor policies including equal employment opportunity policies.
(17) Data and information related to the contracting officer’s determination of a fair and reasonable price. This may
include(i) Certified cost or pricing data;
(ii) Data other than certified cost or pricing data;
(iii) Justification for waiver from the requirement to submit certified cost or pricing data; or
(iv) Certificates of Current Cost or Pricing Data.
(18) Packaging and transportation data.
(19) Cost or price analysis.
(20) Audit reports or reasons for waiver.
(21) Record of negotiation.
(22) Justification for type of contract.
(23) Authority for deviations from this regulation, statutory requirements, or other restrictions.
(24) Required approvals of award and evidence of legal review.
(25) Notice of award.
(26) The original of(i) The signed contract or award;
(ii) All contract modifications; and
(iii) Documents supporting modifications executed by the contracting office.
(27) Synopsis of award or reference thereto.
(28) Notice to unsuccessful quoters or offerors and record of any debriefing.
(29) Acquisition management reports (see subpart 4.6).
(30) Bid, performance, payment, or other bond documents, or a reference thereto, and notices to sureties.
(31) Report of postaward conference.
(32) Notice to proceed, stop orders, and any overtime premium approvals granted at the time of award.
(33) Documents requesting and authorizing modification in the normal assignment of contract administration functions
and responsibility.
(34) Approvals or disapprovals of requests for waivers or deviations from contract requirements.
(35) Rejected engineering change proposals.
(36) Royalty, invention, and copyright reports (including invention disclosures) or reference thereto.
(37) Contract completion documents.
(38) Documentation regarding termination actions for which the contracting office is responsible.
(39) Cross-references to pertinent documents that are filed elsewhere.
(40) Any additional documents on which action was taken or that reflect actions by the contracting office pertinent to
the contract.

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SUBPART 4.8 - GOVERNMENT CONTRACT FILES

4.804-1

(41) A current chronological list identifying the awarding and successor contracting officers, with inclusive dates of
responsibility.
(42) When limiting competition, or awarding on a sole source basis, to economically disadvantaged women-owned
small business (EDWOSB) concerns or women-owned small business (WOSB) concerns eligible under the WOSB Program
in accordance with subpart 19.15, include documentation(i) Of the type and extent of market research; and
(ii) That the NAICS code assigned to the acquisition is for an industry that SBA has designated as(A) Underrepresented for EDWOSB concerns; or
(B) Substantially underrepresented for WOSB concerns.
(b) Contract administration office contract file. (1) Copy of the contract and all modifications, together with official record
copies of supporting documents executed by the contract administration office.
(2) Any document modifying the normal assignment of contract administration functions and responsibility.
(3) Security requirements.
(4) Certified cost or pricing data, Certificates of Current Cost or Pricing Data, or data other than certified cost or pricing
data; cost or price analysis; and other documentation supporting contractual actions executed by the contract administration
office.
(5) Preaward survey information.
(6) Purchasing system information.
(7) Consent to subcontract or purchase.
(8) Performance and payment bonds and surety information.
(9) Postaward conference records.
(10) Orders issued under the contract.
(11) Notice to proceed and stop orders.
(12) Insurance policies or certificates of insurance or references to them.
(13) Documents supporting advance or progress payments.
(14) Progressing, expediting, and production surveillance records.
(15) Quality assurance records.
(16) Property administration records.
(17) Documentation regarding termination actions for which the contract administration office is responsible.
(18) Cross reference to other pertinent documents that are filed elsewhere.
(19) Any additional documents on which action was taken or that reflect actions by the contract administration office
pertinent to the contract.
(20) Contract completion documents.
(c) Paying office contract file. (1) Copy of the contract and any modifications.
(2) Bills, invoices, vouchers, and supporting documents.
(3) Record of payments or receipts.
(4) Other pertinent documents.
4.804 Closeout of contract files.
4.804-1 Closeout by the office administering the contract.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, time standards for closing out contract files are as follows:
(1) Files for contracts using simplified acquisition procedures should be considered closed when the contracting officer
receives evidence of receipt of property and final payment, unless otherwise specified by agency regulations.
(2) Files for firm-fixed-price contracts, other than those using simplified acquisition procedures, should be closed
within 6 months after the date on which the contracting officer receives evidence of physical completion.
(3) Files for contracts requiring settlement of indirect cost rates should be closed within 36 months of the month in
which the contracting officer receives evidence of physical completion.
(4) Files for all other contracts should be closed within 20 months of the month in which the contracting officer
receives evidence of physical completion.
(b) When closing out the contract files at 4.804-1(a)(2), (3), and (4), the contracting officer shall use the closeout
procedures at 4.804-5. However, these closeout actions may be modified to reflect the extent of administration that has been

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

performed. Quick closeout procedures (see 42.708) should be used, when appropriate, to reduce administrative costs and to
enable deobligation of excess funds.
(c) A contract file shall not be closed if(1) The contract is in litigation or under appeal; or
(2) In the case of a termination, all termination actions have not been completed.
4.804-2 Closeout of the contracting office files if another office administers the contract.
(a) Contract files for contracts using simplified acquisition procedures should be considered closed when the contracting
officer receives evidence of receipt of property and final payment, unless otherwise specified by agency regulation.
(b) All other contract files shall be closed as soon as practicable after the contracting officer receives a contract completion
statement from the contract administration office. The contracting officer shall ensure that all contractual actions required
have been completed and shall prepare a statement to that effect. This statement is authority to close the contract file and shall
be made a part of the official contract file.
4.804-3 Closeout of paying office contract files.
The paying office shall close the contract file upon issuance of the final payment voucher.
4.804-4 Physically completed contracts.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a contract is considered to be physically completed when(1) (i) The contractor has completed the required deliveries and the Government has inspected and accepted the
supplies;
(ii) The contractor has performed all services and the Government has accepted these services; and
(iii) All option provisions, if any, have expired; or
(2) The Government has given the contractor a notice of complete contract termination.
(b) Rental, use, and storage agreements are considered to be physically completed when(1) The Government has given the contractor a notice of complete contract termination; or
(2) The contract period has expired.
4.804-5 Procedures for closing out contract files.
(a) The contract administration office is responsible for initiating (automated or manual) administrative closeout of the
contract after receiving evidence of its physical completion. At the outset of this process, the contract administration office
must review the contract funds status and notify the contracting office of any excess funds the contract administration office
might deobligate. When complete, the administrative closeout procedures must ensure that(1) Disposition of classified material is completed;
(2) Final patent report is cleared. If a final patent report is required, the contracting officer may proceed with contract
closeout in accordance with the following procedures, or as otherwise prescribed by agency procedures:
(i) Final patent reports should be cleared within 60 days of receipt.
(ii) If the final patent report is not received, the contracting officer shall notify the contractor of the contractor’s
obligations and the Government’s rights under the applicable patent rights clause, in accordance with 27.303. If the contractor
fails to respond to this notification, the contracting officer may proceed with contract closeout upon consultation with the
agency legal counsel responsible for patent matters regarding the contractor’s failure to respond.
(3) Final royalty report is cleared;
(4) There is no outstanding value engineering change proposal;
(5) Plant clearance report is received;
(6) Property clearance is received;
(7) All interim or disallowed costs are settled;
(8) Price revision is completed;
(9) Subcontracts are settled by the prime contractor;
(10) Prior year indirect cost rates are settled;
(11) Termination docket is completed;
(12) Contract audit is completed;
(13) Contractor’s closing statement is completed;
(14) Contractor’s final invoice has been submitted; and

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4.805

SUBPART 4.8 - GOVERNMENT CONTRACT FILES

(15) Contract funds review is completed and excess funds deobligated.
(b) When the actions in paragraph (a) of this section have been verified, the contracting officer administering the contract
must ensure that a contract completion statement, containing the following information, is prepared:
(1) Contract administration office name and address (if different from the contracting office).
(2) Contracting office name and address.
(3) Contract number.
(4) Last modification number.
(5) Last call or order number.
(6) Contractor name and address.
(7) Dollar amount of excess funds, if any.
(8) Voucher number and date, if final payment has been made.
(9) Invoice number and date, if the final approved invoice has been forwarded to a disbursing office of another agency
or activity and the status of the payment is unknown.
(10) A statement that all required contract administration actions have been fully and satisfactorily accomplished.
(11) Name and signature of the contracting officer.
(12) Date.
(c) When the statement is completed, the contracting officer must ensure that(1) The signed original is placed in the contracting office contract file (or forwarded to the contracting office for
placement in the files if the contract administration office is different from the contracting office); and
(2) A signed copy is placed in the appropriate contract administration file if administration is performed by a contract
administration office.
4.805 Storage, handling, and contract files.
(a) Agencies must prescribe procedures for the handling, storing, and disposing of contract files, in accordance with
the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) General Records Schedule 1.1, Financial Management and
Reporting Records. The Financial Management and Reporting Records can be found at http://www.archives.gov/recordsmgmt/grs.html. These procedures must take into account documents held in all types of media, including microfilm and
various electronic media. Agencies may change the original medium to facilitate storage as long as the requirements of
the part, law, and other regulations are satisfied. The process used to create and store records must record and reproduce
the original document, including signatures and other written and graphic images completely, accurately, and clearly. Data
transfer, storage, and retrieval procedures must protect the original data from alteration. Unless law or other regulations
require signed originals to be kept, they may be destroyed after the responsible agency official verifies that record copies on
alternate media and copies reproduced from the record copy are accurate, complete, and clear representations of the originals.
When original documents have been converted to alternate media for storage, the requirements in Table 4-1 of this section
also apply to the record copies in the alternate media.
(b) If administrative records are mixed with program records and cannot be economically segregated, the entire file should
be kept for the period of time approved for the program records. Similarly, if documents described in the following table are
part of a subject or case file that documents activities that are not described in the table, they should be treated in the same
manner as the files of which they are a part.
(c) An agency that requires a shorter retention period than those identified in Table 4-1 shall request approval from
NARA through the agency’s records officer.
Table 4-1 - Retention Periods
Record

Retention period

(1) Contracts (and related records or documents, including
successful and unsuccessful proposals, except see paragraph
(c)(2) of this section regarding contractor payrolls submitted
under construction contracts).

6 years after final payment.

(2) Contractor’s payrolls submitted under construction
3 years after contract completion unless contract
contracts in accordance with Department of Labor regulations performance is the subject of an enforcement action on that
(29 CFR 5.5(a)(3)), with related certifications, anti-kickback date (see paragraph (c)(8) of this section).
affidavits, and other related records.

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4.805

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

Record

Retention period

(3) Unsolicited proposals not accepted by a department or
agency.

Retain in accordance with agency procedures.

(4) Files for canceled solicitations.

6 years after cancellation.

(5) Other copies of procurement file records used for
administrative purposes.

When business use ceases.

(6) Documents pertaining generally to the contractor as
described at 4.801(c)(3).

Until superseded or obsolete.

(7) Data submitted to the Federal Procurement Data System
6 years after submittal to FPDS.
(FPDS). Electronic data file maintained by fiscal year,
containing unclassified records of all procurements exceeding
the micro-purchase threshold, and information required under
4.603.
(8) Investigations, cases pending or in litigation (including
protests), or similar matters (including enforcement actions).

4.8-6

Until final clearance or settlement, or, if related to a
document identified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (7) of this
section, for the retention period specified for the related
document, whichever is later.

SUBPART 4.9 - TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER INFORMATION

4.905

Subpart 4.9 - Taxpayer Identification Number Information
4.900 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policies and procedures for obtaining(a) Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) information that may be used for debt collection purposes; and
(b) Contract information and payment information for submittal to the payment office for Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
reporting purposes.
4.901 Definition.
“Common parent,” as used in this subpart, means that corporate entity that owns or controls an affiliated group of
corporations that files its Federal income tax returns on a consolidated basis, and of which the offeror is a member.
4.902 General.
(a) Debt collection. 31 U.S.C.7701(c) requires each contractor doing business with a Government agency to furnish
its TIN to that agency. 31 U.S.C.3325(d) requires the Government to include, with each certified voucher prepared by
the Government payment office and submitted to a disbursing official, the TIN of the contractor receiving payment under
the voucher. The TIN may be used by the Government to collect and report on any delinquent amounts arising out of the
contractor’s relationship with the Government.
(b) Information reporting to the IRS. The TIN is also required for Government reporting of certain contract information
(see 4.903) and payment information (see 4.904) to the IRS.
4.903 Reporting contract information to the IRS.
(a) 26 U.S.C.6050M, as implemented in 26 CFR, requires heads of Federal executive agencies to report certain
information to the IRS.
(b) (1) The required information applies to contract modifications(i) Increasing the amount of a contract awarded before January 1,1989, by $50,000 or more; and
(ii) Entered into on or after April 1,1990.
(2) The reporting requirement also applies to certain contracts and modifications thereto in excess of $25,000 entered
into on or after January 1,1989.
(c) The information to report is(1) Name, address, and TIN of the contractor;
(2) Name and TIN of the common parent (if any);
(3) Date of the contract action;
(4) Amount obligated on the contract action; and
(5) Estimated contract completion date.
(d) Transmit the information to the IRS through the Federal Procurement Data System (see subpart 4.6 and implementing
instructions).
4.904 Reporting payment information to the IRS.
26 U.S.C. 6041 and 6041 A, as implemented in 26 CFR, in part, require payors, including Government agencies, to report
to the IRS, on Form 1099, payments made to certain contractors. 26 U.S.C. 6109 requires a contractor to provide its TIN if a
Form 1099 is required. The payment office is responsible for submitting reports to the IRS.
4.905 Solicitation provision.
The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.204-3 , Taxpayer Identification, in solicitations that(a) Do not include the provision at 52.204-7, System for Award Management; and
(b) Are not conducted under the procedures of part 12.

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4.9-2

SUBPART 4.10 - UNIFORM USE

OF

LINE ITEMS

4.1004

Subpart 4.10 - Uniform Use of Line Items
4.1000 Scope.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for assigning line items and subline items and their identifiers. However,
in order to provide agencies with time to transition their information systems, agencies have until October 1, 2019, to apply
the requirements of 4.1002 through 4.1008.
4.1001 Policy.
In order to improve the accuracy, traceability, and usability of procurement data, procurement instruments shall identify
the supplies or services to be acquired as separately identified line items and, as needed, subline items.
(a) Line items are established to define deliverables or organize information about deliverables. Each line item describes
characteristics for the item purchased, e.g., pricing, delivery, and funding information.
(b) Each line item may be subdivided into separate unique subsets (called subline items) to ease administration. If a line
item has deliverable subline items, the line item is informational. Subline items differentiate between or among certain
characteristics of the line item, such as colors or sizes, dates of delivery, destinations, or places of performance. Subline items
are established to define deliverables or organize information about deliverables.
4.1002 Applicability.
The policies of this subpart shall apply to the following procurement instruments, to include amendments, modifications,
and change orders thereto:
(a) Solicitations.
(b) Contracts, including, but not limited to, Governmentwide acquisition contracts (GWACs), multi-agency contracts
(MACs), Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) contracts, indefinite-delivery contracts, and purchase orders.
(c) Agreements that include pre-priced supplies or services.
(d) Task and delivery orders.
4.1003 Establishing line items.
Establish separate line items for deliverables that have the following characteristics except as provided at 4.1005-2 :
(a) Separately identifiable.
(1) A supply is separately identifiable if it has its own identification (e.g., national stock number (NSN), item
description, manufacturer's part number).
(2) Services are separately identifiable if they have no more than one statement of work or performance work
statement.
(3) If the procurement instrument involves a first article (see subpart 9.3), establish a separate line item for each item
requiring a separate approval. If the first article consists of a lot composed of a mixture of items that will be approved as a
single lot, a single line item may be used.
(b) Single unit price or total price.
(c) Single accounting classification citation. A single deliverable may be funded by multiple accounting classifications
when the deliverable effort cannot be otherwise subdivided.
(d) Separate delivery schedule, destination, period of performance, or place of performance.
(e) Single contract pricing type (e.g., fixed-price or cost-reimbursement).
4.1004 Establishing subline items.
Subline items may be used to facilitate tracking of performance, deliverables, payment, and contract funds accounting
or for other management purposes. Subline items may be either deliverable or informational. The list of characteristics at
4.1003 applies to deliverable subline items, but it is not applicable to informational subline items. A line item with subline
items shall contain only that information that is common to all subline items thereunder. All subline items under one line item
shall be the same contract type as the line item.
(a) Deliverable subline items. Deliverable subline items may be used for several related items that require separate
identification. For example, instead of establishing multiple separate line items, subline items may be established for(1) Items that are basically the same, except for minor variations such as–
(i) Size or color;
(ii) Accounting classification, but see also 4.1005-1(a)(4); or

4.10-1

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(iii) Date of delivery, destination, or period or place of performance;
(2) Separately priced collateral functions that relate to the primary product, such as packaging and handling, or
transportation; or
(3) Items to be separately identified at the time of shipment or performance.
(b) Informational subline items.
(1) Informational subline items may be used by agencies for administrative purposes. This type of subline item
identifies information that relates directly to the line item and is an integral part of it (e.g., parts of an assembly or parts of a
kit).
(2) Position informational subline items within the line item description, not in the quantity or price fields.
4.1005 Data elements for line items and subline items.
4.1005-1 Required data elements.
(a) Except as provided in 4.1005-2, each line item or subline item shall include in the schedule (described at 12.303(b)(4),
14.201-2, or 15.204-2, or in a comparable section of the procurement instrument), at a minimum, the following information
as separate, distinct data elements:
(1) Line item or subline item number established in accordance with agency procedures.
(2) Description of what is being purchased.
(3) Product or Service Code (PSC).
(4) Accounting classification citation.
(i) Line items or deliverable subline items. If multiple accounting classifications for a single deliverable apply,
include the dollar amount for each accounting classification in the schedule (or a comparable section of the procurement
instrument).
(ii) Informational subline items. An accounting classification citation is not required. (See 4.1004).
(5) (i) For fixed-price line items:
(A) Unit of measure.
(B) Quantity.
(C) Unit price.
(D) Total price.
(ii) For cost-reimbursement line items:
(A) Unit of measure.
(B) Quantity.
(C) Estimated cost.
(D) Fee (if any).
(E) Total estimated cost plus any fee.
(b) If a contract contains a combination of fixed-price, time-and-materials, labor-hour, or cost-reimbursable line items,
identify the contract type for each line item in the schedule (or a comparable section of the procurement instrument) to
facilitate payment.
(c) Each deliverable line item or deliverable subline item shall have its own delivery schedule, destination, period of
performance, or place of performance expressly stated in the appropriate section of the procurement instrument (“as required”
constitutes an expressly stated delivery term). When a line item has deliverable subline items, the delivery schedule,
destination, period of performance, or place of performance shall be identified at the subline item level, rather than the line
item level.
(d) Terms and conditions in other sections of the contract (such as contract clauses or payment instructions) shall also
specify applicability to individual line items if not applicable to the contract as a whole.
4.1005-2 Exceptions.
(a) Indefinite-delivery contracts(1) General. The following required data elements are not known at time of issuance of an indefinite-delivery contract,
but shall be provided in each order at the time of issuance: accounting classification, delivery date and destination, or period
and place of performance.

4.10-2

SUBPART 4.10 - UNIFORM USE

OF

LINE ITEMS

4.1008

(2) Indefinite-delivery indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) and requirements contracts. IDIQ and requirements contracts may
omit the quantity at the line item level for the base award provided that the total contract minimum and maximum, or the
estimate, respectively, is stated.
(b) Item description and PSC. These data elements are not required in the line item if there are associated deliverable
subline items that include the actual detailed identification. When this exception applies, use a general narrative description
for the line item.
(c) Single unit price or single total price. The requirement for a single unit price or single total price at the line item level
does not apply if any of the following conditions are present:
(1) There are associated deliverable subline items that are priced.
(2) The line item or subline item is not separately priced.
(3) The supplies or services are being acquired on a cost-reimbursement, time-and-materials, or labor-hour basis.
(4) The procurement instrument is for services and firm prices have been established for elements of the total price, but
the actual number of the elements is not known until performance (e.g., a labor-hour contract for maintenance/repair). The
contracting officer may structure these procurement instruments to reflect a firm or estimated total amount for each line item.
4.1006 Modifications.
(a) When a new item (such as an increased quantity) is added to the procurement instrument, assign a new line item
number.
(b) If the modification relates to existing line items, the modification shall refer to those items.
4.1007 Solicitation alternative line item proposal.
Solicitations should be structured to allow offerors to propose alternative line items (see 4.1008 and 52.212-1 (e)). For
example, when soliciting certain items using units of measure such as kit, set, or lot, the offeror may not be able to group and
deliver all items in a single shipment.
4.1008 Solicitation provision.
Insert the provision at 52.204-22 , Alternative Line Item Proposal, in all solicitations.

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4.10-4

SUBPART 4.11 - SYSTEM

FOR

AWARD MANAGEMENT

4.1102

Subpart 4.11 - System for Award Management
4.1100 Scope.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for requiring contractor registration in the System for Award Management
(SAM) to—
(a) Increase visibility of vendor sources (including their geographical locations) for specific supplies and services; and
(b) Establish a common source of vendor data for the Government.
4.1101 Definition.
As used in this subpart“Agreement” means basic agreement, basic ordering agreement, or blanket purchase agreement.
4.1102 Policy.
(a) Offerors and quoters are required to be registered in SAM at the time an offer or quotation is submitted in order to
comply with the annual representations and certifications requirements except for—
(1) Purchases under the micro-purchase threshold that use a Governmentwide commercial purchase card as both the
purchasing and payment mechanism, as opposed to using the purchase card for payment only;
(2) Classified contracts (see 2.101) when registration in SAM, or use of SAM data, could compromise the safeguarding
of classified information or national security;
(3) Contracts awarded by–
(i) Deployed contracting officers in the course of military operations, including, but not limited to, contingency
operations as defined in 10 U.S.C.101(a)(13) or humanitarian or peacekeeping operations as defined in 10 U.S.C.2302(8);
(ii) Contracting officers located outside the United States and its outlying areas, as defined in 2.101, for work
to be performed in support of diplomatic or developmental operations, including those performed in support of foreign
assistance programs overseas, in an area that has been designated by the Department of State as a danger pay post (see http://
aoprals.state.gov/Web920/danger_pay_all.asp); or
(iii) Contracting officers in the conduct of emergency operations, such as responses to natural or environmental
disasters or national or civil emergencies, e.g., Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42
U.S.C.5121);
(4) Contracts with individuals for performance outside the United States and its outlying areas;
(5) Contracts awarded without providing for full and open competition due to unusual or compelling urgency (see
6.302-2);
(6) Contract actions at or below $30,000 awarded to foreign vendors for work performed outside the United States, if it
is impractical to obtain SAM registration; and
(7) Micro-purchases that do not use the electronic funds transfer (EFT) method for payment and are not required to be
reported (see subpart 4.6).
(b) If practical, the contracting officer shall modify the contract or agreement awarded under paragraph (a)(3) of this
section to require SAM registration.
(c) Contracting officers shall use the legal business name or “doing business as” name and physical address from the
contractor's SAM registration for the provided unique entity identifier to identify the contractor in section A of the contract
schedule, similar sections of non-uniform contract formats and agreements, and all corresponding forms and data exchanges.
Contracting officers shall make no changes to the data retrieved from SAM.
(d) (1) (i) If a contractor has legally changed its business name or “doing business as” name (whichever is shown on the
contract), or has transferred the assets used in performing the contract, but has not completed the necessary requirements
regarding novation and change-of-name agreements in subpart 42.12, the contractor is required to provide the responsible
contracting officer a minimum of one business day's written notification of its intention to change the name in SAM, comply
with the requirements of subpart 42.12, and agree in writing to the timeline and procedures specified by the responsible
contracting officer. Along with the notification, the contractor is required to provide the contracting officer sufficient
documentation to support the legally changed name.
(ii) If the contractor fails to comply with the requirements of paragraph (d)(1)(i) of the clause at 52.204-13, System
for Award Management Maintenance, or fails to perform the agreement at 52.204-13, paragraph (d)(1)(i)(C), and, in the
absence of a properly executed novation or change-of-name agreement, the SAM information that shows the contractor to

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

be other than the contractor indicated in the contract will be considered to be incorrect information within the meaning of the
“Suspension of Payment” paragraph of the EFT clause of the contract.
(2) The contractor shall not change the name or address for electronic funds transfer payments (EFT) or manual
payments, as appropriate, in the SAM record to reflect an assignee for the purpose of assignment of claims (see subpart 32.8,
Assignment of Claims).
(3) Assignees shall be separately registered in SAM. Information provided to the contractor’s SAM record that
indicates payments, including those made by EFT, to an ultimate recipient other than that contractor will be considered to be
incorrect information within the meaning of the “Suspension of payment” paragraph of the EFT clause of the contract.
4.1103 Procedures.
(a) Unless the acquisition is exempt under 4.1102(a), the contracting officer—
(1) Shall verify that the offeror or quoter is registered in SAM (see paragraph (b) of this section) at the time an offer or
quotation is submitted;
(2) Should use the unique entity identifier to verify SAM registration–
(i) Via https://www.sam.gov; or
(ii) As otherwise provided by agency procedures; or
(3) Need not verify SAM registration before placing an order or call if the contract or agreement includes the provision
at 52.204-7, System for Award Management, or the clause at 52.212-4, Contract Terms and Conditions-Commercial Items, or
a similar agency clause, except when use of the Governmentwide commercial purchase card is contemplated as a method of
payment. (See 32.1108(b)(2)).
(b) If the contract action is being awarded in accordance with 4.1102(a)(5), the contractor is required to be registered in
SAM within 30 days after contract award, or at least three days prior to submission of the first invoice, whichever occurs
first.
(c) Agencies shall protect against improper disclosure of information contained in SAM.
(d) The contracting officer shall, on contractual documents transmitted to the payment office, provide the unique entity
identifier, or, if applicable, the Electronic Funds Transfer indicator, in accordance with agency procedures.
4.1104 Disaster Response Registry.
Contracting officers shall consult the Disaster Response Registry via https://www.sam.gov , Search Records, Advanced
Search, Disaster Response Registry Search when contracting for debris removal, distribution of supplies, reconstruction, and
other disaster or emergency relief activities inside the United States and outlying areas. (See 26.205 ).
4.1105 Solicitation provision and contract clauses.
(a) (1) Insert the provision at 52.204-7, System for Award Management, in all solicitations except when the conditions in
4.1102(a) apply.
(2) Insert the provision at 52.204-7, System for Award Management, with its Alternate I when the solicitation is
anticipated to be awarded in accordance with 4.1102(a)(5).
(b) Insert the clause at 52.204-13, System for Award Management Maintenance, in solicitations that contain the provision
at 52.204-7, and resulting contracts.

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SUBPART 4.12 - REPRESENTATIONS

AND

CERTIFICATIONS

4.1202

Subpart 4.12 - Representations and Certifications
4.1200 Scope.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for requiring submission and maintenance of representations and
certifications via the System for Award Management (SAM) to(a) Eliminate the administrative burden for contractors of submitting the same information to various contracting offices;
(b) Establish a common source for this information to procurement offices across the Government; and
(c) Incorporate by reference the contractor’s representations and certifications in the awarded contract.
4.1201 Policy.
(a) Offerors and quoters are required to complete electronic annual representations and certifications in SAM accessed via
https://www.sam.gov as a part of required registration (see FAR 4.1102).
(b) (1) All registrants are required to review and update the representations and certifications submitted to SAM as
necessary, but at least annually, to ensure they are kept current, accurate, and complete. The representations and certifications
are effective until one year from date of submission or update to SAM.
(2) A contractors that represented itself as a small business prior to award of a contract must update the representations
and certifications in SAM in accordance with 52.219-28, A contractor that represented itself as other than small business
before contract award and qualifies as a small business may update its representations and certifications in SAM in
accordance with 52.219-28.
(c) Data in SAM is archived and is electronically retrievable. Therefore, when a prospective contractor has completed
representations and certifications electronically in SAM, the contracting officer must reference the date of SAM verification
in the contract file to satisfy contract file documentation requirements of 4.803(a)(11). However, if an offeror identifies
changes to SAM data pursuant to the FAR provisions at 52.204-8(d) or 52.212-3(b), the contracting officer must include a
copy of the changes in the contract file.
(d) The contracting officer shall incorporate the representations and certifications by reference in the contract (see
52.204-19, or for acquisitions of commercial items see 52.212-4(v)).
4.1202 Solicitation provision and contract clause.
(a) Insert the provision at 52.204-8, Annual Representations and Certifications, in solicitations, except for commercial
item solicitations issued under FAR part 12. The contracting officer shall check the applicable provisions at 52.204-8(c)(2).
When the provision at 52.204-7, System for Award Management, is included in the solicitation, do not separately include the
following representations and certifications:
(1) 52.203-2, Certificate of Independent Price Determination.
(2) 52.203-11, Certification and Disclosure Regarding Payments to Influence Certain Federal Transactions.
(3) 52.203-18, Prohibition on Contracting with Entities that Require Certain Internal Confidentiality Agreements or
Statements-Representation.
(4) 52.204-3, Taxpayer Identification.
(5) 52.204-5, Women-Owned Business (Other Than Small Business).
(6) 52.204-17, Ownership or Control of Offeror.
(7) 52.204-20, Predecessor of Offeror.
(8) 52.204-26, Covered Telecommunications Equipment or Services-Representation.
(9) 52.209-2, Prohibition on Contracting with Inverted Domestic Corporations-Representation.
(10) 52.209-5, Certification Regarding Responsibility Matters.
(11) 52.209-11, Representation by Corporations Regarding Delinquent Tax Liability or a Felony Conviction under any
Federal Law.
(12) 52.214-14, Place of Performance-Sealed Bidding.
(13) 52.215-6, Place of Performance.
(14) 52.219-1, Small Business Program Representations (Basic & Alternate I).
(15) 52.219-2, Equal Low Bids.
(16) [Reserved]
(17) 52.222-18, Certification Regarding Knowledge of Child Labor for Listed End Products.
(18) 52.222-22, Previous Contracts and Compliance Reports.
(19) 52.222-25, Affirmative Action Compliance.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(20) 52.222-38, Compliance with Veterans’ Employment Reporting Requirements.
(21) 52.222-48, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Maintenance,
Calibration, or Repair of Certain Equipment–Certification.
(22) 52.222-52, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Certain
Services-Certification.
(23) 52.223-1, Biobased Product Certification.
(24) 52.223-4, Recovered Material Certification.
(25) 52.223-9, Estimate of Percentage of Recovered Material Content for EPA-Designated Items (Alternate I only).
(26) 52.223-22, Public Disclosure of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Reduction Goals-Representation.
(27) 52.225-2, Buy American Certificate.
(28) 52.225-4, Buy American-Free Trade Agreements-Israeli Trade Act Certificate (Basic, Alternates I, II, and III).
(29) 52.225-6, Trade Agreements Certificate.
(30) 52.225-20, Prohibition on Conducting Restricted Business Operations in Sudan-Certification.
(31) 52.225-25, Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Engaging in Certain Activities or Transactions Relating to
Iran-Representation and Certifications.
(32) 52.226-2, Historically Black College or University and Minority Institution Representation.
(33) 52.227-6, Royalty Information (Basic & Alternate I).
(34) 52.227-15, Representation of Limited Rights Data and Restricted Computer Software.
(b) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-19, Incorporation by Reference of Representations and
Certifications, in solicitations and contracts.

4.12-2

SUBPART 4.13 - PERSONAL IDENTITY VERIFICATION

4.1303

Subpart 4.13 - Personal Identity Verification
4.1300 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policy and procedures associated with Personal Identity Verification as required by(a) Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB) Number 201, “Personal Identity Verification of
Federal Employees and Contractors”; and
(b) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Guidance M-05-24, dated August 5, 2005, “Implementation of Homeland
Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 12-Policy for a Common Identification Standard for Federal Employees and
Contractors.”
4.1301 Policy.
(a) Agencies must follow FIPS PUB Number 201 and the associated OMB implementation guidance for personal identity
verification for all affected contractor and subcontractor personnel when contract performance requires contractors to have
routine physical access to a Federally-controlled facility and/or routine access to a Federally-controlled information system.
(b) Agencies must include their implementation of FIPS PUB 201 and OMB Guidance M-05-24 in solicitations and
contracts that require the contractor to have routine physical access to a Federally-controlled facility and/or routine access to
a Federally-controlled information system.
(c) Agencies must designate an official responsible for verifying contractor employee personal identity.
(d) (1) Agency procedures for the return of Personal Identity Verification (PIV) products shall ensure that Government
contractors account for all forms of Government-provided identification issued to Government contractor employees under a
contract, i.e., the PIV cards or other similar badges, and shall ensure that contractors return such identification to the issuing
agency as soon as any of the following occurs, unless otherwise determined by the agency:
(i) When no longer needed for contract performance.
(ii) Upon completion of a contractor employee’s employment.
(iii) Upon contract completion or termination.
(2) The contracting officer may delay final payment under a contract if the contractor fails to comply with these
requirements.
4.1302 Acquisition of approved products and services for personal identity verification.
(a) In order to comply with FIPS PUB 201, agencies must purchase only approved personal identity verification products
and services.
(b) Agencies may acquire the approved products and services from the GSA, Federal Supply Schedule 70, Special Item
Number (SIN) 132-62, HSPD-12 Product and Service Components, in accordance with ordering procedures outlined in FAR
subpart 8.4.
(c) When acquiring personal identity verification products and services not using the process in paragraph (b) of this
section, agencies must ensure that the applicable products and services are approved as compliant with FIPS PUB 201
including(1) Certifying the products and services procured meet all applicable Federal standards and requirements;
(2) Ensuring interoperability and conformance to applicable Federal standards for the lifecycle of the components; and
(3) Maintaining a written plan for ensuring ongoing conformance to applicable Federal standards for the lifecycle of the
components.
(d) For more information on personal identity verification products and services see http://www.idmanagement.gov.
4.1303 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-9 , Personal Identity Verification of Contractor Personnel, in
solicitations and contracts when contract performance requires contractors to have routine physical access to a Federallycontrolled facility and/or routine access to a Federally-controlled information system. The clause shall not be used when
contractors require only intermittent access to Federally-controlled facilities.

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4.13-2

SUBPART 4.14 - REPORTING EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AND FIRST-TIER SUBCONTRACT AWARDS

4.1403

Subpart 4.14 - Reporting Executive Compensation and First-Tier Subcontract Awards
4.1400 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements section 2 of the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (Pub.L.109-282),
as amended by section 6202 of the Government Funding Transparency Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110-252), which requires
contractors to report subcontract award data and the total compensation of the five most highly compensated executives of the
contractor and subcontractor. The public may view first-tier subcontract award data at http://www.usaspending.gov.
4.1401 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies to all contracts with a value of $30,000 or more. Nothing in this subpart requires the disclosure of
classified information.
(b) Reporting of subcontract information will be limited to the first-tier subcontractor.
4.1402 Procedures.
(a) Agencies shall ensure that contractors comply with the reporting requirements of 52.204-10, Reporting Executive
Compensation and First-Tier Subcontract Awards. Agencies shall review contractor reports on a quarterly basis to ensure
the information is consistent with contract information. The agency is not required to address data for which the agency
would not normally have supporting information, such as the compensation information required of contractors and firsttier subcontractors. However, the agency shall inform the contractor of any inconsistencies with the contract information
and require that the contractor correct the report, or provide a reasonable explanation as to why it believes the information is
correct. Agencies may review the reports at http://www.fsrs.gov.
(b) When contracting officers report the contract action to the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS) in accordance
with FAR subpart 4.6, certain data will then pre-populate from FPDS, to assist contractors in completing and submitting their
reports. If data originating from FPDS is found by the contractor to be in error when the contractor completes the subcontract
report, the contractor should notify the Government contracting officer, who is responsible for correcting the data in FPDS.
Contracts reported using the generic entity identifier allowed at FAR 4.605(c)(2) will interfere with the contractor’s ability to
comply with this reporting requirement, because the data will not pre-populate from FPDS.
(c) If the contractor fails to comply with the reporting requirements, the contracting officer shall exercise appropriate
contractual remedies. In addition, the contracting officer shall make the contractor’s failure to comply with the reporting
requirements a part of the contractor’s performance information under subpart 42.15.
(d) There is a reporting exception in 52.204-10(g) for contractors and subcontractors who had gross income in the
previous tax year under $300,000.
4.1403 Contract clause.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-10,
Reporting Executive Compensation and First-Tier Subcontract Awards, in all solicitations and contracts of $30,000 or more.
(b) The clause is not prescribed for contracts that are not required to be reported in the Federal Procurement Data System
(FPDS) (see subpart 4.6).

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4.14-2

4.1502

SUBPART 4.15 -

Subpart 4.15 - [Reserved]
4.1500 [Reserved]
4.1501 [Reserved]
4.1502 [Reserved]

4.15-1

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4.15-2

SUBPART 4.16 - UNIQUE PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFIERS

4.1602

Subpart 4.16 - Unique Procurement Instrument Identifiers
4.1600 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for assigning unique Procurement Instrument Identifiers (PIID) for each
solicitation, contract, agreement, or order and related procurement instrument.
4.1601 Policy.
(a) Establishment of a Procurement Instrument Identifier (PIID). Agencies shall have in place a process that ensures that
each PIID used to identify a solicitation or contract action is unique Governmentwide, and will remain so for at least 20 years
from the date of contract award. The PIID shall be used to identify all solicitation and contract actions. The PIID shall also
be used to identify solicitation and contract actions in designated support and reporting systems (e.g., Federal Procurement
Data System, System for Award Management), in accordance with regulations, applicable authorities, and agency policies
and procedures.)
(b) Transition of PIID numbering. No later than October 1, 2017, agencies shall comply with paragraph (a) of this section
and use the requirements in 4.1602 and 4.1603 for all new solicitations and contract awards. Until an agency’s transition
is complete, it shall maintain its 2013 PIID format that is on record with the General Services Administration’s Integrated
Award Environment Program Office (which maintains a registry of the agency unique identifier scheme). The 2013 PIID
format consisted of alpha characters in the first positions to indicate the agency, followed by alpha-numeric characters; the
2017 format instead has the AAC in the beginning 6 positions.
(c) Change in the Procurement Instrument Identifier after its assignment. (1) Agencies shall not change the PIID unless
one of the following two circumstances apply:
(i) The PIID serial numbering system is exhausted. In this instance, the contracting officer may assign a new PIID by
issuing a contract modification.
(ii) Continued use of a PIID is administratively burdensome (e.g., for implementations of new agency contract
writing systems). In this instance, the contracting officer may assign a new PIID by issuing a contract modification.
(2) The modification shall clearly identify both the original and the newly assigned PIID. Issuance of a new PIID is an
administrative change (see 43.101).
4.1602 Identifying the PIID and supplementary PIID.
(a) Identifying the PIID in solicitation and contract award documentation (including forms and electronic generated
formats). Agencies shall include all PIIDs for all related procurement actions as identified in paragraphs (a)(1) through (5) of
this section.
(1) Solicitation. Identify the PIID for all solicitations. For amendments to solicitations, identify a supplementary PIID,
in conjunction with the PIID for the solicitation.
(2) Contracts and purchase orders. Identify the PIID for contracts and purchase orders.
(3) Delivery and task orders. For delivery and task orders placed by an agency under a contract (e.g., indefinite delivery
indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts, multi-agency contracts (MAC), Governmentwide acquisition contracts (GWACs), or
Multiple Award Schedule (MAS) contracts), identify the PIID for the delivery and task order and the PIID for the contract.
(4) Blanket purchase agreements and basic ordering agreements. Identify the PIID for blanket purchase agreements
issued in accordance with 13.303, and for basic agreements and basic ordering agreements issued in accordance with subpart
16.7. For blanket purchase agreements issued in accordance with subpart 8.4 under a MAS contract, identify the PIID for the
blanket purchase agreement and the PIID for the MAS contract.
(i) Orders. For orders against basic ordering agreements or blanket purchase agreements issued in accordance with
13.303, identify the PIID for the order and the PIID for the blanket purchase agreement or basic ordering agreement.
(ii) Orders under subpart 8.4. For orders against a blanket purchase agreement established under a MAS contract,
identify the PIID for the order, the PIID for the blanket purchase agreement, and the PIID for the MAS contract.
(5) Modifications. For modifications to actions described in paragraphs (a)(2) through (4) of this section, and in
accordance with agency procedures, identify a supplementary PIID for the modification in conjunction with the PIID for the
contract, order, or agreement being modified.
(b) Placement of the PIID on forms. When the form (including electronic generated format) does not provide spaces or
fields for the PIID or supplementary PIID required in paragraph (a) of this section, identify the PIID in accordance with
agency procedures.

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4.1603

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) Additional agency specific identification information. If agency procedures require additional identification
information in solicitations, contracts, or other related procurement instruments for administrative purposes, separate and
clearly identify the additional information from the PIID.
4.1603 Procedures.
(a) Elements of a PIID. The PIID consists of a combination of thirteen to seventeen alpha and/or numeric characters
sequenced to convey certain information. Do not use special characters (such as hyphens, dashes, or spaces).
(1) Positions 1 through 6. The first six positions identify the department/agency and office issuing the instrument. Use
the AAC assigned to the issuing office for positions 1 through 6. Civilian agency points of contact for obtaining an AAC
are on the AAC Contact list maintained by the General Services Administration and can be found at http://www.gsa.gov/
graphics/fas/Civilian_contacts.pdf. For Department of Defense (DoD) inquiries, contact the service/agency Central Service
Point or DoD AAC Monitor, or if unknown, email DODAADHQ@DLA.MIL for assistance.
(2) Positions 7 through 8. The seventh and eighth positions are the last two digits of the fiscal year in which the
procurement instrument is issued or awarded. This is the date the action is signed, not the effective date if the effective date is
different.
(3) Position 9. Indicate the type of instrument by entering one of the following upper case letters in position nine.
Departments and independent agencies may assign those letters identified for department use below in accordance with their
agency policy; however, any use must be applied to the entire department or agency.
Instrument

Letter
designation

(i) Blanket purchase agreements

A

(ii) invitations for bids

B

(iii)Contracts of all types except indefinite-delivery contracts (see subpart 16.5)

C

(iv) Indefinite-delivery contracts (including Federal Supply Schedules, Governmentwide acquisition
contracts (GWACs), and multi-agency contracts)

D

(v) Reserved for future Federal Governmentwide use

E

(vi) Task orders, delivery orders or calls under–
Indefinite-delivery contracts (including Federal Supply Schedules, Governmentwide acquisition contracts
(GWACs), and multi-agency contracts);
Blanket purchase agreements; or
Basic ordering agreements

F

(vii) Basic ordering agreements.

G

(viii) Agreements, including basic agreements and loan agreements, but excluding blanket purchase
agreements, basic ordering agreements, and leases. Do not use this code for contracts or agreements with
provisions for orders or calls

H

(ix) Do not use this letter

I

(x) Reserved for future Federal Governmentwide use

J

(xi) Reserved for departmental or agency use

K

(xii) Lease agreements

L

(xiii) Reserved for departmental or agency use

M

(xiv) Reserved for departmental or agency use

N

(xv) Do not use this letter

O

(xvi) Purchase orders (assign V if numbering capacity of P is exhausted during a fiscal year)

P

4.16-2

4.1603

SUBPART 4.16 - UNIQUE PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFIERS
Instrument

Letter
designation

(xvii) Requests for quotations (assign U if numbering capacity of Q is exhausted during a fiscal year)

Q

(xviii) Requests for proposals

R

(xix) Reserved for departmental or agency use

S

(xx) Reserved for departmental or agency use

T

(xxi) See Q, requests for quotations

U

(xxii) See P, purchase orders

V

(xxiii) Reserved for future Federal Governmentwide use

W

(xxiv) Reserved for future Federal Governmentwide use

X

(xxv) Imprest fund

Y

(xxvi) Reserved for future Federal Governmentwide use

Z

(4) Positions 10 through 17. Enter the number assigned by the issuing agency in these positions. Agencies may choose
a minimum of four characters up to a maximum of eight characters to be used, but the same number of characters must be
used agency-wide. If a number less than the maximum is used, do not use leading or trailing zeroes to make it equal the
maximum in any system or data transmission. A separate series of numbers may be used for any type of instrument listed in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section. An agency may reserve blocks of numbers or alpha-numeric numbers for use by its various
components.
(5) Illustration of PIID. The following illustrates a properly configured PIID using four characters in the final positions:

(b) Elements of a supplementary PIID. Use the supplementary PIID to identify amendments to solicitations and
modifications to contracts, orders, and agreements. The supplementary PIID is reported as a separate data element used in
conjunction with, but not appended to, the PIID.
(1) Amendments to solicitations. Number amendments to solicitations sequentially using a four position numeric serial
number added to the 13-17 character PIID beginning with 0001.
(2) Modifications to contracts, orders, and agreements. Number modifications to contracts, orders, and agreements
using a six position alpha or numeric, or a combination thereof, added to the 13-17 character PIID. For example, a

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4.1603

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

modification could be numbered P00001. This would be added to the end of the 13-17 character PIID illustrated in (a)(5) of
this section.
(i) Position 1. Identify the office issuing the modification. The letter P shall be designated for modifications issued
by the procuring contracting office. The letter A shall be used for modifications issued by the contract administration office
(if other than the procuring contracting office).
(ii) Positions 2 through 6. These positions may be alpha, numeric, or a combination thereof, in accordance with
agency procedures.
(iii) Each office authorized to issue modifications shall assign the supplementary identification numbers in sequence
(unless provided otherwise in agency procedures). Do not assign the numbers until it has been determined that a modification
is to be issued.

4.16-4

SUBPART 4.17 - SERVICE CONTRACTS INVENTORY

4.1703

Subpart 4.17 - Service Contracts Inventory
4.1700 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements section 743(a) of Division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (Pub. L. 111-117),
which requires agencies to report annually to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on activities performed by
service contractors. Section 743(a) applies to executive agencies, other than the Department of Defense (DoD), covered by
the Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act (Pub. L. 105-270) (FAIR Act). The information reported in the inventory will be
publicly accessible.
4.1701 Definitions.
As used in this subpart–
“FAIR Act agencies” means the agencies required under the FAIR Act to submit inventories annually of the activities
performed by Government personnel.
“First-tier subcontract” means a subcontract awarded directly by the contractor for the purpose of acquiring supplies or
services (including construction) for performance of a prime contract. It does not include the contractor’s supplier agreements
with vendors, such as long-term arrangements for materials or supplies that benefit multiple contracts and/or the costs of
which are normally applied to a contractor’s general and administrative expenses or indirect costs.
4.1702 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies to–
(1) All FAIR Act agencies, except DoD as specified in 4.1705;
(2) Solicitations, contracts, and orders for services (including construction) that meet or exceed the thresholds at
4.1703; and
(3) Contractors and first-tier subcontractors.
(b) Procedures for compiling and submitting agency service contract inventories are governed by section 743(a)(3) of
Division C of Pub. L. 111-117 and Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) guidance. The guidance is available at
the following Web site: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/procurement/memo/service-contractinventory-guidance.pdf.
(c) This subpart addresses requirements for obtaining information from, and reporting by, agency service contractors.
4.1703 Reporting requirements.
(a) Thresholds. (1) Except as exempted by OFPP guidance, service contractor reporting shall be required for contracts
and first-tier subcontracts for services based on type of contract and estimated total value. For indefinite-delivery contracts,
reporting shall be determined based on the type and estimated total value of each order under the contract. Indefinite-delivery
contracts include, but are not limited to, contracts such as indefinite-delivery indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contracts, Federal
Supply Schedule contracts (FSSs), Governmentwide acquisition contracts (GWACs), and multi-agency contracts.
(2) Reporting is required according to the following thresholds:
(i) All cost-reimbursement, time-and-materials, and labor-hour service contracts and orders with an estimated total
value above the simplified acquisition threshold.
(ii) All fixed-price service contracts awarded and orders issued according to the following thresholds:
(A) Awarded or issued in Fiscal Year 2014, with an estimated total value of $2.5 million or greater.
(B) Awarded or issued in Fiscal Year 2015, with an estimated total value of $1 million or greater.
(C) Awarded or issued in Fiscal Year 2016, and subsequent years, with an estimated total value of $500,000 or
greater.
(3) Reporting is required for all first-tier subcontracts for services as prescribed in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (ii) of this
section.
(b) Agency reporting responsibilities. (1) Agencies shall ensure that contractors comply with the reporting requirements
of 52.204-14, Service Contract Reporting Requirements and 52.204-15, Service Contract Reporting Requirements for
Indefinite-Delivery Contracts. Agencies shall review contractor reported information for reasonableness and consistency with
available contract information. The agency is not required to address data for which the agency would not normally have
supporting information. In the event the agency believes that revisions to the contractor reported information are warranted,
the agency shall notify the contractor no later than November 15. By November 30, the contractor shall revise the report, or
document its rationale for the agency. Authorized agency officials may review the reports at www.sam.gov.

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4.1704

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) Agencies are required to compile annually an inventory of service contracts performed for, or on behalf of, the
agency during the prior fiscal year in order to determine the extent of the agency’s reliance on service contractors. Agencies
shall submit a service contract inventory to OMB by January 15 annually. Then, each agency must post the inventory on its
Web site and publish a Federal Register Notice of Availability by February 15 annually.
(3) Most of the required information is already collected in the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS). Information
not collected in FPDS will be provided by the contractor, as specified in 52.204-14, Service Contract Reporting Requirements
and 52.204-15, Service Contract Reporting Requirements for Indefinite-Delivery Contracts.
4.1704 Contracting officer responsibilities.
(a) For other than indefinite-delivery contracts, the contracting officer shall ensure that 52.204-14, Service Reporting
Requirement, is included in solicitations, contracts, and orders as prescribed at 4.1705. For indefinite-delivery contracts,
the contracting officer who awarded the contract shall ensure that 52.204-15 Service Contract Reporting Requirements for
Indefinite-Delivery Contracts, is included in solicitations and contracts as prescribed at 4.1705. The contracting officer at the
order level shall verify the clause’s inclusion in the contract.
(b) If the contractor fails to submit a report in a timely manner, the contracting officer shall exercise appropriate
contractual remedies. In addition, the contracting officer shall make the contractor’s failure to comply with the reporting
requirements a part of the contractor’s performance information under subpart 42.15.
4.1705 Contract clauses.
(a) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-14, Service Contract Reporting Requirements, in solicitations
and contracts for services (including construction) that meet or exceed the thresholds at 4.1703, except for indefinite-delivery
contracts. This clause is not required for actions entirely funded by DoD, contracts awarded with a generic entity identifier, or
in classified solicitations, contracts, or orders.
(b) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-15, Service Contract Reporting Requirements for IndefiniteDelivery Contracts, in solicitations and indefinite-delivery contracts for services (including construction) where one or more
orders issued thereunder are expected to each meet or exceed the thresholds at 4.1703. This clause is not required for actions
entirely funded by DoD, contracts awarded with a generic entity identifier, or in classified solicitations, contracts, or orders.

4.17-2

SUBPART 4.18 - COMMERCIAL

AND

GOVERNMENT ENTITY CODE

4.1804

Subpart 4.18 - Commercial and Government Entity Code
4.1800 Scope of subpart.
(a) This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for identification of commercial and government entities. The
Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code system may be used, among other things, to–
(1) Exchange data with another contracting activity, including contract administration activities and contract payment
activities.
(2) Exchange data with another system that requires the unique identification of a contractor entity; or
(3) Identify when offerors are owned or controlled by another entity.
(b) For information on the unique entity identifier, which is a different identifier, see 4.605 and the provisions at 52.204-6,
Unique Entity Identifier, and 52.204-7, System for Award Management.
4.1801 Definitions.
As used in this part–
“Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code” means—
(1) An identifier assigned to entities located in the United States or its outlying areas by the Defense Logistics Agency
(DLA) Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Branch to identify a commercial or government entity; or
(2) An identifier assigned by a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or by the NATO Support and
Procurement Agency (NSPA) to entities located outside the United States and its outlying areas that the DLA Commercial
and Government Entity (CAGE) Branch records and maintains in the CAGE master file. This type of code is known as a
NATO CAGE (NCAGE) code.
“Highest-level owner” means the entity that owns or controls an immediate owner of the offeror, or that owns or controls
one or more entities that control an immediate owner of the offeror. No entity owns or exercises control of the highest level
owner.
“Immediate owner” means an entity, other than the offeror, that has direct control of the offeror. Indicators of control
include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: ownership or interlocking management, identity of interests
among family members, shared facilities and equipment, and the common use of employees.
4.1802 Policy.
(a) Commercial and Government Entity code. (1) Offerors shall provide the contracting officer the CAGE code assigned to
that offeror's location prior to the award of a contract action above the micro-purchase threshold, when there is a requirement
to be registered in the System for Award Management (SAM) or a requirement to have a unique entity identifier in the
solicitation.
(2) The contracting officer shall include the contractor’s CAGE code in the contract and in any electronic transmissions
of the contract data to other systems when it is provided in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(b) Ownership or control of offeror. Offerors, if owned or controlled by another entity, shall provide the contracting officer
with the CAGE code and legal name of that entity prior to the award of a contract action above the micro-purchase threshold,
when there is a requirement to be registered in SAM or a requirement to have a unique entity identifier in the solicitation.
4.1803 Verifying CAGE codes prior to award.
(a) Contracting officers shall verify the offeror’s CAGE code by reviewing the entity’s registration in the System for
Award Management (SAM). Active registrations in SAM have had the associated CAGE codes verified.
(b) For entities not required to be registered in SAM, the contracting officer shall validate the CAGE code using the
CAGE code search feature at https://cage.dla.mil.
4.1804 Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
(a) Insert the provision at 52.204-16, Commercial and Government Entity Code Reporting, in all solicitations that include–
(1) 52.204-6, Unique Entity Identifier; or
(2) 52.204-7, System for Award Management.
(b) Insert the provision at 52.204-17, Ownership or Control of Offeror, in all solicitations that include the provision at
52.204-16, Commercial and Government Entity Code Reporting.
(c) Insert the clause at 52.204-18, Commercial and Government Entity Code Maintenance, in all solicitations and contracts
when the solicitation contains the provision at 52.204-16, Commercial and Government Entity Code Reporting.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) Insert the provision at 52.204-20, Predecessor of Offeror, in all solicitations that include the provision at 52.204-16,
Commercial and Government Entity Code Reporting.

