Bloat lightning talk

demonstrate-bloat.sql

-- Setup

drop table bloattable;

create table bloattable (
	a int primary key,
	b int not null,
	x uuid not null,
	y uuid not null
);

create index bloatindex_b_idx on bloattable (x uuid_ops);

-- Create initial data
insert into bloattable (a, b, x, y)
select 
	i, 
	100,
	gen_random_uuid(),
	gen_random_uuid()
from generate_series(1, 1000) i;

-- Run this to generate bloat. Run it more times for more bloat;
update bloattable
set b = floor(random() * 100 + 1)::int;

-- Delete all data to get 100% bloat
delete from bloattable where true;


-- Hanging transaction, don't commit/end and autovacuum
-- will not be able to clean up the 
begin;
select *
from bloattable;
-- keep this open in a 
end;


-- doesn't fix bloat:
vacuum bloattable;

-- fixed the bloat but locks the whole table in the meanwhile
vacuum full bloattable;

-- fixes bloat online, without locking table: https://reorg.github.io/pg_repack/
create extension pg_repack;
/*
* Actual fixing of bloat is done using the pg_repack binary,
* running outside the DB: 
*   - https://hub.packtpub.com/rob-sullivan-using-pg_repack-in-aws-rds-from-planet-postgresql/
*
* /usr/local/bin/pg_repack-1.4.3/pg_repack -U postgres -h 127.0.0.1 -k -d mydb -t bloattable -j 4
*/




-- you have to analyze to get up-to-date bloat estimates
analyze bloattable;

-- Calculate table bloat
SELECT current_database(), schemaname, tblname, bs*tblpages AS real_size,
  (tblpages-est_tblpages)*bs AS extra_size,
  CASE WHEN tblpages > 0 AND tblpages - est_tblpages > 0
    THEN 100 * (tblpages - est_tblpages)/tblpages::float
    ELSE 0
  END AS extra_pct, fillfactor,
  CASE WHEN tblpages - est_tblpages_ff > 0
    THEN (tblpages-est_tblpages_ff)*bs
    ELSE 0
  END AS bloat_size,
  CASE WHEN tblpages > 0 AND tblpages - est_tblpages_ff > 0
    THEN 100 * (tblpages - est_tblpages_ff)/tblpages::float
    ELSE 0
  END AS bloat_pct, is_na
  -- , tpl_hdr_size, tpl_data_size, (pst).free_percent + (pst).dead_tuple_percent AS real_frag -- (DEBUG INFO)
FROM (
  SELECT ceil( reltuples / ( (bs-page_hdr)/tpl_size ) ) + ceil( toasttuples / 4 ) AS est_tblpages,
    ceil( reltuples / ( (bs-page_hdr)*fillfactor/(tpl_size*100) ) ) + ceil( toasttuples / 4 ) AS est_tblpages_ff,
    tblpages, fillfactor, bs, tblid, schemaname, tblname, heappages, toastpages, is_na
    -- , tpl_hdr_size, tpl_data_size, pgstattuple(tblid) AS pst -- (DEBUG INFO)
  FROM (
    SELECT
      ( 4 + tpl_hdr_size + tpl_data_size + (2*ma)
        - CASE WHEN tpl_hdr_size%ma = 0 THEN ma ELSE tpl_hdr_size%ma END
        - CASE WHEN ceil(tpl_data_size)::int%ma = 0 THEN ma ELSE ceil(tpl_data_size)::int%ma END
      ) AS tpl_size, bs - page_hdr AS size_per_block, (heappages + toastpages) AS tblpages, heappages,
      toastpages, reltuples, toasttuples, bs, page_hdr, tblid, schemaname, tblname, fillfactor, is_na
      -- , tpl_hdr_size, tpl_data_size
    FROM (
      SELECT
        tbl.oid AS tblid, ns.nspname AS schemaname, tbl.relname AS tblname, tbl.reltuples,
        tbl.relpages AS heappages, coalesce(toast.relpages, 0) AS toastpages,
        coalesce(toast.reltuples, 0) AS toasttuples,
        coalesce(substring(
          array_to_string(tbl.reloptions, ' ')
          FROM 'fillfactor=([0-9]+)')::smallint, 100) AS fillfactor,
        current_setting('block_size')::numeric AS bs,
        CASE WHEN version()~'mingw32' OR version()~'64-bit|x86_64|ppc64|ia64|amd64' THEN 8 ELSE 4 END AS ma,
        24 AS page_hdr,
        23 + CASE WHEN MAX(coalesce(s.null_frac,0)) > 0 THEN ( 7 + count(s.attname) ) / 8 ELSE 0::int END
           + CASE WHEN bool_or(att.attname = 'oid' and att.attnum < 0) THEN 4 ELSE 0 END AS tpl_hdr_size,
        sum( (1-coalesce(s.null_frac, 0)) * coalesce(s.avg_width, 0) ) AS tpl_data_size,
        bool_or(att.atttypid = 'pg_catalog.name'::regtype)
          OR sum(CASE WHEN att.attnum > 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) <> count(s.attname) AS is_na
      FROM pg_attribute AS att
        JOIN pg_class AS tbl ON att.attrelid = tbl.oid
        JOIN pg_namespace AS ns ON ns.oid = tbl.relnamespace
        LEFT JOIN pg_stats AS s ON s.schemaname=ns.nspname
          AND s.tablename = tbl.relname AND s.inherited=false AND s.attname=att.attname
        LEFT JOIN pg_class AS toast ON tbl.reltoastrelid = toast.oid
      WHERE NOT att.attisdropped
        AND tbl.relkind in ('r','m')
      GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
      ORDER BY 2,3
    ) AS s
  ) AS s2
) AS s3
WHERE NOT is_na
ORDER BY schemaname, tblname;



