magnetikonline/README.md

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    Nginx FastCGI response buffer sizes

By default when Nginx starts receiving a response from a FastCGI backend (such as PHP-FPM) it will buffer the response in memory before delivering it to the client. Any response larger than the set buffer size is saved to a temporary file on disk.
This process is outlined at the Nginx ngx_http_fastcgi_module page manual page.

Introduction
Determine actual FastCGI response sizes
Setting the buffer size
Verifying results

Introduction

Since disk is slow and memory is fast the aim is to get as many FastCGI responses passing only through memory. On the flip side we don't want to set an excessively large buffer as they are created and sized on a per request basis - it's not shared.
The related Nginx options are:


fastcgi_buffering first appeared in Nginx 1.5.6 (1.6.0 stable) and can be used to turn buffering completely on/off. It's on by default.


fastcgi_buffer_size is a special buffer space used to hold the first chunk of the FastCGI response, which is going to be HTTP response headers.
You shouldn't need to adjust this from the default - even if Nginx defaults to the smallest page size of 4k (your platform will determine the default of 4k/8k buffers) - it should be able to fit typical HTTP response headers.
The one possible exception - frameworks that push large amounts of cookie data via the Set-Cookie HTTP header during user verification/login phases - blowing out the buffer and resulting in HTTP 500 errors. In these instances you will need to increase this buffer to 8k/16k/32k to fully accommodate the largest upstream HTTP header being sent.


fastcgi_buffers controls the number and size of buffer segments used for the payload of each FastCGI response. Most, if not all of our adjustments will be around this setting for the remainder of this guide.


Determine actual FastCGI response sizes

By grepping our Nginx access logs we can determine both maximum and average response sizes. The basis of this awk recipe was lifted from here:
$ awk '($9 ~ /200/) { i++;sum+=$10;max=$10>max?$10:max; } END { printf("Maximum: %d\nAverage: %d\n",max,i?sum/i:0); }' access.log

# Maximum: 76716
# Average: 10358
Note
These recipes will report on all access requests returning an HTTP 200 code, you might want to split out just FastCGI requests into a separate access log for reporting, like so (PHP-FPM here):

location ~ "\.php$" {
  fastcgi_index index.php;
  if (!-f $realpath_root$fastcgi_script_name) {
    return 404;
  }

  include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
  fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php5/php-fpm.sock;

  # output just FastCGI requests to it's own Nginx log file
  access_log /var/log/nginx/phpfpm-only-access.log;
}
With these values in hand we're now much better equipped to set fastcgi_buffers.
Setting the buffer size

As noted earlier, the fastcgi_buffers setting takes two values, )buffer segment count and memory size, by default this will be:
fastcgi_buffers 8 4k|8k;

So a total of 8 buffer segments at either 4k/8k, which is determined by the platform memory page size. For Debian/Ubuntu Linux that turns out to be 4096 bytes (4KB) - so a default total buffer size of 8 * 4K = 32KB.
Based on the maximum/average response sizes determined above we can now raise/lower these values to suit. I typically keep buffer size at the default (memory page size) and adjust only the buffer segment count to a value that keeps the bulk of responses handled fully in buffer RAM.
The default memory page size (in bytes) for an operating system can be determined by the following command:
$ getconf PAGESIZE
If your response size average tips on the higher side you might want to alternatively lower the buffer segment count and raise the memory size in page size multiples (8k/16k/32k).
Verifying results

We can see how often FastCGI responses are saved out to temporary disk by grepping Nginx error log(s):
$ cat error.log | grep --extended-regexp "\[warn\].+buffered"

# will return lines like:
YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM:SS [warn] 1234#0: *123456 an upstream response is buffered to a temporary file...
Tip
Remember its not necessarily bad to have some larger responses buffered to disk, but aim for a balance where ideally a smaller portion of your larger responses are handled in this way.

The alternative of ramping up fastcgi_buffers to excessively large number and/or size values to fit all FastCGI responses purely in RAM is something I would strongly recommend against. Unless your Nginx server is receiving only a few concurrent requests at any one moment - you risk exhausting your available system memory.