4.18-2

SUBPART 4.19 - BASIC SAFEGUARDING OF COVERED CONTRACTOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS

4.1903

Subpart 4.19 - Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems
4.1901 Definitions.
As used in this subpart–
“Covered contractor information system” means an information system that is owned or operated by a contractor that
processes, stores, or transmits Federal contract information.
“Federal contract information” means information, not intended for public release, that is provided by or generated for
the Government under a contract to develop or deliver a product or service to the Government, but not including information
provided by the Government to the public (such as that on public Web sites) or simple transactional information, such as that
necessary to process payments.
“Information” means any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts, data, or opinions in any medium or
form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual (Committee on National Security Systems
Instruction (CNSSI) 4009).
“Information system” means a discrete set of information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance,
use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information (44 U.S.C. 3502).
“Safeguarding” means measures or controls that are prescribed to protect information systems.
4.1902 Applicability.
This subpart applies to all acquisitions, including acquisitions of commercial items other than commercially available offthe-shelf items, when a contractor's information system may contain Federal contract information.
4.1903 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-21 , Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information
Systems, in solicitations and contracts when the contractor or a subcontractor at any tier may have Federal contract
information residing in or transiting through its information system.

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4.19-2

4.2004
Subpart 4.20 Prohibition on Contracting for Hardware, Software, and Services Developed or Provided by Kaspersky
Lab
4.2001 Definitions.
As used in this subpart—
“Covered article” means any hardware, software, or service that–
(1) Is developed or provided by a covered entity;
(2) Includes any hardware, software, or service developed or provided in whole or in part by a covered entity; or
(3) Contains components using any hardware or software developed in whole or in part by a covered entity.
“Covered entity” means–
(1) Kaspersky Lab;
(2) Any successor entity to Kaspersky Lab;
(3) Any entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with Kaspersky Lab; or
(4) Any entity of which Kaspersky Lab has a majority ownership.
4.2002 Prohibition.
Section 1634 of Division A of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (Pub. L. 115-91) prohibits
Government use on or after October 1, 2018, of any hardware, software, or services developed or provided, in whole or in
part, by a covered entity. Contractors are prohibited from—
(a) Providing any covered article that the Government will use on or after October 1, 2018; and
(b) Using any covered article on or after October 1, 2018, in the development of data or deliverables first produced in the
performance of the contract.
4.2003 Notification.
When a contractor provides notification pursuant to 52.204-23, follow agency procedures.
4.2004 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-23, Prohibition on Contracting for Hardware, Software, and
Services Developed or Provided by Kaspersky Lab and Other Covered Entities, in all solicitations and contracts.

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4.19-2

4.2102
Subpart 4.21 Prohibition on Contracting for Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or
Equipment
4.2100 Scope of part.
This subpart implements paragraph (a)(1)(A) of section 889 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2019 (Pub. L. 115-232).
4.2101 Definitions.
As used in this subpart—
“Covered foreign country” means The People’s Republic of China.
“Covered telecommunications equipment or services” means–
(1) Telecommunications equipment produced by Huawei Technologies Company or ZTE Corporation, (or any
subsidiary or affiliate of such entities);
(2) For the purpose of public safety, security of Government facilities, physical security surveillance of critical
infrastructure, and other national security purposes, video surveillance and telecommunications equipment produced by
Hytera Communications Corporation, Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Company, or Dahua Technology Company
(or any subsidiary or affiliate of such entities);
(3) Telecommunications or video surveillance services provided by such entities or using such equipment; or
(4) Telecommunications or video surveillance equipment or services produced or provided by an entity that the
Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence or the Director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, reasonably believes to be an entity owned or controlled by, or otherwise connected to, the government of a
covered foreign country.
“Critical technology” means–
(1) Defense articles or defense services included on the United States Munitions List set forth in the International
Traffic in Arms Regulations under subchapter M of chapter I of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations;
(2) Items included on the Commerce Control List set forth in Supplement No. 1 to part 774 of the Export
Administration Regulations under subchapter C of chapter VII of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, and controlled(i) Pursuant to multilateral regimes, including for reasons relating to national security, chemical and biological
weapons proliferation, nuclear nonproliferation, or missile technology; or
(ii) For reasons relating to regional stability or surreptitious listening;
(3) Specially designed and prepared nuclear equipment, parts and components, materials, software, and technology
covered by part 810 of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to assistance to foreign atomic energy activities);
(4) Nuclear facilities, equipment, and material covered by part 110 of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to
export and import of nuclear equipment and material);
(5) Select agents and toxins covered by part 331 of title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, part 121 of title 9 of such
Code, or part 73 of title 42 of such Code; or
(6) Emerging and foundational technologies controlled pursuant to section 1758 of the Export Control Reform Act of
2018 (50 U.S.C. 4817).
“Substantial or essential component” means any component necessary for the proper function or performance of a piece of
equipment, system, or service.
4.2102 Prohibition.
(a) Prohibited equipment, systems, or services. On or after August 13, 2019, agencies are prohibited from procuring or
obtaining, or extending or renewing a contract to procure or obtain, any equipment, system, or service that uses covered
telecommunications equipment or services as a substantial or essential component of any system, or as critical technology as
part of any system, unless an exception at paragraph (b) of this section applies or the covered telecommunications equipment
or services are covered by a waiver described in 4.2104.
(b) Exceptions. This subpart does not prohibit agencies from procuring or contractors from providing(1) A service that connects to the facilities of a third-party, such as backhaul, roaming, or interconnection arrangements;
or
(2) Telecommunications equipment that cannot route or redirect user data traffic or permit visibility into any user data
or packets that such equipment transmits or otherwise handles.

4.19-1

4.2103

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) Contracting Officers. Contracting officers shall not procure or obtain, or extend or renew a contract ( e.g., exercise an
option) to procure or obtain, any equipment, system, or service that uses covered telecommunications equipment or services
as a substantial or essential component of any system, or as critical technology as part of any system, unless an exception
at paragraph (b) of this section applies or the covered telecommunications equipment or services are covered by a waiver
described in 4.2104.
(d) Recording prohibitions in the System for Award Management (SAM).
(1) Prohibitions on purchases of products or services produced or provided by entities identified in paragraphs (1) and
(2) of the definition of “covered telecommunications equipment or services” (including known subsidiaries or affiliates) at
4.2101 will be recorded in SAM (see 9.404).
(2) Prohibitions on purchases of products or services produced or provided by entities identified pursuant to paragraph
(4) of the definition of “covered telecommunications equipment or services” (including known subsidiaries or affiliates) at
4.2101 are recorded by the Department of Defense in SAM (see 9.404).
4.2103 Procedures.
(a) Representations .
(1) (i) If the offeror selects “does not” in response to the provision at 52.204-26 or 52.212-3(v), the contracting officer
may rely on the representation, unless the contracting officer has reason to question the representation. If the contracting
officer has a reason to question the representation, the contracting officer shall follow agency procedures.
(ii) If the offeror selects “does” in response to the provision at 52.204-26 or 52.212-3(v), the offeror must complete
the representation at 52.204-24.
(2) (i) If the offeror selects “will not” in paragraph (d) of the provision at 52.204-24, the contracting officer may rely
on the representation, unless the contracting officer has reason to question the representation. If the contracting officer has a
reason to question the representation, the contracting officer shall follow agency procedures.
(ii) If an offeror selects “will” in paragraph (d) of the provision at 52.204-24, the offeror must provide the
information required by paragraph 52.204-24(e), and the contracting officer shall follow agency procedures.
(b) Reporting. If a contractor provides a report pursuant to paragraph (d) of the clause at 52.204-25, Prohibition on
Contracting for Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment, follow agency procedures.
4.2104 Waivers.
(a) Executive agencies. The head of an executive agency may, on a one-time basis, waive the prohibition at 4.2102(a) with
respect to a Government entity (e.g., requirements office, contracting office) that requests such a waiver.
(1) The waiver may be provided, for a period not to extend beyond August 13, 2021, if the Government entity seeking
the waiver submits to the head of the executive agency–
(i) A compelling justification for the additional time to implement the requirements under 4.2102(a), as determined
by the head of the executive agency; and
(ii) A full and complete laydown or description of the presences of covered telecommunications or video
surveillance equipment or services in the relevant supply chain and a phase-out plan to eliminate such covered
telecommunications or video surveillance equipment or services from the relevant systems.
(2) The head of the executive agency shall, not later than 30 days after approval, submit to the appropriate
congressional committees the full and complete laydown or description of the presences of covered telecommunications
or video surveillance equipment or services in the relevant supply chain and the phase-out plan to eliminate such covered
telecommunications or video surveillance equipment or services from the relevant systems.
(b) Director of National Intelligence. The Director of National Intelligence may provide a waiver if the Director
determines the waiver is in the national security interests of the United States.
4.2105 Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
(a) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.204-24, Representation Regarding Certain Telecommunications
and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment–
(1) In all solicitations for contracts; and
(2) Under indefinite delivery contracts, in all notices of intent to place an order, or solicitations for an order ( e.g. ,
subpart 8.4 and 16.505).
(b) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.204-25, Prohibition on Contracting for Certain Telecommunications
and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment, in all solicitations and contracts.

4.19-2

4.2105
(c) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.204-26, Covered Telecommunications Equipment or ServicesRepresentation, in all solicitations.

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4.19-4

PART 5 - PUBLICIZING CONTRACT ACTIONS
Sec.
5.000
5.001
5.002
5.003
5.101
5.102

5.201
5.202
5.203
5.204
5.205
5.206
5.207

Scope of part.
Definition.
Policy.
Governmentwide point of entry.
Subpart 5.1 - Dissemination of Information
Methods of disseminating information.
Availability of solicitations.
Subpart 5.2 - Synopses of
Proposed Contract Actions
General.
Exceptions.
Publicizing and response time.
Presolicitation notices.
Special situations.
Notices of subcontracting opportunities.
Preparation and transmittal of synopses.

Subpart 5.3 - Synopses of Contract Awards
5.301
General.
5.302
Preparation and transmittal of synopses of
awards.
5.303
Announcement of contract awards.

5.401
5.402
5.403
5.404
5.404-1
5.404-2
5.405
5.406

5.501
5.502
5.503
5.504

5.601

5.701
5.702
5.703
5.704
5.705

Subpart 5.4 - Release of Information
General.
General public.
Requests from Members of Congress.
Release of long-range acquisition estimates.
Release procedures.
Announcements of long-range acquisition
estimates.
Exchange of acquisition information.
Public disclosure of justification documents
for certain contract actions.
Subpart 5.5 - Paid Advertisements
Definitions.
Authority.
Procedures.
Use of advertising agencies.
Subpart 5.6 - Publicizing
Multi-Agency Use Contracts
Governmentwide database of contracts.
Subpart 5.7 - Publicizing Requirements
Under the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Scope.
Applicability.
Definition.
Publicizing preaward.
Publicizing postaward.

5-1

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5-2

SUBPART 5.1 - DISSEMINATION

OF INFORMATION

5.101

5.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures for publicizing contract opportunities and award information.
5.001 Definition.
“Contract action,” as used in this part, means an action resulting in a contract, as defined in subpart 2.1 , including
actions for additional supplies or services outside the existing contract scope, but not including actions that are within the
scope and under the terms of the existing contract, such as contract modifications issued pursuant to the Changes clause, or
funding and other administrative changes.
5.002 Policy.
Contracting officers must publicize contract actions in order to(a) Increase competition;
(b) Broaden industry participation in meeting Government requirements; and
(c) Assist small business concerns, veteran-owned small business concerns, service-disabled veteran-owned small business
concerns, HUBZone small business concerns, small disadvantaged business concerns, and women-owned small business
concerns in obtaining contracts and subcontracts.
5.003 Governmentwide point of entry.
For any requirement in the FAR to publish a notice, the contracting officer must transmit the notices to the GPE.

Subpart 5.1 - Dissemination of Information
5.101 Methods of disseminating information.
(a) As required by the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.637(e)) and the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41
U.S.C.1708), contracting officers must disseminate information on proposed contract actions as follows:
(1) For proposed contract actions expected to exceed $25,000, by synopsizing in the GPE (see 5.201).
(2) For proposed contract actions expected to exceed $15,000, but not expected to exceed $25,000, by displaying in
a public place, or by any appropriate electronic means, an unclassified notice of the solicitation or a copy of the solicitation
satisfying the requirements of 5.207(c). The notice must include a statement that all responsible sources may submit a
response which, if timely received, must be considered by the agency. The information must be posted not later than the date
the solicitation is issued, and must remain posted for at least 10 days or until after quotations have been opened, whichever is
later.
(i) If solicitations are posted instead of a notice, the contracting officer may employ various methods of satisfying
the requirements of 5.207(c). For example, the contracting officer may meet the requirements of 5.207(c) by stamping the
solicitation, by a cover sheet to the solicitation, or by placing a general statement in the display room.
(ii) The contracting officer need not comply with the display requirements of this section when the exemptions at
5.202(a)(1), (a)(4) through (a)(9), or (a)(11) apply, when oral solicitations are used, or when providing access to a notice of
proposed contract action and solicitation through the GPE and the notice permits the public to respond to the solicitation
electronically.
(iii) Contracting officers may use electronic posting of requirements in a place accessible by the general public at
the Government installation to satisfy the public display requirement. Contracting offices using electronic systems for public
posting that are not accessible outside the installation must periodically publicize the methods for accessing the information.
(b) In addition, one or more of the following methods may be used:
(1) Preparing periodic handouts listing proposed contracts, and displaying them as in 5.101(a)(2).
(2) Assisting local trade associations in disseminating information to their members.
(3) Making brief announcements of proposed contracts to newspapers, trade journals, magazines, or other mass
communication media for publication without cost to the Government.
(4) Placing paid advertisements in newspapers or other communications media, subject to the following limitations:
(i) Contracting officers shall place paid advertisements of proposed contracts only when it is anticipated that
effective competition cannot be obtained otherwise (see 5.205(d)).
(ii) Contracting officers shall not place advertisements of proposed contracts in a newspaper published and printed in
the District of Columbia unless the supplies or services will be furnished, or the labor performed, in the District of Columbia
or adjoining counties in Maryland or Virginia (44 U.S.C.3701).

5.1-1

5.102

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(iii) Advertisements published in newspapers must be under proper written authority in accordance with 44
U.S.C.3702(see 5.502(a)).
5.102 Availability of solicitations.
(a) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, the contracting officer must make available through the GPE
solicitations synopsized through the GPE, including specifications, technical data, and other pertinent information determined
necessary by the contracting officer. Transmissions to the GPE must be in accordance with the interface description available
via the Internet at https://www.fbo.gov.
(2) The contracting officer is encouraged, when practicable and cost-effective, to make accessible through the GPE
additional information related to a solicitation.
(3) The contracting officer must ensure that solicitations transmitted using electronic commerce are forwarded to the
GPE to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(4) When an agency determines that a solicitation contains information that requires additional controls to monitor
access and distribution (e.g., technical data, specifications, maps, building designs, schedules, etc.), the information shall be
made available through the enhanced controls of the GPE, unless an exception in paragraph (a)(5) of this section applies. The
GPE meets the synopsis and advertising requirements of this part.
(5) The contracting officer need not make a solicitation available through the GPE as required in paragraph (a)(4) of
this section, when(i) Disclosure would compromise the national security (e.g., would result in disclosure of classified information,
or information subject to export controls) or create other security risks. The fact that access to classified matter may be
necessary to submit a proposal or perform the contract does not, in itself, justify use of this exception;
(ii) The nature of the file (e.g., size, format) does not make it cost-effective or practicable for contracting officers to
provide access to the solicitation through the GPE; or
(iii) The agency’s senior procurement executive makes a written determination that access through the GPE is not in
the Government’s interest.
(6) When an acquisition contains brand name specifications, the contracting officer shall include with the solicitation
the justification or documentation required by 6.302-1(c), 13.106-1(b), or 13.501, redacted as necessary (see 6.305).
(b) When the contracting officer does not make a solicitation available through the GPE pursuant to paragraph (a)(5) of
this section, the contracting officer(1) Should employ other electronic means (e.g., CD-ROM or electronic mail) whenever practicable and cost- effective.
When solicitations are provided electronically on physical media (e.g., disks) or in paper form, the contracting officer must(i) Maintain a reasonable number of copies of solicitations, including specifications and other pertinent information
determined necessary by the contracting officer (upon request, potential sources not initially solicited should be mailed or
provided copies of solicitations, if available);
(ii) Provide copies on a “first-come-first-served” basis, for pickup at the contracting office, to publishers, trade
associations, information services, and other members of the public having a legitimate interest (for construction, see 36.211);
and
(iii) Retain a copy of the solicitation and other documents for review by and duplication for those requesting copies
after the initial number of copies is exhausted; and
(2) May require payment of a fee, not exceeding the actual cost of duplication, for a copy of the solicitation document.
(c) In addition to the methods of disseminating proposed contract information in 5.101(a) and (b), provide, upon request to
small business concerns, as required by 15 U.S.C.637(b)(1) A copy of the solicitation and specifications. In the case of solicitations disseminated by electronic data interchange,
solicitations may be furnished directly to the electronic address of the small business concern;
(2) The name and telephone number of an employee of the contracting office who will answer questions on the
solicitation; and
(3) Adequate citations to each applicable major Federal law or agency rule with which small business concerns must
comply in performing the contract.
(d) When electronic commerce (see subpart 4.5) is used in the solicitation process, availability of the solicitation may be
limited to the electronic medium.
(e) Provide copies of a solicitation issued under other than full and open competition to firms requesting copies that were
not initially solicited, but only after advising the requester of the determination to limit the solicitation to a specified firm or
firms as authorized under part 6.

5.1-2

SUBPART 5.1 - DISSEMINATION

OF INFORMATION

5.102

(f) This section 5.102 applies to classified contracts to the extent consistent with agency security requirements (see
5.202(a)(1)).

5.1-3

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5.1-4

SUBPART 5.2 - SYNOPSES

OF

PROPOSED CONTRACT ACTIONS

5.202

Subpart 5.2 - Synopses of Proposed Contract Actions
5.201 General.
(a) As required by the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.637(e)) and the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41
U.S.C.1708), agencies must make notices of proposed contract actions available as specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) (1) For acquisitions of supplies and services, other than those covered by the exceptions in 5.202 and the special
situations in 5.205, the contracting officer must transmit a notice to the GPE, for each proposed(i) Contract action meeting the threshold in 5.101(a)(1);
(ii) Modification to an existing contract for additional supplies or services that meets the threshold in 5.101(a)(1); or
(iii) Contract action in any amount when advantageous to the Government.
(2) When transmitting notices using electronic commerce, contracting officers must ensure the notice is forwarded to
the GPE.
(c) The primary purposes of the notice are to improve small business access to acquisition information and enhance
competition by identifying contracting and subcontracting opportunities.
(d) The GPE may be accessed via the Internet at https://www.fbo.gov.
5.202 Exceptions.
The contracting officer need not submit the notice required by 5.201 when(a) The contracting officer determines that(1) The synopsis cannot be worded to preclude disclosure of an agency’s needs and such disclosure would compromise
the national security (e.g., would result in disclosure of classified information). The fact that a proposed solicitation or
contract action contains classified information, or that access to classified matter may be necessary to submit a proposal or
perform the contract does not, in itself, justify use of this exception to synopsis;
(2) The proposed contract action is made under the conditions described in 6.302-2(or, for purchases conducted
using simplified acquisition procedures, if unusual and compelling urgency precludes competition to the maximum extent
practicable) and the Government would be seriously injured if the agency complies with the time periods specified in 5.203;
(3) The proposed contract action is one for which either the written direction of a foreign government reimbursing
the agency for the cost of the acquisition of the supplies or services for such government, or the terms of an international
agreement or treaty between the United States and a foreign government, or international organizations, has the effect of
requiring that the acquisition shall be from specified sources;
(4) The proposed contract action is expressly authorized or required by a statute to be made through another
Government agency, including acquisitions from the Small Business Administration (SBA) using the authority of section 8(a)
of the Small Business Act (but see 5.205(f)), or from a specific source such as a workshop for the blind under the rules of the
Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled;
(5) The proposed contract action is for utility services other than telecommunications services and only one source is
available;
(6) The proposed contract action is an order placed under subpart 16.5. When the order contains brand-name
specifications, see especially 16.505(a)(4);
(7) The proposed contract action results from acceptance of a proposal under the Small Business Innovation
Development Act of1982 (Pub.L.97-219);
(8) The proposed contract action results from the acceptance of an unsolicited research proposal that demonstrates a
unique and innovative concept (see 2.101) and publication of any notice complying with 5.207 would improperly disclose the
originality of thought or innovativeness of the proposed research, or would disclose proprietary information associated with
the proposal. This exception does not apply if the proposed contract action results from an unsolicited research proposal and
acceptance is based solely upon the unique capability of the source to perform the particular research services proposed (see
6.302-1(a)(2)(i));
(9) The proposed contract action is made for perishable subsistence supplies, and advance notice is not appropriate or
reasonable;
(10) The proposed contract action is made under conditions described in 6.302-3, or 6.302-5 with regard to brand name
commercial items for authorized resale, or 6.302-7, and advance notice is not appropriate or reasonable;
(11) The proposed contract action is made under the terms of an existing contract that was previously synopsized in
sufficient detail to comply with the requirements of 5.207 with respect to the current proposed contract action;

5.2-1

5.203

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(12) The proposed contract action is by a Defense agency and the proposed contract action will be made and performed
outside the United States and its outlying areas, and only local sources will be solicited. This exception does not apply to
proposed contract actions covered by the World Trade Organization Government Procurement Agreement or a Free Trade
Agreement (see subpart 25.4);
(13) The proposed contract action(i) Is for an amount not expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold;
(ii) Will be made through a means that provides access to the notice of proposed contract action through the GPE;
and
(iii) Permits the public to respond to the solicitation electronically; or
(14) The proposed contract action is made under conditions described in 6.302-3 with respect to the services of an
expert to support the Federal Government in any current or anticipated litigation or dispute.
(b) The head of the agency determines in writing, after consultation with the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy
and the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, that advance notice is not appropriate or reasonable.
5.203 Publicizing and response time.
Whenever agencies are required to publicize notice of proposed contract actions under 5.201 , they must proceed as
follows:
(a) An agency must transmit a notice of proposed contract action to the GPE (see 5.201). All publicizing and response
times are calculated based on the date of publication. The publication date is the date the notice appears on the GPE. The
notice must be published at least 15 days before issuance of a solicitation, or a proposed contract action the Government
intends to solicit and negotiate with only one source under the authority of 6.302, except that, for acquisitions of commercial
items, the contracting officer may(1) Establish a shorter period for issuance of the solicitation; or
(2) Use the combined synopsis and solicitation procedure (see 12.603).
(b) The contracting officer must establish a solicitation response time that will afford potential offerors a reasonable
opportunity to respond to each proposed contract action, (including actions where the notice of proposed contract action
and solicitation information is accessible through the GPE), in an amount estimated to be greater than $25,000, but not
greater than the simplified acquisition threshold; or each contract action for the acquisition of commercial items in an amount
estimated to be greater than $25,000. The contracting officer should consider the circumstances of the individual acquisition,
such as the complexity, commerciality, availability, and urgency, when establishing the solicitation response time.
(c) Except for the acquisition of commercial items (see 5.203(b)), agencies shall allow at least a 30-day response time for
receipt of bids or proposals from the date of issuance of a solicitation, if the proposed contract action is expected to exceed
the simplified acquisition threshold.
(d) Agencies shall allow at least a 30 day response time from the date of publication of a proper notice of intent to contract
for architect-engineer services or before issuance of an order under a basic ordering agreement or similar arrangement if the
proposed contract action is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.
(e) Agencies must allow at least a 45-day response time for receipt of bids or proposals from the date of publication of
the notice required in 5.201 for proposed contract actions categorized as research and development if the proposed contract
action is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.
(f) Nothing in this subpart prohibits officers or employees of agencies from responding to requests for information.
(g) Contracting officers may, unless they have evidence to the contrary, presume the notice was published oneday
after transmission to the GPE. This presumption does not negate the mandatory waiting or response times specified in
paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section. Upon learning that a particular notice has not in fact been published within the
presumed timeframes, contracting officers should consider whether the date for receipt of offers can be extended or whether
circumstances have become sufficiently compelling to justify proceeding with the proposed contract action under the
authority of 5.202(a)(2).
(h) In addition to other requirements set forth in this section, for acquisitions covered by the World Trade Organization
Government Procurement Agreement or a Free Trade Agreement (see subpart 25.4), the period of time between publication
of the synopsis notice and receipt of offers must be no less than 40 days. However, if the acquisition falls within a general
category identified in an annual forecast, the availability of which is published, the contracting officer may reduce this time
period to as few as 10 days.

5.2-2

SUBPART 5.2 - SYNOPSES

OF

PROPOSED CONTRACT ACTIONS

5.205

5.204 Presolicitation notices.
Contracting officers must provide access to presolicitation notices through the GPE (see 15.201 and 36.213-2 ). The
contracting officer must synopsize a proposed contract action before issuing any resulting solicitation (see 5.201 and 5.203
).
5.205 Special situations.
(a) Research and development (R&D) advance notices. Contracting officers may transmit to the GPE advance notices
of their interest in potential R&D programs whenever market research does not produce a sufficient number of concerns to
obtain adequate competition. Advance notices must not be used where security considerations prohibit such publication.
Advance notices will enable potential sources to learn of R&D programs and provide these sources with an opportunity
to submit information which will permit evaluation of their capabilities. Contracting officers must consider potential
sources which respond to advance notices for a subsequent solicitation. Advanced notices must be entitled “Research and
Development Sources Sought” and include the name and telephone number of the contracting officer or other contracting
activity official from whom technical details of the project can be obtained. This will enable sources to submit information
for evaluation of their R&D capabilities. Contracting officers must synopsize (see 5.201) all subsequent solicitations for
R&D contracts, including those resulting from a previously synopsized advance notice, unless one of the exceptions in 5.202
applies.
(b) Federally Funded Research and Development Centers. Before establishing a Federally Funded Research and
Development Center (FFRDC) (see part 35) or before changing its basic purpose and mission, the sponsor must transmit at
least three notices over a 90-day period to the GPE and the Federal Register, indicating the agency’s intention to sponsor an
FFRDC or change the basic purpose and mission of an FFRDC. The notice must indicate the scope and nature of the effort to
be performed and request comments. Notice is not required where the action is required by law.
(c) Special notices. Contracting officers may transmit to the GPE special notices of procurement matters such as
business fairs, long-range procurement estimates, prebid or preproposal conferences, meetings, and the availability of draft
solicitations or draft specifications for review.
(d) Architect-engineering services. Contracting officers must publish notices of intent to contract for architect-engineering
services as follows:
(1) Except when exempted by 5.202, contracting officers must transmit to the GPE a synopsis of each proposed
contract action for which the total fee (including phases and options) is expected to exceed $25,000.
(2) When the total fee is expected to exceed $15,000 but not exceed $25,000, the contracting officer must comply with
5.101(a)(2). When the proposed contract action is not required to be synopsized under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the
contracting officer must display a notice of the solicitation or a copy of the solicitation in a public place at the contracting
office. Other optional publicizing methods are authorized in accordance with 5.101(b).
(e) Public-private competitions under OMB Circular A-76. (1) The contracting officer shall make a formal public
announcement for each streamlined or standard competition. The public announcement shall include, at a minimum, the
agency, agency component, location, type of competition (streamlined or standard), activity being competed, incumbent
service providers, number of Government personnel performing the activity, name of the Competitive Sourcing Official,
name of the contracting officer, name of the Agency Tender Official, and projected end date of the competition.
(2) The contracting officer shall announce the end of the streamlined or standard competition by making a formal
public announcement of the performance decision. (See OMB Circular A-76.)
(f) Section8(a) competitive acquisition. When a national buy requirement is being considered for competitive acquisition
limited to eligible 8(a) participants under subpart 19.8, the contracting officer must transmit a synopsis of the proposed
contract action to the GPE. The synopsis may be transmitted to the GPE concurrent with submission of the agency offering
(see 19.804-2) to the Small Business Administration (SBA). The synopsis should also include information(1) Advising that the acquisition is being offered for competition limited to eligible 8(a) participants;
(2) Specifying the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code;
(3) Advising that eligibility to participate may be restricted to 8(a) participants in either the developmental stage or the
developmental and transitional stages; and
(4) Encouraging interested 8(a) participants to request a copy of the solicitation as expeditiously as possible since the
solicitation will be issued without further notice upon SBA acceptance of the requirement for the section 8(a) program.
(g) Notification to the public of rationale for bundled requirement. The agency is encouraged to provide notification of the
rationale for any bundled requirement to the GPE before issuing the solicitation of any bundled requirement (see 7.107-5(b)
(2)).

5.2-3

5.206

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

5.206 Notices of subcontracting opportunities.
(a) The following entities may transmit a notice to the GPE to seek competition for subcontracts, to increase participation
by qualified HUBZone small business, small, small disadvantaged, women-owned small business, veteran-owned small
business and service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns, and to meet established subcontracting plan goals:
(1) A contractor awarded a contract exceeding $150,000 that is likely to result in the award of any subcontracts.
(2) A subcontractor or supplier, at any tier, under a contract exceeding $150,000, that has a subcontracting opportunity
exceeding $15,000.
(b) The notices must describe(1) The business opportunity;
(2) Any prequalification requirements; and
(3) Where to obtain technical data needed to respond to the requirement.
5.207 Preparation and transmittal of synopses.
(a) Content. Each synopsis transmitted to the GPE must address the following data elements, as applicable:
(1) Action Code.
(2) Date.
(3) Year.
(4) Contracting Office ZIP Code.
(5) Product or Service Code.
(6) Contracting Office Address.
(7) Subject.
(8) Proposed Solicitation Number.
(9) Closing Response Date.
(10) Contact Point or Contracting Officer.
(11) Contract Award and Solicitation Number.
(12) Contract Award Dollar Amount.
(13) Line Item Number.
(14) Contract Award Date.
(15) Contractor.
(16) Description.
(17) Place of Contract Performance.
(18) Set-aside Status.
(b) Transmittal. Transmissions to the GPE must be in accordance with the interface description available via the Internet at
https://www.fbo.gov.
(c) General format for “Description.” Prepare a clear and concise description of the supplies or services that is not
unnecessarily restrictive of competition and will allow a prospective offeror to make an informed business judgment as to
whether a copy of the solicitation should be requested including the following, as appropriate:
(1) National Stock Number (NSN) if assigned.
(2) Specification and whether an offeror, its product, or service must meet a qualification requirement in order to be
eligible for award, and identification of the office from which additional information about the qualification requirement may
be obtained (see subpart 9.2).
(3) Manufacturer, including part number, drawing number, etc.
(4) Size, dimensions, or other form, fit or functional description.
(5) Predominant material of manufacture.
(6) Quantity, including any options for additional quantities.
(7) Unit of issue.
(8) Destination information.
(9) Delivery schedule.
(10) Duration of the contract period.
(11) Sustainable acquisition requirements (or a description of high-performance sustainable building practices required,
if for design, construction, renovation, repair, or deconstruction) (see parts 23 or 36).
(12) For a proposed contract action in an amount estimated to be greater than $25,000 but not greater than the
simplified acquisition threshold, enter-

5.2-4

SUBPART 5.2 - SYNOPSES

OF

PROPOSED CONTRACT ACTIONS

5.207

(i) A description of the procedures to be used in awarding the contract (e.g., request for oral or written quotation or
solicitation); and
(ii) The anticipated award date.
(13) For Architect-Engineer projects and other projects for which the product or service codes are insufficient, provide
brief details with respect to: location, scope of services required, cost range and limitations, type of contract, estimated
starting and completion dates, and any significant evaluation factors.
(14) (i) If the solicitation will include the FAR clause at 52.225-3, Buy American-Free Trade Agreements-Israeli
Trade Act, or an equivalent agency clause, insert the following notice in the synopsis: “One or more of the items under this
acquisition is subject to Free Trade Agreements.”
(ii) If the solicitation will include the FAR clause at 52.225-5, Trade Agreements, or an equivalent agency clause,
insert the following notice in the synopsis: “One or more of the items under this acquisition is subject to the World Trade
Organization Government Procurement Agreement and Free Trade Agreements.”
(iii) If the solicitation will include the FAR clause at 52.225-11, Buy American-Construction Materials under
Trade Agreements, 52.225-23, Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American StatuteConstruction Materials under Trade Agreements, or an equivalent agency clause, insert the following notice in the synopsis:
“One or more of the items under this acquisition is subject to the World Trade Organization Government Procurement
Agreement and Free Trade Agreements.”
(15) In the case of noncompetitive contract actions (including those that do not exceed the simplified acquisition
threshold), identify the intended source and insert a statement of the reason justifying the lack of competition.
(16) (i) Except when using the sole source authority at 6.302-1, insert a statement that all responsible sources may
submit a bid, proposal, or quotation which shall be considered by the agency.
(ii) When using the sole source authority at 6.302-1, insert a statement that all responsible sources may submit a
capability statement, proposal, or quotation, which shall be considered by the agency.
(17) If solicitations synopsized through the GPE will not be made available through the GPE, provide information on
how to obtain the solicitation.
(18) If the solicitation will be made available to interested parties through electronic data interchange, provide any
information necessary to obtain and respond to the solicitation electronically.
(19) If the technical data required to respond to the solicitation will not be furnished as part of such solicitation, identify
the source in the Government, such as http://www.fbo.gov, from which the technical data may be obtained.
(d) Set-asides. When the proposed acquisition provides for a total or partial small business program set-aside, or when the
proposed acquisition provides for a local area set-aside (see subpart 26.2), the contracting officer shall identify the type of
set-aside in the synopsis and in the solicitation.
(e) Codes to be used in Synopses to identify services or supplies. Contracting officers must use one of the classification
codes identified at http://www.fbo.gov to identify services or supplies in synopses.
(f) Notice of solicitation cancellation. Contracting officers may publish notices of solicitation cancellations (or indefinite
suspensions) of proposed contract actions in the GPE.

5.2-5

This page intentionally left blank.

5.2-6

SUBPART 5.3 - SYNOPSES

OF

CONTRACT AWARDS

5.303

Subpart 5.3 - Synopses of Contract Awards
5.301 General.
(a) Except for contract actions described in paragraph (b) of this section and as provided in 5.003, contracting officers
must synopsize through the GPE the following:
(1) Contract awards exceeding $25,000 that are(i) Covered by the World Trade Organization Government Procurement Agreement or a Free Trade Agreement (see
subpart 25.4); or
(ii) Likely to result in the award of any subcontracts. However, the dollar threshold is not a prohibition against
publicizing an award of a smaller amount when publicizing would be advantageous to industry or to the Government.
(2) Certain contract actions greater than the simplified acquisition threshold as follows(i) Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) orders or Blanket Purchase Agreements supported by a limited-source
justification (excluding brand name) in accordance with 8.405-6; or
(ii) Task or delivery orders awarded without providing fair opportunity in accordance with 16.505(b)(2).
(3) A notice is not required under this section if the notice would disclose the executive agency’s needs and the
disclosure of such needs would compromise the national security.
(b) A notice is not required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section if(1) The award results from acceptance of an unsolicited research proposal that demonstrates a unique and innovative
research concept and publication of any notice would disclose the originality of thought or innovativeness of the proposed
research or would disclose proprietary information associated with the proposal;
(2) The award results from a proposal submitted under the Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982 (Pub.
L. 97-219);
(3) The contract action is an order placed under subpart 16.5 or 8.4, except see paragraph (a)(2) of this section;
(4) The award is made for perishable subsistence supplies;
(5) The award is for utility services, other than telecommunications services, and only one source is available;
(6) The contract action(i) Is for an amount not greater than the simplified acquisition threshold;
(ii) Was made through a means where access to the notice of proposed contract action was provided through the
GPE; and
(iii) Permitted the public to respond to the solicitation electronically; or
(7) The award is for the services of an expert to support the Federal Government in any current or anticipated litigation
or dispute pursuant to the exception to full and open competition authorized at 6.302-3.
(c) With respect to acquisitions covered by the World Trade Organization Government Procurement Agreement or a Free
Trade Agreement, contracting officers must submit synopses in sufficient time to permit their publication in the GPE not later
than 60 days after award.
(d) Posting is required of the justifications for(1) Contracts awarded using other than full and open competition in accordance with 6.305;
(2) FSS orders or Blanket Purchase Agreements with an estimated value greater than the simplified acquisition
threshold and supported by a limited-sources justification (see 8.405-6(a)); or
(3) Task or delivery orders greater than the simplified acquisition threshold and awarded without providing for fair
opportunity in accordance with 16.505(b)(2)(ii)(B) and (D).
5.302 Preparation and transmittal of synopses of awards.
Contracting officers shall transmit synopses of contract awards in the same manner as prescribed in 5.207 .
5.303 Announcement of contract awards.
(a) Public announcement. Contracting officers shall make information available on awards over $4 million (unless another
dollar amount is specified in agency acquisition regulations) in sufficient time for the agency concerned to announce it by 5
p.m. Washington, DC, time on the day of award. Agencies shall not release information on awards before the public release
time of 5 p.m. Washington, DC time. Contracts excluded from this reporting requirement include(1) Those placed with the Small Business Administration under Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act;
(2) Those placed with foreign firms when the place of delivery or performance is outside the United States and its
outlying areas; and

5.3-1

5.303

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(3) Those for which synopsis was exempted under 5.202(a)(1).
(b) Local announcement. Agencies may also release information on contract awards to the local press or other media.
When local announcements are made for contract awards in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold, they shall include(1) For awards after sealed bidding, a statement that the contract was awarded after competition by sealed bidding, the
number of offers solicited and received, and the basis for selection (e.g., the lowest responsible bidder); or
(2) For awards after negotiation, the information prescribed by 15.503(b), and after competitive negotiation (either
price or design competition), a statement to this effect, and in general terms the basis for selection.

5.3-2

SUBPART 5.4 - RELEASE

OF INFORMATION

5.404-1

Subpart 5.4 - Release of Information
5.401 General.
(a) A high level of business security must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of the acquisition process.
When it is necessary to obtain information from potential contractors and others outside the Government for use in preparing
Government estimates, contracting officers shall ensure that the information is not publicized or discussed with potential
contractors.
(b) Contracting officers may make available maximum information to the public, except information(1) On plans that would provide undue or discriminatory advantage to private or personal interests;
(2) Received in confidence from an offeror;
(3) Otherwise requiring protection under Freedom of Information Act (see subpart 24.2) or Privacy Act (see subpart
24.1); or
(4) Pertaining to internal agency communications (e.g., technical reviews, contracting authority or other reasons, or
recommendations referring thereto).
(c) This policy applies to all Government personnel who participate directly or indirectly in any stage of the acquisition
cycle.
5.402 General public.
Contracting officers shall process requests for specific information from the general public, including suppliers, in
accordance with subpart 24.1 or 24.2 , as appropriate.
5.403 Requests from Members of Congress.
Contracting officers shall give Members of Congress, upon their request, detailed information regarding any particular
contract. When responsiveness would result in disclosure of classified matter, business confidential information, or
information prejudicial to competitive acquisition, the contracting officer shall refer the proposed reply, with full
documentation, to the agency head and inform the legislative liaison office of the action.
5.404 Release of long-range acquisition estimates.
To assist industry planning and to locate additional sources of supply, it may be desirable to publicize estimates of
unclassified long-range acquisition requirements. Estimates may be publicized as far in advance as possible.
5.404-1 Release procedures.
(a) Application. The agency head, or a designee, may release long-range acquisition estimates if the information will(1) Assist industry in its planning and facilitate meeting the acquisition requirements;
(2) Not encourage undesirable practices (e.g., attempts to corner the market or hoard industrial materials); and
(3) Not indicate the existing or potential mobilization of the industry as a whole.
(b) Conditions. The agency head shall ensure that(1) Classified information is released through existing security channels in accordance with agency security regulations;
(2) The information is publicized as widely as practicable to all parties simultaneously by any of the means described in
this part;
(3) Each release states that(i) The estimate is based on the best information available;
(ii) The information is subject to modification and is in no way binding on the Government; and
(iii) More specific information relating to any individual item or class of items will not be furnished until the
proposed action is synopsized through the GPE or the solicitation is issued;
(4) Each release contains the name and address of the contracting officer that will process the acquisition;
(5) Modifications to the original release are publicized as soon as possible, in the same manner as the original; and
(6) Each release(i) Is coordinated in advance with small business, public information, and public relations personnel, as appropriate;
(ii) Contains, if applicable, a statement that small business set-asides may be involved, but that a determination can
be made only when acquisition action is initiated; and

5.4-1

5.404-2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(iii) Contains the name or description of the item, and the estimated quantity to be acquired by calendar quarter,
fiscal year, or other period. It may also contain such additional information as the number of units last acquired, the unit
price, and the name of the last supplier.
5.404-2 Announcements of long-range acquisition estimates.
Further publicizing, consistent with the needs of the individual case, may be accomplished by announcing through the
GPE that long-range acquisition estimates have been published and are obtainable, upon request, from the contracting officer.
5.405 Exchange of acquisition information.
(a) When the same item or class of items is being acquired by more than one agency, or by more than one contracting
activity within an agency, the exchange and coordination of pertinent information, particularly cost and pricing data, between
these agencies or contracting activities is necessary to promote uniformity of treatment of major issues and the resolution of
particularly difficult or controversial issues. The exchange and coordination of information is particularly beneficial during
the period of acquisition planning, presolicitation, evaluation, and pre-award survey.
(b) When substantial acquisitions of major items are involved or when the contracting activity deems it desirable, the
contracting activity shall request appropriate information (on both the end item and on major subcontracted components)
from other agencies or contracting activities responsible for acquiring similar items. Each agency or contracting activity
receiving such a request shall furnish the information requested. The contracting officer, early in a negotiation of a contract,
or in connection with the review of a subcontract, shall request the contractor to furnish information as to the contractor’s or
subcontractor’s previous Government contracts and subcontracts for the same or similar end items and major subcontractor
components.
5.406 Public disclosure of justification documents for certain contract actions.
(a) Justifications and approvals for other than full and open competition must be posted in accordance with 6.305.
(b) Limited-source justifications (excluding brand name) for FSS orders or blanket purchase agreements with an estimated
value greater than the simplified acquisition threshold must be posted in accordance with 8.405-6(a)(2).
(c) Justifications for task or delivery orders greater than the simplified acquisition threshold and awarded without
providing for fair opportunity must be posted in accordance with 16.505(b)(2)(ii)(D).

5.4-2

5.504

SUBPART 5.5 - PAID ADVERTISEMENTS

Subpart 5.5 - Paid Advertisements
5.501 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Advertisement” means any single message prepared for placement in communication media, regardless of the number of
placements.
“Publication” means–
(1) The placement of an advertisement in a newspaper, magazine, trade or professional journal, or any other printed
medium; or
(2) The broadcasting of an advertisement over radio or television.
5.502 Authority.
(a) Newspapers. Authority to approve the publication of paid advertisements in newspapers is vested in the head of each
agency (44 U.S.C.3702). This approval authority may be delegated (5 U.S.C.302(b)). Contracting officers shall obtain written
authorization in accordance with policy procedures before advertising in newspapers.
(b) Other media. Unless the agency head determines otherwise, advance written authorization is not required to place
advertisements in media other than newspapers.
5.503 Procedures.
(a) General. (1) Orders for paid advertisements may be placed directly with the media or through an advertising agency.
Contracting officers shall give small, small disadvantaged, women-owned, veteran-owned, HUBZone, and service-disabled
veteran-owned small business concerns maximum opportunity to participate in these acquisitions.
(2) The contracting officer shall use the SF 1449 for paper solicitations. The SF 1449 shall be used to make awards
or place orders unless the award/order is made by using electronic commerce or by using the Governmentwide commercial
purchase card for micropurchases.
(b) Rates. Advertisements may be paid for at rates not over the commercial rates charged private individuals, with the
usual discounts (44 U.S.C. 3703).
(c) Proof of advertising. Every invoice for advertising shall be accompanied by a copy of the advertisement or an affidavit
of publication furnished by the publisher, radio or television station, or advertising agency concerned (44 U.S.C. 3703).
Paying offices shall retain the proof of advertising until the Government Accountability Office settles the paying office’s
account.
(d) Payment. Upon receipt of an invoice supported by proof of advertising, the contracting officer shall attach a copy of
the written authority (see 5.502(a)) and submit the invoice for payment under agency procedures.
5.504 Use of advertising agencies.
(a) General. Basic ordering agreements may be placed with advertising agencies for assistance in producing and
placing advertisements when a significant number will be placed in several publications and in national media. Services
of advertising agencies include, but are not limited to, counseling as to selection of the media for placement of the
advertisement, contacting the media in the interest of the Government, placing orders, selecting and ordering typography,
copywriting, and preparing rough layouts.
(b) Use of commission-paying media. The services of advertising agencies in placing advertising with media often can be
obtained at no cost to the Government, over and above the space cost, as many media give advertising agencies a commission
or discount on the space cost that is not given to the Government.
(c) Use of noncommission-paying media. Some media do not grant advertising agencies a commission or discount,
meaning the Government can obtain the same rate as the advertising agency. If the advertising agency agrees to place
advertisements in noncommission-paying media as a no-cost service, the basic ordering agreement shall so provide. If the
advertising agency will not agree to place advertisements at no cost, the agreement shall(1) Provide that the Government may place orders directly with the media; or
(2) Specify an amount that the Government will pay if the agency places the orders.
(d) Art work, supplies, and incidentals. The basic ordering agreement also may provide for the furnishing by the
advertising agency of art work, supplies, and incidentals, including brochures and pamphlets, but not their printing.
“Incidentals” may include telephone calls, and postage incurred by the advertising agency on behalf of the Government.

5.5-1

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5.5-2

SUBPART 5.6 - PUBLICIZING MULTI-AGENCY USE CONTRACTS

5.601

Subpart 5.6 - Publicizing Multi-Agency Use Contracts
5.601 Governmentwide database of contracts.
(a) A Governmentwide database of contracts and other procurement instruments intended for use by multiple agencies is
available via the Internet at https://www.contractdirectory.gov/contractdirectory/. This searchable database is a tool that may
be used to identify existing contracts and other procurement instruments that may be used to fulfill Government needs.
(b) The contracting activity shall(1) Enter the information specified at https://www.contractdirectory.gov/contractdirectory/, in accordance with the
instructions on that website, within ten days of award of a Governmentwide acquisition contract (GWAC), multi-agency
contract, Federal Supply Schedule contract, or any other procurement instrument intended for use by multiple agencies,
including blanket purchase agreements (BPAs) under Federal Supply Schedule contracts.
(2) Enter the information specified at https://www.contractdirectory.gov/contractdirectory/ in accordance with the
instructions on that website by October 31, 2003, for all contracts and other procurement instruments intended for use by
multiple agencies that were awarded before July 24, 2003.

5.6-1

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5.6-2

SUBPART 5.7 - PUBLICIZING REQUIREMENTS UNDER THE AMERICAN RECOVERY AND REINVESTMENT ACT OF 2009

5.705

Subpart 5.7 - Publicizing Requirements Under the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
5.701 Scope.
This subpart prescribes posting requirements for presolicitation and award notices for actions funded in whole or in part
by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111-5) (Recovery Act). The requirements of this subpart
enhance transparency to the public.
5.702 Applicability.
This subpart applies to all actions expected to exceed $25,000 funded in whole or in part by the Recovery Act. Unlike
subparts 5.2 and 5.3 , this subpart includes additional requirements for orders and for actions that are not both fixed-price
and competitive.
5.703 Definition.
As used in this subpart“Task or delivery order contract” means a “delivery order contract,” and a “task order contract,” as defined in 16.501-1.
For example, it includes Governmentwide Acquisition Contracts (GWACs), multi-agency contracts (MACs), and other
indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contracts, whether single award or multiple award. It also includes Federal Supply
Schedule contracts (including Blanket Purchase Agreements under subpart 8.4).
5.704 Publicizing preaward.
(a) (1) Follow the publication procedures at 5.201.
(2) In addition, notices of proposed contract actions are required for orders exceeding $25,000, funded in whole or
in part by the Recovery Act, which are issued under task or delivery order contracts. This does not include modifications
to existing orders, but these modifications are covered postaward, see 5.705. These notices are for “informational purposes
only,” therefore, 5.203 does not apply. Contracting officers should concurrently use their usual solicitation practice (e.g., eBuy).
(b) Contracting officers shall identify proposed contract actions, funded in whole or in part by the Recovery Act, by using
the following instructions which are also available in the Recovery FAQs under “Buyers/Engineers” at the Governmentwide
Point of Entry (GPE) (https://www.fbo.gov):
(1) If submitting notices electronically via ftp or email, enter the word “Recovery” as the first word in the title field.
(2) If using the GPE directly, select the “yes” radio button for the “Is this a Recovery and Reinvestment Act action”
field on the “Notice Details” form (Step 2) located below the “NAICS Code” field. In addition, enter the word “Recovery” as
the first word in the title field.
(c) In preparing the description required by 5.207(a)(16), use clear and concise language to describe the planned
procurement. Use descriptions of the goods and services (including construction), that can be understood by the general
public. Avoid the use of acronyms or terminology that is not widely understood by the general public.
5.705 Publicizing postaward.
Follow usual publication procedures at 5.301 , except that the following supersede the exceptions at 5.301(b)(2) through
(7):
(a) (1) Publicize the award notice for any action exceeding $500,000, funded in whole or in part by the Recovery Act,
including(i) Contracts;
(ii) Modifications to existing contracts;
(iii) Orders which are issued under task or delivery order contracts; and
(iv) Modifications to orders under task or delivery order contracts.
(2) Contracting officers shall identify contract actions, funded in whole or in part by the Recovery Act, by using the
following instructions which are also available in the Recovery FAQS under “Buyers/Engineers” at the Governmentwide
Point of Entry (GPE) (https://www.fbo.gov):
(i) If submitting notices electronically via ftp or email, enter the word “Recovery” as the first word in the title field.

5.7-1

5.705

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(ii) If using the GPE directly, select the “yes” radio button for the “Is this a Recovery and Reinvestment Act action”
field on the “Notice Details” form (Step 2) located below the “NAICS Code” field. In addition, enter the word “Recovery” as
the first word in the title field.
(3) In preparing the description required by 5.207(a)(16), use clear and concise language to describe the planned
procurement. Use descriptions of the goods and services (including construction), that can be understood by the general
public. Avoid the use of acronyms or terminology that is not widely understood by the general public.
(b) Regardless of dollar value, if the contract action, including all modifications and orders under task or delivery order
contracts, is not both fixed-price and competitively awarded, publicize the award notice and include in the description the
rationale for using other than a fixed-priced and/or competitive approach. Include in the description a statement specifically
noting if the contract action was not awarded competitively, or was not fixed-price, or was neither competitive nor fixedprice. These notices and the rationale will be available to the public at the GPE, so do not include any proprietary information
or information that would compromise national security. The following table provides examples for when a rationale is
required.
Posting of Rationale - Examples
DESCRIPTION OF CONTRACT ACTION

RATIONALE REQUIRED

(1)

A contract is competitively awarded and is fixed-price. Not required.

(2)

A contract is awarded that is not fixed-price.

Required.

(3)

A contract is awarded without competition.

Required.

(4)

An order is issued under a new or existing single award Required if order is made under a contract described in
IDIQ contract.
paragraph (b)(2) or (3) of this section.

(5)

An order is issued under a new or existing multiple
award IDIQ contract.

Required if one or both of the following conditions
exist: (i) The order is not fixed-price. (ii) The order is
awarded pursuant to an exception to the competition
requirements applicable to the underlying vehicle (e.g.,
award is made pursuant to an exception to the fair
opportunity process).

(6)

A modification is issued.

Required if modification is made- (i) To a contract
described in (b)(2) or (3) of this section; or (ii) To an
order requiring posting as described in (b)(4) or (5) of
this section.

(7)

A contract or order is awarded pursuant to a small
business contracting authority (e.g., SBA’s section 8(a)
program).