-- Get index bloat
SELECT current_database(), nspname AS schemaname, tblname, idxname, bs*(relpages)::bigint AS real_size,
  bs*(relpages-est_pages)::bigint AS extra_size,
  100 * (relpages-est_pages)::float / relpages AS extra_pct,
  fillfactor,
  CASE WHEN relpages > est_pages_ff
    THEN bs*(relpages-est_pages_ff)
    ELSE 0
  END AS bloat_size,
  100 * (relpages-est_pages_ff)::float / relpages AS bloat_pct,
  is_na
  -- , 100-(pst).avg_leaf_density AS pst_avg_bloat, est_pages, index_tuple_hdr_bm, maxalign, pagehdr, nulldatawidth, nulldatahdrwidth, reltuples, relpages -- (DEBUG INFO)
FROM (
  SELECT coalesce(1 +
         ceil(reltuples/floor((bs-pageopqdata-pagehdr)/(4+nulldatahdrwidth)::float)), 0 -- ItemIdData size + computed avg size of a tuple (nulldatahdrwidth)
      ) AS est_pages,
      coalesce(1 +
         ceil(reltuples/floor((bs-pageopqdata-pagehdr)*fillfactor/(100*(4+nulldatahdrwidth)::float))), 0
      ) AS est_pages_ff,
      bs, nspname, tblname, idxname, relpages, fillfactor, is_na
      -- , pgstatindex(idxoid) AS pst, index_tuple_hdr_bm, maxalign, pagehdr, nulldatawidth, nulldatahdrwidth, reltuples -- (DEBUG INFO)
  FROM (
      SELECT maxalign, bs, nspname, tblname, idxname, reltuples, relpages, idxoid, fillfactor,
            ( index_tuple_hdr_bm +
                maxalign - CASE -- Add padding to the index tuple header to align on MAXALIGN
                  WHEN index_tuple_hdr_bm%maxalign = 0 THEN maxalign
                  ELSE index_tuple_hdr_bm%maxalign
                END
              + nulldatawidth + maxalign - CASE -- Add padding to the data to align on MAXALIGN
                  WHEN nulldatawidth = 0 THEN 0
                  WHEN nulldatawidth::integer%maxalign = 0 THEN maxalign
                  ELSE nulldatawidth::integer%maxalign
                END
            )::numeric AS nulldatahdrwidth, pagehdr, pageopqdata, is_na
            -- , index_tuple_hdr_bm, nulldatawidth -- (DEBUG INFO)
      FROM (
          SELECT n.nspname, i.tblname, i.idxname, i.reltuples, i.relpages,
              i.idxoid, i.fillfactor, current_setting('block_size')::numeric AS bs,
              CASE -- MAXALIGN: 4 on 32bits, 8 on 64bits (and mingw32 ?)
                WHEN version() ~ 'mingw32' OR version() ~ '64-bit|x86_64|ppc64|ia64|amd64' THEN 8
                ELSE 4
              END AS maxalign,
              /* per page header, fixed size: 20 for 7.X, 24 for others */
              24 AS pagehdr,
              /* per page btree opaque data */
              16 AS pageopqdata,
              /* per tuple header: add IndexAttributeBitMapData if some cols are null-able */
              CASE WHEN max(coalesce(s.null_frac,0)) = 0
                  THEN 8 -- IndexTupleData size
                  ELSE 8 + (( 32 + 8 - 1 ) / 8) -- IndexTupleData size + IndexAttributeBitMapData size ( max num filed per index + 8 - 1 /8)
              END AS index_tuple_hdr_bm,
