DISCUSSION QUESTION FOR MODULE 6: REALIST PERIOD

C100_REALIST.md

1. 6.05 & 6.06 – Explain the meaning of each of the themes in 6.05 in your own words. Use 6.06 to help with describing some of them. Take your time to make sure you have a full explanation.

- Industrial Revolution: the hardships of city life, and the injustices that surfaced in this period.
- Darwinism: Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection and evolution had a strong impact on the beliefs and values of Realism
- Individualism: focus on portraying ordinary life.
- Age of Doubt: optimism and anxiety in modernation effect tobe this theme.

2. 6.08 – Explain what the three philosophies listed in 6.08 are, including the names of the people mentioned. Include what themes they seem to reflect.

- Darwinism: by Charles Darwin:  "Natural Selection" while rejecting the religious belief in a special divine creation of each species.
- Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill : "promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people and individuals should be free to direct their own lives"
- Markism: by Karl Marx: Marxists believe that social unrest will inevitably overthrow capitalist systems.

3. 6.09 – Explain the characteristics of literature during the period. 

- Realism in literature reflected "real life" during these changing times. Realist authors sought to describe life and human behavior as they were, without idealization or romantic subjectivity. In fiction, character was deemed to be at least as important as plot. The topics of Realist literature dealt with the mundane concerns and preoccupations of people from all walks of life.

4. 6.09 – For each of the Realists in the blue tabs, explain how he or she reflects at least one of the themes of the period. 

- French Realists: Honore de Balzac: (The Human Comedy) reflected: Individualism
- English Realists: Charles Dickens: (Bleak House) reflected: Industrialism and Individualism
- Russian Realists: Leo Tolstoy: (War and Pease) reflected: Individualism

5. 6.09 – Define “vernacular” (found under Mark Twain).

- local language

6. 6.09 – Define “naturalism” (found under Kate Chopin) and explain how Chopin reflects it in herwork.

- "the sentiment that humans have little control over themselves or the forces that shape their lives, but must struggle to survive"

7. 6.10 – Explain the characteristics of theater during the period. Include how it differs from previous eras—what is the new focus?

- Realist theater, like Realist literature, brought an emphasis on accurate depiction of ordinary life to the stage.

8. 6.10 – What theme or themes from 6.05 does Ibsen’s play most reflect?  Why?

- Ibsen's play (Doll's House) relected: Individual 

9. 6.11 – Explain the characteristics of French Realism, American Realism, and Photography. Include at least one work from each in your explanation as an example.

- French Realism: focused on the social realities of modern life, represented the pendulum swing away from the emotionalism of the earlier period.
    - "The Third-Class Carriage" by Honore Daumier
- American Realist: artistic and scientific qualities and illustrates the interest in anatomy as well as in art
    - "The Gross Clinic"": by Thomas Eakins
- Photography: a unique, detailed photographic image on a highly polished silver-plated sheet of copper
    - "Boulevard du Temple by Louis-Jacques-Mandé", the earliest photograph of a living person.

10. 6.12 – Explain the characteristics of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Art Nouveau. Include at least one work from each in your explanation as an example.

- Impressionism: real accurate plus color and light 
    - mpression, Sunrise (1872) by Claude Monet
- Post-impressionism: Impressionism + greater concern for expression, structure, form, line, and symbolic
    - The Basket of Apples (c. 1893) by Paul Cézanne
- Art Nouveau: favored sinuous lines, curves, and organic motifs*, such as plants and flowers. It often took inspiration from the unruly aspects of nature
    - The Peacock Skirt (1893) by Beardsley

11. 6.12 – What art form from what country most influenced Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Art Nouveau?

- Japanese woodblock prints from Japan effects following: 
    - Impressionist: impact on visual arts, including the lithograph
    - Post-Impressionist artist van Gogh
    - Art Nouveau: featured floral motifs and "whiplash curves" (a connected series of reverse curves of more or less elliptical form)

12. 6.13 – This will take careful reading! Describe the characteristics of music during the period.Explain the three qualities with which they experimented.

- Atonality: music that lacks a tonal center and does not conform to a predictable system of tonal hierarchies that characterized classical European music
    - For greater emotional expression and intensity
- Nationalism: 
    - add distinctive new flavor to existing traditions.
- Symbolism: 
    - evoked distinct emotional quality and mood.

13. 6.13 – Under the Exemplary Works tab, explain how each composer reflected at least one of thecharacteristics or qualities of music explained in question 11.

- Romantic: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky use his music as an intimate confession that mirrors a personal life
    - Sleeping Beauty
    - Swan Lake
    - Nutcracker
- Impressionist:  characterized by a more sensual experience, with tonal ambiguity that suggested a particular atmosphere rather than creating it.
    - Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
- Popular: the arts and military parades
    - "Semper Fidelis," a powerful precision march that invokes a sense of order and might, as a tribute to Marine Officers. 

14. 6.14 – Explain why “The Entertainer” is an important American classic.

- "The Entertainer" has come to represent not only ragtime as a genre of music but also the era in which it was composed. The style is uniquely American, and its composer, Scott Joplin, was one of the most famous ragtime composers of all time.

15. 6.15 – Explain how the art of Japan influenced art in the Realist Period, especially focusing on the appropriate types of art in Europe that were affected.

- Japonism: Japan wood block artist reflected to Europian art in all Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and Art Nouveau artists

16. 6.16 – Explain how the philosophies of the Realist Period have influenced our world today.

- Marxism: China, Cuba, Laos, and North Korea
- Darwin's theories: Today Science
- Utilitarian: appiness for the greater good continues to influence public policy, which justifies the use of taxes as a form of distributive justice to contribute to the overall happiness of society.

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