Required if one or both of the following conditions
exist: (i) the contract or order is not fixed-price; (ii) the
contract or order was not awarded using competition
(e.g., a non-competitive 8(a) award).

(c) Contracting officers shall use the instructions available in the Recovery FAQs under “Buyers/Engineers” at the GPE
(https://www.fbo.gov) to identify actions funded in whole or in part by the Recovery Act.

5.7-2

PART 6 - COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS
Sec.
6.000
6.001
6.002
6.003
6.100
6.101
6.102

6.200
6.201
6.202
6.203
6.204
6.205
6.206
6.207

6.208

Scope of part.
Applicability.
Limitations.
[Reserved]
Subpart 6.1 - Full and Open Competition
Scope of subpart.
Policy.
Use of competitive procedures.
Subpart 6.2 - Full and Open
Competition After Exclusion of Sources
Scope of subpart.
Policy.
Establishing or maintaining alternative
sources.
Set-asides for small business concerns.
Section 8(a) competition.
Set-asides for HUBZone small business
concerns.
Set-asides for service-disabled veteranowned small business concerns.
Set-asides for economically disadvantaged
women-owned small business (EDWOSB)
concerns or women-owned small business
(WOSB) concerns eligible under the WOSB
Program.
Set-asides for local firms during a major
disaster or emergency.

6.302-4
6.302-5
6.302-6
6.302-7
6.303
6.303-1
6.303-2
6.304
6.305

Subpart 6.3 - Other Than
Full and Open Competition
Scope of subpart.
Policy.
Circumstances permitting other than full and
open competition.
Only one responsible source and no other
supplies or services will satisfy agency
requirements.
Unusual and compelling urgency.
Industrial mobilization; engineering,
developmental, or research capability; or
expert services.
International agreement.
Authorized or required by statute.
National security.
Public interest.
Justifications.
Requirements.
Content.
Approval of the justification.
Availability of the justification.

6.401

Subpart 6.4 - Sealed Bidding
and Competitive Proposals
Sealed bidding and competitive proposals.

6.300
6.301
6.302
6.302-1
6.302-2
6.302-3

6.501
6.502

Subpart 6.5 - Advocates for Competition
Requirement.
Duties and responsibilities.

6-1

This page intentionally left blank.

6-2

SUBPART 6.1 - FULL

AND

OPEN COMPETITION

6.102

6.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures to promote full and open competition in the acquisition process and to provide
for full and open competition, full and open competition after exclusion of sources, other than full and open competition, and
advocates for competition. This part does not deal with the results of competition (e.g., adequate price competition), that are
addressed in other parts (e.g., part 15 ).
6.001 Applicability.
This part applies to all acquisitions except(a) Contracts awarded using the simplified acquisition procedures of part 13 (but see 13.501 for requirements pertaining
to sole source acquisitions of commercial items under subpart 13.5);
(b) Contracts awarded using contracting procedures (other than those addressed in this part) that are expressly authorized
by statute;
(c) Contract modifications, that are within the scope of the contract, including the exercise of priced options that were
evaluated as part of the original competition (see 17.207(f));
(d) Orders placed under requirements contracts or definite-quantity contracts;
(e) Orders placed under indefinite-quantity contracts that were entered into pursuant to this part when(1) The contract was awarded under subpart 6.1 or 6.2 and all responsible sources were realistically permitted to
compete for the requirements contained in the order; or
(2) The contract was awarded under subpart 6.3 and the required justification and approval adequately covers the
requirements contained in the order; or
(f) Orders placed against task order and delivery order contracts entered into pursuant to subpart 16.5.
6.002 Limitations.
No agency shall contract for supplies or services from another agency for the purpose of avoiding the requirements of this
part.
6.003 [Reserved]

Subpart 6.1 - Full and Open Competition
6.100 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes the policy and procedures that are to be used to promote and provide for full and open competition.
6.101 Policy.
(a) 10 U.S.C.2304 and 41 U.S.C.3301 require, with certain limited exceptions (see subpart 6.2 and 6.3), that contracting
officers shall promote and provide for full and open competition in soliciting offers and awarding Government contracts.
(b) Contracting officers shall provide for full and open competition through use of the competitive procedure(s) contained
in this subpart that are best suited to the circumstances of the contract action and consistent with the need to fulfill the
Government’s requirements efficiently (10 U.S.C.2304 and 41 U.S.C.3301).
6.102 Use of competitive procedures.
The competitive procedures available for use in fulfilling the requirement for full and open competition are as follows:
(a) Sealed bids. (See 6.401(a).)
(b) Competitive proposals. (See 6.401(b).) If sealed bids are not appropriate under paragraph (a) of this section,
contracting officers shall request competitive proposals or use the other competitive procedures under paragraph (c) or (d) of
this section.
(c) Combination of competitive procedures. If sealed bids are not appropriate, contracting officers may use any
combination of competitive procedures (e.g., two-step sealed bidding).
(d) Other competitive procedures. (1) Selection of sources for architect-engineer contracts in accordance with the
provisions of 40 U.S.C. 1102 et seq. is a competitive procedure (see subpart 36.6 for procedures).
(2) Competitive selection of basic and applied research and that part of development not related to the development of a
specific system or hardware procurement is a competitive procedure if award results from-

6.1-1

6.102

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(i) A broad agency announcement that is general in nature identifying areas of research interest, including criteria for
selecting proposals, and soliciting the participation of all offerors capable of satisfying the Government’s needs; and
(ii) A peer or scientific review.
(3) Use of multiple award schedules issued under the procedures established by the Administrator of General Services
consistent with the requirement of 41 U.S.C.152(3)(A) for the multiple award schedule program of the General Services
Administration is a competitive procedure.

6.1-2

SUBPART 6.2 - FULL AND OPEN COMPETITION AFTER EXCLUSION OF SOURCES

6.205

Subpart 6.2 - Full and Open Competition After Exclusion of Sources
6.200 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for providing for full and open competition after excluding one or more
sources.
6.201 Policy.
Acquisitions made under this subpart require use of the competitive procedures prescribed in 6.102 .
6.202 Establishing or maintaining alternative sources.
(a) Agencies may exclude a particular source from a contract action in order to establish or maintain an alternative source
or sources for the supplies or services being acquired if the agency head determines that to do so would(1) Increase or maintain competition and likely result in reduced overall costs for the acquisition, or for any anticipated
acquisition;
(2) Be in the interest of national defense in having a facility (or a producer, manufacturer, or other supplier) available
for furnishing the supplies or services in case of a national emergency or industrial mobilization;
(3) Be in the interest of national defense in establishing or maintaining an essential engineering, research, or
development capability to be provided by an educational or other nonprofit institution or a federally funded research and
development center;
(4) Ensure the continuous availability of a reliable source of supplies or services;
(5) Satisfy projected needs based on a history of high demand; or
(6) Satisfy a critical need for medical, safety, or emergency supplies.
(b) (1) Every proposed contract action under the authority of paragraph (a) of this section shall be supported by a
determination and findings (D&F) (see subpart 1.7) signed by the head of the agency or designee. This D&F shall not be
made on a class basis.
(2) Technical and requirements personnel are responsible for providing all necessary data to support their
recommendation to exclude a particular source.
(3) When the authority in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is cited, the findings shall include a description of the
estimated reduction in overall costs and how the estimate was derived.
6.203 Set-asides for small business concerns.
(a) To fulfill the statutory requirements relating to small business concerns, contracting officers may set aside solicitations
to allow only such business concerns to compete. This includes contract actions conducted under the Small Business
Innovation Research Program established under Pub.L.97-219.
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings is required under this part to set aside a contract action for small
business concerns.
(c) Subpart 19.5 prescribes policies and procedures that shall be followed with respect to set-asides.
6.204 Section 8(a) competition.
(a) To fulfill statutory requirements relating to section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, as amended by Public Law 100-656,
contracting officers may limit competition to eligible 8(a) participants (see subpart 19.8).
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings is required under this part to limit competition to eligible 8(a)
participants. (But see 6.302-5 and 6.303-1 for sole source 8(a) awards over $22 million.)
6.205 Set-asides for HUBZone small business concerns.
(a) To fulfill the statutory requirements relating to the HUBZone Act of1997 (15 U.S.C.631 note), contracting officers in
participating agencies (see 19.1302) may set aside solicitations to allow only qualified HUBZone small business concerns to
compete (see 19.1305).
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings is required under this part to set aside a contract action for
qualified HUBZone small business concerns.

6.2-1

6.206

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

6.206 Set-asides for service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns.
(a) To fulfill the statutory requirements relating to the Veterans Benefits Act of2003 (15 U.S.C.657f), contracting officers
may set-aside solicitations to allow only service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns to compete (see 19.1405).
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings are required under this part to set aside a contract action for
service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns.
6.207 Set-asides for economically disadvantaged women-owned small business (EDWOSB) concerns or women-owned
small business (WOSB) concerns eligible under the WOSB Program.
(a) To fulfill the statutory requirements relating to 15 U.S.C. 637(m), contracting officers may set aside solicitations for
only EDWOSB concerns or WOSB concerns eligible under the WOSB Program (see 19.1505).
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings is required under this part to set aside a contract action for
EDWOSB concerns or WOSB concerns eligible under the WOSB Program.
6.208 Set-asides for local firms during a major disaster or emergency.
(a) To fulfill the statutory requirements relating to 42 U.S.C. 5150, contracting officers may set aside solicitations to allow
only offerors residing or doing business primarily in the area affected by such major disaster or emergency to compete (see
subpart 26.2).
(b) No separate justification or determination and findings is required under this part to set aside a contract action. The
set-aside area specified by the contracting officer shall be a geographic area within the area identified in a Presidential
declaration(s) of major disaster or emergency and any additional geographic areas identified by the Department of Homeland
Security.

6.2-2

SUBPART 6.3 - OTHER THAN FULL

AND

OPEN COMPETITION

6.302-1

Subpart 6.3 - Other Than Full and Open Competition
6.300 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures, and identifies the statutory authorities, for contracting without providing
for full and open competition.
6.301 Policy.
(a) 41 U.S.C.3304 and 10 U.S.C.2304(c) each authorize, under certain conditions, contracting without providing for full
and open competition. The Department of Defense, Coast Guard, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration are
subject to 10 U.S.C.2304(c). Other executive agencies are subject to 41 U.S.C.3304. Contracting without providing for full
and open competition or full and open competition after exclusion of sources is a violation of statute, unless permitted by one
of the exceptions in 6.302.
(b) Each contract awarded without providing for full and open competition shall contain a reference to the specific
authority under which it was so awarded. Contracting officers shall use the U.S. Code citation applicable to their agency. (See
6.302.)
(c) Contracting without providing for full and open competition shall not be justified on the basis of(1) A lack of advance planning by the requiring activity; or
(2) Concerns related to the amount of funds available (e.g., funds will expire) to the agency or activity for the
acquisition of supplies or services.
(d) When not providing for full and open competition, the contracting officer shall solicit offers from as many potential
sources as is practicable under the circumstances.
(e) For contracts under this subpart, the contracting officer shall use the contracting procedures prescribed in 6.102(a) or
(b), if appropriate, or any other procedures authorized by this regulation.
6.302 Circumstances permitting other than full and open competition.
The following statutory authorities (including applications and limitations) permit contracting without providing for full
and open competition. Requirements for justifications to support the use of these authorities are in 6.303 .
6.302-1 Only one responsible source and no other supplies or services will satisfy agency requirements.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(1) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(1).
(2) When the supplies or services required by the agency are available from only one responsible source, or, for DoD,
NASA, and the Coast Guard, from only one or a limited number of responsible sources, and no other type of supplies or
services will satisfy agency requirements, full and open competition need not be provided for.
(i) Supplies or services may be considered to be available from only one source if the source has submitted an
unsolicited research proposal that(A) Demonstrates a unique and innovative concept (see definition at 2.101), or, demonstrates a unique capability
of the source to provide the particular research services proposed;
(B) Offers a concept or services not otherwise available to the Government; and
(C) Does not resemble the substance of a pending competitive acquisition. (See 10 U.S.C. 2304(d)(1)(A) and
41 U.S.C. 3304(b)(1).)
(ii) Supplies may be deemed to be available only from the original source in the case of a follow-on contract for
the continued development or production of a major system or highly specialized equipment, including major components
thereof, when it is likely that award to any other source would result in(A) Substantial duplication of cost to the Government that is not expected to be recovered through competition;
or
(B) Unacceptable delays in fulfilling the agency’s requirements. (See 10 U.S.C. 2304(d)(1)(B) or 41
U.S.C. 3304(b)(2).)
(iii) For DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard, services may be deemed to be available only from the original source in
the case of follow-on contracts for the continued provision of highly specialized services when it is likely that award to any
other source would result in(A) Substantial duplication of cost to the Government that is not expected to be recovered through competition;
or
(B) Unacceptable delays in fulfilling the agency’s requirements. (See 10 U.S.C.2304(d)(1)(B).)

6.3-1

6.302-2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(b) Application. This authority shall be used, if appropriate, in preference to the authority in 6.302-7; it shall not be
used when any of the other circumstances is applicable. Use of this authority may be appropriate in situations such as the
following (these examples are not intended to be all inclusive and do not constitute authority in and of themselves):
(1) When there is a reasonable basis to conclude that the agency’s minimum needs can only be satisfied by(i) Unique supplies or services available from only one source or only one supplier with unique capabilities; or
(ii) For DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard, unique supplies or services available from only one or a limited number
of sources or from only one or a limited number of suppliers with unique capabilities.
(2) The existence of limited rights in data, patent rights, copyrights, or secret processes; the control of basic raw
material; or similar circumstances, make the supplies and services available from only one source (however, the mere
existence of such rights or circumstances does not in and of itself justify the use of these authorities) (see part 27).
(3) When acquiring utility services (see 41.101), circumstances may dictate that only one supplier can furnish the
service (see 41.202); or when the contemplated contract is for construction of a part of a utility system and the utility
company itself is the only source available to work on the system.
(4) When the agency head has determined in accordance with the agency’s standardization program that only specified
makes and models of technical equipment and parts will satisfy the agency’s needs for additional units or replacement items,
and only one source is available.
(c) Application for brand-name descriptions. (1) An acquisition or portion of an acquisition that uses a brand-name
description or other purchase description to specify a particular brand-name, product, or feature of a product, peculiar to one
manufacturer(i) Does not provide for full and open competition, regardless of the number of sources solicited; and
(ii) Shall be justified and approved in accordance with 6.303 and 6.304.
(A) If only a portion of the acquisition is for a brand-name product or item peculiar to one manufacturer, the
justification and approval is to cover only the portion of the acquisition which is brand-name or peculiar to one manufacturer.
The justification should state it is covering only the portion of the acquisition which is brand-name or peculiar to one
manufacturer, and the approval level requirements will then only apply to that portion;
(B) The justification should indicate that the use of such descriptions in the acquisition or portion of an
acquisition is essential to the Government’s requirements, thereby precluding consideration of a product manufactured by
another company; and
(C) The justification shall be posted with the solicitation (see 5.102(a)(6)).
(2) Brand-name or equal descriptions, and other purchase descriptions that permit prospective contractors to offer
products other than those specifically referenced by brand-name, provide for full and open competition and do not require
justifications and approvals to support their use.
(d) Limitations. (1) Contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by the written justifications and approvals
described in 6.303 and 6.304.
(2) For contracts awarded using this authority, the notices required by 5.201 shall have been published and any bids,
proposals, quotations, or capability statements must have been considered.
6.302-2 Unusual and compelling urgency.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(2) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(2).
(2) When the agency’s need for the supplies or services is of such an unusual and compelling urgency that the
Government would be seriously injured unless the agency is permitted to limit the number of sources from which it solicits
bids or proposals, full and open competition need not be provided for.
(b) Application. This authority applies in those situations where(1) An unusual and compelling urgency precludes full and open competition; and
(2) Delay in award of a contract would result in serious injury, financial or other, to the Government.
(c) Limitations. (1) Contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by the written justifications and approvals
described in 6.303 and 6.304. These justifications may be made and approved after contract award when preparation and
approval prior to award would unreasonably delay the acquisition.
(2) This statutory authority requires that agencies shall request offers from as many potential sources as is practicable
under the circumstances.
(d) Period of Performance. (1) The total period of performance of a contract awarded or modified using this authority(i) May not exceed the time necessary(A) To meet the unusual and compelling requirements of the work to be performed under the contract; and

6.3-2

SUBPART 6.3 - OTHER THAN FULL

AND

OPEN COMPETITION

6.302-3

(B) For the agency to enter into another contract for the required goods and services through the use of
competitive procedures; and
(ii) May not exceed one year, including all options, unless the head of the agency determines that exceptional
circumstances apply. This determination must be documented in the contract file.
(2) (i) Any subsequent modification using this authority, which will extend the period of performance beyond one year
under this same authority, requires a separate determination. This determination is only required if the cumulative period of
performance using this authority exceeds one year. This requirement does not apply to the exercise of options previously
addressed in the determination required at paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section.
(ii) The determination shall be approved at the same level as the level to which the agency head authority in
paragraph (d)(1)(ii)of this section is delegated.
(3) The requirements in paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this section shall apply to any contract in an amount greater than
the simplified acquisition threshold.
(4) The determination of exceptional circumstances is in addition to the approval of the justification in 6.304.
(5) The determination may be made after contract award when making the determination prior to award would
unreasonably delay the acquisition.
6.302-3 Industrial mobilization; engineering, developmental, or research capability; or expert services.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(3) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(3).
(2) Full and open competition need not be provided for when it is necessary to award the contract to a particular source
or sources in order(i) To maintain a facility, producer, manufacturer, or other supplier available for furnishing supplies or services in
case of a national emergency or to achieve industrial mobilization;
(ii) To establish or maintain an essential engineering, research, or development capability to be provided by an
educational or other nonprofit institution or a federally funded research and development center; or
(iii) To acquire the services of an expert or neutral person for any current or anticipated litigation or dispute.
(b) Application. (1) Use of the authority in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section may be appropriate when it is necessary to(i) Keep vital facilities or suppliers in business or make them available in the event of a national emergency;
(ii) Train a selected supplier in the furnishing of critical supplies or services, prevent the loss of a supplier's ability
and employees' skills, or maintain active engineering, research, or development work;
(iii) Maintain properly balanced sources of supply for meeting the requirements of acquisition programs in the
interest of industrial mobilization (when the quantity required is substantially larger than the quantity that must be awarded in
order to meet the objectives of this authority, that portion not required to meet such objectives will be acquired by providing
for full and open competition, as appropriate, under this part);
(iv) Create or maintain the required domestic capability for production of critical supplies by limiting competition to
items manufactured in(A) The United States or its outlying areas; or
(B) The United States, its outlying areas, or Canada.
(v) Continue in production, contractors that are manufacturing critical items, where there would otherwise be a break
in production; or
(vi) Divide current production requirements among two or more contractors to provide for an adequate industrial
mobilization base.
(2) Use of the authority in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section may be appropriate when it is necessary to(i) Establish or maintain an essential capability for theoretical analyses, exploratory studies, or experiments in any
field of science or technology;
(ii) Establish or maintain an essential capability for engineering or developmental work calling for the practical
application of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature; or
(iii) Contract for supplies or services as are necessary incident to paragraph (b)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(3) Use of the authority in paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this subsection may be appropriate when it is necessary to acquire the
services of either(i) An expert to use, in any litigation or dispute (including any reasonably foreseeable litigation or dispute) involving
the Government in any trial, hearing, or proceeding before any court, administrative tribunal, or agency, whether or not the
expert is expected to testify. Examples of such services include, but are not limited to:

6.3-3

6.302-4

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(A) Assisting the Government in the analysis, presentation, or defense of any claim or request for adjustment
to contract terms and conditions, whether asserted by a contractor or the Government, which is in litigation or dispute, or is
anticipated to result in dispute or litigation before any court, administrative tribunal, or agency; or
(B) Participating in any part of an alternative dispute resolution process, including but not limited to evaluators,
fact finders, or witnesses, regardless of whether the expert is expected to testify; or
(ii) A neutral person, e.g., mediators or arbitrators, to facilitate the resolution of issues in an alternative dispute
resolution process.
(c) Limitations. Contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by the written justifications and approvals
described in 6.303 and 6.304.
6.302-4 International agreement.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(4) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(4).
(2) Full and open competition need not be provided for when precluded by the terms of an international agreement or a
treaty between the United States and a foreign government or international organization, or the written directions of a foreign
government reimbursing the agency for the cost of the acquisition of the supplies or services for such government.
(b) Application. This authority may be used in circumstances such as(1) When a contemplated acquisition is to be reimbursed by a foreign country that requires that the product be obtained
from a particular firm as specified in official written direction such as a Letter of Offer and Acceptance; or
(2) When a contemplated acquisition is for services to be performed, or supplies to be used, in the sovereign territory of
another country and the terms of a treaty or agreement specify or limit the sources to be solicited.
(c) Limitations. Except for DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard, contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by
written justifications and approvals described in 6.303 and 6.304.
6.302-5 Authorized or required by statute.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(5) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(5).
(2) Full and open competition need not be provided for when–
(i) A statute expressly authorizes or requires that the acquisition be made through another agency or from a specified
source; or
(ii) The agency’s need is for a brand name commercial item for authorized resale.
(b) Application. This authority may be used when statutes, such as the following, expressly authorize or require that
acquisition be made from a specified source or through another agency:
(1) Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR) 18 U.S.C. 4124 (see subpart 8.6).
(2) Qualified nonprofit agencies for the blind or other severely disabled 41 U.S.C.chapter 85, Committee for Purchase
From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (see subpart 8.7).
(3) Government Printing and Binding 44 U.S.C. 501-504, 1121 (see subpart 8.8).
(4) Sole source awards under the 8(a) Program (15 U.S.C. 637), but see 6.303 for requirements for justification and
approval of sole-source 8(a) awards over $22 million. (See subpart 19.8).
(5) Sole source awards under the HUBZone Act of 1997-15 U.S.C.657a (see 19.1306).
(6) Sole source awards under the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 (15 U.S.C.657f).
(7) Sole source awards under the WOSB Program– 15 U.S.C. 637(m) (see 19.1506).
(c) Limitations. (1) This authority shall not be used when a provision of law requires an agency to award a new contract to
a specified non-Federal Government entity unless the provision of law specifically—
(i) Identifies the entity involved;
(ii) Refers to 10 U.S.C.2304(k) for armed services acquisitions or 41 U.S.C. 3105 for civilian agency acquisitions;
and
(iii) States that award to that entity shall be made in contravention of the merit-based selection procedures in 10
U.S.C.2304(k) or 41 U.S.C. 3105, as appropriate. However, this limitation does not apply–
(A) When the work provided for in the contract is a continuation of the work performed by the specified entity
under a preceding contract; or
(B) To any contract requiring the National Academy of Sciences to investigate, examine, or experiment upon any
subject of science or art of significance to an executive agency and to report on those matters to the Congress or any agency
of the Federal Government.

6.3-4

SUBPART 6.3 - OTHER THAN FULL

AND

OPEN COMPETITION

6.303-1

(2) Contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by the written justifications and approvals described in
6.303 and 6.304, except for–
(i) Contracts awarded under (a)(2)(ii) or (b)(2) of this section;
(ii) Contracts awarded under (a)(2)(i) of this section when the statute expressly requires that the procurement be
made from a specified source. (Justification and approval requirements apply when the statute authorizes, but does not
require, that the procurement be made from a specified source); or
(iii) Contracts less than or equal to $22 million awarded under (b)(4) of this section.
(3) The authority in (a)(2)(ii) of this section may be used only for purchases of brand-name commercial items for resale
through commissaries or other similar facilities. Ordinarily, these purchases will involve articles desired or preferred by
customers of the selling activities (but see 6.301(d)).
6.302-6 National security.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(6) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(6).
(2) Full and open competition need not be provided for when the disclosure of the agency’s needs would compromise
the national security unless the agency is permitted to limit the number of sources from which it solicits bids or proposals.
(b) Application. This authority may be used for any acquisition when disclosure of the Government’s needs would
compromise the national security (e.g., would violate security requirements); it shall not be used merely because the
acquisition is classified, or merely because access to classified matter will be necessary to submit a proposal or to perform the
contract.
(c) Limitations. (1) Contracts awarded using this authority shall be supported by the written justifications and approvals
described in 6.303 and 6.304.
(2) See 5.202(a)(1) for synopsis requirements.
(3) This statutory authority requires that agencies shall request offers from as many potential sources as is practicable
under the circumstances.
6.302-7 Public interest.
(a) Authority. (1) Citations: 10 U.S.C.2304(c)(7) or 41 U.S.C.3304(a)(7).
(2) Full and open competition need not be provided for when the agency head determines that it is not in the public
interest in the particular acquisition concerned.
(b) Application. This authority may be used when none of the other authorities in 6.302 apply.
(c) Limitations. (1) A written determination to use this authority shall be made in accordance with subpart 1.7, by(i) The Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Air Force,
the Secretary of Homeland Security for the Coast Guard, or the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; or
(ii) The head of any other executive agency. This authority may not be delegated.
(2) The Congress shall be notified in writing of such determination not less than 30 days before award of the contract.
(3) If required by the head of the agency, the contracting officer shall prepare a justification to support the
determination under paragraph (c)(1) of this subsection.
(4) This Determination and Finding (D&F) shall not be made on a class basis.
6.303 Justifications.
6.303-1 Requirements.
(a) A contracting officer shall not commence negotiations for a sole source contract, commence negotiations for a contract
resulting from an unsolicited proposal, or award any other contract without providing for full and open competition unless the
contracting officer(1) Justifies, if required in 6.302, the use of such actions in writing;
(2) Certifies the accuracy and completeness of the justification; and
(3) Obtains the approval required by 6.304.
(b) The contracting officer shall not award a sole-source contract under the 8(a) authority (15 U.S.C. 637(a)) for an
amount exceeding $22 million unless(1) The contracting officer justifies the use of a sole-source contract in writing in accordance with 6.303-2;
(2) The justification is approved by the appropriate official designated at 6.304; and

6.3-5

6.303-2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(3) The justification and related information are made public after award in accordance with 6.305.
(c) Technical and requirements personnel are responsible for providing and certifying as accurate and complete necessary
data to support their recommendation for other than full and open competition.
(d) Justifications required by paragraph (a) of this section may be made on an individual or class basis. Any justification
for contracts awarded under the authority of 6.302-7 shall only be made on an individual basis. Whenever a justification
is made and approved on a class basis, the contracting officer must ensure that each contract action taken pursuant to the
authority of the class justification and approval is within the scope of the class justification and approval and shall document
the contract file for each contract action accordingly.
(e) The justifications for contracts awarded under the authority cited in 6.302-2 may be prepared and approved within
a reasonable time after contract award when preparation and approval prior to award would unreasonably delay the
acquisitions.
6.303-2 Content.
(a) Each justification shall contain sufficient facts and rationale to justify the use of the specific authority cited.
(b) As a minimum, each justification, except those for sole-source 8(a) contracts over $22 million (see paragraph (d) of
this section), shall include the following information:
(1) Identification of the agency and the contracting activity, and specific identification of the document as a
“Justification for other than full and open competition.”
(2) Nature and/or description of the action being approved.
(3) A description of the supplies or services required to meet the agency’s needs (including the estimated value).
(4) An identification of the statutory authority permitting other than full and open competition.
(5) A demonstration that the proposed contractor’s unique qualifications or the nature of the acquisition requires use of
the authority cited.
(6) A description of efforts made to ensure that offers are solicited from as many potential sources as is practicable,
including whether a notice was or will be publicized as required by subpart 5.2 and, if not, which exception under 5.202
applies.
(7) A determination by the contracting officer that the anticipated cost to the Government will be fair and reasonable.
(8) A description of the market research conducted (see part 10) and the results or a statement of the reason market
research was not conducted.
(9) Any other facts supporting the use of other than full and open competition, such as:
(i) Explanation of why technical data packages, specifications, engineering descriptions, statements of work, or
purchase descriptions suitable for full and open competition have not been developed or are not available.
(ii) When 6.302-1 is cited for follow-on acquisitions as described in 6.302-1(a)(2)(ii), an estimate of the cost to the
Government that would be duplicated and how the estimate was derived.
(iii) When 6.302-2 is cited, data, estimated cost, or other rationale as to the extent and nature of the harm to the
Government.
(10) A listing of the sources, if any, that expressed, in writing, an interest in the acquisition.
(11) A statement of the actions, if any, the agency may take to remove or overcome any barriers to competition before
any subsequent acquisition for the supplies or services required.
(12) Contracting officer certification that the justification is accurate and complete to the best of the contracting
officer’s knowledge and belief.
(c) Each justification shall include evidence that any supporting data that is the responsibility of technical or requirements
personnel (e.g., verifying the Government’s minimum needs or schedule requirements or other rationale for other than full
and open competition) and which form a basis for the justification have been certified as complete and accurate by the
technical or requirements personnel.
(d) As a minimum, each justification for a sole-source 8(a) contract over $22 million shall include the following
information:
(1) A description of the needs of the agency concerned for the matters covered by the contract.
(2) A specification of the statutory provision providing the exception from the requirement to use competitive
procedures in entering into the contract (see 19.805-1).
(3) A determination that the use of a sole-source contract is in the best interest of the agency concerned.
(4) A determination that the anticipated cost of the contract will be fair and reasonable.
(5) Such other matters as the head of the agency concerned shall specify for purposes of this section.

6.3-6

SUBPART 6.3 - OTHER THAN FULL

AND

OPEN COMPETITION

6.305

6.304 Approval of the justification.
(a) Except for paragraph (b) of this section, the justification for other than full and open competition shall be approved in
writing(1) For a proposed contract not exceeding $700,000, the contracting officer’s certification required by 6.303-2(b)(12)
will serve as approval unless a higher approving level is established in agency procedures.
(2) For a proposed contract over $700,000 but not exceeding $13.5 million, by the advocate for competition for the
procuring activity designated pursuant to 6.501 or an official described in paragraph (a)(3) or (4)of this section. This authority
is not delegable.
(3) For a proposed contract over $13.5 million, but not exceeding $68 million, or, for DoD, NASA, and the Coast
Guard, not exceeding $93 million, by the head of the procuring activity, or a designee who(i) If a member of the armed forces, is a general or flag officer; or
(ii) If a civilian, is serving in a position in a grade above GS-15 under the General Schedule (or in a comparable or
higher position under another schedule).
(4) For a proposed contract over $68 million or, for DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard, over $93 million, by the senior
procurement executive of the agency designated pursuant to 41 U.S.C. 1702(c) in accordance with agency procedures.This
authority is not delegable except in the case of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, acting as the
senior procurement executive for the Department of Defense.
(b) Any justification for a contract awarded under the authority of 6.302-7, regardless of dollar amount, shall be
considered approved when the determination required by 6.302-7(c)(1) is made.
(c) A class justification for other than full and open competition shall be approved in writing in accordance with agency
procedures. The approval level shall be determined by the estimated total value of the class.
(d) The estimated dollar value of all options shall be included in determining the approval level of a justification.
6.305 Availability of the justification.
(a) The agency shall make publicly available the justification required by 6.303-1 as required by 10 U. S.C. 2304(l) and 41
U.S.C. 3304(f). Except for the circumstances in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the justification shall be made publicly
available within 14 days after contract award.
(b) In the case of a contract award permitted under 6.302-2, the justification shall be posted within 30 days after contract
award.
(c) In the case of a brand name justification under 6.302-1(c), the justification shall be posted with the solicitation (see
5.102(a)(6)).
(d) The justifications shall be made publicly available(1) At the Government Point of Entry (GPE) https://www.fbo.gov;
(2) On the website of the agency, which may provide access to the justifications by linking to the GPE; and
(3) Must remain posted for a minimum of 30 days.
(e) Contracting officers shall carefully screen all justifications for contractor proprietary data and remove all such data,
and such references and citations as are necessary to protect the proprietary data, before making the justifications available
for public inspection. Contracting officers shall also be guided by the exemptions to disclosure of information contained in
the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) and the prohibitions against disclosure in 24.202 in determining whether the
justification, or portions of it, are exempt from posting. Although the submitter notice process set out in EO 12600, entitled
“Predisclosure Notification Procedures for Confidential Commercial Information,” does not apply, if the justification appears
to contain proprietary data, the contracting officer should provide the contractor that submitted the information an opportunity
to review the justification for proprietary data, before making the justification available for public inspection, redacted as
necessary. This process must not prevent or delay the posting of the justification in accordance with the timeframes required
in paragraphs (a) through (c).
(f) The requirements of paragraphs (a) through (d) do not apply if posting the justification would disclose the executive
agency’s needs and disclosure of such needs would compromise national security or create other security risks.

6.3-7

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6.3-8

SUBPART 6.4 - SEALED BIDDING

AND

COMPETITIVE PROPOSALS

6.401

Subpart 6.4 - Sealed Bidding and Competitive Proposals
6.401 Sealed bidding and competitive proposals.
Sealed bidding and competitive proposals, as described in parts 14 and 15 , are both acceptable procedures for use under
subparts 6.1 , 6.2 ; and, when appropriate, under subpart 6.3 .
(a) Sealed bids. (See part 14 for procedures.) Contracting officers shall solicit sealed bids if(1) Time permits the solicitation, submission, and evaluation of sealed bids;
(2) The award will be made on the basis of price and other price-related factors;
(3) It is not necessary to conduct discussions with the responding offerors about their bids; and
(4) There is a reasonable expectation of receiving more than one sealed bid.
(b) Competitive proposals. (See part 15 for procedures.) (1) Contracting officers may request competitive proposals if
sealed bids are not appropriate under paragraph (a) of this section.
(2) Because of differences in areas such as law, regulations, and business practices, it is generally necessary to conduct
discussions with offerors relative to proposed contracts to be made and performed outside the United States and its outlying
areas. Competitive proposals will therefore be used for these contracts unless discussions are not required and the use of
sealed bids is otherwise appropriate.

6.4-1

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6.4-2

SUBPART 6.5 - ADVOCATES

FOR

COMPETITION

6.502

Subpart 6.5 - Advocates for Competition
6.501 Requirement.
As required by 41 U.S.C. 1705 , the head of each executive agency shall designate an advocate for competition for the
agency and for each procuring activity of the agency. The advocates for competition shall(a) Be in positions other than that of the agency senior procurement executive;
(b) Not be assigned any duties or responsibilities that are inconsistent with 6.502; and
(c) Be provided with staff or assistance (e.g., specialists in engineering, technical operations, contract administration,
financial management, supply management, and utilization of small business concerns), as may be necessary to carry out the
advocate’s duties and responsibilities.
6.502 Duties and responsibilities.
(a) Agency and procuring activity advocates for competition are responsible for promoting the acquisition of commercial
items, promoting full and open competition, challenging requirements that are not stated in terms of functions to be
performed, performance required or essential physical characteristics, and challenging barriers to the acquisition of
commercial items and full and open competition such as unnecessarily restrictive statements of work, unnecessarily detailed
specifications, and unnecessarily burdensome contract clauses.
(b) Agency advocates for competition shall(1) Review the contracting operations of the agency and identify and report to the agency senior procurement executive
and the chief acquisition officer(i) Opportunities and actions taken to acquire commercial items to meet the needs of the agency;
(ii) Opportunities and actions taken to achieve full and open competition in the contracting operations of the agency;
(iii) Actions taken to challenge requirements that are not stated in terms of functions to be performed, performance
required or essential physical characteristics;
(iv) Any condition or action that has the effect of unnecessarily restricting the acquisition of commercial items or
competition in the contract actions of the agency;
(2) Prepare and submit an annual report to the agency senior procurement executive and the chief acquisition officer in
accordance with agency procedures, describing(i) Such advocate’s activities under this subpart;
(ii) New initiatives required to increase the acquisition of commercial items;
(iii) New initiatives required to increase competition;
(iv) New initiatives to ensure requirements are stated in terms of functions to be performed, performance required or
essential physical characteristics;
(v) Any barriers to the acquisition of commercial items or competition that remain;
(vi) Other ways in which the agency has emphasized the acquisition of commercial items and competition in areas
such as acquisition training and research; and
(vii) Initiatives that ensure task and delivery orders over $1,000,000 issued under multiple award contracts are
properly planned, issued, and comply with 8.405 and 16.505.
(3) Recommend goals and plans for increasing competition on a fiscal year basis to the agency senior procurement
executive and the chief acquisition officer; and
(4) Recommend to the agency senior procurement executive and the chief acquisition officer a system of personal and
organizational accountability for competition, which may include the use of recognition and awards to motivate program
managers, contracting officers, and others in authority to promote competition in acquisition.

6.5-1

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6.5-2

PART 7 - ACQUISITION PLANNING
Sec.
7.000
7.101
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
7.106
7.107
7.107-1
7.107-2
7.107-3
7.107-4
7.107-5
7.107-6
7.108

7.200
7.201
7.202
7.203
7.204

Scope of part.
Subpart 7.1 - Acquisition Plans
Definitions.
Policy.
Agency-head responsibilities.
General procedures.
Contents of written acquisition plans.
Additional requirements for major systems.
Additional requirements for acquisitions
involving consolidation, bundling, or
substantial bundling.
General.
Consolidation.
Bundling.
Substantial bundling.
Notifications.
Solicitation provision.
Additional requirements for telecommuting.
Subpart 7.2 - Planning for the Purchase
of Supplies in Economic Quantities
Scope of subpart.
[Reserved]
Policy.
Solicitation provision.
Responsibilities of contracting officers.

7.300
7.301
7.302
7.303
7.304
7.305
7.400
7.401
7.402
7.403
7.404

7.500
7.501
7.502
7.503

Subpart 7.3 - Contractor Versus
Government Performance
[Reserved]
Definitions.
Policy.
[Reserved]
[Reserved]
Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
Subpart 7.4 - Equipment Lease or Purchase
Scope of subpart.
Acquisition considerations.
Acquisition methods.
General Services Administration assistance.
Contract clause.
Subpart 7.5 - Inherently
Governmental Functions
Scope of subpart.
[Reserved]
Applicability.
Policy.

7-1

This page intentionally left blank.

7-2

7.103

SUBPART 7.1 - ACQUISITION PLANS
7.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures for(a) Developing acquisition plans;
(b) Determining whether to use commercial or Government resources for acquisition of supplies or services;
(c) Deciding whether it is more economical to lease equipment rather than purchase it; and
(d) Determining whether functions are inherently governmental.

Subpart 7.1 - Acquisition Plans
7.101 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Acquisition streamlining” means any effort that results in more efficient and effective use of resources to design and
develop, or produce quality systems. This includes ensuring that only necessary and cost-effective requirements are included,
at the most appropriate time in the acquisition cycle, in solicitations and resulting contracts for the design, development, and
production of new systems, or for modifications to existing systems that involve redesign of systems or subsystems.
“Life-cycle cost” means the total cost to the Government of acquiring, operating, supporting, and (if applicable) disposing
of the items being acquired.
“Order” means an order placed under a(1) Federal Supply Schedule contract; or
(2) Task-order contract or delivery-order contract awarded by another agency, (i.e., Governmentwide acquisition
contract or multi-agency contract).
“Planner” means the designated person or office responsible for developing and maintaining a written plan, or for the
planning function in those acquisitions not requiring a written plan.
7.102 Policy.
(a) Agencies shall perform acquisition planning and conduct market research (see part 10) for all acquisitions in order to
promote and provide for(1) Acquisition of commercial items or, to the extent that commercial items suitable to meet the agency’s needs are not
available, nondevelopmental items, to the maximum extent practicable (10 U.S.C. 2377 and 41 U.S.C. 3307); and
(2) Full and open competition (see part 6) or, when full and open competition is not required in accordance with part
6, to obtain competition to the maximum extent practicable, with due regard to the nature of the supplies or services to be
acquired (10 U.S.C.2305(a)(1)(A) and 41 U.S.C. 3306a)(1)).
(3) Selection of appropriate contract type in accordance with part 16; and
(4) Appropriate consideration of the use of pre-existing contracts, including interagency and intra-agency contracts, to
fulfill the requirement, before awarding new contracts. (See 8.002 through 8.004 and subpart 17.5).
(b) This planning shall integrate the efforts of all personnel responsible for significant aspects of the acquisition. The
purpose of this planning is to ensure that the Government meets its needs in the most effective, economical, and timely
manner. Agencies that have a detailed acquisition planning system in place that generally meets the requirements of 7.104
and 7.105 need not revise their system to specifically meet all of these requirements.
7.103 Agency-head responsibilities.
The agency head or a designee shall prescribe procedures f or the following:
(a) Promoting and providing for full and open competition (see part 6) or, when full and open competition is not required
in accordance with part 6, for obtaining competition to the maximum extent practicable, with due regard to the nature of the
supplies and services to be acquired (10 U.S.C. 2305(a)(1)(A) and 41 U.S.C. 3306(a)(1)).
(b) Encouraging offerors to supply commercial items, or to the extent that commercial items suitable to meet the agency
needs are not available, nondevelopmental items in response to agency solicitations (10 U.S.C. 2377 and 41 U.S.C. 3307).
(c) Ensuring that acquisition planners address the requirement to specify needs, develop specifications, and to solicit offers
in such a manner to promote and provide for full and open competition with due regard to the nature of the supplies and
services to be acquired (10 U.S.C. 2305(a)(1)(A) and 41 U.S.C. 3306(a)(1)). (See part 6 and 10.002.)
(d) Ensuring that acquisition planners document the file to support the selection of the contract type in accordance with
subpart 16.1.

7.1-1

7.103

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(e) Establishing criteria and thresholds at which increasingly greater detail and formality in the planning process is
required as the acquisition becomes more complex and costly, including for cost-reimbursement and other high-risk contracts
(e.g., other than firm-fixed-price contracts) requiring a written acquisition plan. A written plan shall be prepared for cost
reimbursement and other high-risk contracts other than firm-fixed-price contracts, although written plans may be required for
firm-fixed-price contracts as appropriate.
(f) Ensuring that the statement of work is closely aligned with performance outcomes and cost estimates.
(g) Writing plans either on a systems basis, on an individual contract basis, or on an individual order basis, depending
upon the acquisition.
(h) Ensuring that the principles of this subpart are used, as appropriate, for those acquisitions that do not require a written
plan as well as for those that do.
(i) Designating planners for acquisitions.
(j) Reviewing and approving acquisition plans and revisions to these plans to ensure compliance with FAR requirements
including 7.104 and part 16. For other than firm-fixed-price contracts, ensuring that the plan is approved and signed at least
one level above the contracting officer.
(k) Establishing criteria and thresholds at which design-to-cost and life-cycle-cost techniques will be used.
(l) Establishing standard acquisition plan formats, if desired, suitable to agency needs.
(m) Waiving requirements of detail and formality, as necessary, in planning for acquisitions having compressed delivery or
performance schedules because of the urgency of the need.
(n) Assuring that the contracting officer, prior to contracting, reviews:
(1) The acquisition history of the supplies and services; and
(2) A description of the supplies, including, when necessary for adequate description, a picture, drawing, diagram, or
other graphic representation.
(o) Ensuring that agency planners include use of the metric system of measurement in proposed acquisitions in accordance
with 15 U.S.C.205b(see 11.002(b)) and agency metric plans and guidelines.
(p) Ensuring that agency planners(1) Specify needs for printing and writing paper consistent with the 30 percent postconsumer fiber minimum content
standards specified in section 2(d)(ii) of Executive Order 13423 of January 24, 2007, Strengthening Federal Environmental,
Energy, and Transportation Management, and section 2(e)(iv) of Executive Order 13514 of October 5, 2009 (see 11.303)
(2) Comply with the policy in 11.002(d) regarding procurement of biobased products, products containing recovered
materials, environmentally preferable products and services (including Electronic Product Environmental Assessment
Tool (EPEAT®)-registered electronic products, nontoxic or low-toxic alternatives), ENERGY STAR® and Federal Energy
Management Program-designated products, renewable energy, water-efficient products, non-ozone-depleting products,
and products and services that minimize or eliminate, when feasible, the use, release, or emission of high global warming
potential hydrofluorocarbons, such as by using reclaimed instead of virgin hydrofluorocarbons;
(3) Comply with the Guiding Principles for Federal Leadership in High-Performance and Sustainable Buildings
(Guiding Principles), for the design, construction, renovation, repair, or deconstruction of Federal buildings. The Guiding
Principles can be accessed at https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/guiding-principles-federal-leadership-high-performance-andsustainable-buildings; and
(4) Require contractor compliance with Federal environmental requirements, when the contractor is operating
Government-owned facilities or vehicles, to the same extent as the agency would be required to comply if the agency
operated the facilities or vehicles.
(q) Ensuring that acquisition planners specify needs and develop plans, drawings, work statements, specifications, or other
product descriptions that address Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards (see 36 CFR part 1194)
in proposed acquisitions (see 11.002(e)) and that these standards are included in requirements planning, as appropriate (see
subpart 39.2).
(r) Making a determination, prior to issuance of a solicitation for advisory and assistance services involving the analysis
and evaluation of proposals submitted in response to a solicitation, that a sufficient number of covered personnel with the
training and capability to perform an evaluation and analysis of proposals submitted in response to a solicitation are not
readily available within the agency or from another Federal agency in accordance with the guidelines at 37.204.
(s) Ensuring that no purchase request is initiated or contract entered into that would result in the performance of an
inherently governmental function by a contractor and that all contracts or orders are adequately managed so as to ensure
effective official control over contract or order performance.

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(t) Ensuring that knowledge gained from prior acquisitions is used to further refine requirements and acquisition strategies.
For services, greater use of performance-based acquisition methods should occur for follow-on acquisitions.
(u) Ensuring that acquisition planners, to the maximum extent practicable(1) Structure contract requirements to facilitate competition by and among small business concerns; and
(2) Avoid unnecessary and unjustified bundling that precludes small business participation as contractors (see 7.107)
(15 U.S.C. 631(j)).
(v) Ensuring that agency planners on information technology acquisitions comply with the capital planning and investment
control requirements in 40 U.S.C. 11312 and OMB Circular A-130.
(w) Ensuring that agency planners on information technology acquisitions comply with the information technology
security requirements in the Federal Information Security Management Act (44 U.S.C. 3544), OMB’s implementing policies
including Appendix III of OMB Circular A-130, and guidance and standards from the Department of Commerce’s National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
(x) Encouraging agency planners to consider the use of a project labor agreement (see subpart 22.5).
(y) Ensuring that contracting officers consult the Disaster Response Registry via https://www.sam.gov, Search Records,
Advanced Search, Disaster Response Registry Search as a part of acquisition planning for debris removal, distribution of
supplies, reconstruction, and other disaster or emergency relief activities inside the United States and outlying areas. (See
26.205).
7.104 General procedures.
(a) Acquisition planning should begin as soon as the agency need is identified, preferably well in advance of the fiscal
year in which contract award or order placement is necessary. In developing the plan, the planner shall form a team consisting
of all those who will be responsible for significant aspects of the acquisition, such as contracting, fiscal, legal, and technical
personnel. If contract performance is to be in a designated operational area or supporting a diplomatic or consular mission,
the planner shall also consider inclusion of the combatant commander or chief of mission, as appropriate. The planner should
review previous plans for similar acquisitions and discuss them with the key personnel involved in those acquisitions. At key
dates specified in the plan or whenever significant changes occur, and no less often than annually, the planner shall review the
plan and, if appropriate, revise it.
(b) Requirements and logistics personnel should avoid issuing requirements on an urgent basis or with unrealistic delivery
or performance schedules, since it generally restricts competition and increases prices. Early in the planning process,
the planner should consult with requirements and logistics personnel who determine type, quality, quantity, and delivery
requirements.
(c) The planner shall coordinate with and secure the concurrence of the contracting officer in all acquisition planning. If
the plan proposes using other than full and open competition when awarding a contract, the plan shall also be coordinated
with the cognizant advocate for competition.
(d) The planner shall coordinate the acquisition plan or strategy with the cognizant small business specialist when the
strategy contemplates an acquisition meeting the thresholds in 7.107-4 for substantial bundling unless the contract or task
order or delivery order is entirely reserved or set-aside for small business under part 19. The small business specialist shall
notify the agency Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization or the Office of Small Business Programs if the
strategy involves(1) Bundling that is unnecessary or unjustified; or
(2) Bundled or consolidated requirements not identified as such by the agency (see 7.107).
(e) The planner shall ensure that a COR is nominated as early as practicable in the acquisition process by the requirements
official or in accordance with agency procedures. The contracting officer shall designate and authorize a COR as early as
practicable after the nomination. See 1.602-2(d).
7.105 Contents of written acquisition plans.
In order to facilitate attainment of the acquisition objectives, the plan must identify those milestones at which decisions
should be made (see paragraph (b)(21) of this section). The plan must address all the technical, business, management, and
other significant considerations that will control the acquisition. The specific content of plans will vary, depending on the
nature, circumstances, and stage of the acquisition. In preparing the plan, the planner must follow the applicable instructions
in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, together with the agency’s implementing procedures. Acquisition plans for service
contracts or orders must describe the strategies for implementing performance-based acquisition methods or must provide
rationale for not using those methods (see subpart 37.6 ).

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(a) Acquisition background and objectives- (1) Statement of need. Introduce the plan by a brief statement of need.
Summarize the technical and contractual history of the acquisition. Discuss feasible acquisition alternatives, the impact of
prior acquisitions on those alternatives, and any related in-house effort.
(2) Applicable conditions. State all significant conditions affecting the acquisition, such as(i) Requirements for compatibility with existing or future systems or programs; and
(ii) Any known cost, schedule, and capability or performance constraints.
(3) Cost. Set forth the established cost goals for the acquisition and the rationale supporting them, and discuss related
cost concepts to be employed, including, as appropriate, the following items:
(i) Life-cycle cost. Discuss how life-cycle cost will be considered. If it is not used, explain why. If appropriate,
discuss the cost model used to develop life-cycle-cost estimates.
(ii) Design-to-cost. Describe the design-to-cost objective(s) and underlying assumptions, including the rationale for
quantity, learning-curve, and economic adjustment factors. Describe how objectives are to be applied, tracked, and enforced.
Indicate specific related solicitation and contractual requirements to be imposed.
(iii) Application of should-cost. Describe the application of should-cost analysis to the acquisition (see 15.407-4).
(4) Capability or performance. Specify the required capabilities or performance characteristics of the supplies or the
performance standards of the services being acquired and state how they are related to the need.
(5) Delivery or performance-period requirements. Describe the basis for establishing delivery or performance-period
requirements (see subpart 11.4). Explain and provide reasons for any urgency if it results in concurrency of development and
production or constitutes justification for not providing for full and open competition.
(6) Trade-offs. Discuss the expected consequences of trade-offs among the various cost, capability or performance, and
schedule goals.
(7) Risks. Discuss technical, cost, and schedule risks and describe what efforts are planned or underway to reduce risk
and the consequences of failure to achieve goals. If concurrency of development and production is planned, discuss its effects
on cost and schedule risks.
(8) Acquisition streamlining. If specifically designated by the requiring agency as a program subject to acquisition
streamlining, discuss plans and procedures to(i) Encourage industry participation by using draft solicitations, presolicitation conferences, and other means of
stimulating industry involvement during design and development in recommending the most appropriate application and
tailoring of contract requirements;
(ii) Select and tailor only the necessary and cost-effective requirements; and
(iii) State the timeframe for identifying which of those specifications and standards, originally provided for guidance
only, shall become mandatory.
(b) Plan of action—
(1) Sources. (i) Indicate the prospective sources of supplies or services that can meet the need.
(ii) Consider required sources of supplies or services (see part 8) and sources identifiable through databases
including the Governmentwide database of contracts and other procurement instruments intended for use by multiple
agencies available at https://www.contractdirectory.gov/contractdirectory/.
(iii) Include consideration of small business, veteran-owned small business, service-disabled veteran-owned small
business, HUBZone small business, small disadvantaged business, and women-owned small business concerns (see part 19).
(iv) Consider the impact of any consolidation or bundling that might affect participation of small businesses in the
acquisition (see 7.107) (15 U.S.C. 644(e) and 15 U.S.C. 657q). When the proposed acquisition strategy involves bundling,
identify the incumbent contractors and contracts affected by the bundling.
(v) Address the extent and results of the market research and indicate their impact on the various elements of the
plan (see part 10).
(2) Competition. (i) Describe how competition will be sought, promoted, and sustained throughout the course of the
acquisition. If full and open competition is not contemplated, cite the authority in 6.302, discuss the basis for the application
of that authority, identify the source(s), and discuss why full and open competition cannot be obtained.
(ii) Identify the major components or subsystems. Discuss component breakout plans relative to these major
components or subsystems. Describe how competition will be sought, promoted, and sustained for these components or
subsystems.
(iii) Describe how competition will be sought, promoted, and sustained for spares and repair parts. Identify the
key logistic milestones, such as technical data delivery schedules and acquisition method coding conferences, that affect
competition.