              /* data len: we remove null values save space using it fractionnal part from stats */
              sum( (1-coalesce(s.null_frac, 0)) * coalesce(s.avg_width, 1024)) AS nulldatawidth,
              max( CASE WHEN i.atttypid = 'pg_catalog.name'::regtype THEN 1 ELSE 0 END ) > 0 AS is_na
          FROM (
              SELECT ct.relname AS tblname, ct.relnamespace, ic.idxname, ic.attpos, ic.indkey, ic.indkey[ic.attpos], ic.reltuples, ic.relpages, ic.tbloid, ic.idxoid, ic.fillfactor,
                  coalesce(a1.attnum, a2.attnum) AS attnum, coalesce(a1.attname, a2.attname) AS attname, coalesce(a1.atttypid, a2.atttypid) AS atttypid,
                  CASE WHEN a1.attnum IS NULL
                  THEN ic.idxname
                  ELSE ct.relname
                  END AS attrelname
              FROM (
                  SELECT idxname, reltuples, relpages, tbloid, idxoid, fillfactor, indkey,
                      pg_catalog.generate_series(1,indnatts) AS attpos
                  FROM (
                      SELECT ci.relname AS idxname, ci.reltuples, ci.relpages, i.indrelid AS tbloid,
                          i.indexrelid AS idxoid,
                          coalesce(substring(
                              array_to_string(ci.reloptions, ' ')
                              from 'fillfactor=([0-9]+)')::smallint, 90) AS fillfactor,
                          i.indnatts,
                          pg_catalog.string_to_array(pg_catalog.textin(
                              pg_catalog.int2vectorout(i.indkey)),' ')::int[] AS indkey
                      FROM pg_catalog.pg_index i
                      JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ci ON ci.oid = i.indexrelid
                      WHERE ci.relam=(SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree')
                      AND ci.relpages > 0
                  ) AS idx_data
              ) AS ic
              JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ct ON ct.oid = ic.tbloid
              LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a1 ON
                  ic.indkey[ic.attpos] <> 0
                  AND a1.attrelid = ic.tbloid
                  AND a1.attnum = ic.indkey[ic.attpos]
              LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a2 ON
                  ic.indkey[ic.attpos] = 0
                  AND a2.attrelid = ic.idxoid
                  AND a2.attnum = ic.attpos
            ) i
            JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = i.relnamespace
            JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stats s ON s.schemaname = n.nspname
                                      AND s.tablename = i.attrelname
                                      AND s.attname = i.attname
            GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
      ) AS rows_data_stats
  ) AS rows_hdr_pdg_stats
) AS relation_stats
where tblname = 'bloattable'
ORDER BY nspname, tblname, idxname;