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(iv) When effective subcontract competition is both feasible and desirable, describe how such subcontract
competition will be sought, promoted, and sustained throughout the course of the acquisition. Identify any known barriers to
increasing subcontract competition and address how to overcome them.
(3) Contract type selection. Discuss the rationale for the selection of contract type. For other than firm-fixed-price
contracts, see 16.103(d) for additional documentation guidance. Acquisition personnel shall document the acquisition plan
with findings that detail the particular facts and circumstances, (e.g., complexity of the requirements, uncertain duration
of the work, contractor’s technical capability and financial responsibility, or adequacy of the contractor’s accounting
system), and associated reasoning essential to support the contract type selection. The contracting officer shall ensure that
requirements and technical personnel provide the necessary documentation to support the contract type selection.
(4) Source-selection procedures. Discuss the source selection procedures for the acquisition, including the timing
for submission and evaluation of proposals, and the relationship of evaluation factors to the attainment of the acquisition
objectives (see subpart 15.3). When an EVMS is required (see FAR 34.202(a)) and a pre-award IBR is contemplated, the
acquisition plan must discuss(i) How the pre-award IBR will be considered in the source selection decision;
(ii) How it will be conducted in the source selection process (see FAR 15.306); and
(iii) Whether offerors will be directly compensated for the costs of participating in a pre-award IBR.
(5) Acquisition considerations. (i) For each contract contemplated, discuss use of multiyear contracting, options,
or other special contracting methods (see part 17); any special clauses, special solicitation provisions, or FAR deviations
required (see subpart 1.4); whether sealed bidding or negotiation will be used and why; whether equipment will be acquired
by lease or purchase (see subpart 7.4) and why; and any other contracting considerations. Provide rationale if a performancebased acquisition will not be used or if a performance-based acquisition for services is contemplated on other than a firmfixed-price basis (see 37.102(a), 16.103(d), and 16.505(a)(3)).
(ii) For each order contemplated, discuss(A) For information technology acquisitions, how the capital planning and investment control requirements of
40 U.S.C. 11312 and OMB Circular A-130 will be met (see 7.103(v) and part 39); and
(B) Why this action benefits the Government, such as when(1) The agency can accomplish its mission more efficiently and effectively (e.g., take advantage of the
servicing agency’s specialized expertise; or gain access to contractors with needed expertise); or
(2) Ordering through an indefinite delivery contract facilitates access to small business concerns, including
small disadvantaged business concerns, 8(a) contractors, women-owned small business concerns, HUBZone small business
concerns, veteran-owned small business concerns, or service-disabled veteran-owned small business concerns.
(iii) For information technology acquisitions using Internet Protocol, discuss whether the requirements documents
include the Internet Protocol compliance requirements specified in 11.002(g) or a waiver of these requirements has been
granted by the agency’s Chief Information Officer.
(iv) For each contract (and order) contemplated, discuss the strategy to transition to firm-fixed-price contracts to the
maximum extent practicable. During the requirements development stage, consider structuring the contract requirements, i.e.,
line items, in a manner that will permit some, if not all, of the requirements to be awarded on a firm-fixed-price basis, either
in the current contract, future option years, or follow-on contracts. This will facilitate an easier transition to a firm-fixed-price
contract, because a cost history will be developed for a recurring definitive requirement.
(6) Budgeting and funding.Include budget estimates, explain how they were derived, and discuss the schedule for
obtaining adequate funds at the time they are required (see subpart 32.7).
(7) Product or service descriptions. Explain the choice of product or service description types (including performancebased acquisition descriptions) to be used in the acquisition.
(8) Priorities, allocations, and allotments. When urgency of the requirement dictates a particularly short delivery or
performance schedule, certain priorities may apply. If so, specify the method for obtaining and using priorities, allocations,
and allotments, and the reasons for them (see subpart 11.6).
(9) Contractor versus Government performance. Address the consideration given to OMB CircularNo.A-76 (see
subpart 7.3).
(10) Inherently governmental functions. Address the consideration given to subpart 7.5.
(11) Management information requirements. Discuss, as appropriate, what management system will be used by
the Government to monitor the contractor’s effort. If an Earned Value Management System is to be used, discuss the
methodology the Government will employ to analyze and use the earned value data to assess and monitor contract
performance. In addition, discuss how the offeror’s/contractor’s EVMS will be verified for compliance with the Electronic

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Industries Alliance Standard 748 (EIA-748), Earned Value Management Systems, and the timing and conduct of integrated
baseline reviews (whether prior to or post award). (See 34.202.)
(12) Make or buy. Discuss any consideration given to make-or-buy programs (see 15.407-2).
(13) Test and evaluation. To the extent applicable, describe the test program of the contractor and the Government.
Describe the test program for each major phase of a major system acquisition. If concurrency is planned, discuss the extent of
testing to be accomplished before production release.
(14) Logistics considerations. Describe(i) The assumptions determining contractor or agency support, both initially and over the life of the acquisition,
including consideration of contractor or agency maintenance and servicing (see subpart 7.3), support for contracts to be
performed in a designated operational area or supporting a diplomatic or consular mission (see 25.301-3); and distribution of
commercial items;
(ii) The reliability, maintainability, and quality assurance requirements, including any planned use of warranties (see
part 46);
(iii) The requirements for contractor data (including repurchase data) and data rights, their estimated cost, and the
use to be made of the data (see part 27); and
(iv) Standardization concepts, including the necessity to designate, in accordance with agency procedures, technical
equipment as “standard” so that future purchases of the equipment can be made from the same manufacturing source.
(15) Government-furnished property. Indicate any Government property to be furnished to contractors, and discuss any
associated considerations, such as its availability or the schedule for its acquisition (see 45.102).
(16) Government-furnished information. Discuss any Government information, such as manuals, drawings, and test
data, to be provided to prospective offerors and contractors. Indicate which information that requires additional controls to
monitor access and distribution (e.g., technical specifications, maps, building designs, schedules, etc.), as determined by the
agency, is to be posted via the enhanced controls of the GPE at https://www.fbo.gov (see 5.102(a)).
(17) Environmental and energy conservation objectives. Discuss all applicable environmental and energy conservation
objectives associated with the acquisition (see part 23), the applicability of an environmental assessment or environmental
impact statement (see 40 CFR 1502), the proposed resolution of environmental issues, and any environmentally-related
requirements to be included in solicitations and contracts (see 11.002 and 11.303).
(18) Security considerations. (i) For acquisitions dealing with classified matters, discuss how adequate security will be
established, maintained, and monitored (see subpart 4.4).
(ii) For information technology acquisitions, discuss how agency information security requirements will be met.
(iii) For acquisitions requiring routine contractor physical access to a Federally-controlled facility and/or routine
access to a Federally-controlled information system, discuss how agency requirements for personal identity verification of
contractors will be met (see subpart 4.13).
(iv) For acquisitions that may require Federal contract information to reside in or transit through contractor
information systems, discuss compliance with subpart 4.19.
(19) Contract administration. Describe how the contract will be administered. In contracts for services, include how
inspection and acceptance corresponding to the work statement’s performance criteria will be enforced. In contracts for
supplies or service contracts that include supplies, address whether higher-level quality standards are necessary (46.202) and
whether the supplies to be acquired are critical items (46.101).
(20) Other considerations. Discuss, as applicable:
(i) Standardization concepts;
(ii) The industrial readiness program;
(iii) The Defense Production Act;
(iv) The Occupational Safety and Health Act;
(v) Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002 (SAFETY Act) (see subpart 50.2);
(vi) Foreign sales implications;
(vii) Special requirements for contracts to be performed in a designated operational area or supporting a diplomatic
or consular mission; and
(viii) Any other matters germane to the plan not covered elsewhere.
(21) Milestones for the acquisition cycle. Address the following steps and any others appropriate:
Acquisition plan approval.
Statement of work.
Specifications.

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Data requirements.
Completion of acquisition-package preparation.
Purchase request.
Justification and approval for other than full and open competition where applicable and/or any required D&F approval.
Issuance of synopsis.
Issuance of solicitation.
Evaluation of proposals, audits, and field reports.
Beginning and completion of negotiations.
Contract preparation, review, and clearance.
Contract award.
(22) Identification of participants in acquisition plan preparation. List the individuals who participated in preparing the
acquisition plan, giving contact information for each.
7.106 Additional requirements for major systems.
(a) In planning for the solicitation of a major system (see part 34) development contract, planners shall consider requiring
offerors to include, in their offers, proposals to incorporate in the design of a major system(1) Items which are currently available within the supply system of the agency responsible for the major system,
available elsewhere in the national supply system, or commercially available from more than one source; and
(2) Items which the Government will be able to acquire competitively in the future if they are likely to be needed in
substantial quantities during the system’s service life.
(b) In planning for the solicitation of a major system (see part 34) production contract, planners shall consider requiring
offerors to include, in their offers, proposals identifying opportunities to assure that the Government will be able to obtain, on
a competitive basis, items acquired in connection with the system that are likely to be acquired in substantial quantities during
the service life of the system. Proposals submitted in response to such requirements may include the following:
(1) Proposals to provide the Government the right to use technical data to be provided under the contract for
competitive future acquisitions, together with the cost to the Government, if any, of acquiring such technical data and the
right to use such data.
(2) Proposals for the qualification or development of multiple sources of supply for competitive future acquisitions.
(c) In determining whether to apply paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, planners shall consider the purposes for which
the system is being acquired and the technology necessary to meet the system’s required capabilities. If such proposals are
required, the contracting officer shall consider them in evaluating competing offers. In noncompetitive awards, the factors in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, may be considered by the contracting officer as objectives in negotiating the contract.
7.107 Additional requirements for acquisitions involving consolidation, bundling, or substantial bundling.
7.107-1 General.
(a) If the requirement is considered both consolidated and bundled, the agency shall follow the guidance regarding
bundling in 7.107-3 and 7.107-4.
(b) The requirements of this section 7.107 do not apply(1) If a cost comparison analysis will be performed in accordance with OMB Circular A-76 (except 7.107-4 still
applies);
(2) To orders placed under single-agency task-order contracts or delivery-order contracts, when the requirement was
considered in determining that the consolidation or bundling of the underlying contract was necessary and justified; or
(3) To requirements for which there is a mandatory source (see 8.002 or 8.003), including supplies and services that are
on the Procurement List maintained by the Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled or the
Schedule of Products issued by Federal Prison Industries, Inc. This exception does not apply–
(i) When the requiring agency obtains a waiver in accordance with 8.604 or an exception in accordance with 8.605
or 8.706; or
(ii) When optional acquisitions of supplies and services permitted under 8.713 are included.
7.107-2 Consolidation.
(a) Consolidation may provide substantial benefits to the Government. However, because of the potential impact on small
business participation, before conducting an acquisition that is a consolidation of requirements with an estimated total dollar

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value exceeding $2 million, the senior procurement executive or chief acquisition officer shall make a written determination
that the consolidation is necessary and justified in accordance with 15 U.S.C. 657q, after ensuring that(1) Market research has been conducted;
(2) Any alternative contracting approaches that would involve a lesser degree of consolidation have been identified;
(3) The determination is coordinated with the agency's Office of Small Disadvantaged Business Utilization or the
Office of Small Business Programs;
(4) Any negative impact by the acquisition strategy on contracting with small business concerns has been identified;
and
(5) Steps are taken to include small business concerns in the acquisition strategy.
(b) The senior procurement executive or chief acquisition officer may determine that the consolidation is necessary and
justified if the benefits of the acquisition would substantially exceed the benefits that would be derived from each of the
alternative contracting approaches identified under paragraph (a)(2) of this subsection, including benefits that are quantifiable
in dollar amounts as well as any other specifically identified benefits.
(c) Such benefits may include cost savings or price reduction and, regardless of whether quantifiable in dollar amounts(1) Quality improvements that will save time or improve or enhance performance or efficiency;
(2) Reduction in acquisition cycle times;
(3) Better terms and conditions; or
(4) Any other benefit.
(d) Benefits.
(1) Benefits that are quantifiable in dollar amounts are substantial if individually, in combination, or in the aggregate
the anticipated financial benefits are equivalent to(i) Ten percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) if the value is $94 million or less; or
(ii) Five percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) or $9.4 million, whichever is greater, if
the value exceeds $94 million.
(2) Benefits that are not quantifiable in dollar amounts shall be specifically identified and otherwise quantified to the
extent feasible.
(3) Reduction of administrative or personnel costs alone is not sufficient justification for consolidation unless the cost
savings are expected to be at least 10 percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) of the consolidated
requirements, as determined by the senior procurement executive or chief acquisition officer (15 U.S.C. 657q(c)(2)(B)).
(e) (1) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a) through (d) of this subsection, the approving authority identified in paragraph (e)
(2) of this subsection may determine that consolidation is necessary and justified when(i) The expected benefits do not meet the thresholds for a substantial benefit at paragraph (d)(1) of this subsection
but are critical to the agency's mission success; and
(ii) The procurement strategy provides for maximum practicable participation by small business.
(2) The approving authority is–
(i) For the Department of Defense, the senior procurement executive; or
(ii) For the civilian agencies, the Deputy Secretary or equivalent.
(f) If a determination is made that consolidation is necessary and justified, the contracting officer shall include it in the
acquisition strategy documentation and provide it to the Small Business Administration (SBA) upon request.
7.107-3 Bundling.
(a) Bundling may provide substantial benefits to the Government. However, because of the potential impact on small
business participation, before conducting an acquisition strategy that involves bundling, the agency shall make a written
determination that the bundling is necessary and justified in accordance with 15 U.S.C. 644(e). A bundled requirement is
considered necessary and justified if the agency would obtain measurably substantial benefits as compared to meeting its
agency's requirements through separate smaller contracts or orders.
(b) The agency shall quantify the specific benefits identified through the use of market research and other techniques to
explain how their impact would be measurably substantial (see 10.001(a)(2)(iv) and (a)(3)(vii)).
(c) Such benefits may include, but are not limited to(1) Cost savings;
(2) Price reduction;
(3) Quality improvements that will save time or improve or enhance performance or efficiency;
(4) Reduction in acquisition cycle times, or

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(5) Better terms and conditions.
(d) Benefits are measurably substantial if individually, in combination, or in the aggregate the anticipated financial
benefits are equivalent to(1) Ten percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) if the value is $94 million or less; or
(2) Five percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) or $9.4 million, whichever is greater, if the
value exceeds $94 million.
(e) Reduction of administrative or personnel costs alone is not sufficient justification for bundling unless the cost
savings are expected to be at least ten percent of the estimated contract or order value (including options) of the bundled
requirements.
(f) (1) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a) through (e) of this subsection, the approving authority identified in paragraph (f)(2)
of this subsection may determine that bundling is necessary and justified when
(i) The expected benefits do not meet the thresholds for a substantial benefit but are critical to the agency's mission
success; and
(ii) The acquisition strategy provides for maximum practicable participation by small business concerns.
(2) The approving authority, without power of delegation, is–
(i) For the Department of Defense, the senior procurement executive; or
(ii) For the civilian agencies is the Deputy Secretary or equivalent.
(g) In assessing whether cost savings and/or price reduction would be achieved through bundling, the agency and SBA
shall(1) Compare the price that has been charged by small businesses for the work that they have performed; or
(2) Where previous prices are not available, compare the price, based on market research, that could have been or could
be charged by small businesses for the work previously performed by other than a small business.
(h) If a determination is made that bundling is necessary and justified, the contracting officer shall include it in the
acquisition strategy documentation and provide it to SBA upon request.
7.107-4 Substantial bundling.
(a) (1) Substantial bundling is any bundling that results in a contract or task or delivery order with an estimated value of—
(i) $8 million or more for the Department of Defense;
(ii) $6 million or more for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the General Services Administration,
and the Department of Energy; or
(iii) $2.5 million or more for all other agencies.
(2) These thresholds apply to the cumulative estimated dollar value (including options) of–
(i) Multiple-award contracts;
(ii) Task orders or delivery orders issued against a GSA Schedule contract; or
(iii) Task orders or delivery orders issued against a task-order or delivery-order contract awarded by another agency.
(b) In addition to addressing the requirements for bundling (see 7.107-3), when the proposed acquisition strategy involves
substantial bundling, the agency shall document in its strategy—
(1) The specific benefits anticipated to be derived from substantial bundling;
(2) An assessment of the specific impediments to participation by small business concerns as contractors that result
from substantial bundling;
(3) Actions designed to maximize small business participation as contractors, including provisions that encourage small
business teaming;
(4) Actions designed to maximize small business participation as subcontractors (including suppliers) at any tier under
the contract, or order, that may be awarded to meet the requirements;
(5) The determination that the anticipated benefits of the proposed bundled contract or order justify its use; and
(6) Alternative strategies that would reduce or minimize the scope of the bundling, and the rationale for not choosing
those alternatives.
7.107-5 Notifications.
(a) Notifications to current small business contractors of agency's intent to bundle.
(1) The contracting officer shall notify each small business performing a contract that it intends to bundle the
requirement at least 30 days prior to the issuance of the solicitation for the bundled requirement.

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(2) The notification shall provide the name, phone number and address of the applicable SBA procurement center
representative (PCR), or if an SBA PCR is not assigned to the procuring activity, the SBA Office of Government Contracting
Area Office serving the area in which the buying activity is located.
(3) This notification shall be documented in the contract file.
(b) Notification to public of rationale for bundled requirement.
(1) The agency shall publish on its website a list and rationale for any bundled requirement for which the agency
solicited offers or issued an award. The notification shall be made within 30 days of the agency's data certification regarding
the validity and verification of data entered in the Federal Procurement Data System to the Office of Federal Procurement
Policy (see 4.604).
(2) In addition, the agency is encouraged to provide notification of the rationale for any bundled requirement to the
GPE, before issuance of the solicitation (see 5.201).
(c) Notification to SBA of follow-on bundled or consolidated requirements. For each follow-on bundled or consolidated
requirement, the contracting officer shall obtain the following from the requiring activity and notify the SBA PCR no later
than 30 days prior to issuance of the solicitation:
(1) The amount of savings and benefits achieved under the prior consolidation or bundling.
(2) Whether such savings and benefits will continue to be realized if the contract remains consolidated or bundled.
(3) Whether such savings and benefits would be greater if the procurement requirements were divided into separate
solicitations suitable for award to small business concerns.
(4) List of requirements that have been added or deleted for the follow-on.
(d) Public notification of bundling policy. In accordance with 15 U.S.C. 644(q)(2)(A)(ii), agencies shall publish the
Governmentwide policy regarding contract bundling, including regarding the solicitation of teaming and joint ventures, on
their agency website.
7.107-6 Solicitation provision.
The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.207-6 , Solicitation of Offers from Small Business Concerns and
Small Business Teaming Arrangements or Joint Ventures (Multiple-Award Contracts), in solicitations for multiple-award
contracts above the substantial bundling threshold of the agency (see 7.107-4 (a)).
7.108 Additional requirements for telecommuting.
In accordance with 41 U.S.C. 3306(f) , an agency shall generally not discourage a contractor from allowing its employees
to telecommute in the performance of Government contracts. Therefore, agencies shall not(a) Include in a solicitation a requirement that prohibits an offeror from permitting its employees to telecommute unless
the contracting officer first determines that the requirements of the agency, including security requirements, cannot be met if
telecommuting is permitted. The contracting officer shall document the basis for the determination in writing and specify the
prohibition in the solicitation; or
(b) When telecommuting is not prohibited, unfavorably evaluate an offer because it includes telecommuting, unless the
contracting officer first determines that the requirements of the agency, including security requirements, would be adversely
impacted if telecommuting is permitted. The contracting officer shall document the basis for the determination in writing and
address the evaluation procedures in the solicitation.

7.1-10

SUBPART 7.2 - PLANNING FOR THE PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES IN ECONOMIC QUANTITIES

7.204

Subpart 7.2 - Planning for the Purchase of Supplies in Economic Quantities
7.200 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for gathering information from offerors to assist the Government in
planning the most advantageous quantities in which supplies should be purchased.
7.201 [Reserved]
7.202 Policy.
(a) Agencies are required by 10 U.S.C.2384a and 41 U.S.C.3310 to procure supplies in such quantity as(1) Will result in the total cost and unit cost most advantageous to the Government, where practicable; and
(2) Does not exceed the quantity reasonably expected to be required by the agency.
(b) Each solicitation for a contract for supplies is required, if practicable, to include a provision inviting each offeror
responding to the solicitation(1) To state an opinion on whether the quantity of the supplies proposed to be acquired is economically advantageous to
the Government; and
(2) If applicable, to recommend a quantity or quantities which would be more economically advantageous to the
Government. Each such recommendation is required to include a quotation of the total price and the unit price for supplies
procured in each recommended quantity.
7.203 Solicitation provision.
Contracting officers shall insert the provision at 52.207-4, Economic Purchase Quantity-Supplies, in solicitations for
supplies. The provision need not be inserted if the solicitation is for a contract under the General Services Administration’s
multiple award schedule contract program, or if the contracting officer determines that(a) The Government already has the data;
(b) The data is otherwise readily available; or
(c) It is impracticable for the Government to vary its future requirements.
7.204 Responsibilities of contracting officers.
(a) Contracting officers are responsible for transmitting offeror responses to the solicitation provision at 52.207-4
to appropriate inventory management/requirements development activities in accordance with agency procedures. The
economic purchase quantity data so obtained are intended to assist inventory managers in establishing and evaluating
economic order quantities for supplies under their cognizance.
(b) In recognition of the fact that economic purchase quantity data furnished by offerors are only one of many data inputs
required for determining the most economical order quantities, contracting officers should generally take no action to revise
quantities to be acquired in connection with the instant procurement. However, if a significant price variation is evident
from offeror responses, and the potential for significant savings is apparent, the contracting officer shall consult with the
cognizant inventory manager or requirements development activity before proceeding with an award or negotiations. If this
consultation discloses that the Government should be ordering an item of supply in different quantities and the inventory
manager/requirements development activity concurs, the solicitation for the item should be amended or canceled and a new
requisition should be obtained.

7.2-1

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7.2-2

SUBPART 7.3 - CONTRACTOR VERSUS GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE

7.305

Subpart 7.3 - Contractor Versus Government Performance
7.300 [Reserved]
7.301 Definitions.
Definitions of “inherently governmental activity” and other terms applicable to this subpart are set forth at Attachment D
of the Office of Management and Budget Circular No. A-76 (Revised), Performance of Commercial Activities, dated May 29,
2003 (the Circular).
7.302 Policy.
(a) The Circular provides that it is the policy of the Government to(1) Perform inherently governmental activities with Government personnel; and
(2) Subject commercial activities to the forces of competition.
(b) As provided in the Circular, agencies shall(1) Not use contractors to perform inherently governmental activities;
(2) Conduct public-private competitions in accordance with the provisions of the Circular and, as applicable, these
regulations;
(3) Give appropriate consideration relative to cost when making performance decisions between agency and contractor
performance in public-private competitions;
(4) Consider the Agency Tender Official an interested party in accordance with 31 U.S.C. 3551 to 3553 for purposes of
filing a protest at the Government Accountability Office; and
(5) Hear contests in accordance with OMB Circular A-76, Attachment B, Paragraph F.
(c) When using sealed bidding in public-private competitions under OMB Circular A-76, contracting officers shall not
hold discussions to correct deficiencies.
7.303 [Reserved]
7.304 [Reserved]
7.305 Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
(a) The contracting officer shall, when soliciting offers and tenders, insert in solicitations issued for standard competitions
the provision at 52.207-1, Notice of Standard Competition.
(b) The contracting officer shall, when soliciting offers, insert in solicitations issued for streamlined competitions the
provision at 52.207-2, Notice of Streamlined Competition.
(c) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.207-3, Right of First Refusal of Employment, in all solicitations
which may result in a conversion from in-house performance to contract performance of work currently being performed by
the Government and in contracts that result from the solicitations, whether or not a public-private competition is conducted.
The 10-day period in the clause may be varied by the contracting officer up to a period of 90 days.

7.3-1

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7.3-2

SUBPART 7.4 - EQUIPMENT LEASE

OR

PURCHASE

7.403

Subpart 7.4 - Equipment Lease or Purchase
7.400 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides guidance pertaining to the decision to acquire equipment by lease or purchase. It applies to both the
initial acquisition of equipment and the renewal or extension of existing equipment leases.
7.401 Acquisition considerations.
(a) Agencies should consider whether to lease or purchase equipment based on a case-by-case evaluation of comparative
costs and other factors. The following factors are the minimum that should be considered:
(1) Estimated length of the period the equipment is to be used and the extent of use within that period.
(2) Financial and operating advantages of alternative types and makes of equipment.
(3) Cumulative rental payments for the estimated period of use.
(4) Net purchase price.
(5) Transportation and installation costs.
(6) Maintenance and other service costs.
(7) Potential obsolescence of the equipment because of imminent technological improvements.
(b) The following additional factors should be considered, as appropriate, depending on the type, cost, complexity, and
estimated period of use of the equipment:
(1) Availability of purchase options.
(2) Potential for use of the equipment by other agencies after its use by the acquiring agency is ended.
(3) Trade-in or salvage value.
(4) Imputed interest.
(5) Availability of a servicing capability, especially for highly complex equipment; e.g., can the equipment be serviced
by the Government or other sources if it is purchased?
7.402 Acquisition methods.
(a) Purchase method. (1) Generally, the purchase method is appropriate if the equipment will be used beyond the point in
time when cumulative leasing costs exceed the purchase costs.
(2) Agencies should not rule out the purchase method of equipment acquisition in favor of leasing merely because of
the possibility that future technological advances might make the selected equipment less desirable.
(b) Lease method. (1) The lease method is appropriate if it is to the Government’s advantage under the circumstances. The
lease method may also serve as an interim measure when the circumstances(i) Require immediate use of equipment to meet program or system goals; but
(ii) Do not currently support acquisition by purchase.
(2) If a lease is justified, a lease with option to purchase is preferable.
(3) Generally, a long term lease should be avoided, but may be appropriate if an option to purchase or other favorable
terms are included.
(4) If a lease with option to purchase is used, the contract shall state the purchase price or provide a formula which
shows how the purchase price will be established at the time of purchase.
7.403 General Services Administration assistance.
(a) When requested by an agency, the General Services Administration (GSA) will assist in lease or purchase decisions by
providing information such as(1) Pending price adjustments to Federal Supply Schedule contracts;
(2) Recent or imminent technological developments;
(3) New techniques; and
(4) Industry or market trends.
(b) Agencies may request information from the following GSA office: U.S. General Services Administration, Federal
Acquisition Service, Office of Acquisition Management, 2200 Crystal Drive, Room 806, Arlington, VA. 22202. Email:
fasam@gsa.gov.

7.4-1

7.404

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

7.404 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert a clause substantially the same as the clause in 52.207-5 , Option to Purchase
Equipment, in solicitations and contracts involving a lease with option to purchase.

7.4-2

SUBPART 7.5 - INHERENTLY GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.503

Subpart 7.5 - Inherently Governmental Functions
7.500 Scope of subpart.
The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe policies and procedures to ensure that inherently governmental functions are not
performed by contractors.
7.501 [Reserved]
7.502 Applicability.
The requirements of this subpart apply to all contracts for services. This subpart does not apply to services obtained
through either personnel appointments, advisory committees, or personal services contracts issued under statutory authority.
7.503 Policy.
(a) Contracts shall not be used for the performance of inherently governmental functions.
(b) Agency decisions which determine whether a function is or is not an inherently governmental function may be
reviewed and modified by appropriate Office of Management and Budget officials.
(c) The following is a list of examples of functions considered to be inherently governmental functions or which shall be
treated as such. This list is not all inclusive:
(1) The direct conduct of criminal investigations.
(2) The control of prosecutions and performance of adjudicatory functions other than those relating to arbitration or
other methods of alternative dispute resolution.
(3) The command of military forces, especially the leadership of military personnel who are members of the combat,
combat support, or combat service support role.
(4) The conduct of foreign relations and the determination of foreign policy.
(5) The determination of agency policy, such as determining the content and application of regulations, among other
things.
(6) The determination of Federal program priorities for budget requests.
(7) The direction and control of Federal employees.
(8) The direction and control of intelligence and counter-intelligence operations.
(9) The selection or non-selection of individuals for Federal Government employment, including the interviewing of
individuals for employment.
(10) The approval of position descriptions and performance standards for Federal employees.
(11) The determination of what Government property is to be disposed of and on what terms (although an agency may
give contractors authority to dispose of property at prices within specified ranges and subject to other reasonable conditions
deemed appropriate by the agency).
(12) In Federal procurement activities with respect to prime contracts(i) Determining what supplies or services are to be acquired by the Government (although an agency may give
contractors authority to acquire supplies at prices within specified ranges and subject to other reasonable conditions deemed
appropriate by the agency);
(ii) Participating as a voting member on any source selection boards;
(iii) Approving any contractual documents, to include documents defining requirements, incentive plans, and
evaluation criteria;
(iv) Awarding contracts;
(v) Administering contracts (including ordering changes in contract performance or contract quantities, taking action
based on evaluations of contractor performance, and accepting or rejecting contractor products or services);
(vi) Terminating contracts;
(vii) Determining whether contract costs are reasonable, allocable, and allowable; and
(viii) Participating as a voting member on performance evaluation boards.
(13) The approval of agency responses to Freedom of Information Act requests (other than routine responses that,
because of statute, regulation, or agency policy, do not require the exercise of judgment in determining whether documents
are to be released or withheld), and the approval of agency responses to the administrative appeals of denials of Freedom of
Information Act requests.

7.5-1

7.503

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(14) The conduct of administrative hearings to determine the eligibility of any person for a security clearance, or
involving actions that affect matters of personal reputation or eligibility to participate in Government programs.
(15) The approval of Federal licensing actions and inspections.
(16) The determination of budget policy, guidance, and strategy.
(17) The collection, control, and disbursement of fees, royalties, duties, fines, taxes, and other public funds, unless
authorized by statute, such as 31 U.S.C. 3718 (relating to private attorney collection services), but not including(i) Collection of fees, fines, penalties, costs, or other charges from visitors to or patrons of mess halls, post or
base exchange concessions, national parks, and similar entities or activities, or from other persons, where the amount to
be collected is easily calculated or predetermined and the funds collected can be easily controlled using standard case
management techniques; and
(ii) Routine voucher and invoice examination.
(18) The control of the treasury accounts.
(19) The administration of public trusts.
(20) The drafting of Congressional testimony, responses to Congressional correspondence, or agency responses to audit
reports from the Inspector General, the Government Accountability Office, or other Federal audit entity.
(d) The following is a list of examples of functions generally not considered to be inherently governmental functions.
However, certain services and actions that are not considered to be inherently governmental functions may approach being in
that category because of the nature of the function, the manner in which the contractor performs the contract, or the manner in
which the Government administers contractor performance. This list is not all inclusive:
(1) Services that involve or relate to budget preparation, including workload modeling, fact finding, efficiency studies,
and should-cost analyses, etc.
(2) Services that involve or relate to reorganization and planning activities.
(3) Services that involve or relate to analyses, feasibility studies, and strategy options to be used by agency personnel in
developing policy.
(4) Services that involve or relate to the development of regulations.
(5) Services that involve or relate to the evaluation of another contractor’s performance.
(6) Services in support of acquisition planning.
(7) Contractors providing assistance in contract management (such as where the contractor might influence official
evaluations of other contractors).
(8) Contractors providing technical evaluation of contract proposals.
(9) Contractors providing assistance in the development of statements of work.
(10) Contractors providing support in preparing responses to Freedom of Information Act requests.
(11) Contractors working in any situation that permits or might permit them to gain access to confidential business
information and/or any other sensitive information (other than situations covered by the National Industrial Security Program
described in 4.402(b)).
(12) Contractors providing information regarding agency policies or regulations, such as attending conferences on
behalf of an agency, conducting community relations campaigns, or conducting agency training courses.
(13) Contractors participating in any situation where it might be assumed that they are agency employees or
representatives.
(14) Contractors participating as technical advisors to a source selection board or participating as voting or nonvoting
members of a source evaluation board.
(15) Contractors serving as arbitrators or providing alternative methods of dispute resolution.
(16) Contractors constructing buildings or structures intended to be secure from electronic eavesdropping or other
penetration by foreign governments.
(17) Contractors providing inspection services.
(18) Contractors providing legal advice and interpretations of regulations and statutes to Government officials.
(19) Contractors providing special non-law enforcement, security activities that do not directly involve criminal
investigations, such as prisoner detention or transport and non-military national security details.
(e) Agency implementation shall include procedures requiring the agency head or designated requirements official
to provide the contracting officer, concurrent with transmittal of the statement of work (or any modification thereof), a
written determination that none of the functions to be performed are inherently governmental. This assessment should place
emphasis on the degree to which conditions and facts restrict the discretionary authority, decision-making responsibility,

7.5-2

SUBPART 7.5 - INHERENTLY GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.503

or accountability of Government officials using contractor services or work products. Disagreements regarding the
determination will be resolved in accordance with agency procedures before issuance of a solicitation.

7.5-3

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7.5-4

PART 8 - REQUIRED SOURCES OF SUPPLIES AND SERVICES
Sec.
8.000
8.001
8.002
8.003
8.004
8.005
8.101
8.102
8.103
8.104

Scope of part.
General.
Priorities for use of mandatory Government
sources.
Use of other mandatory sources.
Use of other sources.
Contract clause.
Subpart 8.1 - Excess Personal Property
[Reserved]
Policy.
Information on available excess personal
property.
Obtaining nonreportable property.
Subpart 8.2 - [Reserved]
Subpart 8.3 - [Reserved]

8.401
8.402
8.403
8.404
8.405
8.405-1
8.405-2
8.405-3
8.405-4
8.405-5
8.405-6
8.405-7
8.406
8.406-1
8.406-2
8.406-3
8.406-4
8.406-5
8.406-6
8.406-7
8.500
8.501
8.502
8.503
8.504
8.505

Subpart 8.4 - Federal Supply Schedules
Definitions.
General.
Applicability.
Use of Federal Supply Schedules.
Ordering procedures for Federal Supply
Schedules.
Ordering procedures for supplies, and
services not requiring a statement of work.
Ordering procedures for services requiring a
statement of work.
Blanket purchase agreements (BPAs).
Price reductions.
Small business.
Limiting sources.
Payment.
Ordering activity responsibilities.
Order placement.
Inspection and acceptance.
Remedies for nonconformance.
Termination for cause.
Termination for the Government’s
convenience.
Disputes.
Contractor Performance Evaluation.
Subpart 8.5 - Acquisition of Helium
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Policy.
Exception.
Procedures.
Contract clause.

8.601
8.602
8.603
8.604
8.605
8.606
8.607
8.608

8.700
8.701
8.702
8.703
8.704
8.705
8.705-1
8.705-2
8.705-3
8.705-4
8.706
8.707
8.708
8.709
8.710
8.711
8.712
8.713
8.714
8.715
8.716

8.800
8.801
8.802

Subpart 8.6 - Acquisition from
Federal Prison Industries, Inc.
General.
Policy.
Purchase priorities.
Waivers.
Exceptions.
Evaluating FPI performance.
Performance as a subcontractor.
Protection of classified and sensitive
information.
Subpart 8.7 - Acquisition from
Nonprofit Agencies Employing People
Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
General.
Procurement List .
Purchase priorities.
Procedures.
General.
Direct-order process.
Allocation process.
Compliance with orders.
Purchase exceptions.
Prices.
Shipping.
Payments.
Quality of merchandise.
Quality complaints.
Specification changes.
Optional acquisition of supplies and services.
Communications with the central nonprofit
agencies and the Committee.
Replacement commodities.
Change-of-name and successor in interest
procedures.
Subpart 8.8 - Acquisition of
Printing and Related Supplies
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Policy.
Subpart 8.9 - [Reserved]
Subpart 8.10 - [Reserved]

8-1

8.1100
8.1101
8.1102
8.1103
8.1104

8-2

Subpart 8.11 - Leasing of Motor Vehicles
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Presolicitation requirements.
Contract requirements.
Contract clauses.

8.004
8.000 Scope of part.
This part deals with prioritizing sources of supplies and services for use by the Government.
8.001 General.
Regardless of the source of supplies or services to be acquired, information technology acquisitions shall comply with
capital planning and investment control requirements in 40 U.S.C.11312 and OMB CircularA-130.
8.002 Priorities for use of mandatory Government sources.
(a) Except as required by 8.003, or as otherwise provided by law, agencies shall satisfy requirements for supplies and
services from or through the mandatory government sources and publications listed below in descending order of priority:
(1) Supplies.
(i) Inventories of the requiring agency.
(ii) Excess from other agencies (see subpart 8.1).
(iii) Federal Prison Industries, Inc. (see subpart 8.6).
(iv) Supplies which are on the Procurement List maintained by the Committee for Purchase From People Who Are
Blind or Severely Disabled (see subpart 8.7).
(v) Wholesale supply sources, such as stock programs of the General Services Administration (GSA) (see 41
CFR 101-26.3), the Defense Logistics Agency (see 41 CFR 101-26.6), the Department of Veterans Affairs (see 41 CFR
101-26.704), and military inventory control points.
(2) Services. Services that are on the Procurement List maintained by the Committee for Purchase From People Who
Are Blind or Severely Disabled (see subpart 8.7).
(b) Sources other than those listed in paragraph (a) of this section may be used as prescribed in 41 CFR 101-26.301 and in
an unusual and compelling urgency as prescribed in 6.302-2 and in 41 CFR 101-25.101-5.
(c) The statutory obligation for Government agencies to satisfy their requirements for supplies or services available from
the Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled also applies when contractors purchase the
supplies or services for Government use.
8.003 Use of other mandatory sources.
Agencies shall satisfy requirements for the following supplies or services from or through specified sources, as applicable:
(a) Public utility services (see part 41).
(b) Printing and related supplies (see subpart 8.8).
(c) Leased motor vehicles (see subpart 8.11).
(d) Strategic and critical materials (e.g., metals and ores) from inventories exceeding Defense National Stockpile
requirements (detailed information is available from the DLA Strategic Materials, 8725 John J. Kingman Rd., Suite 3229,
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6223).
(e) Helium (see subpart 8.5-Acquisition of Helium).
8.004 Use of other sources.
If an agency is unable to satisfy requirements for supplies and services from the mandatory sources listed in 8.002
and 8.003 , agencies are encouraged to consider satisfying requirements from or through the non-mandatory sources listed
in paragraph (a) of this section (not listed in any order of priority) before considering the non-mandatory source listed
in paragraph (b) of this section. When satisfying requirements from non-mandatory sources, see 7.105 (b) and part 19
regarding consideration of small business, veteran-owned small business, service-disabled veteran-owned small business,
HUBZone small business, small disadvantaged business (including 8(a) participants), and women-owned small business
concerns.
(a) (1) Supplies. Federal Supply Schedules, Governmentwide acquisition contracts, multi-agency contracts, and any other
procurement instruments intended for use by multiple agencies, including blanket purchase agreements (BPAs) under Federal
Supply Schedule contracts (e.g., Federal Strategic Sourcing Initiative (FSSI) agreements accessible at http://www.gsa.gov/
fssi(see also 5.601)).
(2) Services. Agencies are encouraged to consider Federal Prison Industries, Inc., as well as the sources listed in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section (see subpart 8.6).
(b) Commercial sources (including educational and non-profit institutions) in the open market.

-1

8.005

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

8.005 Contract clause.
Insert the clause at 52.208-9 , Contractor Use of Mandatory Sources of Supply and Services, in solicitations and contracts
that require a contractor to provide supplies or services for Government use that are on the Procurement List maintained by
the Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled. The contracting officer shall identify in the
contract schedule the supplies or services that shall be purchased from a mandatory source and the specific source.

Subpart 8.1 - Excess Personal Property
8.101 [Reserved]
8.102 Policy.
When practicable, agencies must use excess personal property as the first source of supply for agency and costreimbursement contractor requirements. Agency personnel must make positive efforts to satisfy agency requirements by
obtaining and using excess personal property (including that suitable for adaptation or substitution) before initiating a
contract action.
8.103 Information on available excess personal property.
Information regarding the availability of excess personal property can be obtained through(a) Review of excess personal property catalogs and bulletins issued by the General Services Administration (GSA);
(b) Personal contact with GSA or the activity holding the property;
(c) Submission of supply requirements to the regional offices of GSA (GSA Form 1539, Request for Excess Personal
Property, is available for this purpose); and
(d) Examination and inspection of reports and samples of excess personal property in GSA regional offices.
8.104 Obtaining nonreportable property.
GSA will assist agencies in meeting their requirements for supplies of the types excepted from reporting as excess by
the Federal Management Regulations (41 CFR 102-36.90). Federal agencies requiring such supplies should contact the
appropriate GSA regional office.

8.1-2

SUBPART 8.2 - [RESERVED]

Subpart 8.2 - [Reserved]

8.2-1

This page intentionally left blank.

8.2-2

SUBPART 8.3 - [RESERVED]

Subpart 8.3 - [Reserved]

8.3-1

This page intentionally left blank.

8.3-2

SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.402

Subpart 8.4 - Federal Supply Schedules
8.401 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Ordering activity” means an activity that is authorized to place orders, or establish blanket purchase agreements (BPA),
against the General Services Administration’s (GSA) Multiple Award Schedule contracts. A list of eligible ordering activities
is available at http://www.gsa.gov/schedules(click “For Customers Ordering from Schedules” and then “Eligibility to Use
GSA Sources”).
“Multiple Award Schedule (MAS)” means contracts awarded by GSA or the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for
similar or comparable supplies, or services, established with more than one supplier, at varying prices. The primary statutory
authorities for the MAS program are 41 U.S.C. 152(3), Competitive Procedures, and 40 U.S.C. 501, Services for Executive
Agencies.
“Requiring agency” means the agency needing the supplies or services.
“Schedules e-Library” means the on-line source for GSA and VA Federal Supply Schedule contract award information.
Schedules e-Library may be accessed at http://www.gsa.gov/elibrary.
“Special Item Number (SIN)” means a group of generically similar (but not identical) supplies or services that are
intended to serve the same general purpose or function.
8.402 General.
(a) The Federal Supply Schedule program is also known as the GSA Schedules Program or the Multiple Award Schedule
Program. The Federal Supply Schedule program is directed and managed by GSA and provides Federal agencies (see 8.004)
with a simplified process for obtaining commercial supplies and services at prices associated with volume buying. Indefinite
delivery contracts are awarded to provide supplies and services at stated prices for given periods of time. GSA may delegate
certain responsibilities to other agencies (e.g., GSA has delegated authority to the VA to procure medical supplies under the
VA Federal Supply Schedules program). Orders issued under the VA Federal Supply Schedule program are covered by this
subpart. Additionally, the Department of Defense (DoD) manages similar systems of schedule-type contracting for military
items; however, DoD systems are not covered by this subpart.
(b) GSA schedule contracts require all schedule contractors to publish an “Authorized Federal Supply Schedule
Pricelist” (pricelist). The pricelist contains all supplies and services offered by a schedule contractor. In addition, each
pricelist contains the pricing and the terms and conditions pertaining to each Special Item Number that is on schedule.
The schedule contractor is required to provide one copy of its pricelist to any ordering activity upon request. Also,
a copy of the pricelist may be obtained from the Federal Supply Service by submitting a written e-mail request to
schedules.infocenter@gsa.gov or by telephone at 1-800-488-3111. This subpart, together with the pricelists, contain
necessary information for placing delivery or task orders with schedule contractors. In addition, the GSA schedule
contracting office issues Federal Supply Schedules publications that contain a general overview of the Federal Supply
Schedule (FSS) program and address pertinent topics. Ordering activities may request copies of schedules publications by
contacting the Centralized Mailing List Service through the Internet at http://www.gsa.gov/cmls, submitting written e-mail
requests to CMLS@gsa.gov; or by completing GSA Form 457, FSS Publications Mailing List Application, and mailing it to
the GSA Centralized Mailing List Service (7 SM), P.O. Box 6477, Fort Worth, TX 76115. Copies of GSA Form 457 may also
be obtained from the above-referenced points of contact.
(c) (1) GSA offers an on-line shopping service called “GSA Advantage!” through which ordering activities may place
orders against Schedules. (Ordering activities may also use GSA Advantage! to place orders through GSA’s Global Supply
System, a GSA wholesale supply source, formerly known as “GSA Stock” or the “Customer Supply Center.” FAR subpart
8.4 is not applicable to orders placed through the GSA Global Supply System.) Ordering activities may access GSA
Advantage! through the GSA Federal Supply Service Home Page (http://www.gsa.gov/fas) or the GSA Federal Supply
Schedule Home Page at http://www.gsa.gov/schedules.
(2) GSA Advantage! enables ordering activities to search specific information (i.e., national stock number, part number,
common name), review delivery options, place orders directly with Schedule contractors (except see 8.405-6) and pay for
orders using the Governmentwide commercial purchase card.
(d) (1) e-Buy, GSA’s electronic Request for Quotation (RFQ) system, is a part of a suite of on-line tools which
complement GSA Advantage!. E-Buy allows ordering activities to post requirements, obtain quotes, and issue orders
electronically. Posting an RFQ on e-Buy-

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(i) Is one medium for providing fair notice to all schedule contractors offering such supplies and services as required
by, 8.405-2, and 8.405-3; and
(ii) Is required when an order contains brand-name specifications (see 8.405-6).
(2) Ordering activities may access e-Buy at http://www.ebuy.gsa.gov. For more information or assistance on either
GSA Advantage! or e-Buy, contact GSA at Internet e-mail address gsa.advantage@gsa.gov.
(e) For more information or assistance regarding the Federal Supply Schedule Program, review the following website:
http://www.gsa.gov/schedules. Additionally, for on-line training courses regarding the Schedules Program, review the
following website: http://www.gsa.gov/training.
(f) For administrative convenience, an ordering activity contracting officer may add items not on the Federal Supply
Schedule (also referred to as open market items) to a Federal Supply Schedule blanket purchase agreement (BPA) or an
individual task or delivery order only if(1) All applicable acquisition regulations pertaining to the purchase of the items not on the Federal Supply Schedule
have been followed (e.g., publicizing (part 5),competition requirements (part 6),acquisition of commercial items (part 12),
contracting methods (parts 13, 14, and 15), and small business programs (part 19));
(2) The ordering activity contracting officer has determined the price for the items not on the Federal Supply Schedule
is fair and reasonable;
(3) The items are clearly labeled on the order as items not on the Federal Supply Schedule and they conform to the rules
for numbering line items at subpart 4.10; and
(4) All clauses applicable to items not on the Federal Supply Schedule are included in the order.
(g) When using the Governmentwide commercial purchase card as a method of payment, orders at or below the micropurchase threshold are exempt from verification in the System for Award Management as to whether the contractor has a
delinquent debt subject to collection under the Treasury Offset Program (TOP).
8.403 Applicability.
(a) Procedures in this subpart apply to—
(1) Individual orders for supplies or services placed against Federal Supply Schedules contracts; and
(2) BPAs established against Federal Supply Schedule contracts.
(b) GSA may establish special ordering procedures for a particular schedule. In this case, that schedule will specify those
special ordering procedures. Unless otherwise noted, special ordering procedures established for a Federal Supply Schedule
take precedence over the procedures in 8.405.
Note: GSA-established ordering procedures for Order-Level Materials can be found at GSAR subpart 538-72 .
(c) In accordance with section 1427(b) of Public Law 108-136 (40 U.S.C. 1103 note), for requirements that substantially
or to a dominant extent specify performance of architect-engineer services (as defined in 2.101), agencies—
(1) Shall use the procedures at subpart 36.6; and
(2) Shall not place orders for such requirements under a Federal Supply Schedule.
8.404 Use of Federal Supply Schedules.
(a) General. parts 13 (except 13.303-2(c)(3)), 14, 15, and 19(except for the requirement at 19.202-1(e)(1)(iii)) do not
apply to BPAs or orders placed against Federal Supply Schedules contracts (but see 8.405-5). BPAs and orders placed
against a MAS, using the procedures in this subpart, are considered to be issued using full and open competition (see
6.102(d)(3)). Therefore, when establishing a BPA (as authorized by 13.303-2(c)(3)), or placing orders under Federal Supply
Schedule contracts using the procedures of 8.405, ordering activities shall not seek competition outside of the Federal Supply
Schedules or synopsize the requirement; but see paragraph (g) of this section.
(b) (1) The contracting officer, when placing an order or establishing a BPA, is responsible for applying the regulatory and
statutory requirements applicable to the agency for which the order is placed or the BPA is established. The requiring agency
shall provide the information on the applicable regulatory and statutory requirements to the contracting officer responsible for
placing the order.
(2) For orders over $550,000, see subpart 17.5 for additional requirements for interagency acquisitions.
(c) Acquisition planning. Orders placed under a Federal Supply Schedule contract(1) Are not exempt from the development of acquisition plans (see subpart 7.1), and an information technology
acquisition strategy (see part 39);
(2) Shall comply with all FAR requirements for a consolidated or bundled contract when the order meets the definition
at 2.101(b) of “consolidation” or “bundling”; and

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SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.404

(3) Must, whether placed by the requiring agency, or on behalf of the requiring agency, be consistent with the requiring
agency’s statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the acquisition of the supply or service.
(d) Pricing. Supplies offered on the schedule are listed at fixed prices. Services offered on the schedule are priced either
at hourly rates, or at a fixed price for performance of a specific task (e.g., installation, maintenance, and repair). GSA has
already determined the prices of supplies and fixed-price services, and rates for services offered at hourly rates, under
schedule contracts to be fair and reasonable. Therefore, ordering activities are not required to make a separate determination
of fair and reasonable pricing, except for a price evaluation as required by 8.405-2(d). By placing an order against a schedule
contract using the procedures in 8.405, the ordering activity has concluded that the order represents the best value (as defined
in FAR 2.101) and results in the lowest overall cost alternative (considering price, special features, administrative costs, etc.)
to meet the Government’s needs. Although GSA has already negotiated fair and reasonable pricing, ordering activities may
seek additional discounts before placing an order (see 8.405-4).
(e) The procedures under subpart 33.1 are applicable to the issuance of an order or the establishment of a BPA against a
schedule contract.
(f) If the ordering activity issues an RFQ, the ordering activity shall provide the RFQ to any schedule contractor that
requests a copy of it.
(g) (1) Ordering activities shall publicize contract actions funded in whole or in part by the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111-5):
(i) Notices of proposed MAS orders (including orders issued under BPAs) that are for “informational purposes only”
exceeding $25,000 shall follow the procedures in 5.704 for posting orders.
(ii) Award notices for MAS orders (including orders issued under BPAs) shall follow the procedures in 5.705.
(2) When an order is awarded or a Blanket Purchase Agreement is established with an estimated value greater than
the simplified acquisition threshold and supported by a limited-source justification at 8.405-6 (a), the ordering activity
contracting officer must(i) Publicize the action (see 5.301); and
(ii) Post the justification in accordance with 8.405-6 (a)(2).
(h) Type-of-order preference for services. (1) The ordering activity shall specify the order type (i.e., firm-fixed price, timeand-materials, or labor-hour) for the services offered on the schedule priced at hourly rates.
(2) Agencies shall use fixed-price orders for the acquisition of commercial services to the maximum extent practicable.
(3) (i) A time-and-materials or labor-hour order may be used for the acquisition of commercial services only when it
is not possible at the time of placing the order to estimate accurately the extent or duration of the work or to anticipate costs
with any reasonable degree of confidence.
(ii) Prior to the issuance of a time-and-materials or labor-hour order, the contracting officer shall(A) Execute a determination and findings (D&F) for the order, in accordance with paragraph (h)(3)(iii) of this
section that a fixed-price order is not suitable;
(B) Include a ceiling price in the order that the contractor exceeds at its own risk; and
(C) When the total performance period, including options, is more than three years, the D&F prepared in
accordance with this paragraph shall be signed by the contracting officer and approved by the head of the contracting activity
prior to the execution of the base period.
(iii) The D&F required by paragraph (h)(3)(ii)(A) of this section shall contain sufficient facts and rationale to justify
that a fixed-price order is not suitable. At a minimum, the D&F shall(A) Include a description of the market research conducted (see 8.404(c) and 10.002(e));
(B) Establish that it is not possible at the time of placing the order to accurately estimate the extent or duration of
the work or anticipate costs with any reasonable degree of confidence;
(C) Establish that the current requirement has been structured to maximize the use of fixed-price orders (e.g.,
by limiting the value or length of the time-and-materials/labor-hour order; or, establishing fixed prices for portions of the
requirement) on future acquisitions for the same or similar requirements; and
(D) Describe actions to maximize the use of fixed-price orders on future acquisitions for the same requirements.
(iv) Prior to an increase in the ceiling price of a time-and-materials or labor-hour order, the ordering activity shall(A) Conduct an analysis of pricing and other relevant factors to determine if the action is in the best interest of the
Government and document the order file;
(B) Follow the procedures at 8.405-6 for a change that modifies the general scope of the order; and
(C) Comply with the requirements at 8.402(f) when modifying an order to add open market items.

8.4-3

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(i) Ensure that service contractor reporting requirements are met in accordance with subpart 4.17, Service Contracts
Inventory.
(j) Line items. When placing orders or establishing BPAs, ordering activities shall reference the special item number and
the corresponding line or subline item awarded (established per 4.1005) in the schedule. If an ordering activity contracting
officer adds an item not on the Federal Supply Schedule in accordance with 8.402(f), establish a new line item in accordance
with subpart 4.10.
8.405 Ordering procedures for Federal Supply Schedules.
Ordering activities shall use the ordering procedures of this section when placing an order or establishing a BPA for
supplies or services. The procedures in this section apply to all schedules. For establishing BPAs and for orders under BPAs
see 8.405-3 .
8.405-1 Ordering procedures for supplies, and services not requiring a statement of work.
(a) Ordering activities shall use the procedures of this subsection when ordering supplies and services that are listed in the
schedules contracts at a fixed price for the performance of a specific task, where a statement of work is not required (e.g.,
installation, maintenance, and repair). For establishing BPAs and for orders under BPAs see 8.405-3.
(b) Orders at or below the micro-purchase threshold. Ordering activities may place orders at, or below, the micro-purchase
threshold with any Federal Supply Schedule contractor that can meet the agency’s needs. Although not required to solicit
from a specific number of schedule contractors, ordering activities should attempt to distribute orders among contractors.
(c) Orders exceeding the micro-purchase threshold but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. Ordering
activities shall place orders with the schedule contractor that can provide the supply or service that represents the best value.
Before placing an order, an ordering activity shall:
(1) Consider reasonably available information about the supply or service offered under MAS contracts by surveying at
least three schedule contractors through the GSA Advantage! on-line shopping service, by reviewing the catalogs or pricelists
of at least three schedule contractors, or by requesting quotations from at least three schedule contractors (see 8.405-5 ); or
(2) Document the circumstances for restricting consideration to fewer than three schedule contractors based on one of
the reasons at 8.405-6 (a);
(d) For proposed orders exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold.
(1) Each order shall be placed on a competitive basis in accordance with (d)(2) and (3) of this section, unless this
requirement is waived on the basis of a justification that is prepared and approved in accordance with 8.405-6 .
(2) The ordering activity contracting officer shall provide an RFQ that includes a description of the supplies to be
delivered or the services to be performed and the basis upon which the selection will be made (see 8.405-1(f)).
(3) The ordering activity contracting officer shall (i) Post the RFQ on e-Buy to afford all schedule contractors offering the required supplies or services under the
appropriate multiple award schedule(s) an opportunity to submit a quote; or
(ii) Provide the RFQ to as many schedule contractors as practicable, consistent with market research appropriate
to the circumstances, to reasonably ensure that quotes will be received from at least three contractors that can fulfill the
requirements. When fewer than three quotes are received from schedule contractors that can fulfill the requirement, the
contracting officer shall prepare a written determination explaining that no additional contractors capable of fulfilling the
requirement could be identified despite reasonable efforts to do so. The determination must clearly explain efforts made to
obtain quotes from at least three schedule contractors.
(4) The ordering activity contracting officer shall ensure that all quotes received are fairly considered and award is
made in accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ.
(e) When an order contains brand-name specifications, the contracting officer shall post the RFQ on e-Buy along with the
justification or documentation, as required by 8.405-6. An RFQ is required when a purchase description specifies a brandname.
(f) In addition to price (see 8.404 (d) and 8.405-4), when determining best value, the ordering activity may consider,
among other factors, the following:
(1) Past performance.
(2) Special features of the supply or service required for effective program performance.
(3) Trade-in considerations.
(4) Probable life of the item selected as compared with that of a comparable item.
(5) Warranty considerations.

8.4-4

SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.405-2

(6) Maintenance availability.
(7) Environmental and energy efficiency considerations.
(8) Delivery terms.
(g) Minimum documentation. The ordering activity shall document(1) The schedule contracts considered, noting the contractor from which the supply or service was purchased;
(2) A description of the supply or service purchased;
(3) The amount paid;
(4) When an order exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold, evidence of compliance with the ordering procedures at
8.405-1(d); and
(5) The basis for the award decision.
8.405-2 Ordering procedures for services requiring a statement of work.
(a) General. Ordering activities shall use the procedures in this subsection when ordering services priced at hourly rates as
established by the schedule contracts. The applicable services will be identified in the Federal Supply Schedule publications
and the contractor’s pricelists. For establishing BPAs and for orders under BPAs see 8.405-3.
(b) Statements of Work (SOWs). All Statements of Work shall include a description of work to be performed; location
of work; period of performance; deliverable schedule; applicable performance standards; and any special requirements
(e.g., security clearances, travel, special knowledge). To the maximum extent practicable, agency requirements shall be
performance-based statements (see subpart 37.6).
(c) Request for Quotation procedures. The ordering activity must provide the Request for Quotation (RFQ), which
includes the statement of work and evaluation criteria (e.g., experience and past performance), to schedule contractors
that offer services that will meet the agency’s needs. The RFQ may be posted to GSA’s electronic RFQ system, e-Buy (see
8.402(d)).
(1) Orders at, or below, the micro-purchase threshold. Ordering activities may place orders at, or below, the micropurchase threshold with any Federal Supply Schedule contractor that can meet the agency’s needs. The ordering activity
should attempt to distribute orders among contractors.
(2) For orders exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. (i) The
ordering activity shall develop a statement of work, in accordance with 8.405-2(b).
(ii) The ordering activity shall provide the RFQ (including the statement of work and evaluation criteria) to at least
three schedule contractors that offer services that will meet the agency’s needs or document the circumstances for restricting
consideration to fewer than three schedule contractors based on one of the reasons at 8.405-6 (a).
(iii) The ordering activity shall specify the type of order (i.e., firm-fixed-price, labor-hour) for the services identified
in the statement of work. The contracting officer should establish firm-fixed-prices, as appropriate.
(3) For proposed orders exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. In addition to meeting the requirements of
8.405-2(c)(2)(i) and (iii), the following procedures apply:
(i) Each order shall be placed on a competitive basis in accordance with (c)(3)(ii) and (iii) of this section, unless this
requirement is waived on the basis of a justification that is prepared and approved in accordance with 8.405-6 .
(ii) The ordering activity contracting officer shall provide an RFQ that includes a statement of work and the
evaluation criteria.
(iii) The ordering activity contracting officer shall(A) Post the RFQ on e-Buy to afford all schedule contractors offering the required services under the appropriate
multiple-award schedule(s) an opportunity to submit a quote; or
(B) Provide the RFQ to as many schedule contractors as practicable, consistent with market research appropriate
to the circumstances, to reasonably ensure that quotes will be received from at least three contractors that can fulfill the
requirements. When fewer than three quotes are received from schedule contractors that can fulfill the requirements, the
contracting officer shall prepare a written determination to explain that no additional contractors capable of fulfilling the
requirements could be identified despite reasonable efforts to do so. The determination must clearly explain efforts made to
obtain quotes from at least three schedule contractors.
(C) Ensure all quotes received are fairly considered and award is made in accordance with the evaluation criteria
in the RFQ.
(4) The ordering activity shall provide the RFQ (including the statement of work and the evaluation criteria) to any
schedule contractor who requests a copy of it.

8.4-5

8.405-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) Evaluation. The ordering activity shall evaluate all responses received using the evaluation criteria provided to the
schedule contractors. The ordering activity is responsible for considering the level of effort and the mix of labor proposed to
perform a specific task being ordered, and for determining that the total price is reasonable. Place the order with the schedule
contractor that represents the best value (see 8.404(d) and 8.405-4). After award, ordering activities should provide timely
notification to unsuccessful offerors. If an unsuccessful offeror requests information on an award that was based on factors
other than price alone, a brief explanation of the basis for the award decision shall be provided.
(e) Use of time-and-materials and labor-hour orders for services. When placing a time-and-materials or labor-hour order
for services, see 8.404(h).
(f) Minimum documentation. The ordering activity shall document(1) The schedule contracts considered, noting the contractor from which the service was purchased;
(2) A description of the service purchased;
(3) The amount paid;
(4) The evaluation methodology used in selecting the contractor to receive the order;
(5) The rationale for any tradeoffs in making the selection;
(6) The price reasonableness determination required by paragraph (d) of this subsection;
(7) The rationale for using other than(i) A firm-fixed price order; or
(ii) A performance-based order; and
(8) When an order exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold, evidence of compliance with the ordering procedures at
8.405-2(c).
8.405-3 Blanket purchase agreements (BPAs).
(a) Establishment. (1) Ordering activities may establish BPAs under any schedule contract to fill repetitive needs for
supplies or services. Ordering activities shall establish the BPA with the schedule contractor(s) that can provide the supply or
service that represents the best value.
(2) In addition to price (see 8.404(d) and 8.405-4), when determining best value, the ordering activity may consider,
among other factors, the following:
(i) Past performance.
(ii) Special features of the supply or service required for effective program performance.
(iii) Trade-in considerations.
(iv) Probable life of the item selected as compared with that of a comparable item.
(v) Warranty considerations.
(vi) Maintenance availability.
(vii) Environmental and energy efficiency considerations.
(viii) Delivery terms.
(3) (i) The ordering activity contracting officer shall, to the maximum extent practicable, give preference to
establishing multiple-award BPAs, rather than establishing a single-award BPA.
(ii) No single-award BPA with an estimated value exceeding $112 million (including any options), may be awarded
unless the head of the agency determines in writing that(A) The orders expected under the BPA are so integrally related that only a single source can reasonably perform
the work;
(B) The BPA provides only for firm-fixed priced orders for(1) Products with unit prices established in the BPA; or
(2) Services with prices established in the BPA for specific tasks to be performed;
(C) Only one source is qualified and capable of performing the work at a reasonable price to the Government; or
(D) It is necessary in the public interest to award the BPA to a single source for exceptional circumstances.
(iii) The requirement for a determination for a single-award BPA greater than $112 million is in addition to any
applicable requirement for a limited-source justification at 8.405-6. However, the two documents may be combined into one
document.
(iv) In determining how many multiple-award BPAs to establish or that a single-award BPA is appropriate, the
contracting officer should consider the following factors and document the decision in the acquisition plan or BPA file:
(A) The scope and complexity of the requirement(s);

8.4-6

SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES
prices;

8.405-3

(B) The benefits of on-going competition and the need to periodically compare multiple technical approaches or

(C) The administrative costs of BPAs; and
(D) The technical qualifications of the schedule contractor(s).
(4) BPAs shall address the frequency of ordering, invoicing, discounts, requirements (e.g., estimated quantities, work to
be performed), delivery locations, and time.
(5) When establishing multiple-award BPAs, the ordering activity shall specify the procedures for placing orders under
the BPAs in accordance with 8.405-3(c)(2).
(6) Establishment of a multi-agency BPA against a Federal Supply Schedule contract is permitted if the multi-agency
BPA identifies the participating agencies and their estimated requirements at the time the BPA is established.
(7) Minimum documentation. The ordering activity contracting officer shall include in the BPA file documentation the(i) Schedule contracts considered, noting the contractor to which the BPA was awarded;
(ii) Description of the supply or service purchased;
(iii) Price;
(iv) Required justification for a limited-source BPA (see 8.405-6), if applicable;
(v) Determination for a single-award BPA exceeding $112 million, if applicable (see (a)(3)(ii)) of this section);
(vi) Documentation supporting the decision to establish multiple-award BPAs or a single-award BPA (see (a)(3)(iv));
(vii) Evidence of compliance with paragraph (b) of this section, for competitively awarded BPAs, if applicable; and
(viii) Basis for the award decision. This should include the evaluation methodology used in selecting the contractor,
the rationale for any tradeoffs in making the selection, and a price reasonableness determination for services requiring a
statement of work.
(b) Competitive procedures for establishing a BPA. This paragraph applies to the establishment of a BPA, in addition to
applicable instructions in paragraph (a).
(1) For supplies, and for services not requiring a statement of work. The procedures of this paragraph apply when
establishing a BPA for supplies and services that are listed in the schedule contract at a fixed price for the performance of a
specific task, where a statement of work is not required (e.g., installation, maintenance, and repair).
(i) If the estimated value of the BPA does not exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. (A) The ordering activity
shall:
(1) Consider reasonably available information about the supply or service offered under MAS contracts
by surveying at least three schedule contractors through the GSA Advantage! on-line shopping service, by reviewing the
catalogs or pricelists of at least three schedule contractors, or by requesting quotations from at least three schedule contractors
(see 8.405-5); or
(2) Document the circumstances for restricting consideration to fewer than three schedule contractors based on
one of the reasons at 8.405-6(a).
(B) The ordering activity shall establish the BPA with the schedule contractor(s) that can provide the best value.
(ii) If the estimated value of the BPA exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold. The ordering activity contracting
officer:
(A) Shall provide an RFQ that includes a description of the supplies to be delivered or the services to be
performed and the basis upon which the selection will be made.
(B) (1) Shall post the RFQ on e-Buy to afford all schedule contractors offering the required supplies or services
under the appropriate multiple award schedule(s) an opportunity to submit a quote; or
(2) Shall provide the RFQ to as many schedule contractors as practicable, consistent with market research appropriate
to the circumstances, to reasonably ensure that quotes will be received from at least three contractors that can fulfill the
requirements. When fewer than three quotes are received from schedule contractors that can fulfill the requirements, the
contracting officer shall prepare a written determination explaining that no additional contractors capable of fulfilling the
requirements could be identified despite reasonable efforts to do so. The determination must clearly explain efforts made to
obtain quotes from at least three schedule contractors.
(C) Shall ensure all quotes received are fairly considered and award is made in accordance with the basis for
selection in the RFQ. After seeking price reductions (see 8.405-4), establish the BPA with the schedule contractor(s) that
provides the best value.
(D) The BPA must be established in accordance with paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(B) and (C) of this section, unless the
requirement is waived on the basis of a justification that is prepared and approved in accordance with 8.405-6.

8.4-7

8.405-3

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) For services requiring a statement of work. This applies when establishing a BPA that requires services priced at
hourly rates, as provided by the schedule contract. The applicable services will be identified in the Federal Supply Schedule
publications and the contractor’s pricelists.
(i) Statements of Work (SOWs). The ordering activity shall develop a statement of work. All Statements of Work
shall include a description of work to be performed; location of work; period of performance; deliverable schedule;
applicable performance standards; and any special requirements (e.g., security clearances, travel, and special knowledge). To
the maximum extent practicable, agency requirements shall be performance-based statements (see subpart 37.6).
(ii) Type-of-order preference. The ordering activity shall specify the order type (i.e., firm-fixed price, time-andmaterials, or labor-hour) for the services identified in the statement of work. The contracting officer should establish firmfixed priced orders to the maximum extent practicable. For time-and-materials and labor-hour orders, the contracting officer
shall follow the procedures at 8.404(h).
(iii) Request for Quotation procedures. The ordering activity must provide a RFQ, which includes the statement of
work and evaluation criteria (e.g., experience and past performance), to schedule contractors that offer services that will meet
the agency’s needs. The RFQ may be posted to GSA’s electronic RFQ system, e-Buy (see 8.402(d)).
(iv) If the estimated value of the BPA does not exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. The ordering activity shall
provide the RFQ (including the statement of work and evaluation criteria) to at least three schedule contractors that offer
services that will meet the agency’s needs.
(v) If estimated value of the BPA exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold. The ordering activity contracting
officer(A) Shall post the RFQ on e-Buy to afford all schedule contractors offering the required supplies or services
under the appropriate multiple-award schedule an opportunity to submit a quote; or
(B) Shall provide the RFQ, which includes the statement of work and evaluation criteria, to as many schedule
contractors as practicable, consistent with market research appropriate to the circumstances, to reasonably ensure that quotes
will be received from at least three contractors that can fulfill the requirements. When fewer than three quotes are received
from schedule contractors that can fulfill the requirements, the contracting officer shall document the file. The contracting
officer shall prepare a written determination explaining that no additional contractors capable of fulfilling the requirements
could be identified despite reasonable efforts to do so. The determination must clearly explain efforts made to obtain quotes
from at least three schedule contractors.
(vi) The ordering activity contracting officer shall ensure all quotes received are fairly considered and award is made
in accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ. The ordering activity is responsible for considering the level of effort
and the mix of labor proposed to perform, and for determining that the proposed price is reasonable.
(vii) The BPA must be established in accordance with paragraph (b)(2)(iv) or (v), and with paragraph (b)(2)(vi) of
this section, unless the requirement is waived on the basis of a justification that is prepared and approved in accordance with
8.405-6.
(viii) The ordering activity contracting officer shall establish the BPA with the schedule contractor(s) that represents
the best value (see 8.404(d) and 8.405-4).
(3) After award, ordering activities should provide timely notification to unsuccessful offerors. If an unsuccessful
offeror requests information on an award that was based on factors other than price alone, a brief explanation of the basis for
the award decision shall be provided.
(c) Ordering from BPAs. The procedures in this paragraph (c) are not required for BPAs established on or before May 16,
2011. However, ordering activities are encouraged to use the procedures for such BPAs.
(1) Single-award BPA. If the ordering activity establishes a single-award BPA, authorized users may place the order
directly under the established BPA when the need for the supply or service arises.
(2) Multiple-award BPAs. (i) Orders at or below the micro-purchase threshold. The ordering activity may place orders
at or below the micro-purchase threshold with any BPA holder that can meet the agency needs. The ordering activity should
attempt to distribute any such orders among the BPA holders.
(ii) Orders exceeding the micro-purchase threshold but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. (A)
The ordering activity must provide each multiple-award BPA holder a fair opportunity to be considered for each order
exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold unless one of the exceptions
at 8.405-6(a)(1)(i) applies.
(B) The ordering activity need not contact each of the multiple-award BPA holders before placing an order if
information is available to ensure that each BPA holder is provided a fair opportunity to be considered for each order.

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SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.405-5

(C) The ordering activity contracting officer shall document the circumstances when restricting consideration to
less than all multiple-award BPA holders offering the required supplies and services.
(iii) Orders exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. (A) The ordering activity shall place an order in
accordance with paragraphs (c)(2)(iii)(A)(1), (2) and (3) of this paragraph, unless the requirement is waived on the basis of a
justification that is prepared and approved in accordance with 8.405-6. The ordering activity shall(1) Provide an RFQ to all BPA holders offering the required supplies or services under the multiple-award
BPAs, to include a description of the supplies to be delivered or the services to be performed and the basis upon which the
selection will be made;
(2) Afford all BPA holders responding to the RFQ an opportunity to submit a quote; and
(3) Fairly consider all responses received and make award in accordance with the selection procedures.
(B) The ordering activity shall document evidence of compliance with these procedures and the basis for the
award decision.
(3) BPAs for hourly-rate services. If the BPA is for hourly-rate services, the ordering activity shall develop a statement
of work for each order covered by the BPA. Ordering activities should place these orders on a firm-fixed price basis to
the maximum extent practicable. For time-and-materials and labor-hour orders, the contracting officer shall follow the
procedures at 8.404(h). All orders under the BPA shall specify a price for the performance of the tasks identified in the
statement of work. The ordering activity is responsible for considering the level of effort and the mix of labor proposed to
perform a specific task being ordered, and for determining that the total price is reasonable through appropriate analysis
techniques, and documenting the file accordingly.
(d) Duration of BPAs. (1) Multiple-award BPAs generally should not exceed five years in length, but may do so to meet
program requirements.
(2) A single-award BPA shall not exceed one year. It may have up to four one-year options. See paragraph (e) of this
section for requirements associated with option exercise.
(3) Contractors may be awarded BPAs that extend beyond the current term of their GSA Schedule contract, so long as
there are option periods in their GSA Schedule contract that, if exercised, will cover the BPA’s period of performance.
(e) Review of BPAs. (1) The ordering activity contracting officer shall review the BPA and determine in writing, at least
once a year (e.g., at option exercise), whether(i) The schedule contract, upon which the BPA was established, is still in effect;
(ii) The BPA still represents the best value (see 8.404(d)); and
(iii) Estimated quantities/amounts have been exceeded and additional price reductions can be obtained.
(2) The determination shall be included in the BPA file documentation.
8.405-4 Price reductions.
Ordering activities may request a price reduction at any time before placing an order, establishing a BPA, or in conjunction
with the annual BPA review. However, the ordering activity shall seek a price reduction when the order or BPA exceeds
the simplified acquisition threshold. Schedule contractors are not required to pass on to all schedule users a price reduction
extended only to an individual ordering activity for a specific order or BPA.
8.405-5 Small business.
(a) Although the preference programs of part 19 are not mandatory in this subpart, in accordance with section 1331 of
Public Law 111-240 ( 15 U.S.C. 644(r))(1) Ordering activity contracting officers may, at their discretion(i) Set aside orders for any of the small business concerns identified in 19.000(a)(3); and
(ii) Set aside BPAs for any of the small business concerns identified in 19.000(a)(3).
(2) When setting aside orders and BPAs(i) Follow the ordering procedures for Federal Supply Schedules at 8.405-1, 8.405-2, and 8.405-3; and
(ii) The specific small business program eligibility requirements identified in part 19 apply.
(b) Orders placed against schedule contracts may be credited toward the ordering activity’s small business goals. For
purposes of reporting an order placed with a small business schedule contractor, an ordering agency may only take credit
if the awardee meets a size standard that corresponds to the work performed. Ordering activities should rely on the small
business representations made by schedule contractors at the contract level.
(c) Ordering activities may consider socio-economic status when identifying contractor(s) for consideration or competition
for award of an order or BPA. At a minimum, ordering activities should consider, if available, at least one small business,

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

veteran-owned small business, service disabled veteran-owned small business, HUBZone small business, women-owned
small business, or small disadvantaged business schedule contractor(s). GSA Advantage! and Schedules e-Library at http://
www.gsa.gov/fas contain information on the small business representations of Schedule contractors.
(d) For orders exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, ordering activities should give preference to the items of small
business concerns when two or more items at the same delivered price will satisfy the requirement.
8.405-6 Limiting sources.
Orders placed or BPAs established under Federal Supply Schedules are exempt from the requirements in part 6. However,
an ordering activity must justify its action when restricting consideration in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) of this
section—
(a) Orders or BPAs exceeding the micro-purchase threshold based on a limited sources justification.
(1) Circumstances justifying limiting the source. (i) For a proposed order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding
the micro-purchase threshold not placed or established in accordance with the procedures in, 8.405-2, or 8.405-3, the only
circumstances that may justify the action are–
(A) An urgent and compelling need exists, and following the procedures would result in unacceptable delays;
(B) Only one source is capable of providing the supplies or services required at the level of quality required
because the supplies or services are unique or highly specialized; or
(C) In the interest of economy and efficiency, the new work is a logical follow-on to an original Federal Supply
Schedule order provided that the original order was placed in accordance with the applicable Federal Supply Schedule
ordering procedures. The original order or BPA must not have been previously issued under sole-source or limited-sources
procedures.
(ii) See 8.405-6(c) for the content of the justification for an order or BPA exceeding the simplified acquisition
threshold.
(2) Posting. (i) Within 14 days after placing an order or establishing a BPA exceeding the simplified acquisition
threshold that is supported by a limited-sources justification permitted under any of the circumstances under paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, the ordering activity shall–
(A) Publish a notice in accordance with 5.301; and
(B) Post the justification(1) At the GPE https://www.fbo.gov;
(2) On the Web site of the ordering activity agency, which may provide access to the justification by linking to
the GPE; and
(3) For a minimum of 30 days.
(ii) In the case of an order or BPA permitted under paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, the justification shall be
posted within 30 days after award.
(iii) Contracting officers shall carefully screen all justifications for contractor proprietary data and remove
all such data, and such references and citations as are necessary to protect the proprietary data, before making the
justifications available for public inspection. Contracting officers shall also be guided by the exemptions to disclosure of
information contained in the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) and the prohibitions against disclosure in 24.202 in
determining whether other data should be removed. Although the submitter notice process set out in Executive Order 12600
“Predisclosure Notification Procedures for Confidential Commercial Information” does not apply, if the justification appears
to contain proprietary data, the contracting officer should provide the contractor that submitted the information an opportunity
to review the justification for proprietary data before making the justification available for public inspection, redacted as
necessary. This process must not prevent or delay the posting of the justification in accordance with the timeframes required
in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section.
(iv) This posting requirement does not apply when disclosure would compromise the national security (e.g., would
result in disclosure of classified information) or create other security risks.
(b) Items peculiar to one manufacturer. An item peculiar to one manufacturer can be a particular brand name, product, or a
feature of a product, peculiar to one manufacturer. A brand name item, whether available on one or more schedule contracts,
is an item peculiar to one manufacturer.
(1) Brand name specifications shall not be used unless the particular brand name, product, or feature is essential to
the Government’s requirements, and market research indicates other companies’ similar products, or products lacking the
particular feature, do not meet, or cannot be modified to meet, the agency’s needs.

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SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.405-6

(2) Documentation. (i) For proposed orders or BPAs with an estimated value exceeding the micro-purchase threshold,
but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, the ordering activity contracting officer shall document the basis for
restricting consideration to an item peculiar to one manufacturer.
(ii) For proposed orders or BPAs with an estimated value exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, see
paragraph (c) of this section.
(iii) The documentation or justification must be completed and approved at the time the requirement for a brandname item is determined. In addition, the justification for a brand-name item is required at the order level when a justification
for the brand-name item was not completed for the BPA or does not adequately cover the requirements in the order.
(3) Posting. (i) The ordering activity shall post the following information along with the Request for Quotation (RFQ)
to e-Buy (http://www.ebuy.gsa.gov):
(A) For proposed orders or BPAs with an estimated value exceeding $25,000, but not exceeding the simplified
acquisition threshold, the documentation required by paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.
(B) For proposed orders or BPAs with an estimated value exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, the
justification required by paragraph (c) of this section.
(C) The documentation in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this sectionand the justification in paragraph (c) of this section is
subject to the screening requirement in paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section.
(ii) The posting requirement of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section does not apply when(A) Disclosure would compromise the national security (e.g., would result in disclosure of classified information)
or create other security risks. The fact that access to classified matter may be necessary to submit a proposal or perform the
contract does not, in itself, justify use of this exception;
(B) The nature of the file (e.g., size, format) does not make it cost-effective or practicable for contracting officers
to provide access through e-Buy; or
(C) The agency’s senior procurement executive makes a written determination that access through e-Buy is not in
the Government’s interest.
(4) When applicable, the documentation and posting requirements in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section apply
only to the portion of the order or BPA that requires a brand-name item. If the justification and approval is to cover only the
portion of the acquisition which is brand-name, then it should so state; the approval level requirements will then only apply to
that portion.
(c) An order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold. (1) For a proposed order or
BPA exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, the requiring activity shall assist the ordering activity contracting officer
in the preparation of the justification. The justification shall cite that the acquisition is conducted under the authority of the
Multiple-Award Schedule Program (see 8.401).
(2) At a minimum, each justification shall include the following information:
(i) Identification of the agency and the contracting activity, and specific identification of the document as a
“Limited-Sources Justification.”
(ii) Nature and/or description of the action being approved.
(iii) A description of the supplies or services required to meet the agency’s needs (including the estimated value).
(iv) The authority and supporting rationale (see 8.405-6(a)(1)(i) and (b)(1)) and, if applicable, a demonstration of the
proposed contractor’s unique qualifications to provide the required supply or service.
(v) A determination by the ordering activity contracting officer that the order represents the best value consistent
with 8.404(d).
(vi) A description of the market research conducted among schedule holders and the results or a statement of the
reason market research was not conducted.
(vii) Any other facts supporting the justification.
(viii) A statement of the actions, if any, the agency may take to remove or overcome any barriers that led to the
restricted consideration before any subsequent acquisition for the supplies or services is made.
(ix) The ordering activity contracting officer’s certification that the justification is accurate and complete to the best
of the contracting officer’s knowledge and belief.
(x) Evidence that any supporting data that is the responsibility of technical or requirements personnel (e.g., verifying
the Government’s minimum needs or requirements or other rationale for limited sources) and which form a basis for the
justification have been certified as complete and accurate by the technical or requirements personnel.
(xi) For justifications under 8.405-6(a)(1), a written determination by the approving official identifying the
circumstance that applies.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) Justification approvals. (1) For a proposed order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding the simplified acquisition
threshold, but not exceeding $700,000, the ordering activity contracting officer’s certification that the justification is accurate
and complete to the best of the ordering activity contracting officer’s knowledge and belief will serve as approval, unless a
higher approval level is established in accordance with agency procedures.
(2) For a proposed order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding $700,000, but not exceeding $13.5 million, the
justification must be approved by the advocate for competition of the activity placing the order, or by an official named in
paragraph (d)(3) or (4) of this section. This authority is not delegable.
(3) For a proposed order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding $13.5 million, but not exceeding $68 million (or,
for DoD, NASA, and the Coast Guard, not exceeding $93 million), the justification must be approved by(i) The head of the procuring activity placing the order;
(ii) A designee who(A) If a member of the armed forces, is a general or flag officer; or
(B) If a civilian, is serving in a position in a grade above GS-15 under the General Schedule (or in a comparable
or higher position under another schedule); or
(iii) An official named in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(4) For a proposed order or BPA with an estimated value exceeding $68 million (or, for DoD, NASA, and the Coast
Guard, over $93 million), the justification must be approved by the senior procurement executive of the agency placing the
order. This authority is not delegable, except in the case of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment,
acting as the senior procurement executive for the Department of Defense.
8.405-7 Payment.
Agencies may make payments for oral or written orders by any authorized means, including the Governmentwide
commercial purchase card (but see 32.1108(b)(2)).
8.406 Ordering activity responsibilities.
8.406-1 Order placement.
(a) Ordering activities may place orders orally, except for(1) Supplies and services not requiring a statement of work exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold;
(2) Services requiring a statement of work (SOW); and
(3) Orders containing brand-name specifications that exceed $25,000.
(b) Ordering activities may use Optional Form 347, an agency-prescribed form, or an established electronic
communications format to order supplies or services from schedule contracts.
(c) The ordering activity shall place an order directly with the contractor in accordance with the terms and conditions
of the price lists (see 8.402(b)). Prior to placement of the order, the ordering activity shall ensure that the regulatory and
statutory requirements of the requiring agency have been applied.
(d) Orders shall include the following information in addition to any information required by the schedule contract:
(1) Complete shipping and billing addresses.
(2) Contract number and date.
(3) Agency order number.
(4) F.o.b. delivery point; i.e., origin or destination.
(5) Discount terms.
(6) Delivery time or period of performance.
(7) Special item number or national stock number.
(8) Line item or subline item.
(9) A statement of work for services, when required, or a brief, complete description of each item (when ordering by
model number, features and options such as color, finish, and electrical characteristics, if available, must be specified).
(10) Quantity and any variation in quantity.
(11) Number of units.
(12) Unit price.
(13) Total price of order.
(14) Points of inspection and acceptance.
(15) Other pertinent data; e.g., delivery instructions or receiving hours and size-of-truck limitation.

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SUBPART 8.4 - FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES

8.406-4

(16) Marking requirements.
(17) Level of preservation, packaging, and packing.
8.406-2 Inspection and acceptance.
(a) Supplies. (1) Consignees shall inspect supplies at destination except when(i) The schedule contract indicates that mandatory source inspection is required by the schedule contracting agency;
or
(ii) A schedule item is covered by a product description, and the ordering activity determines that the schedule
contracting agency’s inspection assistance is needed (based on the ordering volume, the complexity of the supplies, or the
past performance of the supplier).
(2) When the schedule contracting agency performs the inspection, the ordering activity will provide two copies of
the order specifying source inspection to the schedule contracting agency. The schedule contracting agency will notify the
ordering activity of acceptance or rejection of the supplies.
(3) Material inspected at source by the schedule contracting agency, and determined to conform with the product
description of the schedule, shall not be reinspected for the same purpose. The consignee shall limit inspection to kind, count,
and condition on receipt.
(4) Unless otherwise provided in the schedule contract, acceptance is conclusive, except as regards latent defects, fraud,
or such gross mistakes as amount to fraud.
(b) Services. The ordering activity has the right to inspect all services in accordance with the contract requirements and as
called for by the order. The ordering activity shall perform inspections and tests as specified in the order’s quality assurance
surveillance plan in a manner that will not unduly delay the work.
8.406-3 Remedies for nonconformance.
(a) If a contractor delivers a supply or service, but it does not conform to the order requirements, the ordering activity shall
take appropriate action in accordance with the inspection and acceptance clause of the contract, as supplemented by the order.
(b) If the contractor fails to perform an order, or take appropriate corrective action, the ordering activity may terminate the
order for cause or modify the order to establish a new delivery date (after obtaining consideration, as appropriate). Ordering
activities shall follow the procedures at 8.406-4 when terminating an order for cause.
8.406-4 Termination for cause.
(a) (1) An ordering activity contracting officer may terminate individual orders for cause. Termination for cause shall
comply with FAR 12.403, and may include charging the contractor with excess costs resulting from repurchase.
(2) The schedule contracting office shall be notified of all instances where an ordering activity contracting officer has
terminated for cause an individual order to a Federal Supply Schedule contractor, or if fraud is suspected.
(b) If the contractor asserts that the failure was excusable, the ordering activity contracting officer shall follow the
procedures at 8.406-6, as appropriate.
(c) If the contractor is charged excess costs, the following apply:
(1) Any repurchase shall be made at as low a price as reasonable, considering the quality required by the Government,
delivery requirement, and administrative expenses. Copies of all repurchase orders, except the copy furnished to the
contractor or any other commercial concern, shall include the notation:
Repurchase against the account of __________ [insert contractor’s name] under Order __________ [insert number] under
Contract __________ [insert number].
(2) When excess costs are anticipated, the ordering activity may withhold funds due the contractor as offset security.
Ordering activities shall minimize excess costs to be charged against the contractor and collect or set-off any excess costs
owed.
(3) If an ordering activity is unable to collect excess repurchase costs, it shall notify the schedule contracting office
after final payment to the contractor.
(i) The notice shall include the following information about the terminated order:
(A) Name and address of the contractor.
(B) Schedule, contract, and order number.
(C) Line item number(s) and a brief description of the item(s).
(D) Cost of schedule items involved.
(E) Excess costs to be collected.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(F) Other pertinent data.
(ii) The notice shall also include the following information about the purchase contract:
(A) Name and address of the contractor.
(B) Item repurchase cost.
(C) Repurchase order number and date of payment.
(D) Contract number, if any.
(E) Other pertinent data.
(d) Only the schedule contracting officer may modify the contract to terminate for cause any, or all, supplies or services
covered by the schedule contract. If the schedule contracting officer has terminated any supplies or services covered by the
schedule contract, no further orders may be placed for those items. Orders placed prior to termination for cause shall be
fulfilled by the contractor, unless terminated for the convenience of the Government by the ordering activity contracting
officer.
(e) Reporting. An ordering activity contracting officer, in accordance with agency procedures, shall ensure that
information related to termination for cause notices and any amendments are reported. In the event the termination for cause
is subsequently converted to a termination for convenience, or is otherwise withdrawn, the contracting officer shall ensure
that a notice of the conversion or withdrawal is reported. All reporting shall be in accordance with 42.1503(h).
8.406-5 Termination for the Government’s convenience.
(a) An ordering activity contracting officer may terminate individual orders for the Government’s convenience.
Terminations for the Government’s convenience shall comply with FAR 12.403.
(b) Before terminating orders for the Government’s convenience, the ordering activity contracting officer shall endeavor to
enter into a “no cost” settlement agreement with the contractor.
(c) Only the schedule contracting officer may modify the schedule contract to terminate any, or all, supplies or services
covered by the schedule contract for the Government’s convenience.
8.406-6 Disputes.
(a) Disputes pertaining to the performance of orders under a schedule contract. (1) Under the Disputes clause of the
schedule contract, the ordering activity contracting officer may(i) Issue final decisions on disputes arising from performance of the order (but see paragraph (b) of this section); or
(ii) Refer the dispute to the schedule contracting officer.
(2) The ordering activity contracting officer shall notify the schedule contracting officer promptly of any final decision.
(b) Disputes pertaining to the terms and conditions of schedule contracts. The ordering activity contracting officer shall
refer all disputes that relate to the contract terms and conditions to the schedule contracting officer for resolution under the
Disputes clause of the contract and notify the schedule contractor of the referral.
(c) Appeals. Contractors may appeal final decisions to either the Board of Contract Appeals servicing the agency that
issued the final decision or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.
(d) Alternative dispute resolution. The contracting officer should use the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures,
to the maximum extent practicable (see 33.204 and 33.214).
8.406-7 Contractor Performance Evaluation.
Ordering activities must prepare at least annually and at the time the work under the order is completed, an evaluation of
contractor performance for each order that exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold in accordance with 42.1502 (c).

8.4-14

SUBPART 8.5 - ACQUISITION

OF

HELIUM

8.505

Subpart 8.5 - Acquisition of Helium
8.500 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements the requirements of the Helium Act (50 U.S.C.167, etseq.) concerning the acquisition of liquid
or gaseous helium by Federal agencies or by Government contractors or subcontractors for use in the performance of a
Government contract (also see 43 CFR Part 3195).
8.501 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Bureau of Land Management” means the—
Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Amarillo Field Office Helium Operations 801 South Fillmore
Street Suite 500 Amarillo, TX 79101-3545.
“Federal helium supplier” means a private helium vendor that has an in-kind crude helium sales contract with the Bureau
of Land Management (BLM) and that is on the BLM Amarillo Field Office’s Authorized List of Federal Helium Suppliers
available via the Internet at https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/helium/partners.
“Major helium requirement” means an estimated refined helium requirement greater than 200,000 standard cubic feet (scf)
(measured at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute pressure and 70 degrees Fahrenheit temperature) of gaseous helium or
7510 liters of liquid helium delivered to a helium use location per year.
8.502 Policy.
Agencies and their contractors and subcontractors must purchase major helium requirements from Federal helium
suppliers, to the extent that supplies are available.
8.503 Exception.
The requirements of this subpart do not apply to contracts or subcontracts in which the helium was acquired by the
contractor prior to award of the contract or subcontract.
8.504 Procedures.
The contracting officer must forward the following information to the Bureau of Land Management within 45 days of the
close of each fiscal quarter:
(a) The name of any company that supplied a major helium requirement.
(b) The amount of helium purchased.
(c) The delivery date(s).
(d) The location where the helium was used.
8.505 Contract clause.
Insert the clause at 52.208-8 , Required Sources for Helium and Helium Usage Data, in solicitations and contracts if it is
anticipated that performance of the contract involves a major helium requirement.

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8.5-2

SUBPART 8.6 - ACQUISITION FROM FEDERAL PRISON INDUSTRIES, INC.

8.602

Subpart 8.6 - Acquisition from Federal Prison Industries, Inc.
8.601 General.
(a) Federal Prison Industries, Inc. (FPI), also referred to as UNICOR, is a self-supporting, wholly owned Government
corporation of the District of Columbia.
(b) FPI provides training and employment for prisoners confined in Federal penal and correctional institutions through the
sale of its supplies and services to Government agencies (18 U.S.C.4121-4128).
(c) FPI diversifies its supplies and services to minimize adverse impact on private industry.
(d) Supplies manufactured and services performed by FPI are listed in the FPI Schedule, which can be accessed at http://
www.unicor.gov or by submitting a written request to Federal Prison Industries, Inc., Department of Justice, Washington, DC
20534.
(e) Agencies are encouraged to purchase FPI supplies and services to the maximum extent practicable.
8.602 Policy.
(a) In accordance with 10 U.S.C. 2410n and Section 637 of Division H of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005
(Pub. L. 108-447) (18 U.S.C. 4124 note), and except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, agencies shall(1) Before purchasing an item of supply listed in the FPI Schedule, conduct market research to determine whether
the FPI item is comparable to supplies available from the private sector that best meet the Government’s needs in terms of
price, quality, and time of delivery. This is a unilateral determination made at the discretion of the contracting officer. The
arbitration provisions of 18 U.S.C.4124(b) do not apply.
(2) Prepare a written determination that includes supporting rationale explaining the assessment of price, quality, and
time of delivery, based on the results of market research comparing the FPI item to supplies available from the private sector.
(3) If the FPI item is comparable, purchase the item from FPI following the ordering procedures at http://
www.unicor.gov, unless a waiver is obtained in accordance with 8.604; and
(4) If the FPI item is not comparable in one or more of the areas of price, quality, and time of delivery(i) Acquire the item using(A) Competitive procedures (e.g., the procedures in 6.102, the set-aside procedures in subpart 19.5, or
competition conducted in accordance with part 13); or
(B) The fair opportunity procedures in 16.505, if placing an order under a multiple award delivery-order contract;
(ii) Include FPI in the solicitation process and consider a timely offer from FPI for award in accordance with the
item description or specifications, and evaluation factors in the solicitation(A) If the solicitation is available through the Governmentwide point of entry (FedBizOpps, also known as FBO),
it is not necessary to provide a separate copy of the solicitation to FPI;
(B) If the solicitation is not available through FedBizOpps, provide a copy of the solicitation to FPI;
(iii) When using a multiple award schedule issued under the procedures in subpart 8.4 or when using the fair
opportunity procedures in 16.505(A) Establish and communicate to FPI the item description or specifications, and evaluation factors that will
be used as the basis for selecting a source, so that an offer from FPI can be evaluated on the same basis as the contract or
schedule holder; and
(B) Consider a timely offer from FPI;
(iv) Award to the source offering the item determined by the agency to provide the best value to the Government;
and
(v) When the FPI item is determined to provide the best value to the Government as a result of FPI’s response to a
competitive solicitation, follow the ordering procedures at http://www.unicor.gov.
(b) The procedures in paragraph (a) of this section do not apply if an exception in 8.605(b) through (g) applies.
(c) In some cases where FPI and an AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency produce identical items (see 8.603), FPI
grants a waiver to permit the Government to purchase a portion of its requirement from the AbilityOne participating nonprofit
agency. When this occurs, the portion of the requirement for which FPI has granted a waiver(1) Shall be purchased from the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency using the procedures in subpart 8.7; and
(2) Shall not be subject to the procedures in paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) Disputes regarding price, quality, character, or suitability of supplies produced by FPI, except for determinations
under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, are subject to arbitration as specified in 18 U.S.C.4124. The statute provides that the

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

arbitration shall be conducted by a board consisting of the Comptroller General of the United States, the Administrator of
General Services, and the President, or their representatives. The decisions of the board are final and binding on all parties.
8.603 Purchase priorities.
FPI and nonprofit agencies participating in the AbilityOne Program under 41 U.S.C. chapter 85 , Committee for Purchase
from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (see subpart 8.7 ) may produce identical supplies or services. When this
occurs, ordering offices shall purchase supplies and services in the following priorities:
(a) Supplies. (1) Federal Prison Industries, Inc. (41 U.S.C.8504).
(2) AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies.
(3) Commercial sources.
(b) Services. (1) AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies.
(2) Federal Prison Industries, Inc., or commercial sources.
8.604 Waivers.
FPI may grant a waiver for purchase of supplies in the FPI Schedule from another source. FPI waivers ordinarily are of the
following types:
(a) General or blanket waivers issued when classes of supplies are not available from FPI.
(b) Formal waivers issued in response to requests from offices desiring to acquire, from other sources, supplies listed
in the FPI Schedule and not covered by a general waiver. Agencies shall process waiver requests in accordance with the
procedures at http://www.unicor.gov.
8.605 Exceptions.
Purchase from FPI is not mandatory and a waiver is not required if(a) (1) The contracting officer makes a determination that the FPI item of supply is not comparable to supplies available
from the private sector that best meet the Government’s needs in terms of price, quality, and time of delivery; and
(2) The item is acquired in accordance with 8.602(a)(4);
(b) Public exigency requires immediate delivery or performance;
(c) Suitable used or excess supplies are available;
(d) The supplies are acquired and used outside the United States;
(e) Acquiring listed items totaling $3,500 or less;
(f) Acquiring items that FPI offers exclusively on a competitive (non-mandatory) basis, as identified in the FPI Schedule;
or
(g) Acquiring services.
8.606 Evaluating FPI performance.
Agencies shall evaluate FPI contract performance in accordance with subpart 42.15 . Performance evaluations do not
negate the requirements of 8.602 and 8.604 , but they may be used to support a waiver request in accordance with 8.604 .
8.607 Performance as a subcontractor.
Agencies shall not require a contractor, or subcontractor at any tier, to use FPI as a subcontractor for performance of a
contract by any means, including means such as(a) A solicitation provision requiring a potential contractor to offer to make use of FPI supplies or services;
(b) A contract specification requiring the contractor to use specific supplies or services (or classes of supplies or services)
offered by FPI; or
(c) Any contract modification directing the use of FPI supplies or services.
8.608 Protection of classified and sensitive information.
Agencies shall not enter into any contract with FPI that allows an inmate worker access to any(a) Classified data;
(b) Geographic data regarding the location of(1) Surface and subsurface infrastructure providing communications or water or electrical power distribution;
(2) Pipelines for the distribution of natural gas, bulk petroleum products, or other commodities; or
(3) Other utilities; or

8.6-2

SUBPART 8.6 - ACQUISITION FROM FEDERAL PRISON INDUSTRIES, INC.

8.608

(c) Personal or financial information about any individual private citizen, including information relating to such person’s
real property however described, without the prior consent of the individual.

8.6-3

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8.6-4

SUBPART 8.7 - ACQUISITION FROM NONPROFIT AGENCIES EMPLOYING PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY
DISABLED

8.703

Subpart 8.7 - Acquisition from Nonprofit Agencies
Employing People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
8.700 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes the policies and procedures for implementing–
(a) 41 U.S.C. chapter 85, Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled; and
(b) The rules of the Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (41 CFR Chapter 51),
which implements the AbilityOne program.
8.701 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Allocation” means an action taken by a central nonprofit agency to designate the AbilityOne participating nonprofit
agencies that will furnish definite quantities of supplies or perform specific services upon receipt of orders from ordering
offices.
“Central nonprofit agency” means National Industries for the Blind (NIB), which has been designated to represent people
who are blind; or NISH, which has been designated to represent AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies serving people
with severe disabilities other than blindness.
“Committee” means the Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled.
“Government” or “entity of the Government” means any entity of the legislative or judicial branch, any executive agency,
military department, Government corporation, or independent establishment, the U.S. Postal Service, or any nonappropriatedfund instrumentality of the Armed Forces.
“Ordering office” means any activity in an entity of the Government that places orders for the purchase of supplies or
services under the AbilityOne Program.
“Procurement List” means a list of supplies (including military resale commodities) and services that the Committee has
determined are suitable for purchase by the Government under 41 U.S.C. chapter 85.
“Nonprofit agency serving people who are blind” or “nonprofit agency serving people with other severe
disabilities” (referred to jointly as AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies) means a qualified nonprofit agency employing
people who are blind or have other severe disabilities approved by the Committee to furnish a commodity or a service to the
Government under 41 U.S.C. chapter 85.
8.702 General.
The Committee is an independent Government activity with members appointed by the President of the United States. It is
responsible for(a) Determining those supplies and services to be purchased by all entities of the Government from AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agencies;
(b) Establishing prices for the supplies and services; and
(c) Establishing rules and regulations to implement 41 U.S.C. chapter 85.
8.703 Procurement List.
The Committee maintains a Procurement List of all supplies and services required to be purchased from AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agencies. The Procurement List may be accessed at: http://www.abilityone.gov . Questions
concerning whether a supply item or service is on the Procurement List may be submitted at Internet e-mail address
info@abilityone.gov or referred to the Committee offices at the following address and telephone number:
Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled, 1401 S. Clark Street, Suite 10800, Arlington,
VA 22202-3259, (703) 603-7740.
Many items on the Procurement List are identified in the General Services Administration (GSA) Supply Catalog and
GSA’s Customer Service Center Catalogs with a black square and the words “NIB/NISH Mandatory Source,” and in similar
catalogs issued by the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). GSA, DLA, and
VA are central supply agencies from which other Federal agencies are required to purchase certain supply items on the
Procurement List.

8.7-1

8.704

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

8.704 Purchase priorities.
(a) 41 U.S.C. chapter 85 requires the Government to purchase supplies or services on the Procurement List, at prices
established by the Committee, from AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies if they are available within the period
required. When identical supplies or services are on the Procurement List and the Schedule of Products issued by Federal
Prison Industries, Inc., ordering offices shall purchase supplies and services in the following priorities:
(1) Supplies:
(i) Federal Prison Industries, Inc. (41 U.S.C. 8504).
(ii) AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies.
(iii) Commercial sources.
(2) Services:
(i) AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies.
(ii) Federal Prison Industries, Inc., or commercial sources.
(b) No other provision of the FAR shall be construed as permitting an exception to the mandatory purchase of items on the
Procurement List.
(c) The Procurement List identifies those supplies for which the ordering office must obtain a formal waiver (8.604) from
Federal Prison Industries, Inc., before making any purchases from AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies.
8.705 Procedures.
8.705-1 General.
(a) Ordering offices shall obtain supplies and services on the Procurement List from the central nonprofit agency or
its designated AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies, except that supplies identified on the Procurement List as
available from DLA, GSA, or VA supply distribution facilities shall be obtained through DLA, GSA, or VA procedures.
If a distribution facility cannot provide the supplies, it shall inform the ordering office, which shall then order from the
AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency designated by the Committee.
(b) Supply distribution facilities in DLA and GSA shall obtain supplies on the Procurement List from the central nonprofit
agency identified or its designated AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency.
8.705-2 Direct-order process.
Central nonprofit agencies may authorize ordering offices to transmit orders for specific supplies or services directly to an
AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency. The written authorization remains valid until it is revoked by the central nonprofit
agency or the Committee. The central nonprofit agency shall specify the normal delivery or performance lead time required
by the nonprofit agency. The ordering office shall reflect this lead time in its orders.
8.705-3 Allocation process.
(a) When the direct order process has not been authorized, the ordering office shall submit a written request for allocation
(requesting the designation of the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency to produce the supplies or perform the service)
to the central nonprofit agency designated in the Procurement List. Ordering offices shall request allocations in sufficient
time for a reply, for orders to be placed, and for the nonprofit agency to produce the supplies or provide the service within the
required delivery or performance schedule.
(b) The ordering office’s request to the central nonprofit agency for allocation shall include the following information:
(1) For supplies-Item name, stock number, latest specification, quantity, unit price, date delivery is required, and
destination to which delivery is to be made.
(2) For services-Type and location of service required, latest specification, work to be performed, estimated volume,
and required date or dates for completion.
(3) Other requirements; e.g., packing, marking, as necessary.
(c) When an allocation is received, the ordering office shall promptly issue an order to the specified AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agency or to the central nonprofit agency, as instructed by the allocation. If the issuance of an order is
to be delayed for more than 15 days beyond receipt of the allocation, or canceled, the ordering office shall advise the central
nonprofit agency immediately.
(d) Ordering offices may issue orders without limitation as to dollar amount and shall record them upon issuance as
obligations. Each order shall include, as a minimum, the information contained in the request for allocation. Ordering offices

8.7-2

SUBPART 8.7 - ACQUISITION FROM NONPROFIT AGENCIES EMPLOYING PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY
DISABLED

8.707

shall also include additional instructions necessary for performance under the order; e.g., on the handling of Governmentfurnished property, reports required, and notification of shipment.
8.705-4 Compliance with orders.
(a) The central nonprofit agency shall inform the ordering office of changes in lead time experienced by its AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agencies to minimize requests for extensions once the ordering office places an order.
(b) The ordering office shall grant a request by a central nonprofit agency or AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency
for revision in the delivery or completion schedule, if feasible. If extension of the delivery or completion date is not feasible,
the ordering office shall notify the appropriate central nonprofit agency and request that it reallocate the order, or grant a
purchase exception authorizing acquisition from commercial sources.
(c) When an AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency fails to perform under the terms of an order, the ordering office
shall make every effort to resolve the noncompliance with the nonprofit agency involved and to negotiate an adjustment
before taking action to cancel the order. If the problem cannot be resolved with the nonprofit agency, the ordering office shall
refer the matter for resolution first to the central nonprofit agency and then, if necessary, to the Committee.
(d) When, after complying with 8.705-4(c), the ordering office determines that it must cancel an order, it shall notify
the central nonprofit agency and, if practical, request a reallocation of the order. When the central nonprofit agency cannot
reallocate the order, it shall grant a purchase exception permitting use of commercial sources, subject to approval by the
Committee when the value of the purchase exception is $25,000 or more.
8.706 Purchase exceptions.
(a) Ordering offices may acquire supplies or services on the Procurement List from commercial sources only if the
acquisition is specifically authorized in a purchase exception granted by the designated central nonprofit agency.
(b) The central nonprofit agency shall promptly grant purchase exceptions when(1) The AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies cannot provide the supplies or services within the time required,
and commercial sources can provide them significantly sooner in the quantities required; or
(2) The quantity required cannot be produced or provided economically by the AbilityOne participating nonprofit
agencies.
(c) The central nonprofit agency granting the exception shall specify the quantity and delivery or performance period
covered by the exception.
(d) When a purchase exception is granted, the contracting officer shall(1) Initiate purchase action within 15 days following the date of the exception or any extension granted by the central
nonprofit agency; and
(2) Provide a copy of the solicitation to the central nonprofit agency when it is issued.
(e) The Committee may also grant a purchase exception, under any circumstances it considers appropriate.
8.707 Prices.
(a) The prices of items on the Procurement List are fair market prices established by the Committee. All prices for supplies
ordered under this subpart are f.o.b. origin.
(b) Prices for supplies are normally adjusted semiannually. Prices for services are normally adjusted annually.
(c) The Committee may request the agency responsible for acquiring the supplies or service to assist it in establishing
or revising the fair market price. The Committee has the authority to establish prices without prior coordination with the
responsible contracting office.
(d) Price changes shall normally apply to all orders received by the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency on or after
the effective date of the change. In special cases, after considering the views of the ordering office, the Committee may make
price changes applicable to orders received by the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency prior to the effective date of the
change.
(e) If an ordering office desires packing, packaging, or marking of supplies other than the standard pack as provided on the
Procurement List, any difference in costs shall be included as a separate item on the nonprofit agency’s invoice. The ordering
office shall reimburse the nonprofit agency for these costs.
(f) Ordering offices may make recommendations to the Committee at any time for price revisions for supplies and services
on the Procurement List.

8.7-3

8.708

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

8.708 Shipping.
(a) Delivery is accomplished when a shipment is placed aboard the vehicle of the initial carrier. The time of delivery is the
date shipment is released to and accepted by the initial carrier.
(b) Shipment is normally under Government bills of lading. However, for small orders, ordering offices may specify other
shipment methods.
(c) When shipments are under Government bills of lading, the bills of lading may accompany orders or be otherwise
furnished promptly. Failure of an ordering office to furnish bills of lading or to designate a method of transportation may
result in an excusable delay in delivery.
(d) AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies shall include transportation costs for small shipments paid by the nonprofit
agencies as an item on the invoice. The ordering office shall reimburse the nonprofit agencies for these costs.
8.709 Payments.
The ordering office shall make payments for supplies or services on the Procurement List within 30 days after shipment or
after receipt of a proper invoice or voucher.
8.710 Quality of merchandise.
Supplies and services provided by AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies shall comply with the applicable
Government specifications and standards cited in the order. When no specifications or standards exist(a) Supplies shall be of the highest quality and equal to similar items available on the commercial market; and
(b) Services shall conform to good commercial practices.
8.711 Quality complaints.
(a) When the quality of supplies or services received is unsatisfactory, the using activity shall take the following actions:
(1) For supplies received from DLA supply centers, GSA supply distribution facilities, or Department of Veterans
Affairs distribution division, notify the supplying agency.
(2) For supplies or services received from AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies, address complaints to the
individual nonprofit agency involved, with a copy to the appropriate central nonprofit agency.
(b) When quality problems cannot be resolved by the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency and the ordering office,
the ordering office shall first contact the central nonprofit agency and then, if necessary, the Committee for resolution.
8.712 Specification changes.
(a) The contracting activity shall notify the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency and appropriate central nonprofit
agency of any change in specifications or descriptions. In the absence of such written notification, the AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agency shall furnish the supplies or services under the specification or description cited in the order.
(b) The contracting activity shall provide 90-days advance notification to the Committee and the central nonprofit agency
on actions that affect supplies on the Procurement List and shall permit them to comment before action is taken, particularly
when it involves(1) Changes that require new national stock numbers or item designations;
(2) Deleting items from the supply system;
(3) Standardization; or
(4) Developing new items to replace items on the Procurement List.
(c) For services, the contracting activity shall notify the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency and central nonprofit
agency concerned at least 90 days prior to the date that any changes in the scope of work or other conditions will be required.
(d) When, in order to meet its emergency needs, a contracting activity is unable to give the 90-day notification required in
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the contracting activity shall, at the time it places the order or change notice, inform the
AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency and the central nonprofit agency in writing of the reasons that it cannot meet the
90-day notification requirement.
8.713 Optional acquisition of supplies and services.
(a) Ordering offices may acquire supplies and services not included on the Procurement List from an AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agency that is the low responsive, responsible offeror under a solicitation issued by other authorized
acquisition methods.

8.7-4

SUBPART 8.7 - ACQUISITION FROM NONPROFIT AGENCIES EMPLOYING PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY
DISABLED

8.716

(b) Ordering offices should forward solicitations to AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies that may be qualified to
provide the supplies or services required.
8.714 Communications with the central nonprofit agencies and the Committee.
(a) The addresses of the central nonprofit agencies are:
(1) National Industries for the Blind
1310 Braddock Place
Alexandria, VA 22314-1691
(703) 310-0500; and
(2) NISH
8401 Old Courthouse Road
Vienna, VA 22182
(571) 226-4660.
(b) Any matter requiring referral to the Committee shall be addressed to:
Executive Director of the Committee, 1401 S. Clark Street, Suite 10800, Arlington, VA 22202-3259.
8.715 Replacement commodities.
When a commodity on the Procurement List is replaced by another commodity which has not been previously acquired,
and a qualified AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency can furnish the replacement commodity in accordance with
the Government’s quality standards and delivery schedules and at a fair market price, the replacement commodity is
automatically on the Procurement List and shall be acquired from the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency designated
by the Committee. The commodity being replaced shall continue to be included on the Procurement List until there is no
longer a requirement for that commodity.
8.716 Change-of-name and successor in interest procedures.
When the Committee recognizes a name change or a successor in interest for an AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency
providing supplies or services on the Procurement List(a) The Committee will provide a notice of a change to the Procurement List to the cognizant contracting officers; and
(b) Upon receipt of a notice of a change to the Procurement List from the Committee, the contracting officer must(1) Prepare a Standard Form (SF) 30, Amendment of Solicitation/Modification of Contract, incorporating a summary of
the notice and attaching a list of contracts affected; and
(2) Distribute the SF 30, including a copy to the Committee.

8.7-5

This page intentionally left blank.

8.7-6

SUBPART 8.8 - ACQUISITION

OF

PRINTING

AND

RELATED SUPPLIES

8.802

Subpart 8.8 - Acquisition of Printing and Related Supplies
8.800 Scope of subpart.
This subpart provides policy for the acquisition of Government printing and related supplies.
8.801 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Government printing” means printing, binding, and blankbook work for the use of an executive department, independent
agency, or establishment of the Government.
“Related supplies” means supplies that are used and equipment that is usable in printing and binding operations.
8.802 Policy.
(a) Government printing must be done by or through the Government Publishing Office (GPO) (44 U.S.C.501), unless(1) The GPO cannot provide the printing service (44 U.S.C.504);
(2) The printing is done in field printing plants operated by an executive agency (44 U.S.C.501(2));
(3) The printing is acquired by an executive agency from allotments for contract field printing (44 U.S.C.501(2)); or
(4) The printing is specifically authorized by statute to be done other than by the GPO.
(b) The head of each agency shall designate a central printing authority; that central printing authority may serve as
the liaison with the Congressional Joint Committee on Printing (JCP) and the Public Printer on matters related to printing.
Contracting officers shall obtain approval from their designated central printing authority before contracting in any manner,
whether directly or through contracts for other supplies or services, for the items defined in 8.801 and for composition,
platemaking, presswork, binding, and micrographics (when used as a substitute for printing).
(c) (1) Further, 44 U.S.C.1121 provides that the Public Printer may acquire and furnish paper and envelopes (excluding
envelopes printed in the course of manufacture) in common use by two or more Government departments, establishments, or
services within the District of Columbia, and provides for reimbursement of the Public Printer from available appropriations
or funds. Paper and envelopes that are furnished by the Public Printer may not be acquired in any other manner.
(2) Paper and envelopes for use by Executive agencies outside the District of Columbia and stocked by GSA shall be
requisitioned from GSA in accordance with the procedures listed in Federal Property Management Regulations (FPMR) 41
CFR part 101, subpart 101-26.3.

8.8-1

This page intentionally left blank.

8.8-2

SUBPART 8.9 - [RESERVED]

Subpart 8.9 - [Reserved]

8.9-1

This page intentionally left blank.

8.9-2

SUBPART 8.10 - [RESERVED]

Subpart 8.10 - [Reserved]

8.10-1

This page intentionally left blank.

8.10-2

SUBPART 8.11 - LEASING

OF

MOTOR VEHICLES

8.1104

Subpart 8.11 - Leasing of Motor Vehicles
8.1100 Scope of subpart.
This subpart covers the procedures for the leasing, from commercial concerns, of motor vehicles that comply with Federal
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and applicable State motor vehicle safety regulations. It does not apply to motor vehicles
leased outside the United States and its outlying areas.
8.1101 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Leasing” means the acquisition of motor vehicles, other than by purchase from private or commercial sources, and
includes the synonyms “hire” and “rent.”
“Motor vehicle” means an item of equipment, mounted on wheels and designed for highway and/or land use, that(1) Derives power from a self-contained power unit; or
(2) Is designed to be towed by and used in conjunction with self-propelled equipment.
8.1102 Presolicitation requirements.
(a) Except as specified in 8.1102(b), before preparing solicitations for leasing of motor vehicles, contracting officers shall
obtain from the requiring activity a written certification that(1) The vehicles requested are of maximum fuel efficiency and minimum body size, engine size, and equipment (if any)
necessary to fulfill operational needs, and meet prescribed fuel economy standards;
(2) The head of the requiring agency, or a designee, has certified that the requested passenger automobiles (sedans and
station wagons) larger than Type IA, IB, or II (small, subcompact, or compact) are essential to the agency’s mission;
(3) Internal approvals have been received; and
(4) The General Services Administration has advised that it cannot furnish the vehicles.
(b) With respect to requirements for leasing motor vehicles for a period of less than 60 days, the contracting officer need
not obtain the certification specified in 8.1102(a)(1) If the requirement is for type 1 A, 1 B, or II vehicles, which are by definition fuel efficient; or
(2) If the requirement is for passenger vehicles larger than 1 A, 1 B, or II, and the agency has established procedures for
advance approval, on a case-by-case basis, of such requirements.
(c) Generally, solicitations shall not be limited to current year production models. However, with the prior approval of the
head of the contracting office, solicitations may be limited to current models on the basis of overall economy.
8.1103 Contract requirements.
Contracting officers shall include the following items in each contract for leasing motor vehicles:
(a) Scope of contract.
(b) Method of computing payments.
(c) A listing of the number and type of vehicles required, and the equipment and accessories to be provided with each
vehicle.
(d) Responsibilities of the contractor or the Government for furnishing gasoline, motor oil, antifreeze, and similar items.
(e) Unless it is determined that it will be more economical for the Government to perform the work, a statement that the
contractor shall perform all maintenance on the vehicles.
(f) A statement as to the applicability of pertinent State and local laws and regulations, and the responsibility of each party
for compliance with them.
(g) Responsibilities of the contractor or the Government for emergency repairs and services.
8.1104 Contract clauses.
Insert the following clauses in solicitations and contracts for leasing of motor vehicles, unless the motor vehicles are
leased in foreign countries:
(a) The clause at 52.208-4, Vehicle Lease Payments.
(b) The clause at 52.208-5, Condition of Leased Vehicles.
(c) The clause at 52.208-6, Marking of Leased Vehicles.
(d) A clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.208-7, Tagging of Leased Vehicles, for vehicles leased over 60 days
(see subpart B of 41 CFR part 102-34).

8.11-1

8.1104

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(e) The provisions and clauses prescribed elsewhere in the FAR for solicitations and contracts for supplies when a fixedprice contract is contemplated, but excluding(1) The clause at 52.211-16, Variation in Quantity;
(2) The clause at 52.232-1, Payments;
(3) The clause at 52.222-20, Contracts for Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000; and
(4) The clause at 52.246-16, Responsibility for Supplies.

8.11-2

PART 9 - CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS
Sec.
9.000

9.100
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
9.104-1
9.104-2
9.104-3
9.104-4
9.104-5
9.104-6
9.104-7
9.105
9.105-1
9.105-2
9.105-3
9.106
9.106-1
9.106-2
9.106-3
9.106-4
9.107
9.108
9.108-1
9.108-2
9.108-3
9.108-4
9.108-5
9.109

9.109-1
9.109-2
9.109-3
9.109-4
9.109-5

Scope of part.
Subpart 9.1 - Responsible
Prospective Contractors
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Applicability.
Policy.
Standards.
General standards.
Special standards.
Application of standards.
Subcontractor responsibility.
Representation and certifications regarding
responsibility matters.
Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity
Information System.
Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.
Procedures.
Obtaining information.
Determinations and documentation.
Disclosure of preaward information.
Preaward surveys.
Conditions for preaward surveys.
Requests for preaward surveys.
Interagency preaward surveys.
Reports.
Surveys of nonprofit agencies participating in
the AbilityOne Program.
Prohibition on contracting with inverted
domestic corporations.
Definitions.
Prohibition.
Representation by the offeror.
Waiver.
Solicitation provision and contract clause.
Prohibition on contracting with an entity
involved in activities that violate arms
control treaties or agreements with the
United States.
Authority.
Prohibition.
Exception.
Certification by the offeror.
Solicitation provision.

Subpart 9.2 - Qualifications Requirements
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
Policy.
QPL’s, QML’s, and QBL’s.
Responsibilities for establishment of a
qualification requirement.
9.205
Opportunity for qualification before award.
9.206
Acquisitions subject to qualification
requirements.
9.206-1
General.
9.206-2
Contract clause.
9.206-3
Competition.
9.207
Changes in status regarding qualification
requirements.
9.200
9.201
9.202
9.203
9.204

9.301
9.302
9.303
9.304
9.305
9.306
9.307
9.308
9.308-1
9.308-2

Subpart 9.3 - First Article
Testing and Approval
Definition.
General.
Use.
Exceptions.
Risk.
Solicitation requirements.
Government administration procedures.
Contract clauses.
Testing performed by the contractor.
Testing performed by the Government.

9-1

9.400
9.401
9.402
9.403
9.404
9.405
9.405-1
9.405-2
9.406
9.406-1
9.406-2
9.406-3
9.406-4
9.406-5
9.407
9.407-1
9.407-2
9.407-3
9.407-4
9.407-5
9.408
9.409

Subpart 9.4 - Debarment,
Suspension, and Ineligibility
Scope of subpart.
Applicability.
Policy.
Definitions.
Exclusions in the System for Award
Management.
Effect of listing.
Continuation of current contracts.
Restrictions on subcontracting.
Debarment.
General.
Causes for debarment.
Procedures.
Period of debarment.
Scope of debarment.
Suspension.
General.
Causes for suspension.
Procedures.
Period of suspension.
Scope of suspension.
[Reserved]
Contract clause.

9.500
9.501
9.502
9.503
9.504
9.505
9.505-1
9.505-2
9.505-3
9.505-4
9.506
9.507
9.507-1
9.507-2
9.508

Subpart 9.6 - Contractor Team Arrangements
9.601
Definition.
9.602
General.
9.603
Policy.
9.604
Limitations.

9.701
9.702
9.703

9-2

Subpart 9.5 - Organizational and
Consultant Conflicts of Interest
Scope of subpart.
Definition.
Applicability.
Waiver.
Contracting officer responsibilities.
General rules.
Providing systems engineering and technical
direction.
Preparing specifications or work statements.
Providing evaluation services.
Obtaining access to proprietary information.
Procedures.
Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
Solicitation provisions.
Contract clause.
Examples.

Subpart 9.7 - Defense Production Pools
and Research and Development Pools
Definition.
Contracting with pools.
Contracting with individual pool members.

SUBPART 9.1 - RESPONSIBLE PROSPECTIVE CONTRACTORS

9.104-1

9.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies, standards, and procedures pertaining to prospective contractors’ responsibility; debarment,
suspension, and ineligibility; qualified products; first article testing and approval; contractor team arrangements; defense
production pools and research and development pools; and organizational conflicts of interest.

Subpart 9.1 - Responsible Prospective Contractors
9.100 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes policies, standards, and procedures for determining whether prospective contractors and
subcontractors are responsible.
9.101 Definitions.
“Administrative proceeding” means a non-judicial process that is adjudicatory in nature in order to make a determination
of fault or liability (e.g., Securities and Exchange Commission Administrative Proceedings, Civilian Board of Contract
Appeals Proceedings, and Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals Proceedings). This includes administrative proceedings
at the Federal and state level but only in connections with performance of a Federal contract or grant. It does not include
agency actions such as contract audits, site visits, corrective plans, or inspection of deliverables.
“Surveying activity,” as used in this subpart, means the cognizant contract administration office or, if there is no such
office, another organization designated by the agency to conduct preaward surveys.
9.102 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies to all proposed contracts with any prospective contractor that is located(1) In the United States or its outlying areas; or
(2) Elsewhere, unless application of the subpart would be inconsistent with the laws or customs where the contractor is
located.
(b) This subpart does not apply to proposed contracts with(1) Foreign, State, or local governments;
(2) Other U.S. Government agencies or their instrumentalities; or
(3) Agencies for people who are blind or severely disabled (see subpart 8.7).
9.103 Policy.
(a) Purchases shall be made from, and contracts shall be awarded to, responsible prospective contractors only.
(b) No purchase or award shall be made unless the contracting officer makes an affirmative determination of
responsibility. In the absence of information clearly indicating that the prospective contractor is responsible, the contracting
officer shall make a determination of nonresponsibility. If the prospective contractor is a small business concern, the
contracting officer shall comply with subpart 19.6, Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility. (If
Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.637) applies, see subpart 19.8.)
(c) The award of a contract to a supplier based on lowest evaluated price alone can be false economy if there is subsequent
default, late deliveries, or other unsatisfactory performance resulting in additional contractual or administrative costs. While
it is important that Government purchases be made at the lowest price, this does not require an award to a supplier solely
because that supplier submits the lowest offer. A prospective contractor must affirmatively demonstrate its responsibility,
including, when necessary, the responsibility of its proposed subcontractors.
9.104 Standards.
9.104-1 General standards.
To be determined responsible, a prospective contractor must(a) Have adequate financial resources to perform the contract, or the ability to obtain them (see 9.104-3(a));
(b) Be able to comply with the required or proposed delivery or performance schedule, taking into consideration all
existing commercial and governmental business commitments;
(c) Have a satisfactory performance record (see 9.104-3 (b) and subpart 42.15). A prospective contractor shall not be
determined responsible or nonresponsible solely on the basis of a lack of relevant performance history, except as provided in
9.104-2;

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) Have a satisfactory record of integrity and business ethics (for example, see subpart 42.15);
(e) Have the necessary organization, experience, accounting and operational controls, and technical skills, or the ability
to obtain them (including, as appropriate, such elements as production control procedures, property control systems,
quality assurance measures, and safety programs applicable to materials to be produced or services to be performed by the
prospective contractor and subcontractors). (See 9.104-3(a).)
(f) Have the necessary production, construction, and technical equipment and facilities, or the ability to obtain them (see
9.104-3(a)); and
(g) Be otherwise qualified and eligible to receive an award under applicable laws and regulations (see also inverted
domestic corporation prohibition at 9.108).
9.104-2 Special standards.
(a) When it is necessary for a particular acquisition or class of acquisitions, the contracting officer shall develop, with the
assistance of appropriate specialists, special standards of responsibility. Special standards may be particularly desirable when
experience has demonstrated that unusual expertise or specialized facilities are needed for adequate contract performance.
The special standards shall be set forth in the solicitation (and so identified) and shall apply to all offerors.
(b) Contracting officers shall award contracts for subsistence only to those prospective contractors that meet the general
standards in 9.104-1 and are approved in accordance with agency sanitation standards and procedures.
9.104-3 Application of standards.
(a) Ability to obtain resources. Except to the extent that a prospective contractor has sufficient resources or proposes
to perform the contract by subcontracting, the contracting officer shall require acceptable evidence of the prospective
contractor’s ability to obtain required resources (see 9.104-1(a), (e), and (f)). Acceptable evidence normally consists of a
commitment or explicit arrangement, that will be in existence at the time of contract award, to rent, purchase, or otherwise
acquire the needed facilities, equipment, other resources, or personnel. Consideration of a prime contractor’s compliance with
limitations on subcontracting shall take into account the time period covered by the contract base period or quantities plus
option periods or quantities, if such options are considered when evaluating offers for award.
(b) Satisfactory performance record. A prospective contractor that is or recently has been seriously deficient in contract
performance shall be presumed to be nonresponsible, unless the contracting officer determines that the circumstances
were properly beyond the contractor’s control, or that the contractor has taken appropriate corrective action. Past failure to
apply sufficient tenacity and perseverance to perform acceptably is strong evidence of nonresponsibility. Failure to meet
the quality requirements of the contract is a significant factor to consider in determining satisfactory performance. The
contracting officer shall consider the number of contracts involved and the extent of deficient performance in each contract
when making this determination. If the pending contract requires a subcontracting plan pursuant to subpart 19.7, The Small
Business Subcontracting Program, the contracting officer shall also consider the prospective contractor’s compliance with
subcontracting plans under recent contracts.
(c) Affiliated concerns. Affiliated concerns (see “Concern” in 19.001 and “Affiliates” in 19.101) are normally considered
separate entities in determining whether the concern that is to perform the contract meets the applicable standards for
responsibility. However, the contracting officer shall consider the affiliate’s past performance and integrity when they may
adversely affect the prospective contractor’s responsibility.
(d) (1) Small business concerns. Upon making a determination of nonresponsibility with regard to a small business
concern, the contracting officer shall refer the matter to the Small Business Administration, which will decide whether to
issue a Certificate of Competency (see subpart 19.6).
(2) A small business that is unable to comply with the limitations on subcontracting at 52.219-14 may be considered
nonresponsible.
9.104-4 Subcontractor responsibility.
(a) Generally, prospective prime contractors are responsible for determining the responsibility of their prospective
subcontractors (but see 9.405 and 9.405-2 regarding debarred, ineligible, or suspended firms). Determinations of prospective
subcontractor responsibility may affect the Government's determination of the prospective prime contractor's responsibility. A
prospective contractor may be required to provide written evidence of a proposed subcontractor's responsibility.
(b) When it is in the Government’s interest to do so, the contracting officer may directly determine a prospective
subcontractor’s responsibility (e.g., when the prospective contract involves medical supplies, urgent requirements, or

9.1-2

SUBPART 9.1 - RESPONSIBLE PROSPECTIVE CONTRACTORS

9.104-6

substantial subcontracting). In this case, the same standards used to determine a prime contractor’s responsibility shall be
used by the Government to determine subcontractor responsibility.
9.104-5 Representation and certifications regarding responsibility matters.
(a) When an offeror provides an affirmative response in paragraph (a)(1) of the provision at 52.209-5, Certification
Regarding Responsibility Matters, or paragraph (h) of provision 52.212-3, the contracting officer shall(1) Promptly, upon receipt of offers, request such additional information from the offeror as the offeror deems
necessary in order to demonstrate the offeror’s responsibility to the contracting officer (but see 9.405); and
(2) Notify, prior to proceeding with award, in accordance with agency procedures (see 9.406-3(a) and 9.407-3(a)),
the agency official responsible for initiating debarment or suspension action, where an offeror indicates the existence of an
indictment, charge, conviction, or civil judgment, or Federal tax delinquency in an amount that exceeds $3,500.
(b) The provision at 52.209-11, Representation by Corporations Regarding Delinquent Tax Liability or a Felony
Conviction under any Federal Law, implements sections 744 and 745 of Division E of the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (Pub. L. 113-235) (and similar provisions in subsequent appropriations acts). When an
offeror provides an affirmative response in paragraph (b)(1) or (2) of the provision at 52.209-11 or paragraph (q)(2)(i) or (ii)
of provision 52.212-3, the contracting officer shall–
(1) Promptly, upon receipt of offers, request such additional information from the offeror as the offeror deems
necessary in order to demonstrate the offeror's responsibility to the contracting officer (but see 9.405);
(2) Notify, in accordance with agency procedures (see 9.406-3(a) and 9.407-3(a)), the agency official responsible for
initiating debarment or suspension action; and
(3) Not award to the corporation unless an agency suspending or debarring official has considered suspension or
debarment of the corporation and made a determination that suspension or debarment is not necessary to protect the interests
of the Government.
(c) If the provision at 52.209-12, Certification Regarding Tax Matters, is applicable (see 9.407-3(e)), then the contracting
officer shall not award any contract in an amount greater than $5,000,000, unless the offeror affirmatively certified in its
offer, as required by paragraph (b)(1), (2), and (3) of the provision.
9.104-6 Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System.
(a) (1) Before awarding a contract in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold, the contracting officer shall review
the performance and integrity information available in the Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System
(FAPIIS), (available at https://www.cpars.gov ), including FAPIIS information from the System for Award Management
(SAM) Exclusions and the Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS).
(2) In accordance with 41 U.S.C. 2313(d)(3), FAPIIS also identifies–
(i) An affiliate that is an immediate owner or subsidiary of the offeror, if any (see 52.204-17, Ownership or Control
of Offeror); and
(ii) All predecessors of the offeror that held a Federal contract or grant within the last three years (see 52.204-20,
Predecessor of Offeror).
(b) (1) When making a responsibility determination, the contracting officer shall consider all the information available
through FAPIIS with regard to the offeror and any immediate owner, predecessor, or subsidiary identified for that offeror in
FAPIIS, as well as other past performance information on the offeror (see subpart 42.15).
(2) For evaluation of information available through FAPIIS relating to an affiliate of the offeror, see 9.104-3(c).
(3) For source selection evaluations of past performance, see 15.305(a)(2). Contracting officers shall use sound
judgment in determining the weight and relevance of the information contained in FAPIIS and how it relates to the present
acquisition.
(4) Since FAPIIS may contain information on any of the offeror's previous contracts and information covering a
five-year period, some of that information may not be relevant to a determination of present responsibility, e.g., a prior
administrative action such as debarment or suspension that has expired or otherwise been resolved, or information relating to
contracts for completely different products or services..
(5) Because FAPIIS is a database that provides information about prime contractors, the contracting officer posts
information required to be posted about a subcontractor, such as trafficking in persons violations, to the record of the
prime contractor (see 42.1503(h)(1)(v)). The prime contractor has the opportunity to post in FAPIIS any mitigating factors.
The contracting officer shall consider any mitigating factors posted in FAPIIS by the prime contractor, such as degree of
compliance by the prime contractor with the terms of FAR clause 52.222-50.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) If the contracting officer obtains relevant information from FAPIIS regarding criminal, civil, or administrative
proceedings in connection with the award or performance of a Government contract; terminations for default or cause;
determinations of nonresponsibility because the contractor does not have a satisfactory performance record or a satisfactory
record of integrity and business ethics; or comparable information relating to a grant, the contracting officer shall, unless the
contractor has already been debarred or suspended(1) Promptly request such additional information from the offeror as the offeror deems necessary in order to
demonstrate the offeror’s responsibility to the contracting officer (but see 9.405); and
(2) Notify, prior to proceeding with award, in accordance with agency procedures (see 9.406-3(a) and 9.407-3(a)),
the agency official responsible for initiating debarment or suspension action, if the information appears appropriate for the
official’s consideration.
(d) The contracting officer shall document the contract file for each contract in excess of the simplified acquisition
threshold to indicate how the information in FAPIIS was considered in any responsibility determination, as well as the action
that was taken as a result of the information. A contracting officer who makes a nonresponsibility determination is required to
document that information in FAPIIS in accordance with 9.105-2(b)(2).
9.104-7 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.
(a) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.209-5, Certification Regarding Responsibility Matters, in
solicitations where the contract value is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.
(b) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.209-7, Information Regarding Responsibility Matters, in
solicitations where the resultant contract value is expected to exceed $550,000.
(c) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.209-9, Updates of Publicly Available Information Regarding
Responsibility Matters(1) In solicitations where the resultant contract value is expected to exceed $550,000; and
(2) In contracts in which the offeror checked “has” in paragraph (b) of the provision at 52.209-7.
(d) The contracting officer shall insert the provision 52.209-11, Representation by Corporations Regarding Delinquent Tax
Liability or a Felony Conviction under any Federal Law, in all solicitations.
(e) For agencies receiving funds subject to section 523 of Division B of the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2015 (Pub. L. 113-235) and similar provisions in subsequent appropriations acts, the contracting
officer shall insert the provision 52.209-12, Certification Regarding Tax Matters, in solicitations for which the resultant
contract (including options) may have a value greater than $5,000,000. Division B of the Consolidated and Continuing
Further Appropriations Act, 2015 appropriates funds for the following agencies: the Department of Commerce, the
Department of Justice, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the
National Science Foundation, the Commission on Civil Rights, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the U.S.
International Trade Commission, the Legal Services Corporation, the Marine Mammal Commission, the Office of the United
States Trade Representative, and the State Justice Institute.
9.105 Procedures.
9.105-1 Obtaining information.
(a) Before making a determination of responsibility, the contracting officer shall possess or obtain information sufficient to
be satisfied that a prospective contractor currently meets the applicable standards in 9.104.
(b) (1) Generally, the contracting officer shall obtain information regarding the responsibility of prospective contractors,
including requesting preaward surveys when necessary (see 9.106), promptly after a bid opening or receipt of offers.
However, in negotiated contracting, especially when research and development is involved, the contracting officer may obtain
this information before issuing the request for proposals. Requests for information shall ordinarily be limited to information
concerning(i) The low bidder; or
(ii) Those offerors in range for award.
(2) Preaward surveys shall be managed and conducted by the surveying activity.
(i) If the surveying activity is a contract administration office(A) That office shall advise the contracting officer on prospective contractors’ financial competence and credit
needs; and

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SUBPART 9.1 - RESPONSIBLE PROSPECTIVE CONTRACTORS

9.105-2

(B) The administrative contracting officer shall obtain from the auditor any information required concerning the
adequacy of prospective contractors’ accounting systems and these systems’ suitability for use in administering the proposed
type of contract.
(ii) If the surveying activity is not a contract administration office, the contracting officer shall obtain from the
auditor any information required concerning prospective contractors’ financial competence and credit needs, the adequacy of
their accounting systems, and these systems’ suitability for use in administering the proposed type of contract.
(3) Information on financial resources and performance capability shall be obtained or updated on as current a basis as
is feasible up to the date of award.
(c) In making the determination of responsibility, the contracting officer shall consider information available through
FAPIIS (see 9.104-6) with regard to the offeror and any immediate owner, predecessor, or subsidiary identified for that
offeror in FAPIIS, including information that is linked to FAPIIS such as from SAM, and CPARS, as well as any other
relevant past performance information on the offeror (see 9.104-1(c) and subpart 42.15). In addition, the contracting officer
should use the following sources of information to support such determinations:
(1) Records and experience data, including verifiable knowledge of personnel within the contracting office, audit
offices, contract administration offices, and other contracting offices.
(2) The prospective contractor-including bid or proposal information (including the certification at 52.209-5 or
52.212-3(h) (see 9.104-5)), questionnaire replies, financial data, information on production equipment, and personnel
information.
(3) Commercial sources of supplier information of a type offered to buyers in the private sector.
(4) Preaward survey reports (see 9.106).
(5) Other sources such as publications; suppliers, subcontractors, and customers of the prospective contractor; financial
institutions; Government agencies; and business and trade associations.
(d) Contracting offices and cognizant contract administration offices that become aware of circumstances casting doubt on
a contractor’s ability to perform contracts successfully shall promptly exchange relevant information.
9.105-2 Determinations and documentation.
(a) Determinations. (1) The contracting officer’s signing of a contract constitutes a determination that the prospective
contractor is responsible with respect to that contract. When an offer on which an award would otherwise be made is rejected
because the prospective contractor is found to be nonresponsible, the contracting officer shall make, sign, and place in the
contract file a determination of nonresponsibility, which shall state the basis for the determination.
(2) If the contracting officer determines that a responsive small business lacks certain elements of responsibility, the
contracting officer shall comply with the procedures in subpart 19.6. When a Certificate of Competency is issued for a small
business concern (see subpart 19.6), the contracting officer shall accept the Small Business Administration’s decision to issue
a Certificate of Competency and award the contract to the concern.
(b) Support documentation. (1) Documents and reports supporting a determination of responsibility or nonresponsibility,
including any preaward survey reports, the use of FAPIIS information (see 9.104-6), and any applicable Certificate of
Competency, must be included in the contract file.
(2) (i) The contracting officer shall document the determination of nonresponsibility in FAPIIS (available at https://
www.cpars.gov) if(A) The contract is valued at more than the simplified acquisition threshold;
(B) The determination of nonresponsibility is based on lack of satisfactory performance record or satisfactory
record of integrity and business ethics; and
(C) The Small Business Administration does not issue a Certificate of Competency.
(ii) The contracting officer is responsible for the timely submission, within 3 working days, and sufficiency, and
accuracy of the documentation regarding the nonresponsibility determination.
(iii) As required by section 3010 of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2010 (Pub. L. 111-212), all information
posted in FAPIIS on or after April 15, 2011, except past performance reviews, will be publicly available. FAPIIS consists of
two segments(A) The non-public segment, into which Government officials and contractors post information, which can only
be viewed by(1) Government personnel and authorized users performing business on behalf of the Government; or
(2) An offeror or contractor, when viewing data on itself; and

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(B) The publicly-available segment, to which all data in the non-public segment of FAPIIS is automatically
transferred after a waiting period of 14 calendar days, except for(1) Past performance reviews required by subpart 42.15;
(2) Information that was entered prior to April 15,2011; or
(3) Information that is withdrawn during the 14-calendar-day waiting period by the Government official who
posted it in accordance with paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section.
(iv) The contracting officer, or any other Government official, shall not post any information in the non-public
segment of FAPIIS that is covered by a disclosure exemption under the Freedom of Information Act. If the contractor asserts
within 7 calendar days, to the Government official who posted the information, that some of the information posted to the
non-public segment of FAPIIS is covered by a disclosure exemption under the Freedom of Information Act, the Government
official who posted the information must within 7 calendar days remove the posting from FAPIIS and resolve the issue in
accordance with agency Freedom of Information Act procedures, prior to reposting the releasable information.
9.105-3 Disclosure of preaward information.
(a) Except as provided in subpart 24.2, Freedom of Information Act, information (including the preaward survey report)
accumulated for purposes of determining the responsibility of a prospective contractor shall not be released or disclosed
outside the Government.
(b) The contracting officer may discuss preaward survey information with the prospective contractor before determining
responsibility. After award, the contracting officer or, if it is appropriate, the head of the surveying activity or a designee may
discuss the findings of the preaward survey with the company surveyed.
(c) Preaward survey information may contain proprietary or source selection information and should be marked with the
appropriate legend and protected accordingly (see 3.104-4).
9.106 Preaward surveys.
9.106-1 Conditions for preaward surveys.
(a) A preaward survey is normally required only when the information on hand or readily available to the contracting
officer, including information from commercial sources, is not sufficient to make a determination regarding responsibility.
In addition, if the contemplated contract will have a fixed price at or below the simplified acquisition threshold or will
involve the acquisition of commercial items (see part 12), the contracting officer should not request a preaward survey unless
circumstances justify its cost.
(b) When a cognizant contract administration office becomes aware of a prospective award to a contractor about which
unfavorable information exists and no preaward survey has been requested, it shall promptly obtain and transmit details to the
contracting officer.
(c) Before beginning a preaward survey, the surveying activity shall ascertain whether the prospective contractor is
debarred, suspended, or ineligible (see subpart 9.4). If the prospective contractor is debarred, suspended, or ineligible, the
surveying activity shall advise the contracting officer promptly and not proceed with the preaward survey unless specifically
requested to do so by the contracting officer.
9.106-2 Requests for preaward surveys.
The contracting officer’s request to the surveying activity (Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor (General), SF 1403
) shall(a) Identify additional factors about which information is needed;
(b) Include the complete solicitation package (unless it has previously been furnished), and any information indicating
prior unsatisfactory performance by the prospective contractor;
(c) State whether the contracting office will participate in the survey;
(d) Specify the date by which the report is required. This date should be consistent with the scope of the survey requested
and normally shall allow at least 7 working days to conduct the survey; and
(e) When appropriate, limit the scope of the survey.

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SUBPART 9.1 - RESPONSIBLE PROSPECTIVE CONTRACTORS

9.108-1

9.106-3 Interagency preaward surveys.
When the contracting office and the surveying activity are in different agencies, the procedures of this section 9.106 and
subpart 42.1 shall be followed along with the regulations of the agency in which the surveying activity is located, except that
reasonable special requests by the contracting office shall be accommodated (also see subpart 17.5 ).
9.106-4 Reports.
(a) The surveying activity shall complete the applicable parts of SF 1403, Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor
(General); SF 1404, Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor-Technical; SF 1405, Preaward Survey of Prospective
Contractor-Production; SF 1406, Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor-Quality Assurance; SF 1407, Preaward Survey
of Prospective Contractor-Financial Capability; and SF 1408, Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor-Accounting
System; and provide a narrative discussion sufficient to support both the evaluation ratings and the recommendations.
(b) When the contractor surveyed is a small business that has received preferential treatment on an ongoing contract
under Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637) or has received a Certificate of Competency during the last
12 months, the surveying activity shall consult the appropriate Small Business Administration field office before making an
affirmative recommendation regarding the contractor’s responsibility or nonresponsibility.
(c) When a preaward survey discloses previous unsatisfactory performance, the surveying activity shall specify the
extent to which the prospective contractor plans, or has taken, corrective action. Lack of evidence that past failure to meet
contractual requirements was the prospective contractor’s fault does not necessarily indicate satisfactory performance. The
narrative shall report any persistent pattern of need for costly and burdensome Government assistance (e.g., engineering,
inspection, or testing) provided in the Government’s interest but not contractually required.
(d) When the surveying activity possesses information that supports a recommendation of complete award without
an on-site survey and no special areas for investigation have been requested, the surveying activity may provide a shortform preaward survey report. The short-form report shall consist solely of the Preaward Survey of Prospective Contractor
(General), SF 1403. Sections III and IV of this form shall be completed and block21 shall be checked to show that the report
is a short-form preaward report.
9.107 Surveys of nonprofit agencies participating in the AbilityOne Program.
(a) The Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (Committee), as authorized by
41 U.S.C. chapter 85, determines what supplies and services Federal agencies are required to purchase from AbilityOne
participating nonprofit agencies serving people who are blind or have other severe disabilities (see subpart 8.7). The
Committee is required to find an AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency capable of furnishing the supplies or services
before the nonprofit agency can be designated as a mandatory source under the AbilityOne Program. The Committee may
request a contracting office to assist in assessing the capabilities of a nonprofit agency.
(b) The contracting office, upon request from the Committee, shall request a capability survey from the activity
responsible for performing preaward surveys, or notify the Committee that the AbilityOne participating nonprofit agency
is capable, with supporting rationale, and that the survey is waived. The capability survey will focus on the technical and
production capabilities and applicable preaward survey elements to furnish specific supplies or services being considered for
addition to the Procurement List.
(c) The contracting office shall use the Standard Form 1403 to request a capability survey of organizations employing
people who are blind or have other severe disabilities.
(d) The contracting office shall furnish a copy of the completed survey, or notice that the AbilityOne participating
nonprofit agency is capable and the survey is waived, to the Executive Director, Committee for Purchase From People Who
Are Blind or Severely Disabled.
9.108 Prohibition on contracting with inverted domestic corporations.
9.108-1 Definitions.
As used in this section“Inverted domestic corporation” means a foreign incorporated entity that meets the definition of an inverted domestic
corporation under 6 U.S.C. 395(b), applied in accordance with the rules and definitions of 6 U.S.C. 395(c).
“Subsidiary” means an entity in which more than 50 percent of the entity is owned(1) Directly by a parent corporation; or
(2) Through another subsidiary of a parent corporation.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

9.108-2 Prohibition.
(a) Section 745 of Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Pub. L. 110-161) and its successor provisions
in subsequent appropriations acts (and as extended in continuing resolutions) prohibit, on a Governmentwide basis, the use of
appropriated (or otherwise made available) funds for contracts with either an inverted domestic corporation, or a subsidiary of
such a corporation, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section and in 9.108-4 Waiver.
(b) (1) Section 745 and its successor provisions include the following exception: This section shall not apply to any
Federal Government contract entered into before the date of the enactment of this Act, or to any task order issued pursuant to
such contract.
(2) To ensure appropriate application of the prohibition and this exception, contracting officers should consult with
legal counsel if, during the performance of a contract, a contractor becomes an inverted domestic corporation or a subsidiary
of one.
9.108-3 Representation by the offeror.
(a) In order to be eligible for contract award, an offeror must represent that it is neither an inverted domestic corporation,
nor a subsidiary of an inverted domestic corporation. Any offeror that cannot so represent is ineligible for award of a contract,
unless waived in accordance with the procedures at 9.108-4.
(b) The contracting officer may rely on an offeror’s representation that it is not an inverted domestic corporation unless the
contracting officer has reason to question the representation.
9.108-4 Waiver.
Any agency head may waive the prohibition in subsection 9.108-2 and the requirement of subsection 9.108-3 for a
specific contract if the agency head determines in writing that the waiver is required in the interest of national security,
documents the determination, and reports it to the Congress.
9.108-5 Solicitation provision and contract clause.
The contracting officer shall(a) Include the provision at 52.209-2, Prohibition on Contracting with Inverted Domestic Corporations-Representation, in
each solicitation for the acquisition of products or services (including construction); and
(b) Include the clause at 52.209-10, Prohibition on Contracting with Inverted Domestic Corporations, in each solicitation
and contract for the acquisition of products or services (including construction).
9.109 Prohibition on contracting with an entity involved in activities that violate arms control treaties or agreements
with the United States.
9.109-1 Authority.
This section implements 22 U.S.C. 2593e.
9.109-2 Prohibition.
Contracting officers shall not award, renew, or extend a contract for the procurement of products or services with an entity
identified as excluded in the System for Award Management, specifically for this subpart, on the basis of involvement in
activities that violate arms control treaties or agreements with the United States.
9.109-3 Exception.
The prohibition in 9.109-2 does not apply to contracts for the procurement of products or services along a major route
of supply to a zone of active combat or major contingency operation, as specified in statute or by the cognizant Combatant
Commander, in consultation with the Chief of Mission. As of May 10, 2018, countries along the major route of supply
to support operations in Afghanistan are Afghanistan, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, the Republic of Armenia,
the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan, and
Turkmenistan.
9.109-4 Certification by the offeror.
(a) In order to be eligible for contract award, an offeror is required to—

9.1-8

SUBPART 9.1 - RESPONSIBLE PROSPECTIVE CONTRACTORS

9.109-5

(1) (i) Certify that it does not engage and has not engaged in any activity that contributed to or was a significant factor
in the President's or Secretary of State's determination that a foreign country is in violation of its obligations undertaken
in any arms control, nonproliferation, or disarmament agreement to which the United States is a party, or is not adhering
to its arms control, nonproliferation, or disarmament commitments in which the United States is a participating state. The
determinations are described in the most recent unclassified annual report provided to Congress pursuant to section 403 of the
Arms Control and Disarmament Act (22 U.S.C. 2593a). The report is available via the Internet at https://www.state.gov/t/avc/
rls/rpt/; and
(ii) Similarly certify with regard to any entity owned or controlled by the offeror; or
(2) Provide with its offer information that the President of the United States has–
(i) Waived application under 22 U.S.C. 2593e(d) or (e); or
(ii) Determined under 22 U.S.C. 2593e(g)(2) that the entity has ceased all activities for which measures were
imposed under 22 U.S.C. 2593e(b).
(b) If certifying in accordance with 52.209-13(b)(1), the Offeror is required to submit the certification with the offer. It is
not included in the annual representations and certifications in the System for Award Management.
(c) The contracting officer may rely on an offeror's certification unless the contracting officer has reason to question the
certification.
(d) An offeror that falsely certifies under 52.209-13 will be subject to such remedies as suspension or debarment for a
period of not less than 2 years, subject to the procedures set forth in subpart 9.4 (including 9.406-1 or 9.407-1), or termination
of any contract resulting from the false certification.
9.109-5 Solicitation provision.
Unless the exception at 9.109-3 applies, the contracting officer shall include the provision at 52.209-13, Violation of
Arms Control Treaties or Agreements-Certification, in each solicitation for the acquisition of products or services (including
construction) that exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold, other than solicitations for the acquisition of commercial
items.

9.1-9

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9.1-10

SUBPART 9.2 - QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS

9.202

Subpart 9.2 - Qualifications Requirements
9.200 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements 10 U.S.C.2319 and 41 U.S.C.3311 and prescribes policies and procedures regarding qualification
requirements and the acquisitions that are subject to such requirements.
9.201 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Qualified bidders list (QBL)” means a list of bidders who have had their products examined and tested and who have
satisfied all applicable qualification requirements for that product or have otherwise satisfied all applicable qualification
requirements.
“Qualified manufacturers list (QML)” means a list of manufacturers who have had their products examined and tested and
who have satisfied all applicable qualification requirements for that product.
9.202 Policy.
(a) (1) The head of the agency or designee shall, before establishing a qualification requirement, prepare a written
justification(i) Stating the necessity for establishing the qualification requirement and specifying why the qualification
requirement must be demonstrated before contract award;
(ii) Estimating the likely costs for testing and evaluation which will be incurred by the potential offeror to become
qualified; and
(iii) Specifying all requirements that a potential offeror (or its product) must satisfy in order to become qualified.
Only those requirements which are the least restrictive to meet the purposes necessitating the establishment of the
qualification requirements shall be specified.
(2) Upon request to the contracting activity, potential offerors shall be provided(i) All requirements that they or their products must satisfy to become qualified; and
(ii) At their expense (but see 9.204(a)(2) with regard to small businesses), a prompt opportunity to demonstrate their
abilities to meet the standards specified for qualification using qualified personnel and facilities of the agency concerned,
or of another agency obtained through interagency agreements or under contract, or other methods approved by the agency
(including use of approved testing and evaluation services not provided under contract to the agency).
(3) If the services in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section are provided by contract, the contractors selected to provide
testing and evaluation services shall be(i) Those that are not expected to benefit from an absence of additional qualified sources; and
(ii) Required by their contracts to adhere to any restriction on technical data asserted by the potential offeror seeking
qualification.
(4) A potential offeror seeking qualification shall be promptly informed as to whether qualification is attained and, in
the event it is not, promptly furnished specific reasons why qualification was not attained.
(b) When justified under the circumstances, the agency activity responsible for establishing a qualification requirement
shall submit to the advocate for competition for the procuring activity responsible for purchasing the item subject to
the qualification requirement, a determination that it is unreasonable to specify the standards for qualification which a
prospective offeror (or its product) must satisfy. After considering any comments of the advocate for competition reviewing
the determination, the head of the procuring activity may waive the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(ii) through (a)(4) of
this section for up to 2 years with respect to the item subject to the qualification requirement. A copy of the waiver shall be
furnished to the head of the agency or other official responsible for actions under paragraph (a)(1) of this section. The waiver
authority provided in this paragraph does not apply with respect to qualification requirements contained in a QPL, QML, or
QBL.
(c) If a potential offeror can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the contracting officer that the potential offeror (or its
product) meets the standards established for qualification or can meet them before the date specified for award of the
contract, a potential offeror may not be denied the opportunity to submit and have considered an offer for a contract solely
because the potential offeror(1) Is not on a QPL, QML, or QBL maintained by the Department of Defense (DoD) or the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA); or

9.2-1

9.203

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) Has not been identified as meeting a qualification requirement established after October 19,1984, by DoD or
NASA; or
(3) Has not been identified as meeting a qualification requirement established by a civilian agency (not including
NASA).
(d) The procedures in subpart 19.6 for referring matters to the Small Business Administration are not mandatory on
the contracting officer when the basis for a referral would involve a challenge by the offeror to either the validity of the
qualification requirement or the offeror’s compliance with such requirement.
(e) The contracting officer need not delay a proposed award in order to provide a potential offeror with an opportunity to
demonstrate its ability to meet the standards specified for qualification. In addition, when approved by the head of an agency
or designee, a procurement need not be delayed in order to comply with paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) Within 7 years following enforcement of a QPL, QML, or QBL by DoD or NASA, or within 7 years after any
qualification requirement was originally established by a civilian agency other than NASA, the qualification requirement
shall be examined and revalidated in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section. For DoD and NASA,
qualification requirements other than QPL’s, QML’s and QBL’s shall be examined and revalidated within 7 years after
establishment of the requirement under paragraph (a) of this section. Any periods for which a waiver under paragraph (b) of
this section is in effect shall be excluded in computing the 7 years within which review and revalidation must occur.
9.203 QPL’s, QML’s, and QBL’s.
(a) Qualification and listing in a QPL, QML, or QBL is the process by which products are obtained from manufacturers
or distributors, examined and tested for compliance with specification requirements, or manufacturers or potential offerors,
are provided an opportunity to demonstrate their abilities to meet the standards specified for qualification. The names
of successful products, manufacturers, or potential offerors are included on lists evidencing their status. Generally,
qualification is performed in advance and independently of any specific acquisition action. After qualification, the products,
manufacturers, or potential offerors are included in a Federal or Military QPL, QML, or QBL. (See 9.202(a)(2) with regard to
any product, manufacturer, or potential offeror not yet included on an applicable list.)
(b) Specifications requiring a qualified product are included in the following publications:
(1) GSA Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, FPMR 101-29.1.
(2) Department of Defense Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System (ASSIST) at ( https://
assist.dla.mil/online/start/).
(c) Instructions concerning qualification procedures are included in the following publications:
(1) Federal Standardization Manual, FSPM-0001.
(2) Defense Standardization Manual 4120.24-M, Appendix2, as amended by Military Standards 961 and 962.
(d) The publications listed in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section are sold to the public. The publications in paragraphs
(b)(1) and (c)(1) of this section may be obtained from the addressee in 11.201(d)(1). The publications in paragraphs (b)(2)
and (c)(2) of this section may be obtained from the addressee in 11.201(d)(2).
9.204 Responsibilities for establishment of a qualification requirement.
The responsibilities of agency activities that establish qualification requirements include the following:
(a) Arranging publicity for the qualification requirements. If active competition on anticipated future qualification
requirements is likely to be fewer than two manufacturers or the products of two manufacturers, the activity responsible for
establishment of the qualification requirements must(1) Periodically furnish through the Governmentwide point of entry (GPE) a notice seeking additional sources or
products for qualification unless the contracting officer determines that such publication would compromise the national
security.
(2) Bear the cost of conducting the specified testing and evaluation (excluding the costs associated with producing the
item or establishing the production, quality control, or other system to be tested and evaluated) for a small business concern
or a product manufactured by a small business concern which has met the standards specified for qualification and which
could reasonably be expected to compete for a contract for that requirement. However, such costs may be borne only if it is
determined in accordance with agency procedures that such additional qualified sources or products are likely to result in cost
savings from increased competition for future requirements sufficient to amortize the costs incurred by the agency within
a reasonable period of time, considering the duration and dollar value of anticipated future requirements. A prospective
contractor requesting the United States to bear testing and evaluation costs must certify as to its status as a small business
concern under Section 3 of the Small Business Act in order to receive further consideration.

9.2-2

SUBPART 9.2 - QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS

9.206-1

(b) Qualifying products that meet specification requirements.
(c) Listing manufacturers and suppliers whose products are qualified in accordance with agency procedures.
(d) Furnishing QPL’s, QML’s, or QBL’s or the qualification requirements themselves to prospective offerors and the public
upon request (see 9.202 (a)(2)(i)).
(e) Clarifying, as necessary, qualification requirements.
(f) In appropriate cases, when requested by the contracting officer, providing concurrence in a decision not to enforce a
qualification requirement for a solicitation.
(g) Withdrawing or omitting qualification of a listed product, manufacturer or offeror, as necessary.
(h) Advising persons furnished any list of products, manufacturers or offerors meeting a qualification requirement and
suppliers whose products are on any such list that(1) The list does not constitute endorsement of the product, manufacturer, or other source by the Government;
(2) The products or sources listed have been qualified under the latest applicable specification;
(3) The list may be amended without notice;
(4) The listing of a product or source does not release the supplier from compliance with the specification; and
(5) Use of the list for advertising or publicity is permitted. However, it must not be stated or implied that a particular
product or source is the only product or source of that type qualified, or that the Government in any way recommends or
endorses the products or the sources listed.
(i) Reexamining a qualified product or manufacturer when(1) The manufacturer has modified its product, or changed the material or the processing sufficiently so that the validity
of previous qualification is questionable;
(2) The requirements in the specification have been amended or revised sufficiently to affect the character of the
product; or
(3) It is otherwise necessary to determine that the quality of the product is maintained in conformance with the
specification.
9.205 Opportunity for qualification before award.
(a) If an agency determines that a qualification requirement is necessary, the agency activity responsible for establishing
the requirement must urge manufacturers and other potential sources to demonstrate their ability to meet the standards
specified for qualification and, when possible, give sufficient time to arrange for qualification before award. The responsible
agency activity must, before establishing any qualification requirement, furnish notice through the GPE. The notice must
include(1) Intent to establish a qualification requirement;
(2) The specification number and name of the product;
(3) The name and address of the activity to which a request for the information and opportunity described in 9.202(a)
(2) should be submitted;
(4) The anticipated date that the agency will begin awarding contracts subject to the qualification requirement;
(5) A precautionary notice that when a product is submitted for qualification testing, the applicant must furnish any
specific information that may be requested of the manufacturer before testing will begin; and
(6) The approximate time period following submission of a product for qualification testing within which the applicant
will be notified whether the product passed or failed the qualification testing (see 9.202(a)(4)).
(b) The activity responsible for establishing a qualification requirement must keep any list maintained of those already
qualified open for inclusion of additional products, manufacturers, or other potential sources.
9.206 Acquisitions subject to qualification requirements.
9.206-1 General.
(a) Agencies may not enforce any QPL, QML, or QBL without first complying with the requirements of 9.202(a).
However, qualification requirements themselves, whether or not previously embodied in a in a QPL, QML, or QBL, may be
enforced without regard to 9.202(a) if they are in either of the following categories:
(1) Any qualification requirement established by statute prior to October 30,1984, for civilian agencies (not including
NASA); or
(2) Any qualification requirement established by statute or administrative action prior to October 19,1984, for DoD or
NASA. Qualification requirements established after the above dates must comply with 9.202(a) to be enforceable.

9.2-3

9.206-2

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(b) Except when the agency head or designee determines that an emergency exists, whenever an agency elects, whether
before or after award, not to enforce a qualification requirement which it established, the requirement may not thereafter be
enforced unless the agency complies with 9.202(a).
(c) If a qualification requirement applies, the contracting officer need consider only those offers identified as meeting
the requirement or included on the applicable QPL, QML, or QBL, unless an offeror can satisfactorily demonstrate to the
contracting officer that it or its product or its subcontractor or its product can meet the standards established for qualification
before the date specified for award.
(d) If a product subject to a qualification requirement is to be acquired as a component of an end item, the contracting
officer must ensure that all such components and their qualification requirements are properly identified in the solicitation
since the product or source must meet the standards specified for qualification before award.
(e) In acquisitions subject to qualification requirements, the contracting officer shall take the following steps:
(1) Use presolicitation notices in appropriate cases to advise potential suppliers before issuing solicitations involving
qualification requirements. The notices shall identify the specification containing the qualification requirement and establish
an allowable time period, consistent with delivery requirements, for prospective offerors to demonstrate their abilities to
meet the standards specified for qualification. The notice shall be publicized in accordance with 5.204. Whether or not a
presolicitation notice is used, the general synopsizing requirements of subpart 5.2 apply.
(2) Distribute solicitations to prospective contractors whether or not they have been identified as meeting applicable
qualification requirements.
(3) When appropriate, request in accordance with agency procedures that a qualification requirement not be enforced in
a particular acquisition and, if granted, so specify in the solicitation (see 9.206-1(b)).
(4) Forward requests from potential suppliers for information on a qualification requirement to the agency activity
responsible for establishing the requirement.
(5) Allow the maximum time, consistent with delivery requirements, between issuing the solicitation and the contract
award. As a minimum, contracting officers shall comply with the time frames specified in 5.203 when applicable.
9.206-2 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.209-1, Qualification Requirements, in solicitations and contracts when
the acquisition is subject to a qualification requirement.
9.206-3 Competition.
(a) Presolicitation. If a qualification requirement applies to an acquisition, the contracting officer shall review the
applicable QPL, QML, or QBL or other identification of those sources which have met the requirement before issuing
a solicitation to ascertain whether the number of sources is adequate for competition. (See 9.204(a) for duties of the
agency activity responsible for establishment of the qualification requirement.) If the number of sources is inadequate, the
contracting officer shall request the agency activity which established the requirement to(1) Indicate the anticipated date on which any sources presently undergoing evaluation will have demonstrated their
abilities to meet the qualification requirement so that the solicitation could be rescheduled to allow as many additional
sources as possible to qualify; or
(2) Indicate whether a means other than the qualification requirement is feasible for testing or demonstrating quality
assurance.
(b) Post solicitation. The contracting officer shall submit to the agency activity which established the qualification
requirement the names and addresses of concerns which expressed interest in the acquisition but are not included on the
applicable QPL, QML, or QBL or identified as meeting the qualification requirement. The activity will then assist interested
concerns in meeting the standards specified for qualification (see 9.202(a)(2) and (4)).
9.207 Changes in status regarding qualification requirements.
(a) The contracting officer shall promptly report to the agency activity which established the qualification requirement any
conditions which may merit removal or omission from a QPL, QML, or QBL or affect whether a source should continue to
be otherwise identified as meeting the requirement. These conditions exist when(1) Products or services are submitted for inspection or acceptance that do not meet the qualification requirement;
(2) Products or services were previously rejected and the defects were not corrected when submitted for inspection or
acceptance;

9.2-4

SUBPART 9.2 - QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS

9.207

(3) A supplier fails to request reevaluation following change of location or ownership of the plant where the product
which met the qualification requirement was manufactured (see the clause at 52.209-1, Qualification Requirements);
(4) A manufacturer of a product which met the qualification requirement has discontinued manufacture of the product;
(5) A source requests removal from a QPL, QML, or QBL;
(6) A condition of meeting the qualification requirement was violated; e.g., advertising or publicity contrary to 9.204(h)
(5);
(7) A revised specification imposes a new qualification requirement;
(8) Manufacturing or design changes have been incorporated in the qualification requirement;
(9) The source is listed in the System for Award Management Exclusions (see subpart 9.4); or
(10) Performance of a contract subject to a qualification requirement is otherwise unsatisfactory.
(b) After considering any of the above or other conditions reasonably related to whether a product or source continues
to meet the standards specified for qualification, an agency may take appropriate action without advance notification. The
agency shall, however, promptly notify the affected parties if a product or source is removed from a QPL, QML, or QBL, or
will no longer be identified as meeting the standards specified for qualification. This notice shall contain specific information
why the product or source no longer meets the qualification requirement.

9.2-5

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9.2-6

SUBPART 9.3 - FIRST ARTICLE TESTING

AND

APPROVAL

9.306

Subpart 9.3 - First Article Testing and Approval
9.301 Definition.
“Approval,” as used in this subpart, means the contracting officer’s written notification to the contractor accepting the test
results of the first article.
9.302 General.
First article testing and approval (hereafter referred to as testing and approval) ensures that the contractor can furnish a
product that conforms to all contract requirements for acceptance. Before requiring testing and approval, the contracting
officer shall consider the(a) Impact on cost or time of delivery;
(b) Risk to the Government of foregoing such test; and
(c) Availability of other, less costly, methods of ensuring the desired quality.
9.303 Use.
Testing and approval may be appropriate when(a) The contractor has not previously furnished the product to the Government;
(b) The contractor previously furnished the product to the Government, but(1) There have been subsequent changes in processes or specifications;
(2) Production has been discontinued for an extended period of time; or
(3) The product acquired under a previous contract developed a problem during its life;
(c) The product is described by a performance specification; or
(d) It is essential to have an approved first article to serve as a manufacturing standard.
9.304 Exceptions.
Normally, testing and approval is not required in contracts for(a) Research or development;
(b) Products requiring qualification before award (e.g., when an applicable qualified products list exists (see subpart 9.2));
(c) Products normally sold in the commercial market; or
(d) Products covered by complete and detailed technical specifications, unless the requirements are so novel or exacting
that it is questionable whether the products would meet the requirements without testing and approval.
9.305 Risk.
Before first article approval, the acquisition of materials or components, or commencement of production, is normally
at the sole risk of the contractor. To minimize this risk, the contracting officer shall provide sufficient time in the delivery
schedule for acquisition of materials and components, and for production after receipt of first article approval. When
Government requirements preclude this action, the contracting officer may, before approval of the first article, authorize the
contractor to acquire specific materials or components or commence production to the extent essential to meet the delivery
schedule (see Alternate II of the clause at 52.209-3 , First Article Approval-Contractor Testing, and Alternate II of the clause
at 52.209-4 , First Article Approval-Government Testing). Costs incurred based on this authorization are allocable to the
contract for—
(a) Progress payments; and
(b) Termination settlements if the contract is terminated for the convenience of the Government.
9.306 Solicitation requirements.
Solicitations containing a testing and approval requirement shall(a) Provide, in the circumstance where the contractor is to be responsible for the first article approval testing(1) The performance or other characteristics that the first article must meet for approval;
(2) The detailed technical requirements for the tests that must be performed for approval; and
(3) The necessary data that must be submitted to the Government in the first article approval test report;
(b) Provide, in the circumstance where the Government is to be responsible for the first article approval testing(1) The performance or other characteristics that the first article must meet for approval; and
(2) The tests to which the first article will be subjected for approval;

9.3-1

9.307

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) Inform offerors that the requirement may be waived when supplies identical or similar to those called for have
previously been delivered by the offeror and accepted by the Government (see 52.209-3(h) and 52.209-4(i));
(d) Permit the submission of alternative offers, one including testing and approval and the other excluding testing and
approval (if eligible under paragraph (c) of this section);
(e) State clearly the first article’s relationship to the contract quantity (see paragraph (e) of the clause at 52.209-3, First
Article Approval-Contractor Testing, or 52.209-4, First Article Approval-Government Testing);
(f) Contain a delivery schedule for the production quantity (see 11.403). The delivery schedule may(1) Be the same whether or not testing and approval is waived; or
(2) Provide for earlier delivery when testing and approval is waived and the Government desires earlier delivery. In the
latter case, any resulting difference in delivery schedules shall not be a factor in evaluation for award. The clause at 52.209-4,
First Article Approval-Government Testing, shall contain the delivery schedule for the first article;
(g) Provide for the submission of contract numbers, if any, to document the offeror’s eligibility under paragraph (c) of this
section;
(h) State whether the approved first article will serve as a manufacturing standard;
(i) Include, when the Government is responsible for first article testing, the Government’s estimated testing costs as a
factor for use in evaluating offers (when appropriate); and
(j) Inform offerors that the prices for first articles and first article tests in relation to production quantities shall not be
materially unbalanced (see 15.404-1(g)) if first article test items or tests are to be separately priced.
9.307 Government administration procedures.
(a) Before the contractor ships the first article, or the first article test report, to the Government laboratory or other activity
responsible for approval at the address specified in the contract, the contract administration office shall provide that activity
with as much advance notification as is feasible of the forthcoming shipment, and(1) Advise that activity of the contractual requirements for testing and approval, or evaluation, as appropriate;
(2) Call attention to the notice requirement in paragraph (b) of the clause at 52.209-3, First Article Approval-Contractor
Testing, or 52.209-4, First Article Approval-Government Testing; and
(3) Request that the activity inform the contract administration office of the date when testing or evaluation will be
completed.
(b) The Government laboratory or other activity responsible for first article testing or evaluation shall inform the
contracting office whether to approve, conditionally approve, or disapprove the first article. The contracting officer shall then
notify the contractor of the action taken and furnish a copy of the notice to the contract administration office. The notice shall
include the first article shipment number, when available, and the applicable line item number. Any changes in the drawings,
designs, or specifications determined by the contracting officer to be necessary shall be made under the Changes clause, and
not by the notice of approval, conditional approval, or disapproval furnished the contractor.
9.308 Contract clauses.
9.308-1 Testing performed by the contractor.
(a) (1) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.209-3, First Article Approval-Contractor Testing, in
solicitations and contracts when a fixed-price contract is contemplated and it is intended that the contract require(i) First article approval; and
(ii) That the contractor be required to conduct the first article testing.
(2) If it is intended that the contractor be required to produce the first article and the production quantity at the same
facility, the contracting officer shall use the clause with its Alternate I.
(3) If it is necessary to authorize the contractor to purchase material or to commence production before first article
approval, the contracting officer shall use the clause with its Alternate II.
(b) (1) The contracting officer shall insert a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-3, First Article Approval
—Contractor Testing, in solicitations and contracts when a cost-reimbursement contract is contemplated and it is intended
that the contract require
(i) First article approval and
(ii) That the contractor be required to conduct the first article test.

9.3-2

SUBPART 9.3 - FIRST ARTICLE TESTING

AND

APPROVAL

9.308-2

(2) If it is intended that the contractor be required to produce the first article and the production quantity at the same
facility, the contracting officer shall use a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-3, First Article Approval—
Contractor Testing, with its Alternate I.
(3) If it is necessary to authorize the contractor to purchase material or to commence production before first article
approval, the contracting officer shall use a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-3, First Article Approval—
Contractor Testing, with its Alternate II.
9.308-2 Testing performed by the Government.
(a) (1) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.209-4, First Article Approval-Government Testing, in
solicitations and contracts when a fixed-price contract is contemplated and it is intended that the contract require first article
approval and that the Government will be responsible for conducting the first article test.
(2) If it is intended that the contractor be required to produce the first article and the production quantity at the same
facility, the contracting officer shall use the basic clause with its Alternate I.
(3) If it is necessary to authorize the contractor to purchase material or to commence production before first article
approval, the contracting officer shall use the basic clause with its Alternate II.
(b) (1) The contracting officer shall insert a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-4, First Article ApprovalGovernment Testing, in solicitations and contracts when a cost-reimbursement contract is contemplated and it is intended that
the contract require first article approval and that the Government be responsible for conducting the first article test.
(2) If it is intended that the contractor be required to produce the first article and the production quantity at the same
facility, the contracting officer shall use a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-4, First Article ApprovalGovernment Testing, with its Alternate I.
(3) If it is necessary to authorize the contractor to purchase material or to commence production before first article
approval, the contracting officer shall use a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.209-4, First Article ApprovalGovernment Testing, with its Alternate II.

9.3-3

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9.3-4

SUBPART 9.4 - DEBARMENT, SUSPENSION,

AND INELIGIBILITY

9.403

Subpart 9.4 - Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility
9.400 Scope of subpart.
(a) This subpart(1) Prescribes policies and procedures governing the debarment and suspension of contractors by agencies for the
causes given in 9.406-2 and 9.407-2;
(2) Provides for the listing of contractors debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, and declared ineligible (see the
definition of “ineligible” in 2.101); and
(3) Sets forth the consequences of this listing.
(b) Although this subpart does cover the listing of ineligible contractors (9.404) and the effect of this listing (9.405(b)), it
does not prescribe policies and procedures governing declarations of ineligibility.
9.401 Applicability.
In accordance with Public Law 103-355, Section 2455 ( 31 U.S.C.6101 , note), and Executive Order 12689, any
debarment, suspension or other Governmentwide exclusion initiated under the Nonprocurement Common Rule implementing
Executive Order 12549 on or after August 25, 1995, shall be recognized by and effective for Executive Branch agencies
as a debarment or suspension under this subpart. Similarly, any debarment, suspension, proposed debarment or other
Governmentwide exclusion initiated on or after August 25, 1995, under this subpart shall also be recognized by and effective
for those agencies and participants as an exclusion under the Nonprocurement Common Rule.
9.402 Policy.
(a) Agencies shall solicit offers from, award contracts to, and consent to subcontracts with responsible contractors only.
Debarment and suspension are discretionary actions that, taken in accordance with this subpart, are appropriate means to
effectuate this policy.
(b) The serious nature of debarment and suspension requires that these sanctions be imposed only in the public interest for
the Government’s protection and not for purposes of punishment. Agencies shall impose debarment or suspension to protect
the Government’s interest and only for the causes and in accordance with the procedures set forth in this subpart.
(c) Agencies are encouraged to establish methods and procedures for coordinating their debarment or suspension actions.
(d) When more than one agency has an interest in the debarment or suspension of a contractor, the Interagency Committee
on Debarment and Suspension, established under Executive Order 12549, and authorized by Section 873 of the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Pub. L. 110-417) (31 U.S.C.6101, note), shall resolve the lead agency issue
and coordinate such resolution among all interested agencies prior to the initiation of any suspension, debarment, or related
administrative action by any agency.
(e) Agencies shall establish appropriate procedures to implement the policies and procedures of this subpart.
9.403 Definitions.
As used in this subpart—
“Affiliates.”–
(1) Business concerns, organizations, or individuals are affiliates of each other if, directly or indirectly–
(i) Either one controls or has the power to control the other; or
(ii) A third party controls or has the power to control both.
(2) Indicia of control include, but are not limited to, interlocking management or ownership, identity of interests among
family members, shared facilities and equipment, common use of employees, or a business entity organized following the
debarment, suspension, or proposed debarment of a contractor which has the same or similar management, ownership, or
principal employees as the contractor that was debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment.
“Agency” means any executive department, military department or defense agency, or other agency or independent
establishment of the executive branch.
“Civil judgment” means a judgment or finding of a civil offense by any court of competent jurisdiction.
“Contractor” means any individual or other legal entity that–
(1) Directly or indirectly (e.g., through an affiliate), submits offers for or is awarded, or reasonably may be expected to
submit offers for or be awarded, a Government contract, including a contract for carriage under Government or commercial
bills of lading, or a subcontract under a Government contract; or

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) Conducts business, or reasonably may be expected to conduct business, with the Government as an agent or
representative of another contractor.
“Debarring official” means–
(1) An agency head; or
(2) A designee authorized by the agency head to impose debarment.
“Indictment” means indictment for a criminal offense. An information or other filing by competent authority charging a
criminal offense is given the same effect as an indictment.
“Legal proceedings” means any civil judicial proceeding to which the Government is a party or any criminal proceeding.
The term includes appeals from such proceedings.
“Nonprocurement Common Rule” means the procedures used by Federal Executive Agencies to suspend, debar, or
exclude individuals or entities from participation in nonprocurement transactions under Executive Order 12549. Examples
of nonprocurement transactions are grants, cooperative agreements, scholarships, fellowships, contracts of assistance, loans,
loan guarantees, subsidies, insurance, payments for specified use, and donation agreements.
“Suspending official” means–
(1) An agency head; or
(2) A designee authorized by the agency head to impose debarment.
“Unfair trade practices” means the commission of any or the following acts by a contractor–
(1) A violation of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1337) as determined by the International Trade
Commission.
(2) A violation, as determined by the Secretary of Commerce, of any agreement of the group known as the
“Coordination Committee” for purposes of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2401, et seq.) or any
similar bilateral or multilateral export control agreement.
(3) A knowingly false statement regarding a material element of a certification concerning the foreign content of an
item of supply, as determined by the Secretary of the Department or the head of the agency to which such certificate was
furnished.
9.404 Exclusions in the System for Award Management.
(a) The General Services Administration (GSA)—
(1) Operates the web-based System for Award Management (SAM), which contains exclusion records; and
(2) Provides technical assistance to Federal agencies in the use of SAM.
(b) An exclusion record in SAM contains the—
(1) Names and addresses of the entities debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or excluded
or disqualified under the nonprocurement common rule, with cross-references when more than one name is involved in a
single action;
(2) Name of the agency or other authority taking the action;
(3) Cause for the action (see 9.406-2 and 9.407-2 for causes authorized under this subpart) or other statutory or
regulatory authority;
(4) Effect of the action;
(5) Termination date for each listing;
(6) Unique Entity Identifier;
(7) Social Security Number (SSN), Employer Identification Number (EIN), or other Taxpayer Identification Number
(TIN), if available; and
(8) Name and telephone number of the agency point of contact for the action.
(c) Each agency must—
(1) Identify the individual(s) responsible for entering and updating exclusions data in SAM and assign the appropriate
roles;
(2) Remove the exclusion roles in SAM when the individual leaves the organization or changes functions;
(3) For each exclusion accomplished by the Agency–
(i) Enter the information required by paragraph (b) of this section within 3 working days after the action becomes
effective;
(ii) Determine whether it is legally permitted to enter the SSN, EIN, or other TIN, under agency authority to suspend
or debar; and
(iii) Update the exclusion record in SAM, generally within 5 working days after modifying or rescinding an action;

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AND INELIGIBILITY

9.405-2

(4) In accordance with internal retention procedures, maintain records relating to each debarment, suspension, or
proposed debarment taken by the agency;
(5) Establish procedures to ensure that the agency does not solicit offers from, award contracts to, or consent to
subcontracts with contractors who have an active exclusion record in SAM, except as otherwise provided in this subpart;
(6) Direct inquiries concerning listed contractors and other entities to the agency or other authority that took the action;
and
(7) Contact GSA for technical assistance with SAM, via the support e-mail address or on the technical support phone
line.
(d) SAM is available via https://www.sam.gov.
9.405 Effect of listing.
(a) Contractors debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment are excluded from receiving contracts, and agencies
shall not solicit offers from, award contracts to, or consent to subcontracts with these contractors, unless the agency
head determines that there is a compelling reason for such action (see 9.405-1(b), 9.405-2, 9.406-1(c), 9.407-1(d), and
23.506(e)). Contractors debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment are also excluded from conducting business with the
Government as agents or representatives of other contractors.
(b) Contractors and other entities that have an active exclusion record in SAM because they have been declared ineligible
on the basis of statutory or other regulatory procedures are excluded from receiving contracts, and if applicable, subcontracts,
under the conditions and for the period set forth in the statute or regulation. Agencies shall not solicit offers from, award
contracts to, or consent to subcontracts with these contractors under those conditions and for that period. In addition, agencies
shall not extend contracts with contractors that have been declared ineligible pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 2593e.
(c) Contractors debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment are excluded from acting as individual sureties (see part
28).
(d) (1) After the opening of bids or receipt of proposals or quotes, the contracting officer shall review the exclusion
records in SAM.
(2) Bids received from any listed contractor in response to an invitation for bids shall be entered on the abstract of bids,
and rejected unless the agency head determines in writing that there is a compelling reason to consider the bid.
(3) Proposals, quotations, or offers received from any listed contractor shall not be evaluated for award or included
in the competitive range, nor shall discussions be conducted with a listed offeror during a period of ineligibility, unless the
agency head determines, in writing, that there is a compelling reason to do so. If the period of ineligibility expires or is
terminated prior to award, the contracting officer may, but is not required to, consider such proposals, quotations, or offers.
(4) Immediately prior to award, the contracting officer shall again review the exclusion records in SAM to ensure that
no award is made to a listed contractor.
9.405-1 Continuation of current contracts.
(a) Notwithstanding the debarment, suspension, or proposed debarment of a contractor, agencies may continue contracts
or subcontracts in existence at the time the contractor was debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment unless the agency
head directs otherwise. A decision as to the type of termination action, if any, to be taken should be made only after review by
agency contracting and technical personnel and by counsel to ensure the propriety of the proposed action.
(b) For contractors debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment, unless the agency head makes a written determination
of the compelling reasons for doing so, ordering activities shall not(1) Place orders exceeding the guaranteed minimum under indefinite quantity contracts;
(2) Place orders under Federal Supply Schedule contracts, blanket purchase agreements, or basic ordering agreements;
or
(3) Add new work, exercise options, or otherwise extend the duration of current contracts or orders.
9.405-2 Restrictions on subcontracting.
(a) When a contractor debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment is proposed as a subcontractor for any subcontract
subject to Government consent (see subpart 44.2), contracting officers shall not consent to subcontracts with such
contractors unless the agency head states in writing the compelling reasons for this approval action. (See 9.405(b) concerning
declarations of ineligibility affecting sub-contracting.)
(b) The Government suspends or debars contractors to protect the Government’s interests. By operation of the clause at
52.209-6, Protecting the Government’s Interests When Subcontracting with Contractors Debarred, Suspended or Proposed for

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

Debarment, contractors shall not enter into any subcontract in excess of $35,000, other than a subcontract for a commercially
available off-the-shelf item, with a contractor that has been debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment unless there is a
compelling reason to do so. If a contractor intends to enter into a subcontract in excess of $35,000, other than a subcontract
for a commercially available off-the-shelf item, with a party that is debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment as
evidenced by the party's having an active exclusion record in SAM (see 9.404), a corporate officer or designee of the
contractor is required by operation of the clause at 52.209-6, Protecting the Government’s Interests when Subcontracting with
Contractors Debarred, Suspended, or Proposed for Debarment, to notify the contracting officer, in writing, before entering
into such subcontract. For contracts for the acquisition of commercial items, the notification requirement applies only for
first-tier subcontracts. For all other contracts, the notification requirement applies to subcontracts at any tier. The notice must
provide the following:
(1) The name of the subcontractor;
(2) The contractor’s knowledge of the reasons for the subcontractor having an active exclusion record in SAM;
(3) The compelling reason(s) for doing business with the subcontractor notwithstanding its having an active exclusion
record in SAM; and
(4) The systems and procedures the contractor has established to ensure that it is fully protecting the Government’s
interests when dealing with such subcontractor in view of the specific basis for the party’s debarment, suspension, or
proposed debarment.
(c) The contractor’s compliance with the requirements of 52.209-6 will be reviewed during Contractor Purchasing System
Reviews (see subpart 44.3).
9.406 Debarment.
9.406-1 General.
(a) It is the debarring official’s responsibility to determine whether debarment is in the Government’s interest. The
debarring official may, in the public interest, debar a contractor for any of the causes in 9.406-2, using the procedures in
9.406-3. The existence of a cause for debarment, however, does not necessarily require that the contractor be debarred; the
seriousness of the contractor’s acts or omissions and any remedial measures or mitigating factors should be considered in
making any debarment decision. Before arriving at any debarment decision, the debarring official should consider factors
such as the following:
(1) Whether the contractor had effective standards of conduct and internal control systems in place at the time of the
activity which constitutes cause for debarment or had adopted such procedures prior to any Government investigation of the
activity cited as a cause for debarment.
(2) Whether the contractor brought the activity cited as a cause for debarment to the attention of the appropriate
Government agency in a timely manner.
(3) Whether the contractor has fully investigated the circumstances surrounding the cause for debarment and, if so,
made the result of the investigation available to the debarring official.
(4) Whether the contractor cooperated fully with Government agencies during the investigation and any court or
administrative action.
(5) Whether the contractor has paid or has agreed to pay all criminal, civil, and administrative liability for the improper
activity, including any investigative or administrative costs incurred by the Government, and has made or agreed to make full
restitution.
(6) Whether the contractor has taken appropriate disciplinary action against the individuals responsible for the activity
which constitutes cause for debarment.
(7) Whether the contractor has implemented or agreed to implement remedial measures, including any identified by the
Government.
(8) Whether the contractor has instituted or agreed to institute new or revised review and control procedures and ethics
training programs.
(9) Whether the contractor has had adequate time to eliminate the circumstances within the contractor’s organization
that led to the cause for debarment.
(10) Whether the contractor’s management recognizes and understands the seriousness of the misconduct giving rise to
the cause for debarment and has implemented programs to prevent recurrence.
The existence or nonexistence of any mitigating factors or remedial measures such as set forth in this paragraph (a) is not
necessarily determinative of a contractor’s present responsibility. Accordingly, if a cause for debarment exists, the contractor

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AND INELIGIBILITY

9.406-2

has the burden of demonstrating, to the satisfaction of the debarring official, its present responsibility and that debarment is
not necessary.
(b) Debarment constitutes debarment of all divisions or other organizational elements of the contractor, unless the
debarment decision is limited by its terms to specific divisions, organizational elements, or commodities. The debarring
official may extend the debarment decision to include any affiliates of the contractor if they are(1) Specifically named; and
(2) Given written notice of the proposed debarment and an opportunity to respond (see 9.406-3(c)).
(c) A contractor’s debarment, or proposed debarment, shall be effective throughout the executive branch of the
Government, unless the agency head or a designee (except see 23.506(e)) states in writing the compelling reasons justifying
continued business dealings between that agency and the contractor.
(d) (1) When the debarring official has authority to debar contractors from both acquisition contracts pursuant to this
regulation and contracts for the purchase of Federal personal property pursuant to the Federal Property Management
Regulations (FPMR) 101-45.6, that official shall consider simultaneously debarring the contractor from the award of
acquisition contracts and from the purchase of Federal personal property.
(2) When debarring a contractor from the award of acquisition contracts and from the purchase of Federal personal
property, the debarment notice shall so indicate and the appropriate FAR and FPMR citations shall be included.
9.406-2 Causes for debarment.
The debarring official may debar(a) A contractor for a conviction of or civil judgment for(1) Commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with(i) Obtaining;
(ii) Attempting to obtain; or
(iii) Performing a public contract or subcontract.
(2) Violation of Federal or State antitrust statutes relating to the submission of offers;
(3) Commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false
statements, tax evasion, violating Federal criminal tax laws, or receiving stolen property;
(4) Intentionally affixing a label bearing a “Made in America” inscription (or any inscription having the same meaning)
to a product sold in or shipped to the United States or its outlying areas, when the product was not made in the United States
or its outlying areas (see Section 202 of the Defense Production Act (Public Law102-558)); or
(5) Commission of any other offense indicating a lack of business integrity or business honesty that seriously and
directly affects the present responsibility of a Government contractor or subcontractor.
(b) (1) A contractor, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, for any of the following(i) Violation of the terms of a Government contract or subcontract so serious as to justify debarment, such as(A) Willful failure to perform in accordance with the terms of one or more contracts; or
(B) A history of failure to perform, or of unsatisfactory performance of, one or more contracts.
(ii) Violations of 41 U.S.C. chapter 81, Drug-Free Workplace, as indicated by(A) Failure to comply with the requirements of the clause at 52.223-6, Drug-Free Workplace; or
(B) Such a number of contractor employees convicted of violations of criminal drug statutes occurring in the
workplace as to indicate that the contractor has failed to make a good faith effort to provide a drug-free workplace (see
23.504).
(iii) Intentionally affixing a label bearing a “Made in America” inscription (or any inscription having the same
meaning) to a product sold in or shipped to the United States or its outlying areas, when the product was not made in the
United States or its outlying areas (see Section 202 of the Defense Production Act (Public Law102-558)).
(iv) Commission of an unfair trade practice as defined in 9.403(see Section 201 of the Defense Production Act
(Pub.L.102-558)).
(v) Delinquent Federal taxes in an amount that exceeds $3,500.
(A) Federal taxes are considered delinquent for purposes of this provision if both of the following criteria apply:
(1) The tax liability is finally determined. The liability is finally determined if it has been assessed. A liability
is not finally determined if there is a pending administrative or judicial challenge. In the case of a judicial challenge to the
liability, the liability is not finally determined until all judicial appeal rights have been exhausted.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) The taxpayer is delinquent in making payment. A taxpayer is delinquent if the taxpayer has failed to pay
the tax liability when full payment was due and required. A taxpayer is not delinquent in cases where enforced collection
action is precluded.
(B) Examples. (1) The taxpayer has received a statutory notice of deficiency, under I.R.C. §6212, which entitles
the taxpayer to seek Tax Court review of a proposed tax deficiency. This is not a delinquent tax because it is not a final tax
liability. Should the taxpayer seek Tax Court review, this will not be a final tax liability until the taxpayer has exercised all
judicial appeal rights.
(2) The IRS has filed a notice of Federal tax lien with respect to an assessed tax liability, and the taxpayer has
been issued a notice under I.R.C. §6320 entitling the taxpayer to request a hearing with the IRS Office of Appeals contesting
the lien filing, and to further appeal to the Tax Court if the IRS determines to sustain the lien filing. In the course of the
hearing, the taxpayer is entitled to contest the underlying tax liability because the taxpayer has had no prior opportunity
to contest the liability. This is not a delinquent tax because it is not a final tax liability. Should the taxpayer seek tax court
review, this will not be a final tax liability until the taxpayer has exercised all judicial appeal rights.
(3) The taxpayer has entered into an installment agreement pursuant to I.R.C. §6159. The taxpayer is making
timely payments and is in full compliance with the agreement terms. The taxpayer is not delinquent because the taxpayer is
not currently required to make full payment.
(4) The taxpayer has filed for bankruptcy protection. The taxpayer is not delinquent because enforced
collection action is stayed under 11 U.S.C. 362 (the Bankruptcy Code).
(vi) Knowing failure by a principal, until 3 years after final payment on any Government contract awarded to the
contractor, to timely disclose to the Government, in connection with the award, performance, or closeout of the contract or a
subcontract thereunder, credible evidence of(A) Violation of Federal criminal law involving fraud, conflict of interest, bribery, or gratuity violations found in
Title 18 of the United States Code;
(B) Violation of the civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. 3729-3733); or
(C) Significant overpayment(s) on the contract, other than overpayments resulting from contract financing
payments as defined in 32.001.
(2) A contractor, based on a determination by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General of the
United States, that the contractor is not in compliance with Immigration and Nationality Act employment provisions (see
Executive Order12989, as amended by Executive Order13286). Such determination is not reviewable in the debarment
proceedings.
(c) A contractor or subcontractor based on any other cause of so serious or compelling a nature that it affects the present
responsibility of the contractor or subcontractor.
9.406-3 Procedures.
(a) Investigation and referral. Agencies shall establish procedures for the prompt reporting, investigation, and referral to
the debarring official of matters appropriate for that official’s consideration.
(b) Decisionmaking process. (1) Agencies shall establish procedures governing the debarment decisionmaking process
that are as informal as is practicable, consistent with principles of fundamental fairness. These procedures shall afford the
contractor (and any specifically named affiliates) an opportunity to submit, in person, in writing, or through a representative,
information and argument in opposition to the proposed debarment.
(2) In actions not based upon a conviction or civil judgment, if it is found that the contractor’s submission in opposition
raises a genuine dispute over facts material to the proposed debarment, agencies shall also(i) Afford the contractor an opportunity to appear with counsel, submit documentary evidence, present witnesses,
and confront any person the agency presents; and
(ii) Make a transcribed record of the proceedings and make it available at cost to the contractor upon request, unless
the contractor and the agency, by mutual agreement, waive the requirement for a transcript.
(c) Notice of proposal to debar. A notice of proposed debarment shall be issued by the debarring official advising the
contractor and any specifically named affiliates, by certified mail, return receipt requested(1) That debarment is being considered;
(2) Of the reasons for the proposed debarment in terms sufficient to put the contractor on notice of the conduct or
transaction(s) upon which it is based;
(3) Of the cause(s) relied upon under 9.406-2 for proposing debarment;

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AND INELIGIBILITY

9.406-4

(4) That, within 30 days after receipt of the notice, the contractor may submit, in person, in writing, or through
a representative, information and argument in opposition to the proposed debarment, including any additional specific
information that raises a genuine dispute over the material facts;
(5) Of the agency’s procedures governing debarment decisionmaking;
(6) Of the effect of the issuance of the notice of proposed debarment; and
(7) Of the potential effect of an actual debarment.
(d) Debarring official’s decision. (1) In actions based upon a conviction or civil judgment, or in which there is no
genuine dispute over material facts, the debarring official shall make a decision on the basis of all the information in the
administrative record, including any submission made by the contractor. If no suspension is in effect, the decision shall be
made within 30 working days after receipt of any information and argument submitted by the contractor, unless the debarring
official extends this period for good cause.
(2) (i) In actions in which additional proceedings are necessary as to disputed material facts, written findings of fact
shall be prepared. The debarring official shall base the decision on the facts as found, together with any information and
argument submitted by the contractor and any other information in the administrative record.
(ii) The debarring official may refer matters involving disputed material facts to another official for findings of
fact. The debarring official may reject any such findings, in whole or in part, only after specifically determining them to be
arbitrary and capricious or clearly erroneous.
(iii) The debarring official’s decision shall be made after the conclusion of the proceedings with respect to disputed
facts.
(3) In any action in which the proposed debarment is not based upon a conviction or civil judgment, the cause for
debarment must be established by a preponderance of the evidence.
(e) Notice of debarring official’s decision. (1) If the debarring official decides to impose debarment, the contractor and any
affiliates involved shall be given prompt notice by certified mail, return receipt requested(i) Referring to the notice of proposed debarment;
(ii) Specifying the reasons for debarment;
(iii) Stating the period of debarment, including effective dates; and
(iv) Advising that the debarment is effective throughout the executive branch of the Government unless the head of
an agency or a designee makes the statement called for by 9.406-1(c).
(2) If debarment is not imposed, the debarring official shall promptly notify the contractor and any affiliates involved,
by certified mail, return receipt requested.
(f) (1) If the contractor enters into an administrative agreement with the Government in order to resolve a debarment
proceeding, the debarring official shall access the website (available at https://www.cpars.gov, then select FAPIIS) and enter
the requested information.
(2) The debarring official is responsible for the timely submission, within 3 working days, and accuracy of the
documentation regarding the administrative agreement.
(3) With regard to information that may be covered by a disclosure exemption under the Freedom of Information Act,
the debarring official shall follow the procedures at 9.105-2(b)(2)(iv).
9.406-4 Period of debarment.
(a) (1) Debarment shall be for a period commensurate with the seriousness of the cause(s). Generally, debarment should
not exceed 3 years, except that(i) Debarment for violation of the provisions of 41 U.S.C. chapter 81, Drug-Free Workplace (see 23.506) may be for
a period not to exceed 5 years;
(ii) Debarments under 9.406-2(b)(2) shall be for 1 year unless extended pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section; and
(iii) Debarments pursued as a remedy under 9.109-4(d), for a false certification regarding violations of arms control
treaties or agreements with the United States, shall be for a period of not less than 2 years.
(2) If suspension precedes a debarment, the suspension period shall be considered in determining the debarment period.
(b) The debarring official may extend the debarment for an additional period, if that official determines that an extension
is necessary to protect the Government’s interest. However, a debarment may not be extended solely on the basis of the facts
and circumstances upon which the initial debarment action was based. Debarments under 9.406-2(b)(2) may be extended for
additional periods of one year if the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General determines that the contractor
continues to be in violation of the employment provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act. If debarment for an
additional period is determined to be necessary, the procedures of 9.406-3 shall be followed to extend the debarment.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(c) The debarring official may reduce the period or extent of debarment, upon the contractor’s request, supported by
documentation, for reasons such as(1) Newly discovered material evidence;
(2) Reversal of the conviction or civil judgment upon which the debarment was based;
(3) Bona fide change in ownership or management;
(4) Elimination of other causes for which the debarment was imposed; or
(5) Other reasons the debarring official deems appropriate.
9.406-5 Scope of debarment.
(a) The fraudulent, criminal, or other seriously improper conduct of any officer, director, shareholder, partner, employee,
or other individual associated with a contractor may be imputed to the contractor when the conduct occurred in connection
with the individual’s performance of duties for or on behalf of the contractor, or with the contractor’s knowledge, approval,
or acquiescence. The contractor’s acceptance of the benefits derived from the conduct shall be evidence of such knowledge,
approval, or acquiescence.
(b) The fraudulent, criminal, or other seriously improper conduct of a contractor may be imputed to any officer, director,
shareholder, partner, employee, or other individual associated with the contractor who participated in, knew of, or had reason
to know of the contractor’s conduct.
(c) The fraudulent, criminal, or other seriously improper conduct of one contractor participating in a joint venture or
similar arrangement may be imputed to other participating contractors if the conduct occurred for or on behalf of the joint
venture or similar arrangement, or with the knowledge, approval, or acquiescence of these contractors. Acceptance of the
benefits derived from the conduct shall be evidence of such knowledge, approval, or acquiescence.
9.407 Suspension.
9.407-1 General.
(a) The suspending official may, in the public interest, suspend a contractor for any of the causes in 9.407-2, using the
procedures in 9.407-3.
(b) (1) Suspension is a serious action to be imposed on the basis of adequate evidence, pending the completion
of investigation or legal proceedings, when it has been determined that immediate action is necessary to protect the
Government’s interest. In assessing the adequacy of the evidence, agencies should consider how much information is
available, how credible it is given the circumstances, whether or not important allegations are corroborated, and what
inferences can reasonably be drawn as a result. This assessment should include an examination of basic documents such as
contracts, inspection reports, and correspondence.
(2) The existence of a cause for suspension does not necessarily require that the contractor be suspended. The
suspending official should consider the seriousness of the contractor’s acts or omissions and may, but is not required to,
consider remedial measures or mitigating factors, such as those set forth in 9.406-1(a). A contractor has the burden of
promptly presenting to the suspending official evidence of remedial measures or mitigating factors when it has reason to
know that a cause for suspension exists. The existence or nonexistence of any remedial measures or mitigating factors is not
necessarily determinative of a contractor’s present responsibility.
(c) Suspension constitutes suspension of all divisions or other organizational elements of the contractor, unless the
suspension decision is limited by its terms to specific divisions, organizational elements, or commodities. The suspending
official may extend the suspension decision to include any affiliates of the contractor if they are(1) Specifically named; and
(2) Given written notice of the suspension and an opportunity to respond (see 9.407-3(c)).
(d) A contractor’s suspension shall be effective throughout the executive branch of the Government, unless the agency
head or a designee (except see 23.506(e)) states in writing the compelling reasons justifying continued business dealings
between that agency and the contractor.
(e) (1) When the suspending official has authority to suspend contractors from both acquisition contracts pursuant to this
regulation and contracts for the purchase of Federal personal property pursuant to FPMR 101-45.6, that official shall consider
simultaneously suspending the contractor from the award of acquisition contracts and from the purchase of Federal personal
property.
(2) When suspending a contractor from the award of acquisition contracts and from the purchase of Federal personal
property, the suspension notice shall so indicate and the appropriate FAR and FPMR citations shall be included.

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AND INELIGIBILITY

9.407-3

9.407-2 Causes for suspension.
(a) The suspending official may suspend a contractor suspected, upon adequate evidence, of(1) Commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with(i) Obtaining;
(ii) Attempting to obtain; or
(iii) Performing a public contract or subcontract.
(2) Violation of Federal or State antitrust statutes relating to the submission of offers;
(3) Commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false
statements, tax evasion, violating Federal criminal tax laws, or receiving stolen property;
(4) Violations of 41 U.S.C. chapter 81, Drug-Free Workplace, as indicated by(i) Failure to comply with the requirements of the clause at 52.223-6, Drug-Free Workplace; or
(ii) Such a number of contractor employees convicted of violations of criminal drug statutes occurring in the
workplace as to indicate that the contractor has failed to make a good faith effort to provide a drug-free workplace (see
23.504);
(5) Intentionally affixing a label bearing a “Made in America” inscription (or any inscription having the same meaning)
to a product sold in or shipped to the United States or its outlying areas, when the product was not made in the United States
or its outlying areas (see Section 202 of the Defense Production Act (Public Law102-558));
(6) Commission of an unfair trade practice as defined in 9.403(see section 201 of the Defense Production Act
(Pub.L.102-558));
(7) Delinquent Federal taxes in an amount that exceeds $3,500. See the criteria at 9.406-2(b)(1)(v) for determination of
when taxes are delinquent;
(8) Knowing failure by a principal, until 3 years after final payment on any Government contract awarded to the
contractor, to timely disclose to the Government, in connection with the award, performance, or closeout of the contract or a
subcontract thereunder, credible evidence of(i) Violation of Federal criminal law involving fraud, conflict of interest, bribery, or gratuity violations found in Title
18 of the United States Code;
(ii) Violation of the civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. 3729-3733); or
(iii) Significant overpayment(s) on the contract, other than overpayments resulting from contract financing payments
as defined in 32.001; or
(9) Commission of any other offense indicating a lack of business integrity or business honesty that seriously and
directly affects the present responsibility of a Government contractor or subcontractor.
(b) Indictment for any of the causes in paragraph (a) of this section constitutes adequate evidence for suspension.
(c) The suspending official may upon adequate evidence also suspend a contractor for any other cause of so serious or
compelling a nature that it affects the present responsibility of a Government contractor or subcontractor.
9.407-3 Procedures.
(a) Investigation and referral. Agencies shall establish procedures for the prompt reporting, investigation, and referral to
the suspending official of matters appropriate for that official’s consideration.
(b) Decisionmaking process. (1) Agencies shall establish procedures governing the suspension decisionmaking process
that are as informal as is practicable, consistent with principles of fundamental fairness. These procedures shall afford the
contractor (and any specifically named affiliates) an opportunity, following the imposition of suspension, to submit, in
person, in writing, or through a representative, information and argument in opposition to the suspension.
(2) In actions not based on an indictment, if it is found that the contractor’s submission in opposition raises a genuine
dispute over facts material to the suspension and if no determination has been made, on the basis of Department of Justice
advice, that substantial interests of the Government in pending or contemplated legal proceedings based on the same facts as
the suspension would be prejudiced, agencies shall also(i) Afford the contractor an opportunity to appear with counsel, submit documentary evidence, present witnesses,
and confront any person the agency presents; and
(ii) Make a transcribed record of the proceedings and make it available at cost to the contractor upon request, unless
the contractor and the agency, by mutual agreement, waive the requirement for a transcript.
(c) Notice of suspension. When a contractor and any specifically named affiliates are suspended, they shall be immediately
advised by certified mail, return receipt requested-

9.4-9

9.407-4

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(1) That they have been suspended and that the suspension is based on an indictment or other adequate evidence that
the contractor has committed irregularities–
(i) Of a serious nature in business dealings with the Government or
(ii) Seriously reflecting on the propriety of further Government dealings with the contractor-any such irregularities
shall be described in terms sufficient to place the contractor on notice without disclosing the Government’s evidence;
(2) That the suspension is for a temporary period pending the completion of an investigation and such legal proceedings
as may ensue;
(3) Of the cause(s) relied upon under 9.407-2 for imposing suspension;
(4) Of the effect of the suspension;
(5) That, within 30 days after receipt of the notice, the contractor may submit, in person, in writing, or through a
representative, information and argument in opposition to the suspension, including any additional specific information that
raises a genuine dispute over the material facts; and
(6) That additional proceedings to determine disputed material facts will be conducted unless(i) The action is based on an indictment; or
(ii) A determination is made, on the basis of Department of Justice advice, that the substantial interests of the
Government in pending or contemplated legal proceedings based on the same facts as the suspension would be prejudiced.
(d) Suspending official’s decision. (1) In actions—
(i) Based on an indictment;
(ii) In which the contractor’s submission does not raise a genuine dispute over material facts; or
(iii) In which additional proceedings to determine disputed material facts have been denied on the basis of
Department of Justice advice, the suspending official’s decision shall be based on all the information in the administrative
record, including any submission made by the contractor.
(2) (i) In actions in which additional proceedings are necessary as to disputed material facts, written findings of fact
shall be prepared. The suspending official shall base the decision on the facts as found, together with any information and
argument submitted by the contractor and any other information in the administrative record.
(ii) The suspending official may refer matters involving disputed material facts to another official for findings of
fact. The suspending official may reject any such findings, in whole or in part, only after specifically determining them to be
arbitrary and capricious or clearly erroneous.
(iii) The suspending official’s decision shall be made after the conclusion of the proceedings with respect to disputed
facts.
(3) The suspending official may modify or terminate the suspension or leave it in force (for example, see 9.406-4(c) for
the reasons for reducing the period or extent of debarment). However, a decision to modify or terminate the suspension shall
be without prejudice to the subsequent imposition of(i) Suspension by any other agency; or
(ii) Debarment by any agency.
(4) Prompt written notice of the suspending official’s decision shall be sent to the contractor and any affiliates involved,
by certified mail, return receipt requested.
(e) (1) If the contractor enters into an administrative agreement with the Government in order to resolve a suspension
proceeding, the suspending official shall access the website (available at https://www.cpars.gov, then select FAPIIS) and enter
the requested information.
(2) The suspending official is responsible for the timely submission, within 3 working days, and accuracy of the
documentation regarding the administrative agreement.
(3) With regard to information that may be covered by a disclosure exemption under the Freedom of Information Act,
the suspending official shall follow the procedures at 9.105-2(b)(2)(iv).
9.407-4 Period of suspension.
(a) Suspension shall be for a temporary period pending the completion of investigation and any ensuing legal proceedings,
unless sooner terminated by the suspending official or as provided in this subsection.
(b) If legal proceedings are not initiated within 12 months after the date of the suspension notice, the suspension shall be
terminated unless an Assistant Attorney General requests its extension, in which case it may be extended for an additional
6 months. In no event may a suspension extend beyond 18 months, unless legal proceedings have been initiated within that
period.

9.4-10

SUBPART 9.4 - DEBARMENT, SUSPENSION,

AND INELIGIBILITY

9.409

(c) The suspending official shall notify the Department of Justice of the proposed termination of the suspension, at least 30
days before the 12-month period expires, to give that Department an opportunity to request an extension.
9.407-5 Scope of suspension.
The scope of suspension shall be the same as that for debarment (see 9.406-5 ), except that the procedures of 9.407-3
shall be used in imposing suspension.
9.408 [Reserved]
9.409 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.209-6, Protecting the Government’s Interests when Subcontracting with
Contractors Debarred, Suspended, or Proposed for Debarment, in solicitations and contracts where the contract value exceeds
$35,000.

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9.4-12

SUBPART 9.5 - ORGANIZATIONAL AND CONSULTANT CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

9.504

Subpart 9.5 - Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest
9.500 Scope of subpart.
This subpart(a) Prescribes responsibilities, general rules, and procedures for identifying, evaluating, and resolving organizational
conflicts of interest;
(b) Provides examples to assist contracting officers in applying these rules and procedures to individual contracting
situations; and
(c) Implements section 8141 of the 1989 Department of Defense Appropriation Act, Pub.L.100-463, 102 Stat.2270-47
(1988).
9.501 Definition.
“Marketing consultant,” as used in this subpart, means any independent contractor who furnishes advice, information,
direction, or assistance to an offeror or any other contractor in support of the preparation or submission of an offer for a
Government contract by that offeror. An independent contractor is not a marketing consultant when rendering(1) Services excluded in subpart 37.2;
(2) Routine engineering and technical services (such as installation, operation, or maintenance of systems, equipment,
software, components, or facilities);
(3) Routine legal, actuarial, auditing, and accounting services; and
(4) Training services.
9.502 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies to contracts with either profit or nonprofit organizations, including nonprofit organizations created
largely or wholly with Government funds.
(b) The applicability of this subpart is not limited to any particular kind of acquisition. However, organizational conflicts
of interest are more likely to occur in contracts involving(1) Management support services;
(2) Consultant or other professional services;
(3) Contractor performance of or assistance in technical evaluations; or
(4) Systems engineering and technical direction work performed by a contractor that does not have overall contractual
responsibility for development or production.
(c) An organizational conflict of interest may result when factors create an actual or potential conflict of interest on an
instant contract, or when the nature of the work to be performed on the instant contract creates an actual or potential conflict
of interest on a future acquisition. In the latter case, some restrictions on future activities of the contractor may be required.
(d) Acquisitions subject to unique agency organizational conflict of interest statutes are excluded from the requirements of
this subpart.
9.503 Waiver.
The agency head or a designee may waive any general rule or procedure of this subpart by determining that its application
in a particular situation would not be in the Government’s interest. Any request for waiver must be in writing, shall set forth
the extent of the conflict, and requires approval by the agency head or a designee. Agency heads shall not delegate waiver
authority below the level of head of a contracting activity.
9.504 Contracting officer responsibilities.
(a) Using the general rules, procedures, and examples in this subpart, contracting officers shall analyze planned
acquisitions in order to(1) Identify and evaluate potential organizational conflicts of interest as early in the acquisition process as possible; and
(2) Avoid, neutralize, or mitigate significant potential conflicts before contract award.
(b) Contracting officers should obtain the advice of counsel and the assistance of appropriate technical specialists in
evaluating potential conflicts and in developing any necessary solicitation provisions and contract clauses (see 9.506).
(c) Before issuing a solicitation for a contract that may involve a significant potential conflict, the contracting officer shall
recommend to the head of the contracting activity a course of action for resolving the conflict (see 9.506).

9.5-1

9.505

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(d) In fulfilling their responsibilities for identifying and resolving potential conflicts, contracting officers should avoid
creating unnecessary delays, burdensome information requirements, and excessive documentation. The contracting officer’s
judgment need be formally documented only when a substantive issue concerning potential organizational conflict of interest
exists.
(e) The contracting officer shall award the contract to the apparent successful offeror unless a conflict of interest is
determined to exist that cannot be avoided or mitigated. Before determining to withhold award based on conflict of interest
considerations, the contracting officer shall notify the contractor, provide the reasons therefor, and allow the contractor a
reasonable opportunity to respond. If the contracting officer finds that it is in the best interest of the United States to award
the contract notwithstanding a conflict of interest, a request for waiver shall be submitted in accordance with 9.503. The
waiver request and decision shall be included in the contract file.
9.505 General rules.
The general rules in 9.505-1 through 9.505-4 prescribe limitations on contracting as the means of avoiding, neutralizing,
or mitigating organizational conflicts of interest that might otherwise exist in the stated situations. Some illustrative examples
are provided in 9.508 . Conflicts may arise in situations not expressly covered in this section 9.505 or in the examples in
9.508 . Each individual contracting situation should be examined on the basis of its particular facts and the nature of the
proposed contract. The exercise of common sense, good judgment, and sound discretion is required in both the decision on
whether a significant potential conflict exists and, if it does, the development of an appropriate means for resolving it. The
two underlying principles are(a) Preventing the existence of conflicting roles that might bias a contractor’s judgment; and
(b) Preventing unfair competitive advantage. In addition to the other situations described in this subpart, an unfair
competitive advantage exists where a contractor competing for award of any Federal contract possesses(1) Proprietary information that was obtained from a Government official without proper authorization; or
(2) Source selection information (as defined in 2.101) that is relevant to the contract but is not available to all
competitors, and such information would assist that contractor in obtaining the contract.
9.505-1 Providing systems engineering and technical direction.
(a) A contractor that provides systems engineering and technical direction for a system but does not have overall
contractual responsibility for its development, its integration, assembly, and checkout, or its production shall not(1) Be awarded a contract to supply the system or any of its major components; or
(2) Be a subcontractor or consultant to a supplier of the system or any of its major components.
(b) Systems engineering includes a combination of substantially all of the following activities: determining specifications,
identifying and resolving interface problems, developing test requirements, evaluating test data, and supervising design.
Technical direction includes a combination of substantially all of the following activities: developing work statements,
determining parameters, directing other contractors’ operations, and resolving technical controversies. In performing these
activities, a contractor occupies a highly influential and responsible position in determining a system’s basic concepts and
supervising their execution by other contractors. Therefore this contractor should not be in a position to make decisions
favoring its own products or capabilities.
9.505-2 Preparing specifications or work statements.
(a) (1) If a contractor prepares and furnishes complete specifications covering nondevelopmental items, to be used in
a competitive acquisition, that contractor shall not be allowed to furnish these items, either as a prime contractor or as a
subcontractor, for a reasonable period of time including, at least, the duration of the initial production contract. The restriction
in this paragraph (a)(1) shall not apply to(i) Contractors that furnish at Government request specifications or data regarding a product they provide, even
though the specifications or data may have been paid for separately or in the price of the product; or
(ii) Situations in which contractors, acting as industry representatives, help Government agencies prepare, refine,
or coordinate specifications, regardless of source, provided this assistance is supervised and controlled by Government
representatives.
(2) If a single contractor drafts complete specifications for nondevelopmental equipment, it should be eliminated for a
reasonable time from competition for production based on the specifications. This should be done in order to avoid a situation
in which the contractor could draft specifications favoring its own products or capabilities. In this way the Government can

9.5-2

SUBPART 9.5 - ORGANIZATIONAL AND CONSULTANT CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

9.506

be assured of getting unbiased advice as to the content of the specifications and can avoid allegations of favoritism in the
award of production contracts.
(3) In development work, it is normal to select firms that have done the most advanced work in the field. These firms
can be expected to design and develop around their own prior knowledge. Development contractors can frequently start
production earlier and more knowledgeably than firms that did not participate in the development, and this can affect the
time and quality of production, both of which are important to the Government. In many instances the Government may have
financed the development. Thus, while the development contractor has a competitive advantage, it is an unavoidable one that
is not considered unfair; hence no prohibition should be imposed.
(b) (1) If a contractor prepares, or assists in preparing, a work statement to be used in competitively acquiring a system
or services-or provides material leading directly, predictably, and without delay to such a work statement-that contractor may
not supply the system, major components of the system, or the services unless(i) It is the sole source;
(ii) It has participated in the development and design work; or
(iii) More than one contractor has been involved in preparing the work statement.
(2) Agencies should normally prepare their own work statements. When contractor assistance is necessary, the
contractor might often be in a position to favor its own products or capabilities. To overcome the possibility of bias,
contractors are prohibited from supplying a system or services acquired on the basis of work statements growing out of their
services, unless excepted in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(3) For the reasons given in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, no prohibitions are imposed on development and design
contractors.
9.505-3 Providing evaluation services.
Contracts for the evaluation of offers for products or services shall not be awarded to a contractor that will evaluate its
own offers for products or services, or those of a competitor, without proper safeguards to ensure objectivity to protect the
Government’s interests.
9.505-4 Obtaining access to proprietary information.
(a) When a contractor requires proprietary information from others to perform a Government contract and can use the
leverage of the contract to obtain it, the contractor may gain an unfair competitive advantage unless restrictions are imposed.
These restrictions protect the information and encourage companies to provide it when necessary for contract performance.
They are not intended to protect information(1) Furnished voluntarily without limitations on its use; or
(2) Available to the Government or contractor from other sources without restriction.
(b) A contractor that gains access to proprietary information of other companies in performing advisory and assistance
services for the Government must agree with the other companies to protect their information from unauthorized use or
disclosure for as long as it remains proprietary and refrain from using the information for any purpose other than that for
which it was furnished. The contracting officer shall obtain copies of these agreements and ensure that they are properly
executed.
(c) Contractors also obtain proprietary and source selection information by acquiring the services of marketing consultants
which, if used in connection with an acquisition, may give the contractor an unfair competitive advantage. Contractors
should make inquiries of marketing consultants to ensure that the marketing consultant has provided no unfair competitive
advantage.
9.506 Procedures.
(a) If information concerning prospective contractors is necessary to identify and evaluate potential organizational
conflicts of interest or to develop recommended actions, contracting officers first should seek the information from within the
Government or from other readily available sources. Government sources include the files and the knowledge of personnel
within the contracting office, other contracting offices, the cognizant contract administration and audit activities and offices
concerned with contract financing. Non-Government sources include publications and commercial services, such as credit
rating services, trade and financial journals, and business directories and registers.
(b) If the contracting officer decides that a particular acquisition involves a significant potential organizational conflict of
interest, the contracting officer shall, before issuing the solicitation, submit for approval to the chief of the contracting office
(unless a higher level official is designated by the agency)-

9.5-3

9.507

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(1) A written analysis, including a recommended course of action for avoiding, neutralizing, or mitigating the conflict,
based on the general rules in 9.505 or on another basis not expressly stated in that section;
(2) A draft solicitation provision (see 9.507-1); and
(3) If appropriate, a proposed contract clause (see 9.507-2).
(c) The approving official shall(1) Review the contracting officer’s analysis and recommended course of action, including the draft provision and any
proposed clause;
(2) Consider the benefits and detriments to the Government and prospective contractors; and
(3) Approve, modify, or reject the recommendations in writing.
(d) The contracting officer shall(1) Include the approved provision(s) and any approved clause(s) in the solicitation or the contract, or both;
(2) Consider additional information provided by prospective contractors in response to the solicitation or during
negotiations; and
(3) Before awarding the contract, resolve the conflict or the potential conflict in a manner consistent with the approval
or other direction by the head of the contracting activity.
(e) If, during the effective period of any restriction (see 9.507), a contracting office transfers acquisition responsibility for
the item or system involved, it shall notify the successor contracting office of the restriction, and send a copy of the contract
under which the restriction was imposed.
9.507 Solicitation provisions and contract clause.
9.507-1 Solicitation provisions.
As indicated in the general rules in 9.505 , significant potential organizational conflicts of interest are normally resolved
by imposing some restraint, appropriate to the nature of the conflict, upon the contractor’s eligibility for future contracts or
subcontracts. Therefore, affected solicitations shall contain a provision that(a) Invites offerors’ attention to this subpart;
(b) States the nature of the potential conflict as seen by the contracting officer;
(c) States the nature of the proposed restraint upon future contractor activities; and
(d) Depending on the nature of the acquisition, states whether or not the terms of any proposed clause and the application
of this subpart to the contract are subject to negotiation.
9.507-2 Contract clause.
(a) If, as a condition of award, the contractor’s eligibility for future prime contract or subcontract awards will be restricted
or the contractor must agree to some other restraint, the solicitation shall contain a proposed clause that specifies both the
nature and duration of the proposed restraint. The contracting officer shall include the clause in the contract, first negotiating
the clause’s final terms with the successful offeror, if it is appropriate to do so (see 9.506(d)).
(b) The restraint imposed by a clause shall be limited to a fixed term of reasonable duration, sufficient to avoid the
circumstance of unfair competitive advantage or potential bias. This period varies. It might end, for example, when the
first production contract using the contractor’s specifications or work statement is awarded, or it might extend through the
entire life of a system for which the contractor has performed systems engineering and technical direction. In every case, the
restriction shall specify termination by a specific date or upon the occurrence of an identifiable event.
9.508 Examples.
The examples in paragraphs (a) through (i) of this section illustrate situations in which questions concerning
organizational conflicts of interest may arise. They are not all inclusive, but are intended to help the contracting officer apply
the general rules in 9.505 to individual contract situations.
(a) Company A agrees to provide systems engineering and technical direction for the Navy on the powerplant for a group
of submarines (i.e., turbines, drive shafts, propellers, etc.). Company A should not be allowed to supply any powerplant
components. Company A can, however, supply components of the submarine unrelated to the powerplant (e.g., fire control,
navigation, etc.). In this example, the system is the powerplant, not the submarine, and the ban on supplying components is
limited to those for the system only.
(b) Company A is the systems engineering and technical direction contractor for system X. After some progress, but
before completion, the system is canceled. Later, system Y is developed to achieve the same purposes as system X, but in

9.5-4

SUBPART 9.5 - ORGANIZATIONAL AND CONSULTANT CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

9.508

a fundamentally different fashion. Company B is the systems engineering and technical direction contractor for system Y.
Company A may supply system Y or its components.
(c) Company A develops new electronic equipment and, as a result of this development, prepares specifications. Company
A may supply the equipment.
(d) XYZ Tool Company and PQR Machinery Company, representing the American Tool Institute, work under
Government supervision and control to refine specifications or to clarify the requirements of a specific acquisition. These
companies may supply the item.
(e) Before an acquisition for information technology is conducted, Company A is awarded a contract to prepare data
system specifications and equipment performance criteria to be used as the basis for the equipment competition. Since the
specifications are the basis for selection of commercial hardware, a potential conflict of interest exists. Company A should be
excluded from the initial follow-on information technology hardware acquisition.
(f) Company A receives a contract to define the detailed performance characteristics an agency will require for purchasing
rocket fuels. Company A has not developed the particular fuels. When the definition contract is awarded, it is clear to both
parties that the agency will use the performance characteristics arrived at to choose competitively a contractor to develop or
produce the fuels. Company A may not be awarded this follow-on contract.
(g) Company A receives a contract to prepare a detailed plan for scientific and technical training of an agency’s personnel.
It suggests a curriculum that the agency endorses and incorporates in its request for proposals to institutions to establish and
conduct the training. Company A may not be awarded a contract to conduct the training.
(h) Company A is selected to study the use of lasers in communications. The agency intends to ask that firms doing
research in the field make proprietary information available to Company A. The contract must require Company A to(1) Enter into agreements with these firms to protect any proprietary information they provide; and
(2) Refrain from using the information in supplying lasers to the Government or for any purpose other than that for
which it was intended.
(i) An agency that regulates an industry wishes to develop a system for evaluating and processing license applications.
Contractor X helps develop the system and process the applications. Contractor X should be prohibited from acting as a
consultant to any of the applicants during its period of performance and for a reasonable period thereafter.

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9.5-6

SUBPART 9.6 - CONTRACTOR TEAM ARRANGEMENTS

9.604

Subpart 9.6 - Contractor Team Arrangements
9.601 Definition.
“Contractor team arrangement,” as used in this subpart, means an arrangement in which(1) Two or more companies form a partnership or joint venture to act as a potential prime contractor; or
(2) A potential prime contractor agrees with one or more other companies to have them act as its subcontractors under a
specified Government contract or acquisition program.
9.602 General.
(a) Contractor team arrangements may be desirable from both a Government and industry standpoint in order to enable the
companies involved to(1) Complement each other’s unique capabilities; and
(2) Offer the Government the best combination of performance, cost, and delivery for the system or product being
acquired.
(b) Contractor team arrangements may be particularly appropriate in complex research and development acquisitions, but
may be used in other appropriate acquisitions, including production.
(c) The companies involved normally form a contractor team arrangement before submitting an offer. However, they may
enter into an arrangement later in the acquisition process, including after contract award.
9.603 Policy.
The Government will recognize the integrity and validity of contractor team arrangements; provided, the arrangements are
identified and company relationships are fully disclosed in an offer or, for arrangements entered into after submission of an
offer, before the arrangement becomes effective. The Government will not normally require or encourage the dissolution of
contractor team arrangements.
9.604 Limitations.
Nothing in this subpart authorizes contractor team arrangements in violation of antitrust statutes or limits the
Government’s rights to(a) Require consent to subcontracts (see subpart 44.2);
(b) Determine, on the basis of the stated contractor team arrangement, the responsibility of the prime contractor (see
subpart 9.1);
(c) Provide to the prime contractor data rights owned or controlled by the Government;
(d) Pursue its policies on competitive contracting, subcontracting, and component breakout after initial production or at
any other time; and
(e) Hold the prime contractor fully responsible for contract performance, regardless of any team arrangement between the
prime contractor and its subcontractors.

9.6-1

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9.6-2

SUBPART 9.7 - DEFENSE PRODUCTION POOLS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT POOLS

9.703

Subpart 9.7 - Defense Production Pools and Research and Development Pools
9.701 Definition.
“Pool,” as used in this subpart, means a group of concerns (see 19.001 ) that have(1) Associated together in order to obtain and perform, jointly or in conjunction with each other, defense production or
research and development contracts;
(2) Entered into an agreement governing their organization, relationship, and procedures; and
(3) Obtained approval of the agreement by either(i) The Small Business Administration (SBA) under section 9 or 11 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.638 or 640)
(see 13 CFR125); or
(ii) A designated official under PartV of Executive Order10480, August 14,1953 (18 FR4939, August 20,1953) and
section 708 of the Defense Production Act of1950 (50 U.S.C. App.2158).
9.702 Contracting with pools.
(a) Except as specified in this subpart, a pool shall be treated the same as any other prospective or actual contractor.
(b) The contracting officer shall not award a contract to a pool unless the offer leading to the contract is submitted by the
pool in its own name or by an individual pool member expressly stating that the offer is on behalf of the pool.
(c) Upon receipt of an offer submitted by a group representing that it is a pool, the contracting officer shall verify its
approved status with the SBA District Office Director or other approving agency and document the contract file that the
verification was made.
(d) Pools approved by the SBA under the Small Business Act are entitled to the preferences and privileges accorded to
small business concerns. Approval under the Defense Production Act does not confer these preferences and privileges.
(e) Before awarding a contract to an unincorporated pool, the contracting officer shall require each pool member
participating in the contract to furnish a certified copy of a power of attorney identifying the agent authorized to sign the offer
or contract on that member’s behalf. The contracting officer shall attach a copy of each power of attorney to each signed copy
of the contract retained by the Government.
9.703 Contracting with individual pool members.
(a) Pool members may submit individual offers, independent of the pool. However, the contracting officer shall not
consider an independent offer by a pool member if that pool member participates in a competing offer submitted by the pool.
(b) If a pool member submits an individual offer, independent of the pool, the contracting officer shall consider the pool
agreement, along with other factors, in determining whether that pool member is a responsible prospective contractor under
subpart 9.1.

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9.7-2

PART 10 - MARKET RESEARCH
Sec.
10.000
10.001

Scope of part.
Policy.

10.002
10.003

Procedures.
Contract clause.

10-1

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10-2

PART 10 - MARKET RESEARCH

10.001

10.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures for conducting market research to arrive at the most suitable approach to
acquiring, distributing, and supporting supplies and services. This part implements the requirements of 41 U.S.C. 3306(a)(1)
, 41 U.S. C. 3307 , 10 U.S. C. 2377 , and 6 U. S.C. 796 .
10.001 Policy.
(a) Agencies shall(1) Ensure that legitimate needs are identified and trade-offs evaluated to acquire items that meet those needs;
(2) Conduct market research appropriate to the circumstances(i) Before developing new requirements documents for an acquisition by that agency;
(ii) Before soliciting offers for acquisitions with an estimated value in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold;
(iii) Before soliciting offers for acquisitions with an estimated value less than the simplified acquisition threshold
when adequate information is not available and the circumstances justify its cost;
(iv) Before soliciting offers for acquisitions that could lead to consolidation or bundling (15 U.S.C.644(e)(2)(A)) and
15 U.S.C. 657q);
(v) Before awarding a task or delivery order under an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (ID/IQ) contract (e.g.,
GWACs, MACs) for a noncommercial item in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold (10 U. S.C. 2377(c)); and
(vi) On an ongoing basis, take advantage (to the maximum extent practicable) of commercially available market
research methods in order to effectively identify the capabilities of small businesses and new entrants into Federal contracting
that are available in the marketplace for meeting the requirements of the agency in furtherance of(A) A contingency operation or defense against or recovery from cyber, nuclear, biological, chemical, or
radiological attack; and
(B) Disaster relief to include debris removal, distribution of supplies, reconstruction, and other disaster or
emergency relief activities (See 26.205); and
(3) Use the results of market research to(i) Determine if sources capable of satisfying the agency’s requirements exist;
(ii) Determine if commercial items or, to the extent commercial items suitable to meet the agency’s needs are not
available, nondevelopmental items are available that(A) Meet the agency’s requirements;
(B) Could be modified to meet the agency’s requirements; or
(C) Could meet the agency’s requirements if those requirements were modified to a reasonable extent;
(iii) Determine the extent to which commercial items or nondevelopmental items could be incorporated at the
component level;
(iv) Determine the practices of firms engaged in producing, distributing, and supporting commercial items, such as
type of contract, terms for warranties, buyer financing, maintenance and packaging, and marking;
(v) Ensure maximum practicable use of recovered materials (see subpart 23.4) and promote energy conservation and
efficiency;
(vi) Determine whether consolidation is necessary and justified (see 7.107-2) (15 U.S.C. 657q);
(vii) Determine whether bundling is necessary and justified (see 7.107-3) (15 U.S.C.644(e)(2)(A)); and
(viii) Assess the availability of electronic and information technology that meets all or part of the applicable
accessibility standards issued by the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board at 36 CFR part 1194 (see
subpart 39.2).
(b) When conducting market research, agencies should not request potential sources to submit more than the minimum
information necessary.
(c) If an agency contemplates consolidation or bundling, the agency(1) When performing market research, should consult with the agency small business specialist and the local Small
Business Administration procurement center representative (PCR). If a PCR is not assigned, see 19.402(a); and
(2) Shall notify any affected incumbent small business concerns of the Government's intention to bundle the
requirement and how small business concerns may contact the appropriate Small Business Administration procurement center
representative (see 7.107-5(a)).
(d) See 10.003 for the requirement for a prime contractor to perform market research in contracts in excess of $5.5 million
for the procurement of items other than commercial items in accordance with section 826 of Public Law 110-181.

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10.002

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

10.002 Procedures.
(a) Acquisitions begin with a description of the Government’s needs stated in terms sufficient to allow conduct of market
research.
(b) Market research is then conducted to determine if commercial items or nondevelopmental items are available to meet
the Government’s needs or could be modified to meet the Government’s needs.
(1) The extent of market research will vary, depending on such factors as urgency, estimated dollar value, complexity,
and past experience. The contracting officer may use market research conducted within 18 months before the award of
any task or delivery order if the information is still current, accurate, and relevant. Market research involves obtaining
information specific to the item being acquired and should include(i) Whether the Government’s needs can be met by(A) Items of a type customarily available in the commercial marketplace;
(B) Items of a type customarily available in the commercial marketplace with modifications; or
(C) Items used exclusively for governmental purposes;
(ii) Customary practices regarding customizing, modifying or tailoring of items to meet customer needs and
associated costs;
(iii) Customary practices, including warranty, buyer financing, discounts, contract type considering the nature and
risk associated with the requirement, etc., under which commercial sales of the products or services are made;
(iv) The requirements of any laws and regulations unique to the item being acquired;
(v) The availability of items that contain recovered materials and items that are energy efficient;
(vi) The distribution and support capabilities of potential suppliers, including alternative arrangements and cost
estimates; and
(vii) Size and status of potential sources (see part 19).
(2) Techniques for conducting market research may include any or all of the following:
(i) Contacting knowledgeable individuals in Government and industry regarding market capabilities to meet
requirements.
(ii) Reviewing the results of recent market research undertaken to meet similar or identical requirements.
(iii) Publishing formal requests for information in appropriate technical or scientific journals or business
publications.
(iv) Querying the Governmentwide database of contracts and other procurement instruments intended for use by
multiple agencies available at https://www.contractdirectory. gov/contractdirectory/ and other Government and commercial
databases that provide information relevant to agency acquisitions.
(v) Participating in interactive, on-line communication among industry, acquisition personnel, and customers.
(vi) Obtaining source lists of similar items from other contracting activities or agencies, trade associations or other
sources.
(vii) Reviewing catalogs and other generally available product literature published by manufacturers, distributors,
and dealers or available on-line.
(viii) Conducting interchange meetings or holding presolicitation conferences to involve potential offerors early in
the acquisition process.
(c) If market research indicates commercial or nondevelopmental items might not be available to satisfy agency needs,
agencies shall reevaluate the need in accordance with 10.001(a)(3)(ii) and determine whether the need can be restated to
permit commercial or nondevelopmental items to satisfy the agency’s needs.
(d) (1) If market research establishes that the Government’s need may be met by a type of item or service customarily
available in the commercial marketplace that would meet the definition of a commercial item at subpart 2.1, the contracting
officer shall solicit and award any resultant contract using the policies and procedures in part 12.
(2) If market research establishes that the Government’s need cannot be met by a type of item or service customarily
available in the marketplace, part 12 shall not be used. When publication of the notice at 5.201 is required, the contracting
officer shall include a notice to prospective offerors that the Government does not intend to use part 12 for the acquisition.
(e) Agencies should document the results of market research in a manner appropriate to the size and complexity of the
acquisition.
10.003 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.210-1 , Market Research, in solicitations and contracts over $5.5
million for the procurement of items other than commercial items.

10.0-2

PART 11 - DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS
Sec.
11.000
11.001
11.002

11.101
11.102
11.103
11.104
11.105
11.106
11.107

11.201
11.202
11.203
11.204
11.301
11.302
11.303
11.304

Scope of part.
Definitions.
Policy.
Subpart 11.1 - Selecting and
Developing Requirements Documents
Order of precedence for requirements
documents.
Standardization program.
Market acceptance.
Use of brand name or equal purchase
descriptions.
Items peculiar to one manufacturer.
Purchase descriptions for service contracts.
Solicitation provision.
Subpart 11.2 - Using and Maintaining
Requirements Documents
Identification and availability of
specifications.
Maintenance of standardization documents.
Customer satisfaction.
Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.
Subpart 11.3 - Acceptable Material
Definitions.
Policy.
Special requirements for paper.
Contract clause.

11.401
11.402
11.403
11.404
11.500
11.501
11.502
11.503
11.600
11.601
11.602
11.603
11.604
11.701
11.702
11.703
11.801

Subpart 11.4 - Delivery or
Performance Schedules
General.
Factors to consider in establishing schedules.
Supplies or services.
Contract clauses.
Subpart 11.5 - Liquidated Damages
Scope.
Policy.
Procedures.
Contract clauses.
Subpart 11.6 - Priorities and Allocations
Scope of subpart.
Definitions.
General.
Procedures.
Solicitation provision and contract clause.
Subpart 11.7 - Variation in Quantity
Supply contracts.
Construction contracts.
Contract clauses.
Subpart 11.8 - Testing
Preaward in-use evaluation.

11-1

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11-2

11.002
11.000 Scope of part.
This part prescribes policies and procedures for describing agency needs.
11.001 Definitions.
As used in this part“Reconditioned” means restored to the original normal operating condition by readjustments and material replacement.
“Remanufactured” means factory rebuilt to original specifications.
11.002 Policy.
(a) In fulfilling requirements of 10 U.S.C.2305(a)(1), 10 U.S.C.2377, 41 U.S.C.3306(a), and 41 U.S.C.3307, agencies
shall(1) Specify needs using market research in a manner designed to(i) Promote full and open competition (see part 6), or maximum practicable competition when using simplified
acquisition procedures, with due regard to the nature of the supplies or services to be acquired; and
(ii) Only include restrictive provisions or conditions to the extent necessary to satisfy the needs of the agency or as
authorized by law.
(2) To the maximum extent practicable, ensure that acquisition officials(i) State requirements with respect to an acquisition of supplies or services in terms of(A) Functions to be performed;
(B) Performance required; or
(C) Essential physical characteristics;
(ii) Define requirements in terms that enable and encourage offerors to supply commercial items, or, to the extent
that commercial items suitable to meet the agency’s needs are not available, nondevelopmental items, in response to the
agency solicitations;
(iii) Provide offerors of commercial items and nondevelopmental items an opportunity to compete in any acquisition
to fill such requirements;
(iv) Require prime contractors and subcontractors at all tiers under the agency contracts to incorporate commercial
items or nondevelopmental items as components of items supplied to the agency; and
(v) Modify requirements in appropriate cases to ensure that the requirements can be met by commercial items or, to
the extent that commercial items suitable to meet the agency’s needs are not available, nondevelopmental items.
(b) The Metric Conversion Act of 1975, as amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (15
U.S.C.205a, et seq.), designates the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for
United States trade and commerce, and it requires that each agency use the metric system of measurement in its acquisitions,
except to the extent that such use is impracticable or is likely to cause significant inefficiencies or loss of markets to United
States firms. Requiring activities are responsible for establishing guidance implementing this policy in formulating their
requirements for acquisitions.
(c) To the extent practicable and consistent with subpart 9.5, potential offerors should be given an opportunity to comment
on agency requirements or to recommend application and tailoring of requirements documents and alternative approaches.
Requiring agencies should apply specifications, standards, and related documents initially for guidance only, making final
decisions on the application and tailoring of these documents as a product of the design and development process. Requiring
agencies should not dictate detailed design solutions prematurely (see 7.101 and 7.105(a)(8)).
(d) (1) When agencies acquire products and services, various statutes and executive orders (identified in part 23) require
consideration of sustainable acquisition (see subpart 23.1) including(i) Energy-efficient and water-efficient services and products (including products containing energy-efficient
standby power devices) (subpart 23.2);
(ii) Products and services that utilize renewable energy technologies (subpart 23.2);
(iii) Products containing recovered materials (subpart 23.4);
(iv) Biobased products (subpart 23.4);
(v) Environmentally preferable products and services, including EPEAT®-registered electronic products and nontoxic or low-toxic alternatives (subpart 23.7); and
(vi) Non-ozone-depleting substances, and products and services that minimize or eliminate, when feasible, the
use, release, or emission of high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbons, such as by using reclaimed instead of virgin
hydrofluorocarbons (subpart 23.8).

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(2) Unless an exception applies and is documented by the requiring activity, Executive agencies shall, to the maximum
practicable, require the use of products and services listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section when(i) Developing, reviewing, or revising Federal and military specifications, product descriptions (including
commercial item descriptions) and standards;
(ii) Describing Government requirements for products and services; and
(iii) Developing source-selection factors.
(e) Some or all of the performance levels or performance specifications in a solicitation may be identified as targets rather
than as fixed or minimum requirements.
(f) In accordance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of1973 (29 U.S.C.794d), requiring activities must prepare
requirements documents for electronic and information technology that comply with the applicable accessibility standards
issued by the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board at 36 CFR Part 1194 (see subpart 39.2).
(g) Unless the agency Chief Information Officer waives the requirement, when acquiring information technology using
Internet Protocol, the requirements documents must include reference to the appropriate technical capabilities defined in
the USGv6 Profile (NIST Special Publication 500-267) and the corresponding declarations of conformance defined in the
USGv6 Test Program. The applicability of IPv6 to agency networks, infrastructure, and applications specific to individual
acquisitions will be in accordance with the agency's Enterprise Architecture (see OMB Memorandum M-05-22 dated August
2, 2005).
(h) Agencies shall not include in a solicitation a requirement that prohibits an offeror from permitting its employees to
telecommute unless the contracting officer executes a written determination in accordance with FAR 7.108(a).

Subpart 11.1 - Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents
11.101 Order of precedence for requirements documents.
(a) Agencies may select from existing requirements documents, modify or combine existing requirements documents, or
create new requirements documents to meet agency needs, consistent with the following order of precedence:
(1) Documents mandated for use by law.
(2) Performance-oriented documents (e.g., a PWS or SOO). (See 2.101.)
(3) Detailed design-oriented documents.
(4) Standards, specifications and related publications issued by the Government outside the Defense or Federal series
for the non-repetitive acquisition of items.
(b) In accordance with OMB Circular A-119, “Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus
Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities,” and Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and
Advancement Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104-113 (15 U.S.C. 272 note), agencies must use voluntary consensus standards, when
they exist, in lieu of Government-unique standards, except where inconsistent with law or otherwise impractical. The private
sector manages and administers voluntary consensus standards. Such standards are not mandated by law (e.g., industry
standards such as ISO 9000, and IEEE 1680).
11.102 Standardization program.
Agencies shall select existing requirements documents or develop new requirements documents that meet the needs of the
agency in accordance with the guidance contained in the Federal Standardization Manual, FSPM-0001; for DoD components,
DoD 4120.24-M, Defense Standardization Program Policies and Procedures; and for IT standards and guidance, the Federal
Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUBS). The Federal Standardization Manual may be obtained from the
General Services Administration (see address in 11.201(d)(1)). DoD 4120.24-M may be obtained from DoD (see 11.201(d)
(2) or (3)). FIPS PUBS may be obtained from the Government Publishing Office (GPO), or the Department of Commerce's
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) (see address in 11.201(d)(4)).
11.103 Market acceptance.
(a) 41 U.S.C.3307(e) provides that, in accordance with agency procedures, the head of an agency may, under appropriate
circumstances, require offerors to demonstrate that the items offered(1) Have either(i) Achieved commercial market acceptance; or
(ii) Been satisfactorily supplied to an agency under current or recent contracts for the same or similar requirements;
and

11.1-2

SUBPART 11.1 - SELECTING AND DEVELOPING REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTS

11.107

(2) Otherwise meet the item description, specifications, or other criteria prescribed in the public notice and solicitation.
(b) Appropriate circumstances may, for example, include situations where the agency’s minimum need is for an item that
has a demonstrated reliability, performance or product support record in a specified environment. Use of market acceptance is
inappropriate when new or evolving items may meet the agency’s needs.
(c) In developing criteria for demonstrating that an item has achieved commercial market acceptance, the contracting
officer shall ensure the criteria in the solicitation(1) Reflect the minimum need of the agency and are reasonably related to the demonstration of an item’s acceptability
to meet the agency’s minimum need;
(2) Relate to an item’s performance and intended use, not an offeror’s capability;
(3) Are supported by market research;
(4) Include consideration of items supplied satisfactorily under recent or current Government contracts, for the same or
similar items; and
(5) Consider the entire relevant commercial market, including small business concerns.
(d) Commercial market acceptance shall not be used as a sole criterion to evaluate whether an item meets the
Government’s requirements.
(e) When commercial market acceptance is used, the contracting officer shall document the file to(1) Describe the circumstances justifying the use of commercial market acceptance criteria; and
(2) Support the specific criteria being used.
11.104 Use of brand name or equal purchase descriptions.
(a) While the use of performance specifications is preferred to encourage offerors to propose innovative solutions, the use
of brand name or equal purchase descriptions may be advantageous under certain circumstances.
(b) Brand name or equal purchase descriptions must include, in addition to the brand name, a general description of those
salient physical, functional, or performance characteristics of the brand name item that an “equal” item must meet to be
acceptable for award. Use brand name or equal descriptions when the salient characteristics are firm requirements.
11.105 Items peculiar to one manufacturer.
Agency requirements shall not be written so as to require a particular brand name, product, or a feature of a product,
peculiar to one manufacturer, thereby precluding consideration of a product manufactured by another company, unless(a) (1) The particular brand name, product, or feature is essential to the Government’s requirements, and market research
indicates other companies’ similar products, or products lacking the particular feature, do not meet, or cannot be modified to
meet, the agency’s needs;
(2) (i) The authority to contract without providing for full and open competition is supported by the required
justifications and approvals (see 6.302-1); or
(ii) The basis for not providing for maximum practicable competition is documented in the file (see 13.106-1(b)) or
justified (see 13.501) when the acquisition is awarded using simplified acquisition procedures.
(3) The documentation or justification is posted for acquisitions over $25,000. (See 5.102(a)(6).)
(b) For multiple award schedule orders, see 8.405-6.
(c) For orders under indefinite-quantity contracts, see 16.505(a)(4).
11.106 Purchase descriptions for service contracts.
In drafting purchase descriptions for service contracts, agency requiring activities shall ensure that inherently
governmental functions (see subpart 7.5 ) are not assigned to a contractor. These purchase descriptions shall(a) Reserve final determination for Government officials;
(b) Require proper identification of contractor personnel who attend meetings, answer Government telephones, or work
in situations where their actions could be construed as acts of Government officials unless, in the judgment of the agency, no
harm can come from failing to identify themselves; and
(c) Require suitable marking of all documents or reports produced by contractors.
11.107 Solicitation provision.
(a) Insert the provision at 52.211-6, Brand Name or Equal, when brand name or equal purchase descriptions are included
in a solicitation.

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11.107

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(b) Insert the provision at 52.211-7, Alternatives to Government-Unique Standards, in solicitations that use Governmentunique standards when the agency uses the transaction-based reporting method to report its use of voluntary consensus
standards to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (see OMB CircularA-119, “Federal Participation in the
Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities”). Use of the provision
is optional for agencies that report their use of voluntary consensus standards to the National Institute of Standards and
Technology using the categorical reporting method. Agencies that manage their specifications on a contract-by-contract basis
use the transaction-based method of reporting. Agencies that manage their specifications centrally use the categorical method
of reporting. Agency regulations regarding specification management describe which method is used.

11.1-4

SUBPART 11.2 - USING AND MAINTAINING REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTS

11.201

Subpart 11.2 - Using and Maintaining Requirements Documents
11.201 Identification and availability of specifications.
(a) Solicitations citing requirements documents listed in the General Services Administration (GSA) Index of Federal
Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, the DoD Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization
Information System (ASSIST), or other agency index shall identify each document’s approval date and the dates of any
applicable amendments and revisions. Do not use general identification references, such as “the issue in effect on the date of
the solicitation.” Contracting offices will not normally furnish these cited documents with the solicitation, except when(1) The requirements document must be furnished with the solicitation to enable prospective contractors to make a
competent evaluation of the solicitation;
(2) In the judgment of the contracting officer, it would be impracticable for prospective contractors to obtain the
documents in reasonable time to respond to the solicitation; or
(3) A prospective contractor requests a copy of a Government promulgated requirements document.
(b) Contracting offices shall clearly identify in the solicitation any pertinent documents not listed in the GSA Index of
Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions or ASSIST. Such documents shall be furnished with the
solicitation or specific instructions shall be furnished for obtaining or examining such documents.
(c) When documents refer to other documents, such references shall–
(1) Be restricted to documents, or appropriate portions of documents, that apply in the acquisition;
(2) Cite the extent of their applicability;
(3) Not conflict with other documents and provisions of the solicitation; and
(4) Identify all applicable first tier references.
(d) (1) The GSA Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, FPMR Part 101-29, may
be purchased from theGeneral Services Administration
Federal Supply Service Specifications
Section Suite 8100
470 East L’Enfant Plaza, SW
Washington, DC 20407
Telephone (202) 619-8925.
(2) Most unclassified Defense specifications and standards may be downloaded from the following ASSIST website:
(i) ASSIST (https://assist.dla.mil/online/start/).
(ii) Quick Search (http://quicksearch.dla.mil/).
(iii) ASSISTdocs.com (http://assistdocs.com).
(3) Documents not available from ASSIST may be ordered from the Department of Defense Single Stock Point
(DoDSSP) by(i) Using the ASSIST Shopping Wizard (https://assist.dla.mil/wizard/index.cfm);
(ii) Phoning the DoDSSP Customer Service Desk, (215) 697-2179, Mon-Fri, 0730 to 1600 EST; or
(iii) Ordering from DoDSSP, Building 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone
(215) 697-2667/2179, Facsimile (215) 697-1462.
(4) The FIPS PUBS may be obtained fromhttp://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/, or purchased from theSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Telephone (202) 512-1800,
Facsimile (202) 512-2250; or
National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, Telephone (703)
605-6000, Facsimile (703) 605-6900, Email: orders@ntis.gov.
(e) Agencies may purchase some nongovernment standards, including voluntary consensus standards, from the National
Technical Information Service’s Fedworld Information Network. Agencies may also obtain nongovernment standards from
the standards developing organization responsible for the preparation, publication, or maintenance of the standard, or from an
authorized document reseller. The National Institute of Standards and Technology can assist agencies in identifying sources
for, and content of, nongovernment standards. DoD activities may obtain from the DoDSSP those nongovernment standards,
including voluntary consensus standards, adopted for use by defense activities.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

11.202 Maintenance of standardization documents.
(a) Recommendations for changes to standardization documents listed in the GSA Index of Federal Specifications,
Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions should be submitted to theGeneral Services Administration Federal Supply Service Office of Acquisition Washington, DC 20406.
Agencies shall submit recommendations for changes to standardization documents listed in the DoDISS to the cognizant
preparing activity.
(b) When an agency cites an existing standardization document but modifies it to meet its needs, the agency shall follow
the guidance in Federal Standardization Manual and, for Defense components, DoD 4120.24-M, Defense Standardization
Program Policies and Procedures.
11.203 Customer satisfaction.
Acquisition organizations shall communicate with customers to determine how well the requirements document reflects
the customer’s needs and to obtain suggestions for corrective actions. Whenever practicable, the agency may provide affected
industry an opportunity to comment on the requirements documents.
11.204 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.
(a) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.211-1, Availability of Specifications Listed in the GSA Index
of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, FPMR Part 101-29, in solicitations that cite
specifications listed in the Index that are not furnished with the solicitation.
(b) The contracting officer shall insert the provision at 52.211-2, Availability of Specifications, Standards, and Data Item
Descriptions Listed in the Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System (ASSIST), in solicitations that
cite specifications listed in the ASSIST that are not furnished with the solicitation.
(c) The contracting officer shall insert a provision substantially the same as the provision at 52.211-3, Availability of
Specifications Not Listed in the GSA Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions, in
solicitations that cite specifications that are not listed in the Index and are not furnished with the solicitation, but may be
obtained from a designated source.
(d) The contracting officer shall insert a provision substantially the same as the provision at 52.211-4, Availability for
Examination of Specifications Not Listed in the GSA Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item
Descriptions, in solicitations that cite specifications that are not listed in the Index and are available for examination at a
specified location.

11.2-2

SUBPART 11.3 - ACCEPTABLE MATERIAL

11.303

Subpart 11.3 - Acceptable Material
11.301 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Postconsumer material” means a material or finished product that has served its intended use and has been discarded for
disposal or recovery, having completed its life as a consumer item. Postconsumer material is a part of the broader category of
“recovered material.” For paper and paper products, postconsumer material means “postconsumer fiber” defined by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as(1) Paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have
passed through their end-usage as a consumer item, including: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines; mixed
waste paper; tabulating cards; and used cordage; or
(2) All paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste; but not
(3) Fiber derived from printers’ over-runs, converters’ scrap, and over-issue publications.
“Recovered material” for paper and paper products, is defined by EPA in its Comprehensive Procurement Guideline as
“recovered fiber” and means the following materials:
(4) Postconsumer fiber.
(5) Manufacturing wastes such as(i) Dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process (that is, those
manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough
sheets) including: envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste resulting from printing,
cutting, forming, and other converting operations; bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes; and butt rolls, mill wrappers,
and rejected unused stock; and
(ii) Repulped finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers,
merchants, wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others.
11.302 Policy.
(a) Agencies must not require virgin material or supplies composed of or manufactured using virgin material unless
compelled by law or regulation or unless virgin material is vital for safety or meeting performance requirements of the
contract.
(b) (1) When acquiring other than commercial items, agencies must require offerors to identify used, reconditioned, or
remanufactured supplies; or unused former Government surplus property proposed for use under the contract. These supplies
or property may not be used in contract performance unless authorized by the contracting officer.
(2) When acquiring commercial items, the contracting officer must consider the customary practices in the industry
for the item being acquired. The contracting officer may require offerors to provide information on used, reconditioned, or
remanufactured supplies, or unused former Government surplus property proposed for use under the contract. The request for
the information must be included in the solicitation, and to the maximum extent practicable must be limited to information or
standards consistent with normal commercial practices.
(c) (1) When the contracting officer needs additional information to determine whether supplies meet minimum recovered
material or biobased standards stated in the solicitation, the contracting officer may require offerors to submit additional
information on the recycled or biobased content or related standards. The request for the information must be included in
the solicitation. When acquiring commercial items, limit the information to the maximum extent practicable to that available
under normal commercial practices.
(2) For biobased products, agencies may not require, as a condition of purchase of such products, the vendor or
manufacturer to provide more data than would typically be provided by other business entities offering products for sale to
the agency, other than data confirming the biobased content of a product (see 7 CFR 3201.8).
11.303 Special requirements for paper.
(a) The following applies when agencies acquire paper in the United States (as defined in 23.001):
(1) Section 2(d)(ii) of Executive Order 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation
Management, establishes a 30 percent postconsumer fiber content standards for agency paper use. Section 2(d)(ii) requires
that an agency’s paper products must meet or exceed the minimum content standard.
(2) Section 2(e)(iv) of Executive Order 13514 requires acquisition of uncoated printing and writing paper containing at
least 30 percent postconsumer fiber.

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FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

(b) Exceptions. If paper under paragraphs (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this section containing at least 30 percent postconsumer fiber
is not reasonably available, does not meet reasonable performance requirements, or is only available at an unreasonable price,
then the agency must purchase(1) Printing and writing paper containing no less than 20 percent postconsumer fiber; or
(2) Paper, other than printing and writing paper, with the maximum practicable percentage of postconsumer fiber that is
reasonably available at a reasonable price and that meets reasonable performance requirements.
11.304 Contract clause.
Insert the clause at 52.211-5 , Material Requirements, in solicitations and contracts for supplies that are not commercial
items.

11.3-2

SUBPART 11.4 - DELIVERY

OR

PERFORMANCE SCHEDULES

11.403

Subpart 11.4 - Delivery or Performance Schedules
11.401 General.
(a) The time of delivery or performance is an essential contract element and shall be clearly stated in solicitations.
Contracting officers shall ensure that delivery or performance schedules are realistic and meet the requirements of the
acquisition. Schedules that are unnecessarily short or difficult to attain(1) Tend to restrict competition,
(2) Are inconsistent with small business policies, and
(3) May result in higher contract prices.
(b) Solicitations shall, except when clearly unnecessary, inform bidders or offerors of the basis on which their bids or
proposals will be evaluated with respect to time of delivery or performance.
(c) If timely delivery or performance is unusually important to the Government, liquidated damages clauses may be used
(see subpart 11.5).
11.402 Factors to consider in establishing schedules.
(a) Supplies or services. When establishing a contract delivery or performance schedule, consideration shall be given to
applicable factors such as the(1) Urgency of need;
(2) Industry practices;
(3) Market conditions;
(4) Transportation time;
(5) Production time;
(6) Capabilities of small business concerns;
(7) Administrative time for obtaining and evaluating offers and for awarding contracts;
(8) Time for contractors to comply with any conditions precedent to contract performance; and
(9) Time for the Government to perform its obligations under the contract; e.g., furnishing Government property.
(b) Construction. When scheduling the time for completion of a construction contract, the contracting officer shall
consider applicable factors such as the(1) Nature and complexity of the project;
(2) Construction seasons involved;
(3) Required completion date;
(4) Availability of materials and equipment;
(5) Capacity of the contractor to perform; and
(6) Use of multiple completion dates. (In any given contract, separate completion dates may be established for
separable items of work. When multiple completion dates are used, requests for extension of time must be evaluated with
respect to each item, and the affected completion dates modified when appropriate.)
11.403 Supplies or services.
(a) The contracting officer may express contract delivery or performance schedules in terms of(1) Specific calendar dates;
(2) Specific periods from the date of the contract; i.e., from the date of award or acceptance by the Government, or
from the date shown as the effective date of the contract;
(3) Specific periods from the date of receipt by the contractor of the notice of award or acceptance by the Government
(including notice by receipt of contract document executed by the Government); or
(4) Specific time for delivery after receipt by the contractor of each individual order issued under the contract, as in
indefinite delivery type contracts and GSA schedules.
(b) The time specified for contract performance should not be curtailed to the prejudice of the contractor because of delay
by the Government in giving notice of award.
(c) If the delivery schedule is based on the date of the contract, the contracting officer shall mail or otherwise furnish to
the contractor the contract, notice of award, acceptance of proposal, or other contract document not later than the date of the
contract.
(d) If the delivery schedule is based on the date the contractor receives the notice of award, or if the delivery schedule
is expressed in terms of specific calendar dates on the assumption that the notice of award will be received by a specified

11.4-1

11.404

FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION

date, the contracting officer shall send the contract, notice of award, acceptance of proposal, or other contract document by
certified mail, return receipt requested, or by any other method that will provide evidence of the date of receipt.
(e) In invitations for bids, if the delivery schedule is based on the date of the contract, and a bid offers delivery based on
the date the contractor receives the contract or notice of award, the contracting officer shall evaluate the bid by adding 5
calendar days (as representing the normal time for arrival through ordinary mail). If the contract or notice of award will be
transmitted electronically, (1) the solicitation shall so state; and (2) the contracting officer shall evaluate delivery schedule
based on the date of contract receipt or notice of award, by adding oneworking day. (The term “working day” excludes
weekends and U.S. Federal holidays.) If the offered delivery date computed with mailing or transmittal time is later than the
delivery date required by the invitation for bids, the bid shall be considered nonresponsive and rejected. If award is made, the
delivery date will be the number of days offered in the bid after the contractor actually receives the notice of award.
11.404 Contract clauses.
(a) Supplies or services. (1) The contracting officer may use a time of delivery clause to set forth a required delivery
schedule and to allow an offeror to propose an alternative delivery schedule. The clauses and their alternates may be used
in solicitations and contracts for other than construction and architect-engineering substantially as shown, or they may be
changed or new clauses written.
(2) The contracting officer may insert in solicitations and contracts other than those for construction and architectengineering, a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.211-8, Time of Delivery, if the Government requires delivery
by a particular time and the delivery schedule is to be based on the date of the contract. If the delivery schedule is expressed
in terms of specific calendar dates or specific periods and is based on an assumed date of award, the contracting officer may
use the clause with its Alternate I. If the delivery schedule is expressed in terms of specific calendar dates or specific periods
and is based on an assumed date the contractor will receive notice of award, the contracting officer may use the clause with
its Alternate II. If the delivery schedule is to be based on the actual date the contractor receives a written notice of award, the
contracting officer may use the clause with its Alternate III.
(3) The contracting officer may insert in solicitations and contracts other than those for construction and architectengineering, a clause substantially the same as the clause at 52.211-9, Desired and Required Time of Delivery, if the
Government desires delivery by a certain time but requires delivery by a specified later time, and the delivery schedule is
to be based on the date of the contract. If the delivery schedule is expressed in terms of specific calendar dates or specific
periods and is based on an assumed date of award, the contracting officer may use the clause with its Alternate I. If the
delivery schedule is expressed in terms of specific calendar dates or specific periods and is based on an assumed date the
contractor will receive notice of award, the contracting officer may use the clause with its Alternate II. If the delivery
schedule is to be based on the actual date the contractor receives a written notice of award, the contracting officer may use the
clause with its Alternate III.
(b) Construction. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 52.211-10, Commencement, Prosecution, and
Completion of Work, in solicitations and contracts when a fixed-price construction contract is contemplated. The clause may
be changed to accommodate the issuance of orders under indefinite-delivery contracts. If the completion date is expressed
as a specific calendar date, computed on the basis of the contractor receiving the notice to proceed by a certain day, the
contracting officer may use the clause with its Alternate I.

11.4-2

11.503

SUBPART 11.5 - LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

Subpart 11.5 - Liquidated Damages
11.500 Scope.
(a) This subpart prescribes policies and procedures for using liquidated damages clauses in solicitations and contracts for
supplies, services, research and development, and construction.
(b) This subpart does not apply to liquidated damages(1) For subcontracting plans (see 19.705-7);
(2) Related to the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards statute (see subpart 22.3); or
(3) Related to paid sick leave for Federal contractors (see subpart 22.21).
11.501 Policy.
(a) The contracting officer must consider the potential impact on pricing, competition, and contract administration before
using a liquidated damages clause. Use liquidated damages clauses only when(1) The time of delivery or timely performance is so important that the Government may reasonably expect to suffer
damage if the delivery or performance is delinquent; and
(2) The extent or amount of such damage would be difficult or impossible to estimate accurately or prove.
(b) Liquidated damages are not punitive and are not negative performance incentives (see 16.402-2). Liquidated damages
are used to compensate the Government for probable damages. Therefore, the liquidated damages rate must be a reasonable
forecast of just compensation for the harm that is caused by late delivery or untimely performance of the particular contract.
Use a maximum amount or a maximum period for assessing liquidated damages if these limits reflect the maximum
probable damage to the Government. Also, the contracting officer may use more than one liquidated damages rate when the
contracting officer expects the probable damage to the Government to change over the contract period of performance.
(c) The contracting officer must take all reasonable steps to mitigate liquidated damages. If the contract contains a
liquidated damages clause and the contracting officer is considering terminating the contract for default, the contracting
officer should seek expeditiously to obtain performance by the contractor or terminate the contract and repurchase (see
subpart 49.4). Prompt contracting officer action will prevent excessive loss to defaulting contractors and protect the interests
of the Government.
(d) The head of the agency may reduce or waive the amount of liquidated damages assessed under a contract, if the
Commissioner, Financial Management Service, or designee approves (see Treasury Order 145-10).
11.502 Procedures.
(a) Include the applicable liquidated damages clause and liquidated damages rates in solicitations when the contract will
contain liquidated damages provisions.
(b) Construction contracts with liquidated damages provisions must describe the rate(s) of liquidated damages assessed per
day of delay. The rate(s) should include the estimated daily cost of Government inspection and superintendence. The rate(s)
should also include an amount for other expected expenses associated with delayed completion such as(1) Renting substitute property; or
(2) Paying additional allowance for living quarters.
11.503 Contract clauses.
(a) Use the clause at 52.211-11, Liquidated Damages-Supplies, Services, or Research and Development, in fixed-price
solicitations and contracts for supplies, services, or research and development when the contracting officer determines that
liquidated damages are appropriate (see 11.501(a)).
(b) Use the clause at 52.211-12, Liquidated Damages-Construction, in solicitations and contracts for construction, other
than cost-plus-fixed-fee, when the contracting officer determines that liquidated damages are appropriate (see 11.501(a)).
If the contract specifies more than one completion date for separate parts or stages of the work, revise paragraph (a) of the
clause to state the amount of liquidated damages for delay of each separate part or stage of the work.
(c) Use the clause at 52.211-13, Time Extensions, in solicitations and contracts for construction that use the clause at
52.211-12, Liquidated Damages-Construction, when that clause has been revised as provided in paragraph (b) of this section.

11.5-1

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11.5-2

SUBPART 11.6 - PRIORITIES

AND

ALLOCATIONS

11.603

Subpart 11.6 - Priorities and Allocations
11.600 Scope of subpart.
This subpart implements the Defense Priorities and Allocations System (DPAS), a Department of Commerce regulation in
support of approved national defense, emergency preparedness, and energy programs (see 15 CFR part 700).
11.601 Definitions.
As used in this subpart“Approved program” means a program determined as necessary or appropriate for priorities and allocations support to
promote the national defense by the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, or the Secretary of Homeland Security,
under the authority of the Defense Production Act, the Stafford Act, and Executive Order 12919, or the Selective Service Act
and related statutes and Executive Order 12742.
“Delegate Agency” means a Government agency authorized by delegation from the Department of Commerce to place
priority ratings on contracts or orders needed to support approved programs.
“National defense” means programs for military and energy production or construction, military assistance to any foreign
nation, stockpiling, space, and any directly related activity. Such term includes emergency preparedness activities conducted
pursuant to title VI of The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ( 42 U.S.C. 5195 et seq.) and
critical infrastructure protection and restoration. ( 50 U.S.C. App. § 2152).
“Rated order” means a prime contract, a subcontract, or a purchase order in support of an approved program issued in
accordance with the provisions of the DPAS regulation (15 CFR part 700).
11.602 General.
(a) Under Title I of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. App.2061, etseq.), the President is authorized to
require preferential acceptance and performance of contracts and orders supporting certain approved national defense and
energy programs and to allocate materials, services, and facilities in such a manner as to promote these approved programs.
(b) The President delegated the priorities and allocations authorities of the Defense Production Act in Executive Order
12919. As part of that delegation, the President designated the Secretary of Commerce to administer the DPAS. For more
information, check the DPAS website at: www.bis.doc.gov/dpas.
11.603 Procedures.
(a) There are two levels of priority for rated orders established by the DPAS, identified by the rating symbols “DO” and
“DX”. All DO rated orders have equal priority with each other and take preference over unrated orders. All DX rated orders
have equal priority with each other and take preference over DO rated and unrated orders (see 15 CFR 700.11). The DPAS
regulation contains provisions concerning the elements of a rated order (see 15 CFR 700.12); acceptance and rejection of
rated orders (see 15 CFR 700.13); preferential scheduling (see 15 CFR 700.14); extension of priority ratings (flowdown) (see
15 CFR 700.15); changes or cancellations of priority ratings and rated orders (see 15 CFR 700.16); use of rated orders (see 15
CFR 700.17); and limitations on placing rated orders (see 15 CFR 700.18).
(b) The Delegate Agencies have been given authority by the Department of Commerce to place rated orders in support of
approved programs (see Schedule I of the DPAS). Other U.S. Government agencies, Canada, and foreign nations may apply
for priority rating authority.
(c) Rated orders shall be placed in accordance with the provisions of the DPAS.
(d) Agency heads shall ensure compliance with the DPAS by contracting activities within their agencies.
(e) Agency heads shall provide contracting activities with specific guidance on the issuance of rated orders in support of
approved agency programs, including the general limitations and jurisdictional limitations on placing rated orders (see 15
CFR 700.18 and Executive Order 12919).
(f) Contracting officers shall follow agency procedural instructions concerning the use of rated orders in support of
approved agency programs.
(g) Contracting officers, contractors, or subcontractors at any tier, that experience difficulty placing rated orders, obtaining
timely delivery under rated orders, locating a contractor or supplier to fill a rated order, ensuring that rated orders receive
preferential treatment by contractors or suppliers, or require rating authority for items not automatically ratable under the
DPAS, should promptly seek special priorities assi